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Unter allen 25 untersuchten Aufnahmen ist Hermann Scherchen der einzige, der Kurt Weills Tempoarchitektur nicht nur korrekt, sondern auch mit großer Plastizität herausmodelliert. Als vorläufiges Resümee der Interpretationsgeschichte des ersten Satzes von Weills Violinkonzert ließe sich festhalten, dass die Entschlüsselung seines Aufführungssinns nicht nur disparat ausfällt, sondern dass das Werk seit Scherchen immer noch einer angemessenen Realisation seiner Tempoarchitektur harrt.

Die Musikfestlandschaft des 19. Jahrhunderts ist ausgesprochen vielfältig. Ihre Entwicklung steht im Kontext der jeweils unterschiedlichen lokalen Gegebenheiten, der politischen Situation und der Veränderung des allgemeinen Musiklebens. Artikulierte sich bis 1815 ein aktives, bürgerliches Bildungsinteresse vermischt mit nationalpatriotisch-freiheitlicher Gesinnung, so standen später politische Aspekte eher im Hintergund. Je stärker die von den Musikfesten auf das allgemeine Musikleben ausstrahlenden Impulse ihre belebende Wirkung entfalteten, desto mehr veränderten die Musikfeste ihr Profil: Sie wandelten sich zu professionellen Konzertveranstaltungen gehobenen Niveaus. Damit büßten sie ihren Volksfestcharakter ein. Einige monumentale Musikfeste sind als Zeichen des Fortschrittsenthusiasmus des industriellen Zeitalters zu sehen.

Der expositionelle Gehalt des Hauptthemenkomplexes der Neunten Symphonie Beethovens erschöpft sich nicht allein im thematisch-motivischen Material. Exponiert werden zugleich auch bestimmte Texturmodelle, die sich satzübergreifend ausbreiten und zur Werkeinheit beitragen. Als traditionelle Substanz ist dem Hauptthemenkomplex der dorische Ton eingeschrieben. Indem Beethoven an dem einzelnen Strukturelementen entlangkomponiert, wird das Dorische zu einem strukturellen Gerüst, das die äußerlich heterogene Syntax verklammert.

Dieser Beitrag fokussiert auf die Uberwachung einer historischen Brucke mittels terrestrischem Laserscanning wahrend eines Belastungsversuchs. Dabei wurde ein Belastungsregime von etwa 1 bis 6 MN durchfahren. Zur Erfassung der statischen Haltephasen wurden 3-D-Laserscanner eingesetzt, welche die Verformung der Brucke infolge des Lasteintrags dokumentieren. Um Verfalschungen der zu berechnenden Verformungen ausschliesen zu konnen, wurde zum einen eine ebenenbasierte Registrierung basierend auf stabilen Objektbereichen und zum anderen eine Referenzierung uber diskrete, signalisierte Stabilpunkte durchgefuhrt. Mit dem Einsatz eines Profillaserscanners konnte zusatzlich zum statischen auch der dynamische Lasteintrag uberwacht werden. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags wurde dazu das Konzept der Klassenreprasentanten eingesetzt. Das hier gezeigte Rauschniveau lag dabei im Bereich von 0,1 mm und kann somit auch kleinmasstabliche geometrische Veranderungen infolge der Auflast nachweisen.

In recent years, a variety of real-time applications benefit from services provided by localization systems due to the advent of sensing and communication technologies. Since the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) enables localization only outside buildings, applications for indoor positioning and navigation use alternative technologies. Ultra Wide Band Signals (UWB), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), ultrasonic or infrared are common examples. However, these technologies suffer from fading and multipath effects caused by objects and materials in the building. In contrast, magnetic fields are able to pass through obstacles without significant propagation errors, i.e. in Non-Line of Sight Scenarios (NLoS). The aim of this work is to propose a novel indoor positioning system based on artificially generated magnetic fields in combination with Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs). In order to reach a better coverage, multiple coils are used as reference points. A basic algorithm for three-dimensional applications is demonstrated as well as evaluated in this article. The established system is then realized by a sensor fusion principle as well as a kinematic motion model on the basis of a Kalman filter. Furthermore, a pressure sensor is used in combination with an adaptive filtering method to reliably estimate the platform’s altitude. View Full-Text

In recent years the research on localization and navigation systems in GNSS-denied environments has been focused from both industry and research. Although many technologies based on e.g. UWB, WLAN, ultrasonic or infrared have been utilized, there is still no final solution for position and orientation determination in indoor areas. The fact, that applied signals in common approaches are influenced by fading and multipath inside buildings leads to restrictions on line-of-sight (LoS) conditions.

Background: Behcet's syndrome rarely occurs in North America and Central Europe (incidence: 1: 500,000), whereas it is more frequently seen in Japan and Mediterranean countries (incidence: 1: 10,000). The diagnosis is based on the detection of symptoms and clinical signs. Orogenital aphthosis, anterior and posterior uveitides that frequently cause loss of vision are considered to be primary symptoms. Dermatologic manifestations, i.e., erythema nodosum, vascular lesions (angio-Behcet's syndrome), gastrointestinal ulcers and neurologic involvement, can be observed. HLA B5 is found in some of the patients with Behcet's syndrome. Administration of chlorambucil, a cytotoxic compound, is an effective form of treatment of symptoms and complications of Behcet's syndrome. Case Reports: The present article describes the course of a female and a male patient who were 39 and 23 years old when Behcet's syndrome was diagnosed for the first time. Treatment whith chlorambucil was started in the early 1990s and continued for a period of 9½ and 3 3/4 years, respectively, with the symptoms remitting during and after this therapy. Approximately 10 years after the start of treatment with chlorambucil, the patients' symptoms changed. The female patient who was first diagnosed having Behcet's syndrome at the age of 39 years developed rheumatoid arthritis with joint destruction. Her symptoms could be controlled in the long term by oral administration of prednisone, at doses below the Cushing threshold combined with methotrexate. The male patient who was first diagnosed having Behcet's syndrome at the age of 23 years developed systemic vasculitis remitting during low-dose treatment with prednisone. Conclusion: Immunosuppressive therapy with chlorambucil administered over several years often induces remission of Behcet's syndrome. However, both case reports indicate that symptoms can change from Behcet's syndrome to systemic vasculitis or rheumatoid arthritis.

Kurzfassung In den letzten Jahren konnte die Herstellung eigenschaftsoptimierter Bauteile, besonders im Hinblick auf geringes Gewicht und hohe Funktionalität, durch die Anwendung von Innenhochdruckumformtechnologien in der industriellen Praxis auf ein beachtliches Niveau gebracht werden. Die Realisierung des Innenhochdruckumformens erfordert in der Regel eine lange Prozesskette mit vor- und nachgelagerten Prozessschritten. Das Innenhochdruckabschneiden bietet die Möglichkeit, bislang in separaten Prozessstufen durchgeführte Schneidoperationen in den Innenhochdruckumformprozess zu integrieren und somit die Effektivität des Gesamtprozesses zu erhöhen. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden wesentliche Ergebnisse der wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen zum Innenhochdruckabschneiden mit Schneidring unter inhomogenen Schneidbedingungen für innenhochdruckumgeformte Hohlprofile mit Quadrat- und Rechteckquerschnitt dargestellt.

We analyse stability aspects of linear multistage stochastic programs with polyhedral risk measures in the objective. In particular, we consider sensitivity of the optimal value with respect to perturbations of the underlying stochastic input process. An existing stability result for multistage stochastic programs with expectation objective is carried forward to the case of polyhedral risk-averse objectives. Beside Lr-distances these results also involve filtration distances of the perturbations of the stochastic process. We discuss additional requirements for the polyhedral risk measures such that the problem dependent filtration distances can be bounded by problem independent ones. Stability and such bounds are the basis for scenario tree approximation techniques used in practical problem solving.

We consider empirical approximations (sample average approximations) of two-stage stochastic mixed-integer linear programs and derive central limit theorems for the objectives and optimal values. The limit theorems are based on empirical process theory and the functional delta method. We also show how these limit theorems can be used to derive confidence intervals for optimal values via resampling methods (bootstrap, subsampling).

Today the method for surface quality analysis of exterior car body panels is still characterized by manual detection of local form deviations and evaluation by experts. The new approach presented in this paper is based on 3D image processing. A major step in this process is the classification of the different kinds of surface form deviations. For this purpose, we compared the performance of different soft-computing techniques. Although the dataset was rather small, high dimensional and unbalanced, we achieved promising results with regard to classification accuracies and interpretability of rule bases.

We consider stochastic programs with risk measures in the objective and study stability properties as well as decomposition structures. Thereby we place emphasis on dynamic models, i.e., multistage stochastic programs with multiperiod risk measures. In this context, we define the class of polyhedral risk measures such that stochastic programs with risk measures taken from this class have favorable properties. Polyhedral risk measures are defined as optimal values of certain linear stochastic programs where the arguments of the risk measure appear on the right-hand side of the dynamic constraints. Dual representations for polyhedral risk measures are derived and used to deduce criteria for convexity and coherence. As examples of polyhedral risk measures we propose multiperiod extensions of the Conditional-Value-at-Risk.

We compare different multiperiod risk measures taken from the class of polyhedral risk measures with respect to the effect they show when used in the objective of a stochastic program. For this purpose, simulation results of a stochastic programming model for optimizing the electricity portfolio of a German municipal power utility are presented and analyzed. This model aims to minimize risk and expected overall cost simultaneously. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

We present a mathematical model with stochastic input data for mean-risk optimization of electricity portfolios containing several physical components and energy derivative products. The model is designed for the optimization horizon of one year in hourly discretization. The aim consists in maximizing the mean book value of the portfolio at the end of the optimization horizon and, at the same time, in minimizing the risk of the portfolio decisions. The risk is measured by the conditional value-at-risk and by some multiperiod extension of CVaR, respectively.We present numerical results for a large-scale realistic problem adapted to a municipal power utility and study the effects of varying weighting of risk. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

As an intermediate form between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, catalysts based on transition metal colloids have drawn a lot of attention in recent years. Mating advantages from different concepts of catalysis, they turn out to be highly active, selective, and, in addition, easily separated from other reaction components. Even though colloidal catalysts are widely used in conventional solvents, hardly anything is known about their reactivity in supercritical fluids such as supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ). Furthermore, scCO 2 is an especially attractive, non-toxic, and environmentally benign solvent for chemical reactions. When hydrogenations were conducted using polymer-supported colloidal Pd nanoparticles as catalysts in scCO 2 , we found turnover frequencies (TOFs) as high as 4 000 000 h −1 even at a reasonably low hydrogen pressures of 15 bar and temperatures of 50 °C. To our surprise, their reactivity turned out to be much higher than those of most other catalysts reported in the literature. The kinetics of their catalytic reactions in supercritical fluids has been investigated using in situ NMR in combination with a toroid cavity autoclave (TCA).

Homogeneously catalyzed hydrogenations of unsaturated substrates with parahydrogen not only lead to strong polarization signals in 1H NMR spectra, but also can give rise to strong heteronuclear polarization, especially if the hydrogenations are carried out in low magnetic fields. As a typical example, the polarization transfer from protons to carbon nuclei during the hydrogenation of alkynes is outlined for several substrates. In systems containing easily accessible triple bonds, e.g. phenylethyne or 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyne, polarization transfer occurs to all carbon nuclei in the molecule. Accordingly, in NMR spectra recorded in situ all 13C resonances can be observed with good to excellent signal-to-noise ratios using only a single transient. The qualitative influence of symmetry and electronic aspects of the substrate and its hydrogenation product on the efficiency of the transfer of polarization to the 13C-nuclei are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In this paper, the main focus is set on the utilization of parametric methods for the quantification of causative relationships in static and dynamic deformation processes. Parametric methods are still ‘exotic’ in engineering geodesy but state of the art e.g. in civil and mechanical engineering. Within this context, an essential part is the physical (parametric) modeling of the functional relationships based on partial or ordinary differential equations using the corresponding numerical solutions represented by finite element (FE) or finite difference (FD) models.

In recent years the research on positioning and navigation systems for indoor environments has progressed rapidly. For this purpose many technologies based on e.g. UWB, WLAN, ultrasonic or infrared were utilized. However, these systems are restricted on line-of-sight (LOS) conditions due to disturbances, fading and multipath inside of buildings. Because magnetic fields are able to penetrate walls, building materials or other objects, a DC Magnetic signal based Indoor Local Positioning System (MILPS) was developed, which provides localisation in harsh indoor environments. Multiple electrical coils — representing reference stations — and tri-axial magnetometers as mobile stations are utilized. Capturing the magnetic field intensities of at least three different coils leads to the specific slope distances and finally to the observer's position. Because the current positioning algorithm is designed for stop-and-go applications originally, this contribution focuses on the sensor fusion of MILPS and an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) to face kinematic applications for wheeled platforms. The short time stable IMU-integrated data, which is influenced by sensor drifts and integration errors, is then supported by MILPS, which delivers positions in a low frequent update interval. To estimate a position in two dimensional environments — in the first step — an Iterative Kaiman Filter (IKF) is applied to eliminate linearization errors caused by inaccurate predictions. Therefore the dead reckoning trajectory is updated by using MILPS' distance observations. In this context first promising experiments with combinations of IMU and MILPS have been performed proving the capability of sensor integration. While acceleration and angular rate measurements lead to a state prediction (consisting of current position and velocity) external MILPS-observations are used for IMU-data support. The IKF estimates a current state in respect to both measurement systems' statistical information.

Many infrastructure-based indoor positioning technologies such as UWB, WLAN, ultrasonic or infrared are limited by disturbances and errors caused by building objects (e.g. walls, ceiling and furniture). Magnetic fields, however, are able to penetrate various obstacles - in this case commonly used (building) materials - without attenuation, fading, multipath or signal delay. Thus, in the past years a DC Magnetic signal based Indoor Local Positioning System (MILPS), which consists of multiple electrical coils as reference stations and tri-axial magnetic sensors as mobile stations was developed. By observing magnetic field intensities of at least three different magnetic coils, position estimation of the magnetic sensors can be carried out even in severe indoor environments. However, the positioning algorithm currently used is designed for stop-and-go localization.

To provide reliable assistance to drivers at intersections, a priori information has to be supplied to so-called Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance Systems (CICAS), such as lane geometry, admissible turning maneuvers, and the areas where the paths of traffic participants typically cross. In the implementation of the CICAS of the project simTD, this information is stored in the intersection topology and transmitted via a wireless network to vehicles approaching an intersection. To achieve high coverage, timeliness and precision of the stored data at the same time, an approach to automatic generation of intersection topologies from noisy measurements is applied, which is based on B-spline curve approximation.

This chapter provides an overview of practically applying mathematical optimization techniques to short-term and medium-term planning of a power generation system in a market environment. The considered power generating system may contain thermal plants (gas or coal fired), hydro power plants, new renewables, as well as dedicated energy storages (e.g., gas storages, hydro reservoirs). We argue that stochastic optimization is an appropriate modeling framework in order to take into account the uncertainty of input data (such as natural hydrologic inflows and energy market prices), market decision structures, as well as the optional character of power generating units and energy storages.

This paper addresses two challenges for successful implementations of driver assistance systems for providing intersection collision avoidance based on Vehicle-to-Vehicle communication. Firstly, satellite based positioning typically comes along with varying precision, which has to be considered by the warning function. Secondly, a distinction has to be made between critical and safe driver behavior. An ideal warning function for the use in critical driver behavior is one which warns the accident perpetrator early enough so that the driver can defuse the situation on his own, and which remains silent during normal safe driving behavior. The following article develops such a warning algorithm and verifies it using data obtained in a field test. The validation considers to what extent parameterization of the algorithm can resolve the conflict mentioned above between the two goals of a low false-positive warning rate and high capability for accidence avoidance.

According to the analysis of car accidents many casualties occur at intersections. As ongoing research demonstrates, Advanced Driver Assistance Systems that aim at preventing this type of accident, need to reliably predict the turning maneuver of all relevant participants in the scene. In this work an approach is introduced, which models human drivers as the optimizer of an optimal control problem with an unknown terminal state. Tracking the cost-to-go gradient to the terminal state of each driving option leads to the most plausible hypothesis. The optimal control problem itself is formulated with costs that minimize jerk, time and steering effort with good resemblance to typical human driving behavior. In combination with a simplified vehicle model this leads to a nonlinear constrained dynamic optimization problem, which is solved numerically. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated on data obtained in a field test with promising results.

In verschiedenen Situationen in Technik, Wirtschaft oder Politik ist man daran interessiert unter einer Anzahl von moglichen Entscheidungen die jeweils beste auszuwahlen, also die optimale Entscheidung zu treffen, die den grostmoglichen Nutzen bringt. In den meisten Fallen sind Nutzen und Entscheidungsalternativen nicht exakt gegeben, Entscheidungen werden dann entweder sprachlichargumentativ ausgewahlt und begrundet oder gar aus dem Bauch heraus gefallt. In manchen Fallen ist es aber moglich, Entscheidungsalternativen und Nutzen in Zahlen und Formeln so auszudrucken, dass uber diese Beschreibung im Prinzip die optimalen Entscheidungen und der maximale Nutzen festgelegt sind. Dabei ist zu beachten, dass bei mehreren (gleichzeitig oder hintereinander) zu treffenden Entscheidungen gewisse Abhangigkeiten zu berucksichtigen sind, bezuglich der moglichen Alternativen. Wenn beispielsweise die Umsetzung einer bestimmten (Teil-)Entscheidung mit bestimmten Kosten verbunden ware, so stunde dieser Geldbetrag fur andere Entscheidungen nicht mehr zur Verfugung.

It is known that some colloidal catalysts show “homogeneous”-like behavior, but it is unclear which parameters define the borderline between heterogeneous, i.e. surface reactions, and homogeneous-type catalysis of colloidal systems. The reaction of ethynylbenzene (phenylacetylene) with parahydrogen using the colloidal palladium catalyst Pd x [(N(octyl) 4 Cl] y leads to nuclear spin polarization in the hydrogenation products. Accordingly, the in situ NMR method parahydrogen induced polarization (PHIP) is an appropriate tool to investigate hydrogenation mediated by colloidal catalysts.

We present recent developments in the field of stochastic programming with regard to application in power management. In particular, we discuss issues of scenario tree modeling, that is, appropriate discrete approximations of the underlying stochastic parameters. Moreover, we suggest risk avoidance strategies via the incorporation of so-called polyhedral risk functionals into stochastic programs. This approach, motivated through tractability of the resulting problems, is a constructive framework providing particular flexibility with respect to the dynamic aspects of risk.

As a treatment for leishmaniasis, miltefosine exerts direct toxic effects on the parasites. Miltefosine also modulates immune cells such as macrophages, leading to parasite elimination via oxidative radicals. Dendritic cells (DC) are critical for initiation of protective immunity against Leishmania through induction of Th1 immunity via interleukin 12 (IL-12). Here, we investigated the effects of miltefosine on DC in Leishmania major infections. When cocultured with miltefosine for 4 days, the majority of in vitro -infected DC were free of parasites. Miltefosine treatment did not influence DC maturation (upregulation of major histocompatibility complex II [MHC II] or costimulatory molecules, e.g., CD40, CD54, and CD86) or significantly alter cytokine release (IL-12, tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], or IL-10). Further, miltefosine DC treatment did not alter antigen presentation, since unrestricted antigen-specific proliferation of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells was observed upon stimulation with miltefosine-treated, infected DC. In addition, miltefosine application in vivo did not lead to maturation/emigration of skin DC. DC NO − production, a mechanism used by phagocytes to rid themselves of intracellular parasites, was also unaltered upon miltefosine treatment. Our data confirm prior studies indicating that in contrast to, e.g., pentavalent antimonials, miltefosine functions independently of the immune system, mostly through direct toxicity against the Leishmania parasite.

Behçet's syndrome rarely occurs in North America and Central Europe (incidence: 1 : 500,000), whereas it is more frequently seen in Japan and Mediterranean countries (incidence: 1 : 10,000). The diagnosis is based on the detection of symptoms and clinical signs. Orogenital aphthosis, anterior and posterior uveitides that frequently cause loss of vision are considered to be primary symptoms. Dermatologic manifestations, i.e., erythema nodosum, vascular lesions (angio-Behçet's syndrome), gastrointestinal ulcers and neurologic involvement, can be observed. HLA B5 is found in some of the patients with Behçet's syndrome. Administration of chlorambucil, a cytotoxic compound, is an effective form of treatment of symptoms and complications of Behçet's syndrome.The present article describes the course of a female and a male patient who were 39 and 23 years old when Behçet's syndrome was diagnosed for the first time. Treatment with chlorambucil was started in the early 1990s and continued for a period of 9 1/2 and 3(3/4) years, respectively, with the symptoms remitting during and after this therapy. Approximately 10 years after the start of treatment with chlorambucil, the patients' symptoms changed. The female patient who was first diagnosed having Behçet's syndrome at the age of 39 years developed rheumatoid arthritis with joint destruction. Her symptoms could be controlled in the long term by oral administration of prednisone, at doses below the Cushing threshold combined with methotrexate. The male patient who was first diagnosed having Behçet's syndrome at the age of 23 years developed systemic vasculitis remitting during low-dose treatment with prednisone.Immunosuppressive therapy with chlorambucil administered over several years often induces remission of Behçet's syndrome. However, both case reports indicate that symptoms can change from Behçet's syndrome to systemic vasculitis or rheumatoid arthritis.

Dynamic stochastic optimization techniques are highly relevant for applications in electricity production and trading since there are uncertainty factors at different time stages (e.g., demand, spot prices) that can be described reasonably by statistical models. In this paper, two aspects of this approach are highlighted: scenario tree approximation and risk aversion. The former is a procedure to replace a general statistical model (probability distribution), which makes the optimization problem intractable, suitably by a finite discrete distribution. Our methods rest upon suitable stability results for stochastic optimization problems. With regard to risk aversion we present the approach of polyhedral risk measures. For stochastic optimization problems minimizing risk measures from this class it has been shown that numerical tractability as well as stability results known for classical (nonrisk-averse) stochastic programs remain valid. In particular, the same scenario approximation methods can be used. Finally, we present illustrative numerical results from an electricity portfolio optimization model for a municipal power utility.

We propose a methodology for combining risk management with optimal planning of power production and trading based on probabilistic knowledge about future uncertainties such as demands and spot prices. Typically, such a joint optimization of risk and (expected) revenue yields additional overall efficiency. Our approach is based on stochastic optimization (stochastic programming) with a risk functional as objective. The latter maps an uncertain cash flow to a real number. In particular, we employ so-called polyhedral risk functionals which, though being non-linear mappings, preserve linearity structures of optimization problems. Therefore, these are favorable to the numerical tractability of the optimization problems. The class of polyhedral risk functionals contains well-known risk functionals such as average-value-at-risk and expected polyhedral utility. Moreover, it is also capable to model different dynamic risk mitigation strategies.

The precise, reliable and preferably ubiquitous positioning of mobile users is a substantial precondition for the provision of location and situation based information by Location Based Services. Within these applications, determining the location of pedestrians in ‘passive environment’ represents a special challenge. In this paper a new knowledge-based approach for the improvement of position quality is presented.