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In plant cells, translation occurs in three compartments: the cytosol, the plastids and the mitochondria. While the structures of the (prokaryotic-type) ribosomes in plastids and mitochondria are well characterized, high-resolution structures of the eukaryotic 80S ribosomes in the cytosol have been lacking. Here the structure of translating tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) 80S ribosomes was solved by cryo-electron microscopy with a global resolution of 2.2 Å. The ribosome structure includes two tRNAs, decoded mRNA and the nascent peptide chain, thus providing insights into the molecular underpinnings of the cytosolic translation process in plants. The map displays conserved and plant-specific rRNA modifications and the positions of numerous ionic cofactors, and it uncovers the role of monovalent ions in the decoding centre. The model of the plant 80S ribosome enables broad phylogenetic comparisons that reveal commonalities and differences in the ribosomes of plants and those of other eukaryotes, thus putting our knowledge about eukaryotic translation on a firmer footing.

The CARLA study (Cardiovascular Disease, Living and Ageing in Halle) is a longitudinal population-based cohort study of the general population of the city of Halle (Saale), Germany. The primary aim of the cohort was to investigate risk factors for cardiovascular diseases based on comprehensive cardiological phenotyping of study participants and was extended to study factors associated with healthy ageing. In total, 1779 probands (812 women and 967 men, aged 45–83 years) were examined at baseline (2002–2005), with a first and second follow-up performed 4 and 8 years later. The response proportion at baseline was 64.1% and the reparticipation proportion for the first and second follow-up was 86% and 77% respectively. Sixty-four percent of the study participants were in retirement while 25% were full- or partially-employed and 11% were unemployed at the time of the baseline examination. The currently running third follow-up focuses on the assessment of physical and mental health, with an intensive 4 h examination program, including measurement of cardiovascular, neurocognitive, balance and gait parameters. The data collected in the CARLA Study resulted in answering various research questions in over 80 publications, of which two thirds were pooled analyses with other similar population-based studies. Due to the extensiveness of information on risk factors, subclinical conditions and evident diseases, the biobanking concept for the biosamples, the cohort representativeness of an elderly population, and the high level of quality assurance, the CARLA cohort offers a unique platform for further research on important indicators for healthy ageing. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10654-021-00824-7.

A dense plasma focus (DPF) is a relatively compact coaxial plasma gun, which completes its discharge as a Z-pinch. These devices are designed to operate at a variety of scales to produce short (

Neben der prospektiven Versorgungsforschung mit ihrem qualitativen und quantitativen Ansatz sind retrospektive Datenquellen essenziell zur Beurteilung von Prozessen im Gesundheitswesen. In Deutschland ermoglichen strukturelle Veranderungen in den Krebsregistern bzw. die Etablierung neuer Datenquellen interessante Moglichkeiten fur die Versorgungsforschung. So wurde mit der Medizininformatik-Initiative eine Vernetzung klinischer Einrichtungen aufgebaut, womit sich schnelle, sektorubergreifende und lebensnahe Analysen realisieren lassen. Durch die Neustrukturierung der Krebsregister sollen bevolkerungsbasierte Erhebungen im onkologischen Bereich vereinfacht und die Detailtreue der Daten erhoht werden. Die Folgen der COVID-19-Pandemie (Coronavirus-Krankheit 2019) im onkologischen Bereich lassen sich dabei uber das neu geschaffene Nationale Pandemie Kohorten Netz (NAPKON), ein Zusammenschluss universitarer und nichtuniversitarer Gesundheitsdienstleister, abbilden. Durch die Einbeziehung der Akteure im Gesundheitswesen und unter der Mitwirkung prospektiver Studien lasst sich damit ein umfassendes Bild des onkologischen Versorgungsgeschehens in Deutschland zeichnen.

To slow down the spread of the COVID-19 virus, schools around the world were closed in early 2020, transferring children's scholastic activities to the homes and imposing a massive burden on parents and school-age children. Using data of a 21-day diary study conducted between March and April 2020 in Germany, this work examined whether (a) distance learning and (b) parents' involvement therein were associated with negative parent-child interactions and affective well-being of parents and children, over and above the effect of daily stressors. Participants were 562 parents (489 mothers, Mage = 42.79, SDage = 6.12, range = 25-63) most of whom were married (n = 382, 68.0%). They responded to the daily items with respect to the youngest child living in their household (Mage = 9.74, SDage = 2.81, range = 6-19). On days when children were working on school tasks, parents reported more negative parent-child interactions as well as lower parental and child positive affect and higher child negative affect, but not higher parental negative affect. Moreover, days when parents were more heavily involved in learning (i.e., when children worked less independently) were days with more negative parent-child interactions, lower parental and child positive affect, and higher parental and child negative affect. Negative parent-child interactions were linked to lower affective well-being of parents and children, and partially accounted for the relation among daily stressors and affective well-being. The present work highlights the need for measures to better support school-age children and their parents during distance learning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

La consolidación del agronegocio en Argentina, desde finales del siglo XX, puede analizarse en sus múltiples y diversas consecuencias: impactos ambientales por la deforestación de bosques nativos; conflictividad social por la expulsión y destrucción de los modos de producción y reproducción de la vida campesina e indígena; efectos en la salud por la exposición a plaguicidas, entre los principales. A partir de fuentes de datos secundarias y de entrevistas en profundidad, el artículo busca aportar al entendimiento de las consecuencias ambientales y sanitarias ligadas al uso de agroquímicos en Salta, provincia del norte argentino que en años recientes incorporó amplias superficies a la producción agroindustrial. Se realiza una caracterización y análisis crítico de las normativas y políticas públicas en la materia, así como de las situaciones de conflicto. Los principales hallazgos muestran que en Salta existen leyes específicas que regulan el uso de agroquímicos y cierta institucionalidad destinada a su implementación y control. No obstante, el estudio releva una multiplicidad de situaciones que dan cuenta de la emergencia y trayectoria de conflictos que, con diverso grado de visibilidad e intensidad, problematizan los efectos en la salud humana y en los ecosistemas en las escalas locales. Abstract The consolidation of agribusiness in Argentina since the end of the 20th century can be analyzed in its multiple and diverse consequences: environmental impacts due to the deforestation of native forests; social conflict over the forcing out and destruction of rural and indigenous production and reproduction methods; health effects since exposure to pesticides, among the main ones. Based on secondary information sources and in-depth interviews, the article aims to contribute to the understanding of the environmental and sanitary impacts linked to fumigation with agrochemicals in Salta, a province of northern Argentina which in recent years has incorporated large areas into agricultural production and presents ecological and social characteristics that differ from the Pampas region. This research focuses on a critical characterization and analysis of the regulatory frameworks and public policies on that matter, as well as in a survey related to conflicts. The main findings show that in Salta different legal frameworks regulate the use of agrochemicals, while state agencies are meant to implement and monitor such regulations. However, the study compiles numerous situations that illustrate the emergence and path of certain conflicts that, with varying levels of visibility and intensity, problematize the effects on human health and ecosystems at the local levels.

The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R), a hypothalamic master regulator of energy homeostasis and appetite, is a class A G-protein-coupled receptor and a prime target for the pharmacological treatment of obesity. Here, we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of MC4R–Gs-protein complexes with two drugs recently approved by the FDA, the peptide agonists NDP-α-MSH and setmelanotide, with 2.9 Å and 2.6 Å resolution. Together with signaling data from structure-derived MC4R mutants, the complex structures reveal the agonist-induced origin of transmembrane helix (TM) 6-regulated receptor activation. The ligand-binding modes of NDP-α-MSH, a high-affinity linear variant of the endogenous agonist α-MSH, and setmelanotide, a cyclic anti-obesity drug with biased signaling toward Gq/11, underline the key role of TM3 in ligand-specific interactions and of calcium ion as a ligand-adaptable cofactor. The agonist-specific TM3 interplay subsequently impacts receptor–Gs-protein interfaces at intracellular loop 2, which also regulates the G-protein coupling profile of this promiscuous receptor. Finally, our structures reveal mechanistic details of MC4R activation/inhibition, and provide important insights into the regulation of the receptor signaling profile which will facilitate the development of tailored anti-obesity drugs.

The COVID-19 pandemic has clearly demonstrated the urgent need for a cross-border and structured European mechanism to exchange, organise and access reliable health information between countries, especially in the area of population health. Population health information, defined by data on health status, health determinants and healthcare systems performance, allows for oriented research to increase the knowledge base in Europe and underpin political decision-making. Its exchange requires timely and topical provision of high-quality health information. There are many indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic that affect health through various pathways including secondary consequences on health and wellbeing due to delayed prevention, diagnosis and medical treatment. Within the Population Health Information Research Infrastructure (PHIRI) we look at four use cases measuring the impact of COVID-19 on population health and demonstrating how a broad variety of routine data can be pooled and/or used for secondary analysis in a distributed way across Europe aiming to facilitate research by making scalable, reproducible methods available. These use cases represent pilot activities for the benefits and added value of an infrastructure supporting federated analysis by bringing together data from different European countries and feeding the results into the federated research infrastructure. In over 20 data hubs, data is mobilised and ready to be analysed in a distributed manner. The use case outputs will be processed in an interoperable way by formalising data models, data management processes and analytical pipelines, all of which are part of the client-server PHIRI federated infrastructure implemented as here 10.5281/zenodo.6483177. The workshop aims to ensure a better understanding of COVID-19 impacts in specific subgroups and risk settings by conducting research through real-life use cases of immediate relevance. The FAIRified use cases analysis results focusing on comparisons between countries are presented and provide actionable outcomes to guide policy makers in preparedness and response scenarios. Knowledge and expertise developed across Europe is shared in this workshop. The four presentations will focus on selected aspects of COVID-19 impacts on population health. The first presentation will be on direct and indirect determinants of COVID-19 infection and outcomes in vulnerable population groups with reference to inequalities. This will be followed by a contribution of COVID-19 related delayed care in breast cancer patients. The third presentation looks at the impacts of COVID-19 on perinatal health inequalities followed by the fourth on insights in COVID-19 related changes in population mental health. Exchange with the audience will facilitate knowledge and opinion exchange through an interactive Mentimeter poll during the session. Key messages • The results will support the exchange of knowledge and expertise by facilitating insights in the impacts of COVID-19 in specific subgroups and risk settings compared across European countries. • Actionable outcomes to guide political decision-making in preparedness and response scenarios will be provided.

Objectives: This study investigated how COVID-19-related media exposure during the COVID-19 crisis was related to same-day and next-day COVID-19-related worries. Design: A 21-day diary study was conducted between late March and late April 2020 in Germany. Main Outcome Measures: Hypotheses were tested in a sample of 561 participants (Mage = 42.79, SDage = 6.12). Every evening, participants indicated their exposure to COVID-19-related media (e.g., TV, print, online) and their COVID-19-related worries. Results: Same-day analyses showed that participants reported more COVID-19-related worries on days with higher exposure to COVID-19-related media. Dynamical structural equation models provided evidence for a reciprocal cycle across days: Higher media exposure at one day predicted higher worries the next day, and higher worries at one day also predicted higher media exposure the next day. Individuals with high trait anxiety reported an enhanced general level of media exposure during the 21 days of assessment, and individuals high in neuroticism and anxiety reported an enhanced level of worries.Conclusion: These findings suggest a self-reinforcing cycle whereby consuming crisis-related media and worrying reciprocally influence each other across days, possibly amplifying adverse effects of the COVID-19 crisis and other crises alike on mental and physical health.

As a means to counter the SARS-CoV‑2 pandemic, schools were closed throughout Germany between mid-March and end of April 2020. Schooling was translocated to the students' homes where students were supposed to work on learning tasks provided by their teachers. Students' self-regulation and attributes of the learning tasks may be assumed to have played important roles when adapting to this novel schooling situation. They may be predicted to have influenced students' daily self-regulation and hence the independence with which they worked on learning tasks. The present work investigated the role of students' trait self-regulation as well as task difficulty and task enjoyment for students' daily independence from their parents in learning during the homeschooling period. Data on children's trait self-regulation were obtained through a baseline questionnaire filled in by the parents of 535 children (Um die SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie einzudämmen, wurden zwischen Mitte März und Ende April 2020 deutschlandweit alle Schulen geschlossen. Während dieser Zeit wurden die Schüler*innen zu Hause beschult (‚Homeschooling‘) und arbeiteten an Lernaufgaben, die von ihren Lehrkräften bereitgestellt wurden. Bei der Anpassung an diese neuartige Beschulungssituation könnten sowohl die Selbstregulation der Schüler*innen als auch die Eigenschaften der Lernaufgaben eine wichtige Rolle gespielt haben. Es ist anzunehmen, dass diese insbesondere die tagtägliche Selbstregulation der Schüler*innen beim Bearbeiten der Lernaufgaben und damit die Selbstständigkeit, mit der sie an den Lernaufgaben arbeiteten beeinflusst haben. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersuchte, welche Rolle die dispositionelle Selbstregulation von Schüler*innen, die Schwierigkeit der Lernaufgaben und die Freude an den Aufgaben für die tagtägliche Selbstständigkeit der Bearbeitung der Aufgaben während des Homeschoolings spielten. Die dispositionelle Selbstregulation der Schüler*innen wurde zunächst über einen Eingangsfragebogen erfasst, der von den Eltern von 535 Kindern ausgefüllt wurde (

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common form of primary malignant brain tumor. Current treatment consists of tumor resection followed by chemoradiotherapy which yields a 5-year survival rate of only 6.8%. The average survival for newly diagnosed patients is only 14-15 months, highlighting the need for improved therapies. The tumor microenvironment (TME) of GBM is highly immunosuppressive, preventing successful treatment by immunotherapies like immune checkpoint blockade. Our lab is interested in identifying potential targets in GBM that would allow for increased immune infiltration in the tumor microenvironment, thus enhancing the efficacy of immunotherapies. Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) plays a central role in innate pathogen sensing and has been implicated in cancer as a potential immunostimulatory therapeutic target. Our previous work demonstrated the functionality of the STING pathway in GBM mouse models and patient samples. We have also shown increased infiltration of innate immune cells in the TME and significant survival benefits after treatment with the STING agonist ADU-S-100 in GL261 and CT-2A mouse models. In vitro studies in cultured GBM cell lines and normal cells found in the GBM TME such as human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (HCMECs) in the presence of ADU-S100 showed a robust type I IFN response in endothelial cells but not in tumor cells. Western blotting showed the presence of all the major STING signaling pathway components in GBM cells, raising the question of how the STING pathway is regulated in tumor cells. To investigate this further we have performed cytokine profiling of GBM cells and HCMECs upon treatment with ADU-S100. This confirmed a strong Type I interferon response in HCMECs, and a distinct response in GBM cells, showing that tumor cells respond to STING activity via alterations in cytokine secretion, but in a different way from TME cells. Finally, manganese has been highlighted as a possible potentiator of STING agonist activity in other cancer types. Combination of manganese with ADU-S100 showed enhanced protein expression of downstream STING pathway components in HCMECs as well as in GBM cells through Western blot. Furthermore, manganese alters the cytokine profile in combination with ADU-S100 relative to untreated or ADU-S100 alone suggesting enhancement of immune signaling. Taken together, these results suggest potentiation of ADU-S100 by manganese in GBM. In conclusion, STING agonists are promising agents for local immunostimulation in GBM, and their activity may be enhanced by combination with manganese. Ongoing experiments are aimed at elucidating mechanistic insights into these concepts. Citation Format: Andrea Schmidt, Caroline Sweeney, William M. Hawkins, Jorge L. Jimenez-Macias, Sean Lawler. Assessment of the response to STING agonist treatment and potentiation by manganese in glioblastoma cells and the tumor microenvironment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 2277.

Child development 92 (2021) 5, S. 1679-1697, This study examined the effects of daily parental autonomy support on changes in child behavior, family environment, and parental well-being across 3 weeks during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. Day-to-day associations among autonomy-supportive parenting, parental need fulfillment, and child well-being were also assessed. Parents of school children (6–19 years) reported on adjustment measures at two measurement occasions and completed up to 21 daily online questionnaires in the weeks between these assessments. Results from dynamic structural equation models suggested reciprocal positive relations among autonomy-supportive parenting and parental need fulfillment. Daily parental autonomy support, parental need fulfillment, and child well-being partially predicted change in adjustment measures highlighting the central role of daily parenting for children’s adjustment during the pandemic. (DIPF/Orig.)

Sociometer theory proposes that a person’s self-esteem is a permanent monitor of perceived social inclusion and exclusion in a given situation. Despite this within-person perspective, respective research in children’s everyday lives is lacking. In three intensive longitudinal studies, we examined whether children’s self-esteem was associated with social inclusion and exclusion by peers at school. Based on sociometer theory, we expected social inclusion to positively predict self-esteem and social exclusion to negatively predict self-esteem on within- and between-person levels. Children aged 9–12 years reported state self-esteem twice per day (morning and evening) and social inclusion and exclusion once per day for two (Study 1) and four weeks (Studies 2–3). Consistently across studies, we found that social inclusion positively predicted evening self-esteem on within- and between-person levels. By contrast, social exclusion was not associated with evening self-esteem on the within-person level. On the between-person level, social exclusion was negatively linked to evening self-esteem only in Study 1. Multilevel latent change score models revealed that children’s self-esteem changed from mornings (before school) to evenings (after school) depending on their perceived daily social inclusion, but not exclusion. The findings are discussed in light of sociometer theory and the bad-is-stronger-than-good phenomenon.

En Argentina, la región chaqueña es un vasto espacio geográfico atravesado por grandes cuer­pos de agua e implicado en procesos de expansión de fronteras extractivas con gran impacto ambiental y social. A partir de los aportes de la ecología política del agua y la justicia hídrica, el artículo se propone incorporar la perspectiva hídrica a reflexiones precedentes en la provincia de Salta. La estrategia metodológica se sustenta en la recolección y análisis de fuentes secunda­rias, junto con la realización de entrevistas en profundidad. Se distinguen dos escenarios que plantean dilemas y desafíos en torno a la gestión de los recursos hídricos: por un lado, el acceso al agua y su distribución, y por el otro, la escasez y/o exceso hídrico. En ambos casos, interesa analizar cómo se distribuyen las cargas ambientales y explorar la emergencia de conflictos y controversias respecto de causas y soluciones posibles.

Abstract. The transition from primary to secondary school represents a challenging life event. This study examined 108 children (age M = 10.11 years, SD = 0.44) in Germany during the first 12 weeks at a new school. Daily satisfaction and frustration of the basic need for relatedness were examined as predictors of subjective well-being versus ill-being and adjustment versus psychopathology. Subjective well-being or ill-being was assessed at weeks 3 – 4 and week 11 of the school year. In between, there was a 4-week period of daily assessments of perceived relatedness satisfaction and frustration. Teachers indicated each child’s psychological adjustment or psychopathology (e. g., emotional symptoms) in weeks 11 – 12. Daily relatedness satisfaction was associated with increases in positive affect from weeks 3 – 4 to week 11, while daily relatedness frustration was linked to an increase in negative affect and school anxiety. Furthermore, daily relatedness satisfaction was negatively linked to teacher-reported emotional symptoms and peer problems at weeks 11 – 12, and daily relatedness frustration was positively associated with teacher-reported conduct problems and hyperactivity-inattention.

HINTERGRUND: In der NAKO Gesundheitsstudie liegen die Daten zu selbstberichteten Krebserkrankungen der ersten Hälfte der Teilnehmenden vor. ZIEL: Beschreibung der Methoden zur Erfassung selbstberichteter Krebserkrankungen und Tumorlokalisationen in der NAKO und Darstellung erster Ergebnisse. MATERIAL UND METHODEN: In einem computergestützten, standardisierten persönlichen Interview wurden 101.787 Teilnehmende (54.526 Frauen, 47.261 Männer) gefragt, ob bei ihnen jemals eine Krebserkrankung (bösartiger Tumor einschließlich in situ) ärztlich diagnostiziert wurde und wie viele Krebserkrankungen sie hatten. Anhand einer Liste wurde die Tumorlokalisation erfragt. Absolute und relative Häufigkeiten von Selbstangaben zu Krebserkrankungen insgesamt und einzelnen Tumorlokalisationen wurden berechnet und mit krebsregisterbasierten Daten verglichen. ERGEBNISSE: Eine ärztlich diagnostizierte Krebserkrankung wurde von 9,4 % der Frauen und 7,0 % der Männer berichtet. Von den Personen, die eine Krebserkrankung berichteten, gaben 88,3 % der Teilnehmenden an, nur eine Krebserkrankung gehabt zu haben. Bei Frauen war die häufigste bösartige Krebserkrankung Brustkrebs, gefolgt von Gebärmutterhalskrebs und malignem Melanom, bei Männern Prostatakrebs, gefolgt von malignem Melanom und Darmkrebs. Beim Vergleich der Krebserkrankungen, die von 45- bis 74-jährigen NAKO-Teilnehmenden in den letzten fünf Jahren berichtet wurden, mit krebsregisterbasierten 5‑Jahres-Prävalenzen wurden für die meisten Tumorlokalisationen in der NAKO niedrigere relative Häufigkeiten beobachtet. Vergleichsweise häufiger traten das maligne Melanom sowie Gebärmutterhalskrebs und Leberkrebs bei Frauen und Harnblasenkrebs und Brustkrebs bei Männern auf. DISKUSSION: Die NAKO ist eine reichhaltige Datenbasis für die zukünftige Untersuchung inzidenter Krebserkrankungen. BACKGROUND: In the German National Cohort (NAKO Gesundheitsstudie), the largest prospective cohort study in Germany, data on self-reported cancer diagnoses are now available for the first half of participants. OBJECTIVES: Description of the methods to assess self-reported cancer diagnoses and type of cancer in the NAKO and presentation of first results. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a computer-assisted, standardized personal interview, 101,787 participants (54,526 women, 47,261 men) were asked whether they had ever been diagnosed with cancer (malignant tumors including in situ) by a physician and how many cancer diagnoses they had. The type of cancer was classified with a list. Absolute and relative frequencies of self-reported cancer diagnoses and types of cancer were calculated and compared with cancer registry data. RESULTS: A physician-diagnosed cancer was reported by 9.4% of women and 7.0% of men. Of the participants who reported a cancer diagnosis, 88.3% reported to have had only one cancer diagnosis. In women, the most frequent malignancies were breast cancer, cervical cancer, and melanoma. In men, the most frequent malignancies were prostate cancer, melanoma, and colorectal cancer. Comparing the frequencies of cancer diagnoses reported by 45- to 74-year-old NAKO participants within the last five years to cancer registry-based 5‑year prevalences, most types of cancer were less frequent in the NAKO, with the exception of melanoma in men and women, cervical cancer and liver cancer in women, and bladder cancer and breast cancer in men. CONCLUSIONS: The NAKO is a rich data basis for future investigations of incident cancer.

Phytochromes are biological photoswitches that interconvert between two parent states (Pr and Pfr). The transformation is initiated by photoisomerization of the tetrapyrrole chromophore, followed by a sequence of chromophore and protein structural changes. In the last step, a phytochrome-specific peptide segment (tongue) undergoes a secondary structure change, which in prokaryotic phytochromes is associated with the (de)activation of the output module. The focus of this work is the Pfr-to-Pr photoconversion of the bathy bacteriophytochrome Agp2 in which Pfr is the thermodynamically stable state. Using spectroscopic techniques, we studied the structural and functional consequences of substituting Arg211, Tyr165, His278, and Phe192 close to the biliverdin (BV) chromophore. In Pfr, substitutions of these residues do not affect the BV structure. The characteristic Pfr properties of bathy phytochromes, including the protonated propionic side chain of ring C (propC) of BV, are preserved. However, replacing Arg211 or Tyr165 blocks the photoconversion in the Meta-F state, prior to the secondary structure transition of the tongue and without deprotonation of propC. The Meta-F state of these variants displays low photochemical activity, but electronic excitation causes ultrafast alterations of the hydrogen bond network surrounding the chromophore. In all variants studied here, thermal back conversion from the photoproducts to Pfr is decelerated but substitution of His278 or Phe192 is not critical for the Pfr-to-Pr photoconversion. These variants do not impair deprotonation of propC or the α-helix/β-sheet transformation of the tongue during the Meta-F-to-Pr decay. Thus, we conclude that propC deprotonation is essential for restructuring of the tongue.

The recent crisis that, the European Union has had to face certainly raises questions about the current state of Europe. The question about the legacy of regional integration; the debate between the standpoints about the vision on the European Union with the necessity of strong nations or on the contrary, the opportunity of deepening the cohesion that could lead to the united states of europe; in other words, political integration, the deepest step of regional integration. the paper deals with the problem of the concept on central europe from the standpoint of various concepts; the question of mapping, the meaning of borders, the ways of identification appear in this paper. the difference between the concept of mittel europe and central europe also appear in the paper. analysing the question of central europe it is also inevitable to examine the meaning of central europe from historical context. after the end of the cold war and as the consequence of the euro-atlantic integration, the concept of central europe changed a bit. while during the bipolar system this phenomenon served as a differentiation of the groups of countries being located in the soviet sphere of interest. being central european meant something that was much more engaged with progressive approach in democratization, transformation rather than a sign of nostalgia towards the historical past.

Tersegunkben a teruleti valtozasok, a teruletiseg igen fontos szerepet tolt be az azonossagtudatban. A dolgozat kozeppontjaban Lengyelorszag regionalis nagyhatalmi ambiciojanak definialasa all. Koszonhetően az orszag foldrajzi helyzetenek, a nagyhatalmak koze valo beszoritottsag tobb mint egy evszazada meghatarozza a lengyel kulpolitika iranyat. A dolgozat celja ennek a torekvesnek a bemutatasa, a tortenelmi esemenyek attekintese, valamint terkepekkel alatamasztva abrazolni azt a kerdest, hogy Lengyelorszag kulpolitikai gyakorlata soran mely orszagokra tamaszkodhatott potencialis partnerkent, illetve milyen kihivasokkal kellett szembeneznie a nagyhatalmakkal szemben. A dolgozat utolso reszeben napjaink lengyel geopolitikajanak elemzesere is sort keritunk, felvillantva a lehetseges veszelyeket es egyuttműkodesi lehetősegeket.