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Abstract In the era of renewed space exploration, comprehending the effects of the space environment on human health, particularly for deep space missions, is crucial. While extensive research exists on the impacts of spaceflight, there is a gap regarding female reproductive risks. We hypothesize that space stressors could have enduring effects on female health, potentially increasing risks for future pregnancies upon return to Earth, particularly related to small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetuses. To address this, we identify a shared microRNA (miRNA) signature between SGA and the space environment, conserved across humans and mice. These miRNAs target genes and pathways relevant to diseases and development. Employing a machine learning approach, we identify potential FDA-approved drugs to mitigate these risks, including estrogen and progesterone receptor antagonists, vitamin D receptor antagonists, and DNA polymerase inhibitors. This study underscores potential pregnancy-related health risks for female astronauts and proposes pharmaceutical interventions to counteract the impact of space travel on female health.

Abstract Background Delayed discharge from hospital to home or other care institutions is a significant problem and has been investigated in the international scientific literature for many years. Behind this condition is a health care system based on a hospital-centered concept characterized by a lack of territorial health and social welfare services. This phenomenon causes two different problems: an excessive length of hospital stay, resulting in slow turnover of bed utilization; and overcrowding in emergency rooms (ERs). The phenomenon of frequent users assumes particular importance in this context. These patients repeatedly visit the emergency department (ED) in the same year because care needs are not met by primary care services. The authors in this study tried to describe the Frequent users (FUs) population and the variables associated with this condition. Materials and methods A retrospective "single-arm" descriptive study was conducted by analysing all accesses made to the ED of Policlinico Tor Vergata (PTV) from January 1, 2022, to December 31, 2022. FUs were defined as patients who had 4 or more accesses to PTV ER during the year. Results A total of 37,800 accesses occurred during the study period. A total of 31,691 users accessed the PS, with a mean age of 55.8 ± 22.2 years. There were 359 FU patients (approximately 1%) who had a total of 1984 accesses, corresponding to 5.2% of the total accesses. The triage codes for the FU patients were red, 2%; orange, 21%; blue, 45%; green, 26%; white, 5%; and not performed, 1%. Considering the 1984 FU accesses, the most frequently attributed "main problems" in the ED were "other symptoms or disorders" (54%), "psychomotor agitation" (12%), "trauma or burn" (8%), "abdominal pain" (6%), "chest pain" (4%), "dyspnea" (4%) and "urological symptoms or disorders" (4%). Multivariate analysis revealed that the main determinants of FUs were psychomotor agitation (HR = 7,23; CL95%:6,194–8,443), urological disorders (HR = 2,16; CL95%:1,68–2,76) and poor socioeconomic status (HR = 2,40; CL95%:2,213–2,663). Conclusions The FUs phenomenon expresses an area of health and social distress where poverty and lack of territorial services oblige people to refer to the ED. Primary care interventions integrated with social support are crucial for managing access to the ED.

Abstract COVID-19 typically presents with flu-like symptoms due to the viral infection itself. The most severe cases are characterised by lung damage, an important factor in fatal outcome due to alveolar damage. In some cases, patients develop a long COVID with persistent symptoms of chest pain and fatigue. Causes, including organ damage or inflammation, are being investigated. Clinical outcomes are variable and permanent lung damage is not fully understood, while vaccination is effective against severe infection but its effect on respiratory function in mild cases remains uncertain. This retrospective study aims to analyse changes in lung function in HCWs who had COVID-19 between 2020 and 2022, comparing their spirometric test results before and after the pandemic and taking into account their vaccination status. 321 HCWs were included in the study. The study examined spirometric parameters both before and after the pandemic, and all measured outcomes except the FEV1/FVC ratio showed a significant decrease during the study period. We then assessed the association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and changes in lung function parameters, analysing infections in 2020, 2021 and 2022 separately. We found a statistically significant difference in Forced vital capacity (FVC) between infected and non-infected subjects in 2020 and 2021, but not in 2022. To evaluate the protective effect of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on respiratory function, a linear regression analysis was performed using changes in FVC, Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), FVC/FEV1 ratio and Peak expiratory flow (PEF) as dependent variables. The analysis showed that the decline in FVC was significantly lower in subjects who had been vaccinated prior to infection. The study concludes that subclinical SARS-CoV-2 infections in 2020 and 2021 worsened respiratory parameters (FVC and FEV1), but vaccination protected against these effects. Even healthy individuals with previous infections showed respiratory changes, with vaccination providing protection, especially for FVC decline. This highlights the importance of vaccinating healthcare workers against COVID-19.

Objective: A troublesome implication of the COVID-19 pandemic has been an increased incidence of antimicrobial resistance. Implementation of containment measures, surveillance and monitoring of multiresistant microorganisms and/or alert organisms (MDROs_AL) should be strengthened. Here, we present the results of our observational study in which the isolation trend of MDROs_AL was compared over several quarters before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (2019-2020). Results: Although in our hospital the number of hospital admissions decreased significantly during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (due to the conversion of our hospital to a COVID hospital), the incidence rate of MDRO_AL infection increased from 18.0–34.6. (incidence rate) Among the MDROs_AL, A. baumannii, carbapenem-resistant enterobacteria, staphylococci/streptococci-MLSB, intermediate/glycopeptide-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci and vancomycin-resistant enterococci were the most represented.

The COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected health systems worldwide and raised the issue of vaccine hesitancy. In 2022, the World Health Organization reported an outbreak of measles infection among people over 20 years of age in the European Region. Previous studies found low rates of measles immunization among Italian healthcare workers (HCWs) and medical students. Vaccine hesitancy is a relevant cause of low immunization rate among HCWs and the general population. We aim to evaluate the measles vaccine uptake among medical students of a large teaching hospital, compared to the pre-pandemic period. This is a retrospective observational study, that evaluated the immune status and the vaccine acceptance rate for measles in medical students at the University of Tor Vergata, Rome, who underwent occupational health surveillance from 1 January to 1 December 2022. We also compared the data with the results of a pre-pandemic survey conducted in 2018. Vaccine uptake among unprotected medical students was 59.5%. The data showed no significant difference in vaccine uptake compared with the pre-COVID-19 period. Conversely, the rate of serologically immune subjects to measles increased from 89.66% in 2018 to 97.45% in 2022 as a result of the recent mandatory vaccination policy. Despite efforts to tackle vaccine hesitancy during the COVID-19 pandemic, measles vaccine uptake is still low among young adults starting their medical training, and their compliance with free workplace vaccination offers is suboptimal. Occupational health services should raise awareness among workers and work together to implement strategies to achieve comprehensive measles vaccination coverage among occupational health workers.

Historically, non-cancer diseases have not been considered a health risk following low-dose exposure to ionizing radiation. However, it is now well known that high-dose ionizing radiation causes cardiovascular disease, and emerging epidemiological evidence suggests an excess risk of non-cancer diseases even following exposure to lower doses of ionizing radiation than previously thought. In fact, the evidence is strongest for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of this review was to report the most representative studies and data on the risk of CVD from low-dose radiation in people with occupational exposure. We reported the results of 27 articles selected from a database search of 1151 studies. The results show a complex evidence landscape on the relationship between radiation exposure and cardiovascular disease. In general, published papers show a positive association between ionizing radiation exposure and dermal microcirculation damage, ischemic heart disease, and cerebrovascular disease. Overall, they highlight the need for comprehensive and detailed research to clarify this relationship. Due to limited statistical power, the dose–risk relationship below 0.5 Gy is inconclusive, but if this relationship is found to have no threshold, it could have a significant impact on current estimates of health risks at low doses.

Mineralization-competent cells, including hypertrophic chondrocytes, mature osteoblasts, and osteogenic-differentiated smooth muscle cells secrete media extracellular vesicles (media vesicles) and extracellular vesicles bound to the extracellular matrix (matrix vesicles). Media vesicles are purified directly from the extracellular medium. On the other hand, matrix vesicles are purified after discarding the extracellular medium and subjecting the cells embedded in the extracellular matrix or bone or cartilage tissues to an enzymatic treatment. Several pieces of experimental evidence indicated that matrix vesicles and media vesicles isolated from the same types of mineralizing cells have distinct lipid and protein composition as well as functions. These findings support the view that matrix vesicles and media vesicles released by mineralizing cells have different functions in mineralized tissues due to their location, which is anchored to the extracellular matrix versus free-floating.

Background: Rubella is a contagious viral infection that occurs most often in children and young adults. Rubella is the leading vaccine-preventable cause of birth defects. Rubella infection in pregnant women may cause fetal death or congenital defects known as congenital rubella syndrome. There is no specific treatment for rubella, but the disease is preventable by vaccination with an efficacy of over 95%. Vaccination coverage is still below the recommended levels and many cases have occurred worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on the immunization programs and the quality of disease surveillance worldwide. Operators of the healthcare setting are at increased risk of infection due to their work duties and should receive preventive vaccination or serologic protection to work in a healthcare setting. Aims: To evaluate the serological evidence of rubella IgG antibodies in female healthcare operators of childbearing age, to assess the risk of a breakthrough infection and the need for an additional dose of vaccine. Methods: We collected age and antibody titers from 449 young female operators aged 11.00 IU/mL. Results: The rate of serologically unprotected subjects was 9.13% (41/449). The mean age of protected subjects was 26.93 years, while the mean age of unprotected subjects was 28.24 years. Age did not correlate with mean titer on statistical analysis (p = 0.10). The acceptance rate among unprotected operators was 31.7%. A positive attitude towards vaccination was found in 11/28 (39.3%) of the unvaccinated subjects, while a negative tendency was found in 2/28 (7.1%) of these subjects; most of the unvaccinated operators 15/28 (53.6%) prefer to postpone the administration of the vaccine. When compared with a similar population from the pre-pandemic period, the actual proportion of immune female subjects was not significantly different from that found in 2019 (90.87% vs. 90.3%). Conclusions: Protection against rubella was suboptimal among female healthcare workers of childbearing age. Acceptance of the rubella vaccine among these operators was low. Most of those who were hesitant intended to postpone the vaccination, while a minority had negative attitudes toward vaccination. A policy of mandatory vaccination policy should overcome the reluctance of operators.

IntroductionHealthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are major public health threats in upper- and lower-middle-income countries. Electronic health records (EHRs) are an invaluable source of data for achieving different goals, including the early detection of HAIs and AMR clusters within healthcare settings; evaluation of attributable incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs); and implementation of governance policies. In Italy, the burden of HAIs is estimated to be 702.53 DALYs per 100,000 population, which has the same magnitude as the burden of ischemic heart disease. However, data in EHRs are usually not homogeneous, not properly linked and engineered, or not easily compared with other data. Moreover, without a proper epidemiological approach, the relevant information may not be detected. In this retrospective observational study, we established and engineered a new management system on the basis of the integration of microbiology laboratory data from the university hospital "Policlinico Tor Vergata" (PTV) in Italy with hospital discharge forms (HDFs) and clinical record data. All data are currently available in separate EHRs. We propose an original approach for monitoring alert microorganisms and for consequently estimating HAIs for the entire period of 2018.MethodsData extraction was performed by analyzing HDFs in the databases of the Hospital Information System. Data were compiled using the AREAS-ADT information system and ICD-9-CM codes. Quantitative and qualitative variables and diagnostic-related groups were produced by processing the resulting integrated databases. The results of research requests for HAI microorganisms and AMR profiles sent by the departments of PTV from 01/01/2018 to 31/12/2018 and the date of collection were extracted from the database of the Complex Operational Unit of Microbiology and then integrated.ResultsWe were able to provide a complete and richly detailed profile of the estimated HAIs and to correlate them with the information contained in the HDFs and those available from the microbiology laboratory. We also identified the infection profile of the investigated hospital and estimated the distribution of coinfections by two or more microorganisms of concern. Our data were consistent with those in the literature, particularly the increase in mortality, length of stay, and risk of death associated with infections with Staphylococcus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Clostridioides difficile, Candida spp., and Acinetobacter baumannii. Even though less than 10% of the detected HAIs showed at least one infection caused by an antimicrobial resistant bacterium, the contribution of AMR to the overall risk of increased mortality was extremely high.ConclusionsThe increasing availability of health data stored in EHRs represents a unique opportunity for the accurate identification of any factor that contributes to the diffusion of HAIs and AMR and for the prompt implementation of effective corrective measures. That said, artificial intelligence might be the future of health data analysis because it may allow for the early identification of patients who are more exposed to the risk of HAIs and for a more efficient monitoring of HAI sources and outbreaks. However, challenges concerning codification, integration, and standardization of health data recording and analysis still need to be addressed.

Abstract Background Metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used in many industrial and biomedical applications, hence their impact on occupational and public health has become a concern. In recent years, interest on the effect that exposure to NPs may exert on human reproduction has grown, however data are still scant. In the present work, we investigated whether different metal oxide NPs interfere with mouse cumulus cell-oocyte complex (COC) expansion. Methods Mouse COCs from pre-ovulatory follicles were cultured in vitro in the presence of various concentrations of two types of TiO2 NPs (JRC NM-103 and NM-104) and four types of ZnO NPs (JRC NM-110, NM-111, and in-house prepared uncoated and SiO2-coated NPs) and the organization of a muco-elastic extracellular matrix by cumulus cells during the process named cumulus expansion was investigated. Results We show that COC expansion was not affected by the presence of both types of TiO2 NPs at all tested doses, while ZnO NM-110 and NM-111 induced strong toxicity and inhibited COCs expansion at relatively low concentration. Medium conditioned by these NPs showed lower toxicity, suggesting that, beside ion release, inhibition of COC expansion also depends on NPs per se. To further elucidate this, we compared COC expansion in the presence of uncoated or SiO2-coated NPs. Differently from the uncoated NPs, SiO2-coated NPs underwent slower dissolution, were not internalized by the cells, and showed an overall lower toxicity. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that ZnO NPs, but not SiO2-coated ZnO NPs, affected the expression of genes fundamental for COC expansion. Dosimetry analysis revealed that the delivered-to-cell mass fractions for both NPs was very low. Conclusions Altogether, these results suggest that chemical composition, dissolution, and cell internalization are all responsible for the adverse effects of the tested NPs and support the importance of a tailored, safer-by-design production of NPs to reduce toxicity.

The immune system in humans is regulated by the circadian rhythm. Published studies have reported that the time of vaccination is associated with the immune response to vaccine for some pathogens. Our study aimed to evaluate the association between time of dose administration of challenge HBV vaccine and seroconversion for anti-HBs in medical students vaccinated at birth who were found to be unprotected at pre-training screening. Humoral protection for HBV was assessed in 885 medical students vaccinated during childhood. In total, 359 (41.0%) of them showed anti-HBs titer < 10 UI/mL and received a challenge dose of HBV vaccine followed by post-vaccination screening 30–60 days later. The challenge dose elicited a protective immune response (anti-HBs IgG titer > 10 UI/mL) in 295 (83.8%) individuals. Seroconversion was significantly associated with female gender and time of vaccination after controlling for age group and nationality at logistic regression analysis. Students who received the booster dose in the morning had a higher response rate than those who received the vaccine in the afternoon (OR 1.93; 95% C.I. 1.047–3.56: p < 0.05). This finding suggests that morning administration of the HBV booster may result in a better immune response in susceptible individuals.

Background: Measles infection in the hospital setting is a major issue. Despite the availability of an effective vaccine, measles outbreaks continue to occur in some European countries. We aimed to evaluate the immunological status of medical students attending the Tor Vergata Polyclinic (PTV). Methods: Measles antibodies titers were assessed by venipuncture on a sample of 2717 medical students who underwent annual health surveillance visits from January 2021 to March 2023. Subjects showing serum IgG values above 1.0 S/CO were considered serologically protected. Personal data, country of origin, and main demographic characteristic were also collected. Results: 66.7% (1467 Italian and 346 foreign) of medical students showed protective IgG antibodies levels. Female students were serologically immune more frequently than males (68.6% vs. 63.3%; p < 0.01 at Chi2). The mean antibody titer was 1.72 S/CO, significantly higher in females than males (1.67 vs. 1.75, respectively; p < 0.05), and significantly related to age (p < 0.01). Albanian students, who were the largest foreign population in our study, showed a low serological protection rate (40/90: 44.4%). Conclusions: The proportion of serologically non-immune students is high, raising concerns about the possible risk of hospital transmission. Substantial differences in the rate of immunity have been found between subjects coming from different parts of Europe and the world. Pre-training assessment of all medical students and vaccination of susceptible individuals is highly recommended, particularly for those from low immunization rate countries.

Healthcare workers (HCWs) have an increased risk to be exposed to infectious diseases compared to the general population. For this reason, according to the National Immunization and Prevention Plan, all HCWs should have demonstrable evidence of immunity to measles, mumps, rubella, varicella and Hepatitis B. Earlier studies have already shown that a large percentage of Italian operators lacked immune protection for one or more of those pathogens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunization status for vaccine-preventable diseases of HCWs in a large Italian teaching hospital. We retrospectively evaluated clinical records and serological data of HCWs who followed the occupational health surveillance program between January 1 and December 31 2019. We reviewed the clinical records of 1,017 HCWs: 393 males and 624 females with a median age of 35.69 y (range: 19–67). Protective IgG antibody values were documented in the 88.0%, 75.7%, 90.3%, 87.4% and 85.7% of the HCWs screened, respectively, against measles, mumps, rubella, varicella and Hepatitis B. Age was significantly related to serological protection against measles, mumps and varicella but was not significantly related to protective IgG levels for rubella and HBV. Female gender was significantly related to a higher protection rate against Hepatitis B (87.8 vs 82.4%; p

Heart rate variability (HRV) is commonly intended as the variation in the heart rate (HR), and it is evaluated in the time and frequency domains with various well-known methods. In the present paper, the heart rate is considered as a time domain signal, at first as an abstract model in which the HR is the instantaneous frequency of an otherwise periodic signal, such as with an electrocardiogram (ECG). In this model, the ECG is assumed to be a frequency modulated signal, or carrier signal, where HRV or HRV(t) is the time-domain signal which is frequency modulating the carrier ECG signal around its average frequency. Hence, an algorithm able to frequency demodulate the ECG signal to extract the signal HRV(t) is described, with possibly enough time resolution to analyse fast time-domain variations in the instantaneous HR. After exhaustive testing of the method on simulated frequency modulated sinusoidal signals, the new procedure is eventually applied on actual ECG tracings for preliminary nonclinical testing. The purpose of the work is to use this algorithm as a tool and a more reliable method for the assessment of heart rate before any further clinical or physiological analysis.

Gas turbine fuel burn for an aircraft engine can be obtained analytically using thermodynamic cycle analysis. For large-diameter ultra-high bypass ratio turbofans, the impact of nacelle drag and propulsion system integration must be accounted for in order to obtain realistic estimates of the installed specific fuel consumption. However, simplified models cannot fully represent the complexity of installation effects. In this paper, we present a method that combines thermodynamic cycle analysis with detailed Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling of the installation aerodynamics to obtain the fuel consumption at a given mission point. The flow field and propulsive forces arising in a transport aircraft powered by an ultra-high bypass ratio turbofan at cruise are first examined to characterise the operating conditions and measure the sensitivity to variations of the incidence at transonic flight. The proposed methodology, in which dynamic balance of the vehicle is achieved at each integration point, is then applied along a cruise segment to calculate the cumulative fuel burn and the change in the specific fuel consumption.

The BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine is composed of lipid-nanoparticles (LNP) containing the mRNA that encodes for SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Bronchospasm has been reported as an early reaction after COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in asthmatic patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute impact of BNT162b2 in a human ex vivo model of severe eosinophilic asthma. Passively sensitized human isolated bronchi were challenged with the platelet-activating factor to reproduce ex vivo the hyperresponsiveness of airways of patients suffering from severe eosinophilic asthma. BNT162b2 was tested on the contractile sensitivity to histamine and parasympathetic activation via electrical field stimulation (EFS); some experiments were performed after mRNA denaturation. BNT162b2 increased the resting tone (+11.82 ± 2.27%) and response to histamine in partially contracted tissue (+42.97 ± 9.64%) vs. the control (p < 0.001); it also shifted the concentration-response curve to histamine leftward (0.76 ± 0.09 logarithm) and enhanced the response to EFS (+28.46 ± 4.40%) vs. the control. Denaturation did not significantly modify (p > 0.05) the effect of BNT162b2. BNT162b2 increases the contractile sensitivity to histamine and parasympathetic activation in hyperresponsive airways, a detrimental effect not related to the active component but to some excipient. A possible candidate for the bronchospasm elicited by BNT162b2 could be the polyethylene glycol/macrogol used to produce LNP.

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...]

Measles is one of the most contagious infectious diseases. Measles vaccine, which has been introduced in Italy in 1979, is highly effective in preventing the disease (two-dose vaccine effectiveness is 99%). In 2017, Italy was the second country of EU for number of cases of measles. A study conducted in the same year showed that 22.3% of measles infection happened in hospital settings and 6.6% of cases occurred in HCWs. This risk group showed low rates of adhesion to the vaccination campaign. For this reason, we hypothesized that workplace vaccination could lead to better vaccination rates in HCWs. Moreover, we focused the vaccination campaign on a specific target group composed of HCWs not serologically immune and previously not vaccinated. We analyzed the clinical records of measles-specific IgG antibodies of 2,940 HCWs, that underwent occupational health surveillance between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2017. 15.3% (450) was seronegative for measles, especially in the age group under 35 years. We compared the costs related to strategies with and without serological screening. Our study confirmed that immunization strategy with pre-vaccination screening was cost-effective compared to the vaccination without screening. In our sample, in fact, administration of two dose vaccine only susceptible HCWs determine a saving of 146,262 €. The vaccination of HCWs remains a topical issue in preventing the transmission of infectious disease in the hospital setting. Due to the cost-effectiveness evaluation, we recommend extending the pre-vaccination screening to identify the real susceptible workers.

Background: Hesitancy remains one of the major hurdles to vaccination, regardless of the fact that vaccines are indisputable preventive measures against many infectious diseases. Nevertheless, vaccine hesitancy or refusal is a growing phenomenon in the general population as well as among healthcare workers (HCWs). Many different factors can contribute to hesitancy to COVID-19 vaccination in the HCWs population, including socio-demographic characteristics (female gender, low socio-economical status, lower age), individual beliefs regarding vaccine efficacy and safety, as well as other factors (occupation, knowledge about COVID-19, etc.). Understanding the determinants of accepting or refusing the COVID-19 vaccination is crucial to plan specific interventions in order to increase the rate of vaccine coverage among health care workers. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional online survey on HCWs in seventeen Italian regions, between 30 June and 4 July 2021, in order to collect information about potential factors related to vaccine acceptance and hesitancy. Results: We found an overall vaccine uptake rate of 96.4% in our sample. Acceptance was significantly related to job task, with physicians showing the highest rate of uptake compared to other occupations. At univariate analysis, the HCWs population’s vaccine hesitancy was significantly positively associated with fear of vaccination side effects (p < 0.01), and negatively related to confidence in the safety and efficacy of the vaccine (p < 0.01). Through multivariate analysis, we found that only the fear of possible vaccination side effects (OR: 4.631, p < 0.01) and the confidence in vaccine safety and effectiveness (OR: 0.35 p < 0.05) remained significantly associated with hesitancy. Conclusion: Action to improve operator confidence in the efficacy and safety of the vaccine should improve the acceptance rate among operators.

Matrix vesicles (MVs) contain the whole machinery necessary to initiate apatite formation in their lumen. We suspected that, in addition to tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), Na,K,-ATPase (NKA) could be involved in supplying phopshate (Pi) in the early stages of MV-mediated mineralization. MVs were extracted from the growth plate cartilage of chicken embryos. Their average mean diameters were determined by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) (212 ± 19 nm) and by Atomic Force Microcopy (AFM) (180 ± 85 nm). The MVs had a specific activity for TNAP of 9.2 ± 4.6 U·mg−1 confirming that the MVs were mineralization competent. The ability to hydrolyze ATP was assayed by a colorimetric method and by 31P NMR with and without Levamisole and SBI-425 (two TNAP inhibitors), ouabain (an NKA inhibitor), and ARL-67156 (an NTPDase1, NTPDase3 and Ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1) competitive inhibitor). The mineralization profile served to monitor the formation of precipitated calcium phosphate complexes, while IR spectroscopy allowed the identification of apatite. Proteoliposomes containing NKA with either dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) or a mixture of 1:1 of DPPC and dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE) served to verify if the proteoliposomes were able to initiate mineral formation. Around 69–72% of the total ATP hydrolysis by MVs was inhibited by 5 mM Levamisole, which indicated that TNAP was the main enzyme hydrolyzing ATP. The addition of 0.1 mM of ARL-67156 inhibited 8–13.7% of the total ATP hydrolysis in MVs, suggesting that NTPDase1, NTPDase3, and/or NPP1 could also participate in ATP hydrolysis. Ouabain (3 mM) inhibited 3–8% of the total ATP hydrolysis by MVs, suggesting that NKA contributed only a small percentage of the total ATP hydrolysis. MVs induced mineralization via ATP hydrolysis that was significantly inhibited by Levamisole and also by cleaving TNAP from MVs, confirming that TNAP is the main enzyme hydrolyzing this substrate, while the addition of either ARL-6715 or ouabain had a lesser effect on mineralization. DPPC:DPPE (1:1)-NKA liposome in the presence of a nucleator (PS-CPLX) was more efficient in mineralizing compared with a DPPC-NKA liposome due to a better orientation of the NKA active site. Both types of proteoliposomes were able to induce apatite formation, as evidenced by the presence of the 1040 cm−1 band. Taken together, the findings indicated that the hydrolysis of ATP was dominated by TNAP and other phosphatases present in MVs, while only 3–8% of the total hydrolysis of ATP could be attributed to NKA. It was hypothesized that the loss of Na/K asymmetry in MVs could be caused by a complete depletion of ATP inside MVs, impairing the maintenance of symmetry by NKA. Our study carried out on NKA-liposomes confirmed that NKA could contribute to mineral formation inside MVs, which might complement the known action of PHOSPHO1 in the MV lumen.

Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection because of their occupational exposure. Moreover, they can be a vehicle for the virus transmission among patients. The vaccination of healthcare personnel against COVID-19 is crucial in fighting the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection, together with strict sanitary procedures that aim to limit the risk of contagion. Unfortunately, even if COVID-19 vaccination has been proved one of the most effective tools for protecting against COVID-19, many healthcare professionals are not yet vaccinated. The aim of the current review is to contribute to identifying an effective strategy for COVID-19 prevention especially among non-vaccinated HCWs. In this review, we collected the most recent and relevant findings from literature on the protection of unvaccinated HCWs, identifying three types of measures as principal actions to protect those operators: addressing vaccine hesitancy, improving non-pharmaceutical interventions and promoting actions at personal level (respiratory hygiene, hand hygiene and use of PPE). All these interventions are very effective in preventing contagion, if well respected and conducted; nevertheless, it is essential to promote vaccination, as it is the most effective measure.

Three-dimensional throughflow models represent a turbomachinery cascade via a force distribution without the need for detailed geometric modelling in the numerical solution, saving consistent computational resources. In this paper, we present the application of a body force method on an axial transonic fan implemented into an in-house tool for axisymmetric throughflow simulations. By a systematic comparison of local and integral quantities with a validated numerical solution, the capabilities and limitations of the model are discussed for different operating regimes. The implementation is first validated at the peak efficiency calibration point, providing a good duplication of blade flow variables and radial profiles. The design total pressure is matched with a 0.6% absolute difference and a slightly higher slope of the characteristic towards the stall. The isentropic efficiency curve is penalised after the choking mass flow rate calibration, presenting an absolute difference close to 2%, although with a consistent off-design trend. In general, the model provides a satisfactory representation of the flow field and the outflow spanwise distributions, with locally larger discrepancies near the endwalls. Finally, the method is applied to simulate the fan and outlet guide vanes installed into an isolated turbofan nacelle. The onset of intake stall at a high angle of attack is compared between the body force and a boundary conditions-based approaches, highlighting the importance of adopting fully coupled solution methods to study fan/airframe interaction problems.

Lactoferrin (Lf) is a cationic glycoprotein synthetized by exocrine glands and is present in all human secretions. It is also secreted by neutrophils in infection and inflammation sites. This glycoprotein possesses antimicrobial activity due to its capability to chelate two ferric ions per molecule, as well as to interact with bacterial and viral anionic surface components. The cationic features of Lf bind to cells, protecting the host from bacterial and viral injuries. Its anti-inflammatory activity is mediated by the ability to enter inside the nucleus of host cells, thus inhibiting the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokine genes. In particular, Lf down-regulates the synthesis of IL-6, which is involved in iron homeostasis disorders and leads to intracellular iron overload, favoring viral replication and infection. The well-known antiviral activity of Lf has been demonstrated against DNA, RNA, and enveloped and naked viruses and, therefore, Lf could be efficient in counteracting also SARS-CoV-2 infection. For this purpose, we performed in vitro assays, proving that Lf exerts an antiviral activity against SARS-COV-2 through direct attachment to both SARS-CoV-2 and cell surface components. This activity varied according to concentration (100/500 μg/ml), multiplicity of infection (0.1/0.01), and cell type (Vero E6/Caco-2 cells). Interestingly, the in silico results strongly supported the hypothesis of a direct recognition between Lf and the spike S glycoprotein, which can thus hinder viral entry into the cells. These in vitro observations led us to speculate a potential supplementary role of Lf in the management of COVID-19 patients.

Health Care Workers (HCWs) have an increased risk of contracting contagious disease, including mumps. In January 2017 the Italian National Vaccine Prevention Plan 2017–2019, recommended the administration of a dose of MMR vaccine (Measles-Mumps-Rubella) to the Health Care Workers (HCWs) that, working in a risky environment, did not carry out the complete vaccination cycle of MMR or that are seronegative for at least one of the three vaccine viruses. In October of the same year, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended a third dose of a vaccine containing Mumps Virus for people previously vaccinated with 2 doses, belonging to a group or to a population at increased risk of acquire mumps in the event of an epidemic. We analyzed the clinical records and values of mumps-specific IgG antibodies of 3032 HCWs (mean age 32.80 ± 10.75 years), that underwent occupational health surveillance between January 1st 2017 and March 31th 2018. The HCWs were also screened for measles, rubella, mumps using serological methods. 13% (405) was seronegative for mumps, especially among HCWs between 18 and 36 years. We calculated the cost-effectiveness of two-doses and three-doses MMR vaccination. The cost of vaccination without screening was significantly more expensive (cost difference: 99 712 € and 184 996 €) both in case of two-dose and three-dose MMR vaccination respectively. Our study suggests that, in HCWs, the assessment of the mumps antibody titer before vaccination may be a useful complement to vaccination itself, because it is more accurate and cost-effective than direct immunization of unvaccinated subjects.

Contact dermatitis is a major problem in the healthcare environment and in other sectors. Healthcare professionals may be exposed to a large number of chemical agents, including the accelerators for rubber vulcanization process. The prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis among operators in the sector ranges 13–30%. This paper describes the case of a 46-year-old male cardiac surgeon affected by a severe skin reaction localized on the face in the absence of hand dermatitis, presumably resulting from the use of a surgical patch applied to the face. Patch tests were performed and the result was negative for latex and positive (+++) for thiuram mix. A thiuram-free tape was prescribed and the operator’s dermatitis improved significantly. Thus, it would be very important to pay attention to skin disorders in health workers and thiuram as an occupational allergen. Med Pr. 2019;70(1):121–4

Coral reefs are known to be among the most biodiverse marine ecosystems and one of the richest in terms of associations and species interactions, especially those involving invertebrates such as corals and sponges. Despite that, our knowledge about cryptic fauna and their ecological role remains remarkably scarce. This study aimed to address this gap by defining for the first time the spatial ecology of the association between the epibiont hydrozoan Nemalecium lighti and the Porifera community of shallow coral reef systems at Bonaire. In particular, the host range, prevalence, and distribution of the association were examined in relation to different sites, depths, and dimensions of the sponge hosts. We report Nemalecium lighti to be in association with 9 out of 16 genera of sponges encountered and 15 out of 16 of the dive sites examined. The prevalence of the hydroid–sponge association in Bonaire reef was 6.55%, with a maximum value of over 30%. This hydrozoan has been found to be a generalist symbiont, displaying a strong preference for sponges of the genus Aplysina, with no significant preference in relation to depth. On the contrary, the size of the host appeared to influence the prevalence of association, with large tubular sponges found to be the preferred host. Although further studies are needed to better understand the biological and ecological reason for these results, this study improved our knowledge of Bonaire’s coral reef cryptofauna diversity and its interspecific associations.

Most students and researchers with limited funding are often looking for simple and low-cost devices for the acquisition of the electromyogram signal (EMG) in an educational or research setting. Thus, off-the-shelf devices are used and they have already been described in the literature, but they are used without considering their real performances, which are, in general, quite poor from the electronic and signal processing points of view. It is the purpose of this communication to present the evidence of these issues, and to describe an improved version of the “classical” duo, composed of the common ECG/EMG Olimex board and the Arduino microprocessor board. In this case, the Arduino-DUE is used. Three main points are highlighted in this paper: (a) the bandpass characteristics of the ECG/EMG Olimex board and how they can be improved to cope with EMG bandwidth requirements; (b) the increase in sampling frequency of the signal; and, finally, (c) the possibility of automatic detection of more ECG/EMG Olimex boards installed at the same time as the shields on the Arduino-DUE board. Very simple and low-cost modifications on the ECG/EMG Olimex board could deliver a much better performing multichannel EMG acquisition system, suitable for educational classroom experiments and early proof-of-concept research.

Ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide (um-PEA), a compound with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, appears to be a potential adjuvant treatment for early stages of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In our study, we enrolled 90 patients with confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 that were randomized into two groups, homogeneous for age, gender and BMI. The first group received oral supplementation based on um-PEA at a dose of 1800 mg/day for a total of 28 days; the second group was the control group (R.S. 73.20). At baseline (T0) and after 28 days of um-PEA treatment (T1), we monitored: routine laboratory parameters, inflammatory and oxidative stress (OS) biomarkers, lymphocytes subpopulation and COVID-19 serological response. At T1, the um-PEA-treated group presented a significant reduction in inflammation compared to the control group (CRP p = 0.007; IL-6 p = 0.0001; neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio p = 0.044). At T1, the controls showed a significant increase in OS compared to the treated group (FORT p = 0.05). At T1, the um-PEA group exhibited a significant decrease in D-dimer levels (p = 0.0001) and higher levels of IgG against SARS-CoV-2 (p = 0.0001) compared to the controls. Our data demonstrated, in a randomized clinical trial, the beneficial effects of um-PEA in both asymptomatic and mild-symptomatic patients related to reductions in inflammatory state, OS and coagulative cascade alterations.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has had a tremendous impact on health services; hundreds of thousands of healthcare workers (HCWs) have died from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The introduction of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in Italy provided recipients with significant protection against COVID-19 within one to two weeks after the administration of the second of the two recommended doses. While the vaccine induces a robust T cell response, the protective role of factors and pathways other than those related to memory B cell responses to specific SARS-CoV-2 antigens remains unclear. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the determinants of serological protection in a group of vaccinated HCWs (n = 793) by evaluating circulating levels of antiviral spike receptor-binding domain (S-RBD) antibodies during the nine-month period following vaccination. We found that 99.5% of the HCWs who received the two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine developed protective antibodies that were maintained at detectable levels for as long as 250 days after the second dose of the vaccine. Multivariate analysis was performed on anti-S-RBD titers in a subgroup of participants (n = 173) that were evaluated twice during this period. The results of this analysis reveal that the antibody titer observed at the second time point was significantly related to the magnitude of the primary response, the time that had elapsed between the first and the second evaluation, and a previous history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Of importance is the finding that despite waning antibody titers following vaccination, none of the study participants contracted severe COVID-19 during the observational period.

SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays are crucial in managing the COVID-19 pandemic. Approved mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are well known to induce a serum antibody responses against the spike protein and its RBD. Mucosal immunity plays a major role in the fight against COVID-19 directly at the site of virus entry; however, vaccine abilities to elicit mucosal immune responses have not been reported. We detected anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA-S1 and IgG-RBD in three study populations (healthy controls, vaccinated subjects, and subjects recovered from COVID-19 infection) on serum, saliva, and nasal secretions using two commercial immunoassays (ELISA for IgA-S1 and chemiluminescent assay for IgG-RBD). Our results show that the mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine Comirnaty (Pfizer/BioNTech, New York, NY, USA) determines the production of nasal and salivary IgA-S1 and IgG-RBD against SARS-CoV-2. This mucosal humoral immune response is stronger after the injection of the second vaccine dose compared to subjects recovered from COVID-19. Since there is a lack of validated assays on saliva and nasal secretions, this study shows that our pre-analytical and analytical procedures are consistent with the data. Our findings indicate that the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine elicits antigen-specific nasal and salivary immune responses, and that mucosal antibody assays could be used as candidates for non-invasive monitoring of vaccine-induced protection against viral infection.

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to health, social and economic consequences for public health systems. As a result, the development of safe and effective vaccines, in order to contain the infection quickly became a priority. The first vaccine approved by the Italian Agency for Drugs Authorization (AIFA) was the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine, developed by BioNTech and Pfizer (Comirnaty). Comirnaty contains a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA), which is a nucleoside-modified RNA that encodes the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Even if data from phase I suggest that vaccine induced antibodies can persist for up to six months following the second shot of BNT vaccine, data regarding the real duration of immunological protection are lacking. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the duration of serological protection by detecting the presence of anti-S-RBD (receptor-binding domain) antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 among a large group of healthcare workers (HCWs) three months after vaccination. 99% of HCWs had a detectable titre of anti-S SARS-CoV-2 antibodies 90 days after the second vaccine shot. Elderly operators showed significantly lower levels of protective antibodies when compared to the younger ones, thus they could become unprotected earlier than other operators.

Healthcare workers are considered at higher risk for mumps infection than the general population. Since 2017, the national immunization plan recommended the administration of a dose of measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccine to the healthcare operators who are unable to demonstrate a complete vaccination history or that are seronegative for at least one of the three agents. Regarding mumps infection, based on actual concerns regarding the loss of protection over the years after vaccination, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended to administer a third dose of vaccine to operators previously vaccinated with two doses of MMR vaccine who belong to a group at increased risk of mumps infection in the event of an epidemic. This guideline, however, is not currently followed in Italy, resulting in a potential risk for vaccinated operators to become unprotected from mumps over the years. The aim of our study is to evaluate the persistence of a protective antibody level for mumps among medical students vaccinated during infancy or adolescence, at the start of their hospital internship. We retrospectively evaluated mumps-specific IgG levels in a group of medical students, in the period from 1 January to 31 December 2020. We evaluated the persistence of the detectable level of mumps-specific antibodies in relation to their vaccinal status, gender and time elapsed from vaccination. We found that 17.4% (65 subjects) of our sample were seronegative for mumps. The univariate analysis showed a significant difference in serological protection between male and female gender (77.0% vs. 86.2%; p < 0.05 with chi2 test) and between age classes (86.5% vs. 76.4%; p < 0.05 for subjects aged 18–23 years and over 23 years, respectively). Female gender was significantly related to higher serological protection even after adjusting for age classes and number of vaccine doses administered in a multivariate analysis model. Our study shows a substantial percentage of subjects lacking a protective mumps titer among medical students who were vaccinated in childhood. Given the higher risk of infection among those subjects, routine pre-employment screening should be performed among those operators regardless of their vaccination history and a third dose of MMR should be offered to unprotected students.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected more than one hundred million people since the beginning of the worldwide pandemic. In this study, data from a large hospital in central Italy was used to evaluate the impact of the first dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine on SARS-CoV-2 infections in terms of the prevalence of symptomatic cases, symptom duration, and viral clearance timing. All vaccinated Healthcare Workers (HCWs) with positive RT-PCR by nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs were divided into two cohorts (positive RT-PCR within day 12 and positive RT-PCR between day 13 and day 21 after first dose administration) and compared for the presence and duration of symptoms and the timing of viral clearance. The same variables were evaluated across HCWs with positive RT-PCR within 6 days after first dose administration and non-vaccinated HCWs with positive RT-PCR between 1 October 2020 and 28 February 2021. Eighteen HCWs tested positive on RT-PCR by NP swab from day 1 to day 12 after the 1st dose administration (incidence rate 6.2 × 10−4) and 5 HCWs from day 13 to day 21 (incidence rate 2.3 × 10−4). Symptom duration and viral clearance timing are significantly shorter in the cohort of HCWs with positive RT-PCR 12 days after the first dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. The administration of the first dose proved effective in reducing presence, symptom duration, and viral clearance even in HCWs vaccinated for less than 6 days. These results could have implications on public health and post-exposure prophylaxis.

Abstract Background There is a fundamental gap of knowledge on the health effects caused by the interaction of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) with the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT). This is partly due to the incomplete knowledge of the complex physical and chemical transformations that ENM undergo in the GIT, and partly to the widespread belief that GIT health effects of ENM are much less relevant than pulmonary effects. However, recent experimental findings, considering the role of new players in gut physiology (e.g. the microbiota), shed light on several outcomes of the interaction ENM/GIT. Along with this new information, there is growing direct and indirect evidence that not only ingested ENM, but also inhaled ENM may impact on the GIT. This fact, which may have relevant implications in occupational setting, has never been taken into consideration. This review paper summarizes the opinions and findings of a multidisciplinary team of experts, focusing on two main aspects of the issue: 1) ENM interactions within the GIT and their possible consequences, and 2) relevance of gastro-intestinal effects of inhaled ENMs. Under point 1, we analyzed how luminal gut-constituents, including mucus, may influence the adherence of ENM to cell surfaces in a size-dependent manner, and how intestinal permeability may be affected by different physico-chemical characteristics of ENM. Cytotoxic, oxidative, genotoxic and inflammatory effects on different GIT cells, as well as effects on microbiota, are also discussed. Concerning point 2, recent studies highlight the relevance of gastro-intestinal handling of inhaled ENM, showing significant excretion with feces of inhaled ENM and supporting the hypothesis that GIT should be considered an important target of extrapulmonary effects of inhaled ENM. Conclusions In spite of recent insights on the relevance of the GIT as a target for toxic effects of nanoparticles, there is still a major gap in knowledge regarding the impact of the direct versus indirect oral exposure. This fact probably applies also to larger particles and dictates careful consideration in workers, who carry the highest risk of exposure to particulate matter.

Objective: To analyze the interaction between ACP1 and PTPN22 concerning their effects on the growth of the tumor. In previous paper we have shown (i) that ACP1*B/*B genotype of ACP1 is negatively associated with the growth of leiomyomas and (ii) that there is a negative association of *C/*C genotype of PTPN22 with tumor growth. Materials and methods: Two hundred and three White women from the population of Rome with symptomatic leiomyomas were recruited in the University of Rome Tor Vergata. All subjects gave consent for the participation in the study that was approved by the Council of Department. ACP1 and PTPN22 genotypes were determined by DNA analysis. Results: The proportion of women with small leiomyomas decreases with the decrease of the number of protective factors and it is 37.2% in women carrying the joint genotype ACP1*B/*B-PTPN22 *C/*C (two protective factors) and 0% in women carrying no protective factors. Three way contingency table analysis by a log linear model has shown no evidence of epistatic interaction between the two genetic systems but a highly significant cooperative effect on the dimension of leiomyomas. There is a highly significant negative correlation between the number of protective factors and the dimension of leiomyomas with a minimum (cm 4.74) in women carrying the joint genotype ACP1*B/B-PTPN22 *C/*C and a maximum (cm 7.25) in women carrying no protective factors. Conclusion: The present study suggests a cooperative interaction between ACP1 and PTPN22 concerning their effects on the growth of uterine leiomyomas. The determination of the genotype of the two systems may help to evaluate the risk of clinical manifestations of this common benign tumor. Keywords: ACP1, PTPN22, Uterine leiomyomas

The Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused more than 100,000,000 cases of coronavirus infection in the world in just a year, of which there were 2 million deaths. Its clinical picture is characterized by pulmonary involvement that culminates, in the most severe cases, in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, COVID-19 affects other organs and systems, including cardiovascular, urinary, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems. Currently, unique-drug therapy is not supported by international guidelines. In this context, it is important to resort to adjuvant therapies in combination with traditional pharmacological treatments. Among natural bioactive compounds, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) seems to have potentially beneficial effects. In fact, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) authorized an ongoing clinical trial with ultramicronized (um)-PEA as an add-on therapy in the treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In support of this hypothesis, in vitro and in vivo studies have highlighted the immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and pain-relieving effects of PEA, especially in its um form. The purpose of this review is to highlight the potential use of um-PEA as an adjuvant treatment in SARS-CoV-2 infection.

The overall cost of a hydropower plant is mainly due to the expenses of civil works, mechanical equipment (turbine and control units) and electrical components. The goal of a new draft tube design is to obtain a geometry that reduces investment costs, especially the excavation ones, but the primary driver is to increase overall machine efficiency, allowing for a reduced payback time. In the present study, an optimization study of the elbow-draft tube assembly of a Kaplan turbine was conducted. First, a CFD model for the complete turbine was developed and validated. Next, an optimization of the draft tube alone was performed using a design of experiments technique. Finally, several optimum solutions for the draft tube were obtained using a response surface technique aiming at maximizing pressure recovery and minimizing flow losses. A selection of optimized geometries was subsequently post-checked using the validated model of the entire turbine, and a detailed flow analysis on the obtained results made it possible to provide insights into the improved designs. It was observed that efficiency could be improved by 1% (in relative terms), and the mechanical power increased by 1.8% (in relative terms) with respect to the baseline turbine.

Objective: The birth weight/placental weight ratio has an important predictive value for perinatal mortality and morbidity and for cardiovascular diseases in adult life. In this study, we compared the birth weight/placental weight (BW/PW) ratio and the correlation between the two parameters in diabetic women with that observed in healthy women. Materials and Methods: A total of 347 consecutive newborn infants from healthy puerperae, 164 newborns from puerperae with gestational diabetes, 148 newborns from puerperae with preexisting type 1 diabetes, and 40 newborns from puerperae with preexisting type 2 diabetes have been studied from the White population of Rome. The research project was approved by the Institutional Review Board and informed written consent was obtained from the participating mothers. Results: The BW/PW ratio is higher, and the correlation between the two parameters is lower in all classes of diabetes as compared to healthy puerperae. A remarkably low correlation is observed in preexisting diabetes pointing to a dissociation of fetal growth from placental growth. Discussion: In diabetic pregnancy the BW/PW ratio is higher, and the correlation between birth weight and placental weight is lower in all classes of diabetic as compared to healthy puerperae pointing to a relative dissociation between the two parameters. It has been suggested that the increase of glycemic levels in diabetic pregnancy predisposes to important diseases in adult life. The dissociation of BW from PW in infants of diabetic pregnancy could be a predictor of the risk for such diseases of adult life.

Transonic compressors are widely used today in propulsion and industrial applications thanks to their higher specific work compared to subsonic. In this work, the aerodynamic optimization of a two-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of the transonic cascade ARL-SL19 is described. The validated computational model is used for a multi-objective optimization of the cascade at three different inlet Mach numbers using a genetic algorithm and an artificial neural network, with the aim of reducing total pressure loss and increasing maximum pressure ratio. Finally, the optimized shapes on the Pareto fronts are investigated, analyzing mechanisms responsible for loss reduction and enhanced compression. Profiles having the lowest losses have flatter camberlines and reduced acceleration of flow on the suction side, while geometries achieving the highest pressure ratio values have a more cambered shape with a concave suction side.

Modern aeronautic fans are characterised by a transonic flow regime near the blade tip. Transonic cascades enable higher pressure ratios by a complex system of shockwaves arising across the blade passage, which has to be correctly reproduced in order to predict the performance and the operative range. In this paper, we present an accurate two-dimensional numerical modelling of the ARL-SL19 transonic compressor cascade. A large series of data from experimental tests in supersonic wind tunnel facilities has been used to validate a computational fluid dynamic model, in which the choice of turbulence closure resulted critical for an accurate reproduction of shockwave-boundary layer interaction. The model has been subsequently employed to carry out a parametric study in order to assess the influence of main flow variables (inlet Mach number, static pressure ratio) and geometric parameters (solidity) on the shockwave pattern and exit status. The main objectives of the present work are to perform a parametric study for investigating the effects of the abovementioned variables on the cascade performance, in terms of total-pressure loss coefficient, and on the shockwave pattern and to provide a quite large series of data useful for a preliminary design of a transonic compressor rotor section. After deriving the relation between inlet and exit quantities, peculiar to transonic compressors, exit Mach number, mean exit flow angle and total-pressure loss coefficient have been examined for a variety of boundary conditions and parametrically linked to inlet variables. Flow visualisation has been used to describe the shock-wave pattern as a function of the static pressure ratio. Finally, the influence of cascade solidity has been examined, showing a potential reduction of total-pressure loss coefficient by employing a higher solidity, due to a significant modification of shockwave system across the cascade.

In the context of ambitious targets for reducing environmental impact in the aviation sector, dictated by international institutions, morphing aircraft are expected to have potential for achieving the required efficiency increases. However, there are still open issues related to the design and implementation of deformable structures. In this paper, we compare three constrained parameterisation strategies for the aerodynamic design of a morphing leading edge, representing a potential substitute for traditional high-lift systems. In order to facilitate the structural design and promote the feasibility of solutions, we solve a multi-objective optimisation problem, including constraints on axial and bending strain introduced by morphing. A parameterisation method, inherently producing constant arc length curves, is employed in three variants, representing different morphing strategies which provide an increasing level of deformability, by allowing the lower edge of the flexible skin to slide and the gap formed with the fixed spar to be closed by a hatch. The results for the optimisation of a baseline airfoil show that the geometric constraints are effectively handled in the optimisation and the solutions are smooth, with a continuous variation along the Pareto frontier. The larger shape modification allowed by more flexible parameterisation variants enables an increase of the maximum lift coefficient up to 8.35%, and efficiency at 70% of stall incidence up to 4.26%.