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Many proteins have been recently shown to undergo a process of phase separation that leads to the formation of biomolecular condensates. Intriguingly, it has been observed that some of these proteins form dense droplets of sizeable dimensions already below the critical concentration, which is the concentration at which phase separation occurs. To understand this phenomenon, which is not readily compatible with classical nucleation theory, we investigated the properties of the droplet size distributions as a function of protein concentration. We found that these distributions can be described by a scale-invariant log-normal function with an average that increases progressively as the concentration approaches the critical concentration from below. The results of this scaling analysis suggest the existence of a universal behaviour independent of the sequences and structures of the proteins undergoing phase separation. While we refrain from proposing a theoretical model here, we suggest that any model of protein phase separation should predict the scaling exponents that we reported here from the fitting of experimental measurements of droplet size distributions. Furthermore, based on these observations, we show that it is possible to use the scale invariance to estimate the critical concentration for protein phase separation.

The European Union promotes the development of a sustainable approach to solid waste management and disposal. Sewage sludge (SWS) is a good example of this economic model because it has fertilizing and soil-conditioning characteristics. This study employed a conventional manure spreader to evaluate the distribution of SWS on agricultural land. Various interpolation methods and machine learning models were employed to analyze the spatial distribution patterns of the sludge. Data were collected from 15 sampling trays across a controlled field during three separate trials. Statistical analysis using ANOVA highlighted significant variations in sludge quantities along the longitudinal axis but not along the latitudinal one. Interpolation methods, such as spline, cubic spline, and inverse distance weighting (IDW) were used to model the distribution, while machine learning models (k-nearest neighbors, random forest, neural networks) classified spatial patterns. Different performance metrics were calculated for each model. Among the interpolation methods, the IDW model combined with neural networks achieved the highest accuracy, with an MCC of 0.9820. The results highlight the potential for integrating advanced techniques into precision agriculture, improving application efficiency and reducing environmental impact. This approach provides a solid basis for optimizing the operation of agricultural machinery and supporting sustainable waste management practices.

This resource guide is designed to be used by Extension/4-H professionals and after-school providers to deliver well-formed, positive youth development programs in after-school sites. It includes information on initiating the development of 4-H clubs at after-school sites, volunteer training resources and exercises, how to sustain the clubs, and connections to the community and beyond. The original educational material was edited and revised for this edition by the National Association of 4-H Youth Development Professionals Afterschool Working Group, led by Vanessa Spero. Published by the 4-H Youth Development Department, UF/IFAS Extension, March 2024.

This is part of a series of guides that have been updated with permission from 4-H National Council. This resource guide is designed to be used by Extension professionals and after-school providers to deliver positive youth development programs in underrepresented areas or with underrepresented populations. It includes information on identifying underserved or underrepresented audiences and potential challenges to their participation in 4-H programming. The original educational material was edited and revised for this edition by the National Association of 4-H Youth Development Professionals Afterschool Working Group, led by Vanessa Spero. Published by the 4-H Youth Development Department, UF/IFAS Extension, May 2023.

This resource guide is designed to be used by Extension/4-H professionals to deliver teen-led curricula in after-school programs. It includes an overview of program delivery, recruitment processes and training outlines. The original educational material was edited and revised for this edition by the National Association of 4-H Youth Development Professionals Afterschool Working Group, led by Vanessa Spero. Published by the 4-H Youth Development Department, UF/IFAS Extension, April 2023.

Automation reduces the impact of farming on climate change and helps farmers adapt to its financial impact. Automatic feeding systems (AFSs) increase the ruminant’s feeding precision and ease operators’ workload. Such systems exist on a spectrum, requiring varied levels of operator support and installation complexity. A recent survey on farmers pointed out that those already running an AFS and those willing to buy one appreciate its ease of use, the resulting animal welfare, and the resulting overall benefits (increased production, farm profitability, and reduced feed waste). Whether technologically complex or not, studies have confirmed the benefits that farmers perceive to be underlying the remarkable reduction in the environmental impact of feeding operations (AFSs are electrically powered), the increase in animal welfare resulting from reduced conflicts around accessing the feed bunk, and the constant availability of fresh feed. However, their introduction should follow accurate and holistic structural and economic planning for existing and newly built facilities. The availability of public subsidies plays an essential role in pushing farmers to adopt the most modern digital technologies, whose benefits may even increase when farmers couple them with interconnected sensors to monitor animals’ physiological states.

A brucelose canina é uma doença bacteriana, infectocontagiosa que acomete cães de todo o mundo.O diagnóstico laboratorial é baseado em métodos diretos e indiretos e deve ser realizado quando há evidências de sinais clínicos e epidemiológicos. Neste estudo, observou-se dermatite escrotal recorrente e resistente a tratamento em cão de 6 anos, da raça Golden Retriever. Realizou-se teste sorológico IDGA para brucelose, que foi positivo. Porém, os testes sorológicos podem apresentar reações inespecíficas e resultados falsos positivos. Como teste confirmatório é indicado o exame da hemocultura. Realizou-se hemocultura, cultura de urina e sêmen em caldo triptose e ágar sangue. Em todos os materiais o resultado da cultura foi negativo. Desta forma, foram testadas amostras de sangue, urina e sêmen, bem como amostras enriquecidas em caldo triptose, seguidas de PCR, que apresentaram positividade em todas as amostras testadas. O animal foi castrado e na avaliação histológica, os testículos apresentaram infiltrado inflamatório em epidídimo. No parênquima testicular observou-se degeneração vacuolar do epitélio germinativo de túbulos seminíferos, sem atrofia testicular. A avaliação morfológica do sêmen evidenciou anormalidades dos espermatozóides, dentre elas, cauda fortemente dobrada, cabeças soltas, caudas enroladas, cabeça-cabeça, corroborando para o diagnóstico de brucelose. A PCR foi fundamental para o diagnóstico final da brucelose canina, comprovando a alta sensibilidade e eficácia do exame, sugerindo que a PCR deve ser incluída como teste confirmatório, visando evitar a propagação desta importante zoonose

Este trabalho foi realizado com o intuito de obter informações epidemiológicas sobre o Rhodococcus equi (R. equi) em seis haras do município de Bagé, estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram coletadas 36 amostras de solo superficial e 143 de fezes de eqüinos, sendo semeadas em meio seletivo para o R. equi (NANAT) e incubadas em aerobiose a 37°C por até 72 horas. Também foi coletada amostra de solo para determinação de pH e matéria orgânica (MO) de cada haras. A identificação do R. equi baseou-se na pesquisa do "fator equi" e características morfológicas, tintoriais e bioquímicas. Isolou-se o microrganismo de 75% (27/36) das amostras de solo superficial e 66,43% (95/143) das amostras de fezes de eqüinos. O isolamento do R. equi em 100% dos haras analisados comprova a disseminação desta bactéria na região estudada. Os dados obtidos na análise de pH e MO do solo não demonstraram correlação com a taxa de isolamento do R. equi do solo superficial dos haras.Epidemiological aspects about Rhodococcus equi (R. equi) at six horse-breeding farms from Bagé county, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were analysed. Soil samples (36) and equine feces (143) were collected. The objective was to verify the presence of R. equi in those samples. Six soil samples were also used for pH and organic matter (OM) determination. R. equi identification was based on equi factor search and morfological, tintorial and biochemistry behavior. All the horse-breeding farms had the R. equi present in soil and feces samples. Soil yielded 75.00% (27/36) positive samples and 66.43% (95/143) of equine feces were positive. The results obtained for pH and OM from the soil had no correlation with the isolation of R. equi from soil samples of the different horse-breeding farms.

Objetivando esclarecer alguns aspectos relacionados à sorologia e a transferência passiva de anticorpos contra o Rhodococcus equi em potros, foram testadas pela técnica de imunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA) amostras de soro e colostro de duas populações distintas de eqüinos. A primeira população era constituída por 59 potros e suas mães, de um haras onde não se efetuava a vacinação contra esta bactéria. Do total de potros. 32,2% (19/59) mostraram anticorpos contra este agente. No colostro foram detectados anticorpos em 30,5% (18/59) das amostras, entretanto, não se observou transferência passiva de anticorpos. A segunda população, constituída por 12 éguas prenhas, foi submetida à vacinação contra o Rhodococcus equi, sendo testados soro e colostro das éguas e soro de seus respectivos potros. Antes da vacinação todas as fêmeas mostraram-se soronegativas. Após, 91,6% (11/12) foram positivas ao teste de IDGA. Nas amostras de colostro e soro dos potros, os percentuais de positividade foram de 75% (9/12) e 66,7% (8/12), respectivamente. Observou-se a transferência passiva de anticorpos para os potros, tendo esta, relação com a ingestão de colostro positivo.Two equine populations were evaluated in relation to serology and passive antibodies against Rhodococcus equi. The first population had 59 foals with no history of mare vaccination against Rhodococcus equi. The foals sera samples and the mare colostrum were examined with the agar gel immunodiffusion test. Antibodies were detected in 32.2% of the foals and also 30.5% (18/59) of colostrum samples examined. However, no passive antibody transfer was observed. The second population, 12 pregnant mares were vaccinated against Rhodococcus equi. Before the vaccination, all mares were seronegative. After vaccination, 91.6% (11/12) of the vaccinated mares were positive on the serologic test. In mare colostrum and foals sera, positive results were 75% (9/12) and 66.7% (8/12) respectively. Passive antibody transmission was observed in the foals and there was a relationship with ingestion of positive colostrum.

Relata-se a ocorrência de casos de brucelose em animais de um canil da cidade de Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul. Devido a registros de aborto nesta criação, suspeitou-se desta enfermidade. O isolamento da Brucella canis foi realizado através da cultura de materiais obtidos dos fetos abortados, placenta e neonatos. O teste sorológico de imunodifusão em gel de ágar demonstrou que 72,7% (8/11) dos animais deste canil haviam se infectado com esta bactéria. Neste relato são descritos e discutidos os dados clínicos e sorológicos, assim como o isolamento da Brucella canis.The ocurrence of canine brucellosis is described in a kennel from Uruguaiana city. Due to abortion registered at the kennel the suspected disease was brucellosis. The isolation of Bucella canis was realized by culturing the material collected from aborted fetuses, placenta and neonatos. The agar gel immunodiffusion test was used for sorological evaluation and showed that 72.7% (8/11) of the dogs were infected wifh the bactéria. The authors describe also the clinical signs, serological findings and also the isolation of the Brucella canis.

In spite of the widespread range of hydrogen applications as one of the greenest energy vectors, its transportation and storage still remain among the main concerns to be solved in order to definitively kickstart a rapid takeoff of a sustainable H2 economy. The quest for a simple, efficient, and highly reversible release storage technique is a very compelling target. Many studies have been undertaken to increase H2 storage efficiency by exploiting either chemisorption or physisorption processes, or through entrapment on different porous solid materials as sorbent systems. Among these, biomass-derived carbons represent a category of robust, efficient, and low-cost materials. One question that is still open-ended concerns the correlation of H2 uptake with the kind and number of heteroatoms as dopant of the carbonaceous sorbent matrix, such as boron, aiming to increase whenever possible bonding interactions with H2. Furthermore, the preferred choice is a function of the type of hydrogen use, which may involve a short- or long-term storage option. In this article, after a brief overview of the main hydrogen storage methods currently in use, all the currently available techniques for the boronation of activated carbonaceous matrices derived from recycled biomass or agricultural waste are discussed, highlighting the advantages and drawbacks of each of them.

In his Considerazioni sopra le Rime del Petrarca (Modena, 1609), Alessandro Tassoni deconstructs Petrarch’s love for Laura: the Poet is here depicted as some sort of foolish hypocrit that hasn’t been able to fulfill his (merely sexual) desires for Laura. Petrarch’s beloved is also the target of Tassoni’s mysoginistic attacks, and love itself is described – after Lucretius – as a purely physiological passion. This article aims at analyzing Tassoni’s materialistic conceptions, suggesting some possible connections with 17th century libertinism.

Resveratrol attracts great interest because of the plethora of in vitro effects at the micromolar concentration range. Unfortunately, these effects are difficult to establish in vivo, due to the low concentration of resveratrol reached. This discrepancy is due to the molecules low solubility in water that favors the propensity for an intestinal absorption rather than in the gastric compartment. To address these challenges, we developed a Solid Dispersion of Resveratrol Supported by Magnesium Di Hydroxide formulation (Resv@MDH). This formulation displays increased water solubility and better bioavailability relative to pure resveratrol in the rabbit animal model. In our study, we evaluated the pharmacokinetics profile of resveratrol in six healthy human subjects following 180 mg of oral resveratrol administration, derived from Resv@MDH or pure resveratrol. Free resveratrol was evaluated in the whole blood sample by using HPLC - MS/MS. In comparison with pure resveratrol that displays an increase of the maximum plasma concentration, Cmax at about 90 min and 2 μM, Resv@MDH displays an earlier peak of resveratrol concentration with an increase of Cmax at about 30 min and 6 μM. The different kinetics suggest a main gastric route for resveratrol absorption from Resv@MDH, where, because of its improved dissolution rate, there seems to be a higher propensity for an acidic environment, as opposed to that with pure resveratrol. This conclusion is also supported by the numerical simulation analysis, which considers the principal steps during the oral route administration. Moreover, there is a 2-fold increase in the amount of free resveratrol with respect to pure resveratrol confirming a better bioavailability observed in the animal model. The characteristic feature of the pharmacokinetic profile of Resv@MDH implies that the beneficial properties of resveratrol in human health should be capitalized on it.

Neutral sphingomyelinase is known to be implicated in growth arrest, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Although previous studies have reported the involvement of neutral sphingomyelinase in hippocampus physiopathology, its behavior in the hippocampus during Parkinson’s disease remains undetected. In this study, we show an upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and a downregulation of neutral sphingomyelinase in the hippocampus of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine- (MPTP-) induced mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Moreover, the stimulation of neutral sphingomyelinase activity with vitamin 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 reduces specifically saturated fatty acid sphingomyelin by making sphingomyelin a less rigid molecule that might influence neurite plasticity. The possible biological relevance of the increase of neutral sphingomyelinase in Parkinson’s disease is discussed.

Activated carbons are materials with relevance in different industrial applications. Due to the inherent complexity and heterogeneity of their structures, an easy assignment of the species present on their surface has a challenging result. Only recently, with the possibility to collect well-resolved inelastic neutron spectra and to simulate by DFT methods more or less extended graphitic clusters, this task is starting to become feasible. Here we report our investigation on a steam activated carbon and we show that different vibrations in the region of out-of-plane C-H bending modes are specifically connected to hydrogen terminations belonging to extended and regular borders or to short and defective ones. Furthermore, simulations including heteroatoms such as oxygen allowed us to point out spectral regions with a contribution from carboxyl species.

Maintaining a good health requires the maintenance of a body homeostasis which largely depends on correct functioning of thyroid gland. The cells of the thyroid tissue are strongly sensitive to hypogravity, as already proven in mice after returning to the earth from long-term space missions. Here we studied whether hypergravity may be used to counteract the physiological deconditioning of long-duration spaceflight. We investigated the influence of hypergravity on key lipids and proteins involved in thyroid tissue function. We quantified cholesterol (CHO) and different species of sphingomyelin (SM) and ceramide, analysed thyrotropin (TSH) related molecules such as thyrotropin-receptor (TSHR), cAMP, Caveolin-1 and molecule signalling such as Signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3). The hypergravity treatment resulted in the upregulation of the TSHR and Caveolin-1 and downregulation of STAT3 without changes of cAMP. TSHR lost its specific localization and spread throughout the cell membrane; TSH treatment facilitated the shedding of α subunit of TSHR and its releasing into the extracellular space. No specific variations were observed for each species of SM and ceramide. Importantly, the level of CHO was strongly reduced. In conclusion, hypergravity conditions induce change in CHO and TSHR of thyroid gland. The possibility that lipid rafts are strongly perturbed by hypergravity-induced CHO depletion by influencing TSH-TSHR interaction was discussed.

It is generally known that bone loss is one of the most important complications for astronauts who are exposed to long-term microgravity in space. Changes in blood flow, systemic hormones, and locally produced factors were indicated as important elements contributing to the response of osteoblastic cells to loading, but research in this field still has many questions. Here, the possible biological involvement of thyroid C cells is being investigated. The paper is a comparison between a case of a wild type single mouse and a over-expressing pleiotrophin single mouse exposed to hypogravity conditions during the first animal experiment of long stay in International Space Station (91 days) and three similar mice exposed to hypergravity (2Gs) conditions. We provide evidence that both microgravity and hypergravity induce similar loss of C cells with reduction of calcitonin production. Pleiotrophin over-expression result in some protection against negative effects of gravity change. Potential implication of the gravity mechanic forces in the regulation of bone homeostasis via thyroid equilibrium is discussed.