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Mumps is a highly contagious viral disease that can be prevented by vaccination. In the last decade, we have encountered repeated outbreaks of mumps in highly vaccinated populations, which call into question the effectiveness of available vaccines. Animal models are crucial for understanding virus-host interactions, and viruses such as mumps virus (MuV), whose only natural host is the human, pose a particular challenge. In our study, we examined the interaction between MuV and the guinea pig. Our results present the first evidence that guinea pigs of the Hartley strain can be infected in vivo after intranasal and intratesticular inoculation. We observed a significant viral replication in infected tissues up to 5 days following infection and induction of cellular and humoral immune responses as well as histopathological changes in infected lungs and testicles, without clinical signs of disease. Transmission of the infection through direct contact between animals was not possible. Our results demonstrate that guinea pigs and guinea pig primary cell cultures represent a promising model for immunological and pathogenetic studies of the complex MuV infection.

Various anthropogenic threats negatively influence the survival of cetaceans in all world seas. Thanks to a long- running marine mammal surveillance program, we are able to report the results of a detailed analysis of the influence of cetacean-fisheries interactions and marine litter ingestion on cetacean mortality in the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea over the last three decades. The total number of dead cetaceans was 459, and included 334 bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), 40 striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba), ten Risso’s dolphins (Grampus griseus), six Cuvier’s beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) and four fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus). Three hundred of them were examined postmortally. Cetacean-fisheries interaction occurred frequently in the Adriatic Sea, being detected in 96 (20.9%) of the recorded cases. Bycatch was the most abundant cetacean-fisheries interaction, with 66 (14.4%) cases recorded. Good nutritional condition and evidence of recent feeding were the most common findings recorded in bycatch cases, followed by persistent froth in the airways, edematous lungs, bruises and an amputated fluke or tail. Cetacean-fisheries interactions other than bycatch affected 30 animals and included larynx strangulations, long- term tail entanglement and fishing gear in the stomach. Ingestion of marine litter that was not related to fisheries was recorded in four animals. This study reveals the considerable negative anthropogenic influence on cetaceans in the Adriatic Sea, especially the bottlenose dolphin that is considered to be the most numerous cetacean species therein, and demonstrates the need for the urgent development of a cetacean bycatch reduction program. Finally, it also shows the importance of sustaining national surveillance programs to gain scientifically based knowledge important for cetacean protection and prospects for their long-term survival., Različiti antropogeni čimbenici negativno utječu na preživljavanje kitova u svim svjetskim morima. U ovom istraživanju prikazujemo utjecaj ribolova i ingestiju morskog otpada na preživljavanje kitova u razdoblju od 1990. do 2019. u hrvatskom dijelu Jadranskoga mora. Analizirani podaci prikupljeni su dugogodišnjim praćenjem stanja morskih sisavaca u ovom području. Ukupan broj nalaza uginulih kitova jest 459 te uključuje 334 dobra dupina (Tursiops truncatus), 40 plavobijela dupina (Stenella coeruleoalba), deset glavatih dupina (Grampus griseus), šest krupnozubih dupina (Ziphius cavirostris) i četiri velika sjeverna kita (Balaenoptera physalus). Tristo jedinki postmortalno je pregledano. Interakcije kitova i ribolova učestale su u Jadranskome moru s obzirom na to da su utvrđene u 20,9 % uginulih kitova. Ukupan broj dupina stradalih kao slučajan ulov jest 66 (14,4 % svih nalaza). Osrednje gojno stanje i neprobavljeni/poluprobavljeni plijen u želucu najučestaliji su nalazi u dupina stradalih kao slučajan ulov. Od ostalih nalaza ističu se pjena u dišnim putevima, edematozna pluća, podljevi te odrezana repna peraja ili cijeli rep. Interakcije kitova i ribolova koje se ne smatraju slučajnim ulovom opisane su u 30 jedinki i uključuju strangulaciju grkljana, dugotrajan zapletaj repa i ribolovni alat u želucu. Ingestija morskog otpada utvrđena je u četiri jedinke. Ovo istraživanje potvrđuje negativan antropogeni utjecaj na kitove u Jadranskome moru, osobito na dobrog dupina, te upućuje na potrebu hitnog razvoja mjera za smanjenje broja dupina stradalih kao slučajan ulov. Ono također ističe važnost nacionalnih protokola za praćenje kitova kao izvora znanstvenih podataka potrebnih za predlaganje i provedbu mjera zaštite koje će povećati izglede za njihovo dugoročno preživljavanje.

Cytology is the diagnostic procedure of the microscopic evaluation of cells. It is becoming increasingly important and more frequently used in veterinary diagnostics, having many advantages including simplicity, speed and low cost. To determine the pathological changes diagnosed by cytology in cats, as well as the distribution of age, breed and gender in the diagnosed changes, we performed a retrospective study on slides submitted to the Department of Veterinary Pathology for routine cytological examination. The archive was searched for all feline cytology slides submitted from 2009 to 2018. All the slides were re-evaluated and classified into one of the four pathological processes: ‘neoplasia’, ‘inflammation’, ‘other condition’ or ‘non-diagnostic sample’. Breed, age, gender and the tissue from which the lesion was sampled were noted from the submission form, and statistically analyzed. The most frequent type of pathological process diagnosed was neoplasia, which reflects the high prevalence of neoplastic diseases in cats reported in literature data. Pathological changes were mostly diagnosed in domestic shorthaired cats of both sexes, with an average age of 8.4 years, but no breed, age or gender predisposition was found. The most evaluated tissue was skin, probably due to its accessibility and the ease of obtaining a sample from skin lesions. The most frequent neoplasia were malignant and the most frequent diagnosis was round cell neoplasia. Cats affected with round cell neoplasia had a significantly lower average age (7.3 years) than cats diagnosed with epithelial and mesenchymal neoplasia (9.9 and 10.3 years, respectively), probably reflecting the common retroviral infection in Croatian cats., Citologija je sve važniji i sve češće primjenjivan dijagnostički postupak u kojemu se mikroskopski analiziraju stanice, a ima i brojne prednosti, kao što su jednostavnost izvedbe, brzina i niska cijena. Kako bismo odredili patološke promjene dijagnosticirane citologijom u mačaka kao i raspodjelu prema dobi, pasmini i spolu, proveli smo retrospektivno istraživanje na uzorcima dostavljenima Zavodu za veterinarsku patologiju Veterinarskoga fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu za rutinsku citološku analizu. Pretraženi su arhivski preparati za sve mačje citološke nalaze od 2009. do 2018. godine. Svi su preparati ponovno analizirani i razvrstani u jedan od četiri patološka procesa: neoplazija, upala, druga stanja i nedijagnostički uzorak. Pasmina, dob, spol i tkivo iz kojega su uzorci uzeti zabilježeni su u odgovarajućem obrascu i statistički analizirani. Najčešće dijagnosticiran patološki proces bio je neoplazija, što govori o visokoj prevalenciji neoplastične bolesti u mačaka opisanoj u literaturi. Patološke promjene najčešće su dijagnosticirane u domaće kratkodlake mačke oba spola, prosječne dobi 8,4 godina. Pasminska, dobna i spolna predispozicija međutim nisu utvrđene. Najčešće analizirano tkivo bila je koža, vjerojatno zbog najlakše dostupnosti i lakog dobivanja uzorka iz kožnih lezija. Najčešća je neoplazija bila zloćudna tvorevina, a najčešća dijagnoza neoplazija okruglih stanica. Mačke oboljele od ove neoplazije imale su znakovito nižu prosječnu dob (7,3 godina) od mačaka kojima je dijagnosticirana epitelna i mezenhimna neoplazija (9,9 i 10,3 godina), što je vjerojatno pokazatelj da se radi o čestoj retrovirusnoj infekciji u mačaka u Hrvatskoj.

Cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti korisnost upotrebe imunohistokemijske metode (IHK) zajedno s histopatološkom pretragom u dijagnosticiranju i razlikovanju alimentarnog limfoma (AL) od upalne bolesti crijeva (UBC). U istraživanju su korišteni arhivski histopatološki nalazi i preparati tkiva, parafinski blokovi i stakalca. Prema pripadnosti pasmina podijelili u tri skupine malu, srednju ili veliku skupinu pasa. Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi povezanost pojedinih patoloških promjena ovisno o skupini pasa, dobi i spolu. Obavljenim istraživanjem zabilježili smo da je srednja vrijednost dobi u skupini malih pasmina pasa iznosila 7,58±3,59 godina, u skupini srednjih pasmina 7,45±3,04 godina te u skupini velikih pasmina 6,58±3,47 godina. Prosječna dob pasa oboljelih od alimentarnog limfoma iznosila je 8,8 godina, za razliku od upalne bolesti crijeva gdje je iznosila 7,0 godina. Unutar sve tri skupine pasa zabilježen je veći broj jedinki muškog spola. Najveći udio biopsiranih uzoraka (70,73 %) analiziran je iz tkiva tankog crijeva; po 8 uzoraka (27,59 %) iz male skupine pasa, 11 uzoraka iz srednje skupine (37,93 %) te po 10 uzoraka iz velike skupine pasa (34,48 %). Udio biopsiranog tkiva želudca bio je nešto niži (24,39 %) dok je tkivo debelog crijeva uzorkovano u samo dva psa (4,88 %). Histopatološkom analizom utvrđeno je 16 slučajeva upalne bolesti crijeva (45,71 %), 7 slučajeva limfoma (20,00 %), 9 slučajeva suspektne upale (25,71 %) te 3 slučaja suspektne upale/limfoma (8,58 %). Nakon provedene IHK metode ustanovljeno je da je u 6 slučajeva dijagnoza donesena histopatološkom evaluacijom potvrđena, u 5 slučajeva je opovrgnuta dok je u 5 slučajeva IHK metoda bila korisna kako bi razlučili AL od UBC. Utvrđene su značajne razlike (P

Leporine dysautonomia (or dysautonomia of hares) is an idiopathic disorder associated with degeneration of neurons of the peripheral nervous system with loss of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve function. The disease has so far been described in rabbits and hares from Great Britain, and a similar disorder has also been described in horses (grass sickness), dogs and cats (Key-Gaskell syndrome) throughout the world. We describe a case of leporine dysautonomia in a rabbit from Croatia, characterized by gross findings of cachexia, dehydration, dilated intestines and urinary bladder. Histologic findings included severe vacuolation of neurons of the submucous and myenteric plexus in the intestinal tract. This disease presents a rare disorder of rabbits, and based on current report, it should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis is rabbits with neurologic clinical signs and mild gross findings including cachexia and distension of intestine and urinary bladder.

We studied the influence of dietary n6/n3 ratio and docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids supplementation on fatty acid profile, lipid peroxidation and NFκ/p50 expression in diabetes type 2. Treatments consisted of three dietary n6/n3 ratios: 6 (Control), 50 (high n6) and 1 (DHA and EPA supplemented). Half of the rats in each of the dietary treatments were made diabetic using the fructose/low-streptozotocin model. The Control and high n6 diets decreased EPA/ARA (arachidonic acid) ratios in the plasma and in the hepatic tissue suggesting proinflammatory fatty acid profile. The high n6 diet additionally increased the 4-HNE and NFκ/p50 expression in the hepatic tissue. These changes were the consequence of a decrease in the plasma content of DHA and EPA and an increase in the content of arachidonic acid in the liver neutral lipids. The supplementation with the DHA and EPA attenuated the change in EPA/ARA ratios, which imply the importance of the n6/n3 ratio in diabetes type 2.

A histopathological analysis of 13 apocrine gland tumors and 22 sebaceous gland tumors in dogs was performed, which were submitted to the Department of Veterinary Pathology from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2012. An association between the immunohistochemical expression of E-cadherin and Ki-67, the type, and the biological behavior of the tumors was investigated. The mean age of dogs with apocrine gland tumors was 10.15 years, and 10.91 years for sebaceous gland tumors. According to the histopathological analysis, 53.8% carcinomas and 46.2% adenomas of the apocrine glands were found. In the sebaceous gland tumors, epitheliomas were dominant (50.0%), followed by adenomas (36.4%) and carcinomas (13.6%). Survival time in dogs with sebaceous gland tumors was shortest in patients with diagnosed epitheliomas, intermediate in adenomas, and longest in carcinomas. The incidence of metastases was low in the groups with sebaceous adenomas and epitheliomas, and recurrence was most common in carcinomas. The average survival time was about the same for apocrine gland adenomas and carcinomas, with a higher incidence of metastases and recurrence for carcinomas. Immunohistochemical analysis of E-cadherin and Ki-67 expression confirmed the efficiency of this method for the accurate histological classification of apocrine and especially sebaceous gland tumors. The analyzes performed showed that the location and intensity of E-cadherin expression can be helpful in predicting the biological behavior of sebaceous gland tumors. In contrast to sebaceous gland tumors, the analysis of apocrine gland tumors showed that there was no correlation between E-cadherin expression and the biological behavior of apocrine gland tumors.

A histopathological analysis of 13 apocrine gland tumors and 22 sebaceous gland tumors in dogs was performed, which were submitted to the Department of Veterinary Pathology from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2012. An association between the immunohistochemical expression of E-cadherin and Ki-67, the type, and the biological behavior of the tumors was investigated. The mean age of dogs with apocrine gland tumors was 10.15 years, and 10.91 years for sebaceous gland tumors. According to the histopathological analysis, 53.8% carcinomas and 46.2% adenomas of the apocrine glands were found. In the sebaceous gland tumors, epitheliomas were dominant (50.0%), followed by adenomas (36.4%) and carcinomas (13.6%). Survival time in dogs with sebaceous gland tumors was shortest in patients with diagnosed epitheliomas, intermediate in adenomas, and longest in carcinomas. The incidence of metastases was low in the groups with sebaceous adenomas and epitheliomas, and recurrence was most common in carcinomas. The average survival time was about the same for apocrine gland adenomas and carcinomas, with a higher incidence of metastases and recurrence for carcinomas. Immunohistochemical analysis of E-cadherin and Ki-67 expression confirmed the efficiency of this method for the accurate histological classification of apocrine and especially sebaceous gland tumors. The analyzes performed showed that the location and intensity of E-cadherin expression can be helpful in predicting the biological behavior of sebaceous gland tumors. In contrast to sebaceous gland tumors, the analysis of apocrine gland tumors showed that there was no correlation between E-cadherin expression and the biological behavior of apocrine gland tumors., U radu je istraživana učestalost pojedinih histoloških tipova 13 tumora apokrinih i 22 tumora lojnih žlijezda u pasa čiji su uzorci dostavljeni na histopatološku dijagnostiku na Zavod za veterinarsku patologiju Veterinarskog fakulteta u Zagrebu, u razdoblju od 1. siječnja 2010. do 31. prosinca 2012. godine. Utvrđivano je postoji li povezanost između imunohistokemijske ekspresije E-kadherina i tipa tumora te postoji li povezanost ekspresije E-kadherina i Ki-67 vezano uz biološko ponašanje tumora. Prosječna dob oboljelih životinja iznosila je 10,15 godina za tumore apokrinih žlijezda, a za tumore lojnih žlijezda 10,91 godina. Histopatološkom klasifikacijom tumora ustanovljeno je 53,8 % karcinoma i 46,2 % adenoma apokrinih žlijezda, a za tumore lojnih žlijezda 50,0 % epitelioma, 36,4 % adenoma te 13,6 % karcinoma. Vrijeme preživljavanja pasa s tumorima lojnih žlijezda bilo je najkraće kod epitelioma, srednje vrijeme preživljavanjea bilo je kod adenoma, a najdulje kod karcinoma. Metastaziranje je potvrđeno kod malog broja adenoma i epitelioma, a učestalost recidiva bila je najveća kod karcinoma lojnih žlijezda. Kod tumora apokrinih žlijezda utvrđeno je približno podjednako vrijeme preživljavanja za adenome i karcinome te češće metastaziranje i recidiviranje karcinoma u odnosu na adenome. Imunohistokemijskom analizom dokazano je da analiza ekspresije E-kadherina i Ki-67 može koristiti u određivanju točnije dijagnoze tipa tumora apokrinih, a osobito tumora lojnih žlijezda pasa. Također, utvrđeno je da kod tumora lojnih žlijezda lokalizacija i intenzitet ekspresije E-kadherina mogu pomoći pri određivanju prognoze, odnosno biološkom ponašanju tumora. Ekspresija E-kadherina u tumorima apokrinih žlijezda pasa u provedenom istraživanju nije pokazala rezultate koji bi upućivali na povezanost rezultata imunohistokemijske pretrage i biološkog ponašanja tumora.

Visceral hemangiosarcoma were analyzed at the Department of Veterinary Pathology of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, over a 5-year period. From a total of 52 tumor masses in a total of 31 dogs, histological growth patterns (cavernous, capillary or solid) and the amount of tumor supporting stroma were evaluated. Additionally, sections were stained with toluidine blue for the purpose of mast cell detection and their number was determined in the tumor parenchyma, tumor stroma and edges. The average age of the affected animals was 10 years, males predominated, and the tumors occurred most frequently in cross breeds, German Shepherd dogs and Labrador Retrievers. The highest number of visceral hemangiosarcoma was found in the spleen (27/52). The most common growth pattern of visceral hemangiosarcoma was solely cavernous with a mixture of cavernous and solid patterns in different proportions. Mast cells were found in 44/52 (84.6%) of the visceral hemangiosarcomas. A smaller number of mast cells were found in the tumor parenchyma, and higher number were found in the stroma and tumor edges. The number of mast cells in tumors was not significantly associated with the tumor growth pattern, but there was a positive correlation between MCC - tumor parenchyma and stroma (rs = 0.28, P, U radu su analizirani pseći visceralni hemangiosarkomi koji su tijekom petogodišnjeg razdoblja dostavljeni u Zavod za veterinarsku patologiju Veterinarskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Utvrđena su ukupno 52 tumora u ukupno 31 psa. Analizirani su histološki obrasci rasta (kavernozni, kapilarni i solidni) te količina potporne strome tumora. Osim toga uzorci su obojeni toluidinskim modrilom radi vizualizacije mastocita te je određen njihov broj u parenhimu tumora, u stromi i na rubovima tumora. Prosječna dob zahvaćenih pasa bila je 10 godina, prevladavali su mužjaci, a tumori su najčešće nađeni kod križane pasmine, njemačkog ovčara i labradora retrivera. Najveći broj visceralnih hemangiosarkoma nađen je u slezeni (27/52). Najčešći obrazac rasta visceralnog hemangiosarkoma bio je čisti kavernozni, uz kombinaciju kavernoznog i solidnog obrasca u različitim omjerima. Mastociti su pronađeni u 44 od 52 visceralna hemangiosarkoma (84,6 %). Manji broj mastocita nađen je u parenhimu tumora, a veći broj u stromi i na rubovima tumora. Broj mastocita u tumorima nije bio znakovito povezan s obrascem njegova rasta, ali je u svim ispitivanim tumorima utvrđena pozitivna korelacija između broja mastocita – parenhima i strome (rs = 0,28, P < 0,05), broja mastocita – strome tumora + ruba tumora (rs = 0,74, P < 0,05) i broja mastocita – parenhima i broja mastocita – strome tumora + ruba tumora (rs = 0,30, P < 0,05). U tumorima slezene znakovita pozitivna korelacija bila je samo između broja mastocita – stroma + ruba tumora (rs = 0, 68; P < 0,05). Ovi rezultati upućuju na veći broj mastocita u tumorima s razvijenijim stromalnim komponentama u psećim visceralnim hemangiosarkomima. Potrebna su daljnja istraživanja uloge mastocita i čimbenika koje oslobađaju u razvoju odnosno progresiji hemangiosarkoma.

Tapeworms of the genus Mesocestoides (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea: Mesocestoididae) are still enigmatic to scientists, due to their high morphological variability, low host specificity, and unknown details of their life cycle. They are found worldwide, with carnivorous mammals as the main definitive hosts, and the disease is potentially zoonotic. After ingestion by a definitive host, the tetrathyridium can occasionally migrate through the intestinal wall and reach the peritoneal cavity or abdominal organs causing peritoneal metacestodosis. Here, we report on a case of metacestodosis of a European wild cat (Felis silvestris silvestris) found dead in Croatia. At necropsy, a large number of white, rice-like structures were found free in the abdominal and thoracic cavities, as well as along the serous surfaces and in the lungs. DNA isolated from the nodules was genotyped and based on a 320-base pair long 12S fragment classified as Mesocestoides vogae. Although post-mortem changes were advanced, severe emaciation due to the severe parasitic infection and gastrointestinal bleeding was diagnosed as the likely cause of death. Intestinal cestodosis was previously reported in wild cats, but according to our knowledge, this is the first description of peritoneal and pleural metacestodosis caused by M. vogae tetrathyridia (metacestodes) in any wild carnivore species.

Postmortalnim intervalom (PMI) nazivamo vrijeme koje je proteklo od trenutka uginuća životinje. Njegovom procjenom dolazimo do spoznaja vezanih uz način i okolnosti smrti, a u pojedinim slučajevima pomaže nam u pronalaženju počinitelja. U ovom radu prikazan je slučaj u kojemu je postavljena sumnja da je došlo do počinjenja kaznenog djela ubijanja i mučenja životinje te je osim uzroka uginuća bilo potrebno ustvrditi postmortalni interval. Određivanje PMI-a se temeljilo na procjeni postmortalnih promjena i entomološkog nalaza. Nakon smrti, životinjsko tijelo prolazi kroz određene promjene koje su posljedica prestanka životnih funkcija i smrti stanica. Nastale promjene su nepovratne i progresivne te u konačnici dovode do potpunog raspadanja tijela. Tijekom razudbe ustvrđeni su uznapredovali znaci truljenja i izostanak mrtvačke ukočenosti te je bilo nemoguće precizno ustvrditi PMI isključivo na temelju postmortalnih promjena. U ovakvim ili sličnim slučajevima gdje postoji postmortalna kolonizacija kukcima moguće je ustvrditi PMI određivanjem vrste i starosti razvojnih stadija te utjecaja okolišnih faktora na njihov razvoj. Prema dostupnim entomološkim dokazima na temelju uočenih morfoloških obilježja ustvrđeno je da se radi o ličinkama iz porodice muha zujara (Calliphoridae) te se s određenom razinom sigurnosti pretpostavilo da je riječ o vrsti Calliphor vicina. Naime, zbog propusta pri prikupljanju i pohrani uzoraka nije bilo moguće na temelju morfološke razudbe i molekularnim analizama ustvrditi točan identitet vrste. Unatoč tome, entomološki nalaz je bitno doprinio u procjeni PMI i na taj način pomogao u rješavanju slučaja., The post-mortem interval (PMI) is the time elapsed since the death of an animal. The assessment of PMI leads us to determine the manner and circumstances of death, and in some cases, aids in finding the offender. This article presents a case of a suspected crime of killing and torturing animals, and apart from the cause of death, it was necessary to determine the post-mortem interval. The determination of PMI was based on the assessment of postmortem changes and entomological findings. After death, the animal body undergoes certain changes resulting from the cessation of vital functions and cell death. These changes are irreversible and progressive, leading ultimately to complete decomposition of the body. During the investigation, signs of putrefaction and the absence of postmortem muscle rigidity were advanced, and it was impossible to precisely establish PMI based solely on postmortem changes. In cases where post-mortem insect colonization is present, it is possible to establish PMI by determining insect type and development stage, and the influence of environmental factors on their development. According to the available entomological evidence and observed morphological characteristics, the larvae were classified to belong to the fly family (Calliphoridae), and determination was made to the species Calliphora vicina with a given level of certainty. Namely, due to the inability to collect and store samples, it was not possible to establish the exact species determination based on morphological and molecular analyses. Nevertheless, this finding contributed significantly to PMI assessment and helped to solve the case.

Tapeworms of the genus Mesocestoides (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea: Mesocestoididae) are still enigmatic to scientists, due to their high morphological variability, low host specificity, and unknown details of their life cycle. They are found worldwide, with carnivorous mammals as the main definitive hosts, and the disease is potentially zoonotic. After ingestion by a definitive host, the tetrathyridium can occasionally migrate through the intestinal wall and reach the peritoneal cavity or abdominal organs causing peritoneal metacestodosis. Here, we report on a case of metacestodosis of a European wild cat (Felis silvestris silvestris) found dead in Croatia. At necropsy, a large number of white, rice-like structures were found free in the abdominal and thoracic cavities, as well as along the serous surfaces and in the lungs. DNA isolated from the nodules was genotyped and based on a 320-base pair long 12S fragment classified as Mesocestoides vogae. Although post-mortem changes were advanced, severe emaciation due to the severe parasitic infection and gastrointestinal bleeding was diagnosed as the likely cause of death. Intestinal cestodosis was previously reported in wild cats, but according to our knowledge, this is the first description of peritoneal and pleural metacestodosis caused by M. vogae tetrathyridia (metacestodes) in any wild carnivore species.

This article presents the first case of intestinal adenocarcinoma in a free living, culled 12 year old, European female brown bear (Ursus arctos), with its characteristic macropathological and histopathological manifestations. Necropsy revealed thoracic gunshot injuries (compassionate shot) and the poor physical condition of the animal, with body fat loss and musculature atrophy. An infiltrative mass protruded the jejunal wall with infiltration of the mesentery, visceral and parietal peritoneum, and distal parts of the colon and rectum. The histopathological examination presented an infiltrative, unencapsulated, moderately cellular neoplastic mass, composed of an epithelial cell population, forming irregular nests, papillary and ribbon like structures and small number of tubules, surrounded by an extensive desmoplastic reaction. Within the tumor a small number of cysts filled with mucin were noted. The epithelial neoplastic cells exhibited mild anisocytosis and anisokaryosis, and a low mitotic index. Histochemical Van Gieson staining showed strong positivity in the desmoplastic proliferation. The epithelial tumor cells were positively imunostained with cytokerain, and stromal cells with vimentin. The histological features presented are characteristic of intestinal adenocarcinomas, of the mixed tubular and mucinous type, with a prominent scirrous reaction., Ovaj članak prikazuje prvi dijagnosticirani slučaj adenokarcinoma crijeva kod 12 godina stare ženke odstrijeljenog slobodnoživućeg smeđeg medvjeda (Ursus arctos), s karakterističnim makroskopskim i histopatološkim svojstvima. Obdukcijom je utrvđena ustrijelna rana (samilosni hitac) na prsnome košu, jaka mršavost s nedostatkom masnoga tkiva i atrofijom mišića. Na jejunumu je ustanovljena infiltrativna masa koja je infiltrirala stijenku crijeva te zahvatila mezenterij, visceralni peritoneum te distalne dijelove rektuma i kolona. Histopatološkom je pretragom utvrđena infiltrativna, neinkapsulirana, umjereno stanična neoplastična masa koja je građena od epitelnih stanica koje formiraju nepravilna gnijezda, papilarne i trakaste strukture te manji broj tubula okruženih jakom dezmoplastičnom reakcijom. Unutar tumora nalazio se manji broj cista ispunjenih sa sluzi. Epitelne neoplastične stanice pokazivale su slabiji stupanj anizocitoze i anizokarioze te nizak mitotski indeks. Histokemijsko Van Giesonovo bojenje pokazalo je jaku pozitivnu reakciju u području dezmoplastične proliferacije. Imunohistokemijska je pretraga pokazala pozitivnu reakciju epitelnih tumorskih stanica na citokeratin, a vezivnotkivnih stanica na vimentin. Utvrđena su histopatološka svojstva karakteristična za adenokarcinom crijeva, mješoviti tubularni i cistični oblik s jakom skiroznom reakcijom.

Examination of moribund pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) from a commercial recirculation system revealed the presence of mycobacteriosis. Affected fish were emaciated, lethargic, with clearly visible skin lesions. At necropsy, multiple greyish-white nodules were found in the spleen and kidney. Ziehl- Neelsen (ZN) stained imprints and sections of spleen and kidney demonstrated an acid-fast bacteria within tissues and phagocytes. Histologically, granulomatous response was evident. The isolates were identified by molecular methods as Mycobacterium marinum. This is the first report of mycobacteriosis caused by M. marinum in pikeperch cultured in a recirculation system.

Cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti korisnost upotrebe imunohistokemijske metode (IHK) zajedno s histopatološkom pretragom u dijagnosticiranju i razlikovanju alimentarnog limfoma (AL) od upalne bolesti crijeva (UBC). U istraživanju su korišteni arhivski histopatološki nalazi i preparati tkiva, parafinski blokovi i stakalca. Prema pripadnosti pasmina podijelili u tri skupine malu, srednju ili veliku skupinu pasa. Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi povezanost pojedinih patoloških promjena ovisno o skupini pasa, dobi i spolu. Obavljenim istraživanjem zabilježili smo da je srednja vrijednost dobi u skupini malih pasmina pasa iznosila 7,58±3,59 godina, u skupini srednjih pasmina 7,45±3,04 godina te u skupini velikih pasmina 6,58±3,47 godina. Prosječna dob pasa oboljelih od alimentarnog limfoma iznosila je 8,8 godina, za razliku od upalne bolesti crijeva gdje je iznosila 7,0 godina. Unutar sve tri skupine pasa zabilježen je veći broj jedinki muškog spola. Najveći udio biopsiranih uzoraka (70,73 %) analiziran je iz tkiva tankog crijeva; po 8 uzoraka (27,59 %) iz male skupine pasa, 11 uzoraka iz srednje skupine (37,93 %) te po 10 uzoraka iz velike skupine pasa (34,48 %). Udio biopsiranog tkiva želudca bio je nešto niži (24,39 %) dok je tkivo debelog crijeva uzorkovano u samo dva psa (4,88 %). Histopatološkom analizom utvrđeno je 16 slučajeva upalne bolesti crijeva (45,71 %), 7 slučajeva limfoma (20,00 %), 9 slučajeva suspektne upale (25,71 %) te 3 slučaja suspektne upale/limfoma (8,58 %). Nakon provedene IHK metode ustanovljeno je da je u 6 slučajeva dijagnoza donesena histopatološkom evaluacijom potvrđena, u 5 slučajeva je opovrgnuta dok je u 5 slučajeva IHK metoda bila korisna kako bi razlučili AL od UBC. Utvrđene su značajne razlike (P, The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of immunohistochemistry (IHC) with the histopathological method to diagnose and differentiate alimentary lymphoma (AL) from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Archival histopathological findings and tissue samples, paraffin blocks and slides were used. This study included 35 dogs divided in three groups regarding breed size - small, medium or large - aiming to determine the correlation between certain pathohistological changes depending on breed, age and gender. The average age of dogs in the small breeds group was 7.58±3.59 years, in the medium breeds group was 7.45±3.04 years and in the large breeds group was 6.58±3.47 years. The average age of dogs suffering from AL was 8.8 years, unlike dogs suffering from IBD, with the average age of 7 years. A larger number of males was represented within all three groups. The highest share of biopsy samples (53.65%) involved the analysis of small intestine tissue, with eight samples (33.33%) in all three groups. The portion of the biopsied stomach tissue was somewhat lower (21.95%), while in two breeds (4.87%) colon tissue was sampled. Histopathological analysis determined 16 cases of IBD, seven cases of lymphoma (20.00%), nine cases of suspected inflammation (25.71%) and three cases of suspected inflammation/lymphoma (8.58%). After IHC, the diagnosis determined by histopathological evaluation was confirmed in six cases, rejected in five cases, while in five cases it was useful in distinguishing AL from IBD. Significant differences (P

Naglo uginuće životinje u perianestezijskom razdoblju stres je ne samo za vlasnike nego i za doktore veterinarske medicine. Životinje koje uginu tijekom sedacije, anestezije ili unutar 24 sata od buđenja iz anestezije čine relativno mali, ali važan broj slučajeva koji se gotovo redovito upućuju na obdukciju u dijagnostičke laboratorije. No istraživanja koja prikazuju uzroke uginuća navedenih životinja malobrojna su. Ovaj rad donosi retrospektivnu analizu obdukcijskih nalaza životinja koje su dostavljene na obdukciju u Zavod za veterinarsku patologiju Veterinarskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu od 2009. do 2019. godine, a uginule su u perianestezijskom razdoblju. U tom je razdoblju na obdukciju dostavljeno 2376 životinja, od čega je 37 životinja (1,6 %) dostavljeno s anamnezom uginuća u perianestezijskom razdoblju. Najveći broj životinja činili su psi (26/37, 70 %) i mačke (7/37, 19 %). Kod svih 37 životinja anamnestički podaci su, osim podataka o vlasniku i životinji, uključivali i podatke o razlogu zbog kojeg je životinja sedirana ili anestezirana i podatke o vremenu uginuća (tijekom sedacije ili anestezije, prilikom uvođenja u anesteziju ili unutar 24 sata od buđenja iz anestezije). Najviše životinja (19/37, 51 %) uginulo je u roku od 24 sata od buđenja iz anestezije. Patološke promjene koje su bile dostatne kao razlog uginuća životinja u perianestezijskom razdoblju utvrđene su kod 15/37 (40 %) životinja, a promjene su najviše zahvaćale srce i respiratorni sustav. Kod 4/37 životinja (11 %) utvrđene su komplikacije u vezi s kirurškim zahvatom, a kod 6/37 životinja (16 %) utvrđena je diseminirana intravaskularna koagulopatija (DIK). U preostalih 12/37 životinja (32 %) kao uzrok smrti naveden je kardiorespiratorni arest, najvjerojatnije kao posljedica anestezije te kod tih životinja nisu utvrđene druge patološke promjene koje su mogle utjecati na uginuće u peranestetičkom razdoblju. Glavni cilj obdukcije životinja koje uginu u perianestezijskom razdoblju jest isključivanje određenih patoloških stanja i ijatrogenih komplikacija koje mogu biti uzrokom uginuća, a u definiranju uzroka uginuća iznimno je važna i iscrpna klinička anamneza te dijalog kliničara i patologa., The sudden death of an animal in the perianesthetic period is stressful not only for the owners but also for veterinarians. Animals that die during sedation, anesthesia, or within 24 hours postanesthesia represent a relatively small but important number of cases that are almost regularly submitted for necropsy to diagnostic laboratories. However, surveys presenting the causes of death of these animals are rare. The aim of the present study was a retrospective analysis of necropsy findings in animals submitted to the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, in the period from 2009 to 2019, that died in the perianesthetic period. During this period, 2376 animals were submitted for necropsy, of which 37 animals (1.6%) were submitted with a history of unexpected death in the perianesthetic period. The majority of animals were dogs (26/37, 70%) and cats (7/37, 19%). In all 37 animals, in addition to data about the owners and animals, anamnestic data included the reason why the animal was sedated or anesthetized, and time of death (sedation, induction to anesthesia, maintenance of anesthesia, or 24 hours postanesthesia). The majority of animals (19/37, 51%) died within 24 hours postanesthesia. Pathological changes that were sufficient as the cause of the death of the animals in the perianesthetic period were found in 15/37 (40%) animals, and the changes mostly affected the heart and respiratory system. Complications associated with surgery were found in 4/37 (11%) animals, and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) was found in 6/37 (16%) animals. In the remaining 12/37 (32%) animals, cardiorespiratory arrest was identified as the cause of death, most likely as a consequence of anesthesia, without other pathological changes that could contribute to the death of the animals in the peranesthetic period. The main goal of necropsy in animals that die in the perianesthetic period is exclusion of certain pathological conditions and iatrogenic complications that may be the cause of death. In defining the cause of death in perianesthetic mortality cases a detailed clinical history and dialogue between the clinicians and pathologists is of great importance.

Ganglioneuromatosis is a rare disorder characterized by hyperplasia of intestinal ganglia including myenteric plexus and enteric nerve fibers. This disorder is generally described in children, but sporadic cases have also been described in adults. Most human cases arise in the colon and rectum. The disorder has also been described in dogs, mostly juveniles, but rarely in mature dogs with the oldest dog reported with this change being 9 years old. We report the first case in an older dog from Croatia. A 13-year old female, mixed-breed dog had a history of diarrhea and weight loss. Ultrasound revealed focally-extensive markedly thickened small intestine. The changed part of the intestine, measuring 7 mm x 20 mm, was removed on laparotomy and delivered for histopathologic examination. Grossly, the intestine showed circumferential expansion of the intestinal wall, which was whitish in color. Microscopic findings included diffuse hyperplasia of the myenteric and submucous plexus. Focally in the affected tissue a subacute ulcer was evident, which was probably not the cause of intestinal signs, as it presented a localized lesion, while ganglioneuromatosis was a diffuse change in the affected tissue. So far, ganglioneuromatosis was reported in young dogs, rarely in adult dogs. Our report shows that ganglioneuromatosis can also be encountered in older dogs. Although the lesion presents a rare finding, it should be listed as a differential diagnosis in dogs where infectious and neoplastic etiology has been ruled out as cause of diarrhea.

This report describes the case of an unusual humeral fracture in an eighteen month old Warmblood horse. The animal was admitted with a history of 5 weeks severe right forelimb lameness. A pronounced shortening of the caudal phase of the stride was evident at a walk. Intraarticular analgesia of the shoulder just partially abolished the lameness, however arthrocentesis revealed serosanguinous synovial fluid. Several radiology projections were performed, but the findings were inconclusive. The ultrasonographic examination revealed tendonitis of the biceps brachii tendon, bicipital bursitis. Furthermore, a step defect and irregular bone surface were noted on the proximomedial humerus, indicating a lesser humeral tubercle fracture, confirmed by necropsy. This case emphasises the utility of ultrasonography in cases of proximal humeral fracture with inconclusive radiology findings., Prikazan je slučaj neuobičajenog prijeloma nadlaktične kosti kod toplokrvnog konja starog osamnaest mjeseci. Ždrijebac je zaprimljen sa znakovima visokog stupnja hromosti na prednjem desnom ekstremitetu u trajanju od pet tjedana. Pri pregledu u hodu je bilo naglašeno skraćenje kaudalne faze koraka. Intraartikularnom analgezijom ramenog zgloba blago je smanjen intenzitet hromosti. Punkcijom je uzeta sinovijalna tekućina čija je kvaliteta upućivala na krvarenje unutar zglobne šupljine. Rendgenskim snimanjem ramenog zgloba u više projekcija nisu jasno utvrđene promjene. Ultrazvučnim pregledom ramenog zgloba uočeni su znakovi tendinitisa tetive dvoglavog nadlaktičnog mišića (m. biceps brachii) i burzitisa bicipitalne burze. Nadalje, nađen je stepeničasti defekt i nejasno ograničena koštana stuktura u proksimalnom dijelu humerusa medijalno što je uputilo na prijelom malog tuberkula humerusa, a potvrđeno je patoanatomskim nalazom. Opisani slučaj naglašava potrebu i važnost ultrazvučne pretrage u slučajevima prijeloma proksimalnih dijelova humerusa s nedovoljno jasnim rendgenskim nalazom.

Endometrial adenocarcinomas present rare neoplasia of bitches. This case report describes mucinous endometrial adenocarcinoma in a bitch with concurrent pyometra for the first time. A mass on the uterine stump was removed during surgery of a 13-year-old bitch with clinically suspected pyometra. Histopathology revealed mucinous endometrial adenocarcinoma. The tumor was classified according to human classification, responding to women's type I (endometrioid carcinoma). Immunohistochemistry showed a positive expression of estrogen receptor α, progesterone receptor, p53, and p16 gene, while vimentin was not expressed.

Hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is a malignant tumor of endothelial cells which occurs most frequently in old dogs. HSA may arise in any site of the body, but most common primary sites in dogs are spleen, skin/subcutis, right atrium and liver. Although primary colonic HSA in a dog has been described, literature survey, to the author's best effort, showed no data of small intestine HSA so far. We report the first case of small intestine HSA in a dog. An 11 year old male mixed breed dog was admitted to the veterinary clinic because of poor general condition. After X-ray and ultrasound examination which showed an abdominal mass approx. 9x5 cm in size, mass excision and enterectomy was performed. The excised mass was round and dark red-black hemorrhagic in appearance. Histopathologically the tumor consisted mostly of atypical neoplastic vascular spaces of various sizes lined by endothelial cells with cytologic atypia located in lamina muscularis externa of the small intestine. In the solid parts of the tumor, anaplastic endothelial cells were plump, spindle to ovoid with prominent nuclei. Marked anisocytosis and anisokaryosis with many bizarre nuclei were found. Mitoses were rare. Lymphocytic infiltrates were observed multifocally. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed cytoplasmic expression of CD 31 in endothelial cells. Since there were no lesions found in spleen during surgical procedure and no hepatic or cardiac lesions observed in X-ray and ultrasound, our finding suggests a primary small intestine HSA in a dog which is, to the author's knowledge, reported for the first time.

Pulmonary hemorrhage in dogs can be caused by different etiological factors such as coagulation disorders which include anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity, thrombocytopenia and disseminated intravascular coagulation. It can also be a result of sepsis, trauma and vasculitis which are most common causes in dogs. Gross appearance varies from multifocal petechiae to extensive intraalveolar distribution. Microscopic findings include red blood cells in the alveolar spaces due to their extravasation from the blood vessels and the presence of intraalveolar macrophages containing hemosiderin. Archived canine necropsy reports and histopathological specimens collected during 3 year period from Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb were examined for pulmonary hemorrhage to determine most common causes for this lesion as well as the primary cause of death in these dogs. Pulmonary hemorrhage was found in 111 dogs. It was most commonly caused by trauma (17.12%, 19/111), toxicity (13.51%, 15/111), sepsis (9.91%, 11/111), heart failure (9.01%, 10/111), infectious (7.21%, 8/111) and parasitic (5.41%, 6/111) diseases. Severe pulmonary hemorrhage directly associated with the cause of death was found as a consequence of trauma, anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity and Leptospira spp. infection. The most commonly affected were Mixed –breed dogs (31.53%, 35/11) and breeds from Fédération Cynologique Internationale II (FCI II) group (Pinscher and Schnauzer - Molossoid and Swiss Mountain and Cattle dogs) (21.62%, 24/111). Dogs between 3 and 15 years of age were more commonly affected (52.25%, 58/111). Our results correspond with present literature data regarding the common causes of pulmonary hemorrhage in dogs. Although hemorrhage can accompany various pathological disorders, it is important to consider leptospirosis as a differential diagnosis in unclear cases of pulmonary hemorrhage due to its zoonotic potential.

Znatan udio predmeta sudskoveterinarskih vještačenja jesu ozljede uzrokovane mehaničkim silama, među kojima su najčešće traume glave. Često se radi o teškim ozljedama koje naposljetku rezultiraju smrću životinje te su uzrokovane nasilnim, a manjim udjelom nesretnim slučajevima zbog čega im se pridaje posebna važnost. Tupe traume glave obilježene su krvarenjima unutar parenhima mozga, između mozgovnih ovojnica, ozljedama moždanog tkiva povezanih s prijelomima lubanje te ozljedama ostalih tkiva glave koje mogu ozbiljno ugroziti život. U prikazanom slučaju određeno je sudskoveterinarsko vještačenje lešine psa za koju se sumnja da je do smrti došlo tijekom borbe pasa. Obdukcijom su nađene ozljede glave, za koje se smatra da su ujedno bile i smrtonosne, te prsnog koša uzrokovane tupim silama, što odbacuje činjenicu da je uzrok uginuća bila borba pasa. Stoga je u ovakvim ili sličnim slučajeva nužno ustanoviti dinamiku nastanka i međusobnu povezanost uočenih ozljeda kako bi se razjasnile okolnosti događaja i pomoglo u pronalaženju počinitelja., A significant proportion of forensic veterinary expertise involves injuries caused by mechanical forces, among which the most common is blunt head trauma. Often, these are injuries that lead to death, and are caused by violence, and less often by accidents, which gives them special significance. Blunt force trauma can result in bleeding in the brain parenchyma, between the meninges, brain tissue injuries associated with skull fractures, and other injuries of the head tissues which may be life-threatening. In the case presented, a forensic veterinary expertise panel determined the cause of death of a dog as occurring in a dog fight. During the autopsy, injuries to the head were found, which were lethal, and injuries of the chest caused by blunt force trauma, which refutes the notion that the cause of the death was a dog fight. Therefore, in this or similar cases, it is necessary to establish the dynamics of the origin and interconnection between the injuries observed, in order to be able to shed light on how they occurred, and help find the offender.

A scapular bone tumor in a 7-year-old male Pug is described. The Pug accidentally ran into a door six years before and started to limp on his front right leg. A small mass was noticed by the Pug’s owners on his right shoulder which was ignored by the veterinarian. The mass increased in size until it became 9 cm in diameter and the dog was not using his leg occasionally. Finally the dog was referred to the Surgery, Ophthalmology and Orthopedics Clinic for further diagnostics. Following complete clinical and orthopedic examinations, an X-ray of the right scapula was performed and a neoplasia of the scapulae was suspected. A biopsy and histopathological examination was recommended in order to rule out osteosarcoma. The histopathological examination established the diagnosis of a highly productive, osteoblastic osteosarcoma of the right scapula with pulmonary metastasis. Prognosis was unfavorable due to metastases to the lungs evidenced by the X-ray. We report a case concerning an untreated scapular neoplasia with X-ray detectable lung metastases upon presentation at the Clinic. Proper diagnosis should be based on clinical examination, radiograph evaluation of the process and histopathological findings after bone biopsy. Blunt trauma can be a trigger for development of slow growing periosteal osteosarcoma, as described here. Treatment often include subtotal scapulectomy or forequarter amputation with adjuvant chemotherapy. Despite aggressive treatment, scapular osteosarcoma has a poor prognosis with low median survival time and disease free interval in dogs. Unfortunately the Pug’s owners refused the recommended treatment and the dog was euthanized 2 months later.

A scapular bone tumor in a 7-year-old male Pug is described. The Pug accidentally ran into a door six years before and started to limp on his front right leg. A small mass was noticed by the Pug’s owners on his right shoulder which was ignored by the veterinarian. The mass increased in size until it became 9 cm in diameter and the dog was not using his leg occasionally. Finally the dog was referred to the Surgery, Ophthalmology and Orthopedics Clinic for further diagnostics. Following complete clinical and orthopedic examinations, an X-ray of the right scapula was performed and a neoplasia of the scapulae was suspected. A biopsy and histopathological examination was recommended in order to rule out osteosarcoma. The histopathological examination established the diagnosis of a highly productive, osteoblastic osteosarcoma of the right scapula with pulmonary metastasis. Prognosis was unfavorable due to metastases to the lungs evidenced by the X-ray. We report a case concerning an untreated scapular neoplasia with X-ray detectable lung metastases upon presentation at the Clinic. Proper diagnosis should be based on clinical examination, radiograph evaluation of the process and histopathological findings after bone biopsy. Blunt trauma can be a trigger for development of slow growing periosteal osteosarcoma, as described here. Treatment often include subtotal scapulectomy or forequarter amputation with adjuvant chemotherapy. Despite aggressive treatment, scapular osteosarcoma has a poor prognosis with low median survival time and disease free interval in dogs. Unfortunately the Pug’s owners refused the recommended treatment and the dog was euthanized 2 months later., Opisan je tumor lopatice u sedmogodišnjega muškog mopsa. Kao štene, slučajno je naletio na vrata i počeo šepati na prednju desnu nogu. Vlasnici su primijetili malu tvorbu, oteklinu na desnoj lopatici koju je veterinar ignorirao. Tvorba se s godinama povećavala do veličine od 9 cm u promjeru, a pas je povremeno šepao. Nakon kliničkog i ortopedskog pregleda te rendgenografskog oslikavanja desne lopatice posumnjalo se na neoplaziju lopatice. Preporučena je biopsija i histopatološka pretraga tvorbe kako bi se potvrdila sumnja na osteosarkom. Histopatološki nalaz upućivao je na vrlo produktivan, osteoblastični osteosarkom desne lopatice s plućnim metastazama. Prognoza je bila nepovoljna zbog rendgenografski dokazanih metastaza na plućima Kao što je ovdje opisano, trauma može biti okidač za razvoj spororastućeg periostalnog osteosarcoma, a pravilno dijagnosticiranje treba temeljiti na kliničkom pregledu, rendgenografskoj procjeni procesa i histopatološkom nalazu. Liječenje osteosarkoma lopatice često uključuje potpunu skapulektomiju ili amputaciju prednje noge s odgovarajućom kemoterapijom. Unatoč agresivnom liječenju, skapularni osteosarkom ima lošu prognozu, s niskim srednjim vremenom preživljenja i kratkim razdobljem bez bolesti u pasa. Nažalost, vlasnici mopsa odbili su preporučeno liječenje i pas je nakon dva mjeseca eutanaziran.

Tumori sjemenika su jedni od najčešćih tumora muškaraca i pasa, a tumori zametnih stanica su česti i morfološki slični u obje vrste, ali su različitog biološkog ponašanja. Materijal i metode:Analizirani su sjemenici obduciranih pasa i uzorci tumora dostavljenih nakon operacija koji su analizirani na Veterinarskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu te biopsirani uzorci tumora sjemenika muškaraca sa Zavoda za patologiju KBC Zagreb. Rezultati:Utvrđena je učestalost tumora testisa obduciranih pasa od 52 % te incidencija tumora testisa u odnosu na ostale biopsirane tumore pasa od 7 %. Prosječna dob obduciranih pasa s tumorima testisa bila je 10,16 te 10,24 godina za operirane pse. Prosječna dob muškaraca s tumorima testisa je bila 33,35 godina. U sjemenicima obduciranih pasa su najčešći bili tumori Leydigovih stanica, a u biopsiranim seminomi. Uz ove tumore u obje skupine najzastupljeniji su bili tumori Sertolijevih stanica te mješoviti tumori i GCNIS. GCNIS je kao dodatna promjena utvrđena u 25 % tumoroznih testisa s obdukcije te u 19 % biopsiranih testisa. Kod muškaraca su najčešći bili seminomi, embrionalni karcinomi, teratomi, GCNIS te mješoviti tumori zametnih stanica. GCNIS je kao dodatna promjena dijagnosticiran u 65 % tumoroznih sjemenika muškaraca. Imunohistokemijskom analizom utvrđena je korisnost c-KIT, PLAP, citokeratin AE1/AE3 i CD 30 u diferencijaciji tumora testisa pasa, a potvrđena je njihova svrhovitost za diferencijaciju tumora testisa muškaraca. Citokeratin je pokazao dobre rezultate u diferencijaciji stromalnih tumora od tumora zametnih stanica pasa. c-KIT i PLAP su pokazali veću ekspresiju u tumorima zametnih stanica, a PLAP je eksprimiran i u GCNIS. CD 30 je u tumorima pasa imao slabu ekspresiju. Rasprava i zaključci:Obavljenom histopatološkom analizom i upotrebom PLAP biljega dokazano je postojanje GCNIS u testisima pasa. Ekspresija PLAP i c-KIT tumorskog biljega potvrdila je hipotezu da se seminomi pasa mogu kao i kod muškaraca svrstati u c-KIT pozitivne klasične te c-KIT negativne spermatocitične seminome, tj. spermatocitne tumore., Testicular tumors are among most prevalent tumors in men and dogs. Germ cell tumors have different biological behavior, but are morphologicaly similar and very frequent in both species. Material and methods:Testicles from necropsied dogs and the samples of biopsed canine tumors, from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagreb, are analyzed. Analyzed are also samples of biopsed men tumors from the Pathology Depertment, University Hospital Centre Zagreb. Results:Testicular tumors were found in 52% of necropsied, and regarding other biopsed tumors testicular comprised 7% of all biopsed canine tumors. Median age of necropsied dogs with testicular tumors was 10,16 and for biopsed dogs 10,24 years. Human patients developed testicular tumors at a medium age of 33,35 years. In the necropsied dogs group most frequent were Leydig cell tumors, and in biopsed group most common were seminomas. Additionaly in both groups very frequent were also Sertoli cell tumors, mixed tumors and GCNIS. GCNIS are additionaly found in 25% of necropsied and 19% of biopsed dog testicles. In the human testicles, most frequently diagnosed were seminomas, embrional carcinomas, teratomas, GCNIS and mixed germ cell tumors. GCNIS as additional alterations were diagnosed in 65% of human testicular tumors. Performed immunohistochemical analysis showed that investigated markers are useful for differentiation of canine testicular tumors. In dogs, cytokeratin AE1/AE3 showed particularly good results in differentiation of stromal tumor, especially Sertoli cell tumors from the germ cell tumors. c-KIT and PLAP showed higher expression in germ cell tumors, and PLAP showed expression in GCNIS of the dogs. CD 30 was weakly expressed in canine tumors. Discussion and conclusions:Conducted histopatological analyis and application of PLAP proving existance of GCNIS in canine testicles. Expression of c-KIT confirmed that canine seminomas can be, like in human, classified into two groups: c-KIT positive classical seminomas and c-KIT negativne spermatocytic tumors.

Scope We investigated the interaction between streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes and dietary n6/n3 ratio, and its influence on lipogenesis. Methods and results The animals were treated with STZ and fed with different dietary n6/n3 ratios: 1, 7, and 60, or supplemented with DHA/EPA. Gene expression was assessed by RT-PCR and protein expression by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Fatty acid profile was determined by GC-MS. Pancreas and liver histology were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. STZ-induced characteristic changes in all STZ treated groups, including: increased blood glucose, decreased body mass, increased lipid peroxidation and CD36 expression, decreased 16:1n7 and 18:1n7, increases in 20:3n6, decreases in phospholipid (PL) content of 20:4n6, as well as decreases in the expression of SREBP1c, Δ-9-desaturase (Δ9D), and Δ-5-desaturase (Δ5D). Additionally, other changes occurred that were dependent on the n6/n3 ratio. Among the diabetic groups, the lower n6/n3 ratio caused higher lipid peroxidation and CD36 expression, a greater decrease in 20:4n6 and decreased Δ6-desaturase (Δ6D) expression, while the higher n6/n3 ratio caused increased partitioning of 20:4n6 into hepatic neutral lipids (NL), a decrease in 20:5n3 content, and increased β-oxidation. Conclusion Presented data suggest that the n6/n3 ratio could significantly influence lipogenesis, lipid peroxidation, and β-oxidation in STZ-induced diabetes, which could have clinical significance.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of repeated/prolonged exposure to sevoflurane and nitrous oxide on the immune response in rabbits. Venous blood samples were obtained from twenty New Zealand rabbits, randomly allocated to four groups of five rabbits each. Group A rabbits served as controls, breathing 100% oxygen, group B rabbits inhaled a mixture of oxygen and nitrous oxide, group C inhaled a combination of oxygen and sevoflurane, and group D inhaled a combination of oxygen, nitrous oxide and sevoflurane. Flow cytometry was used to determine the proportions of CD45+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD21+ leukocytes subpopulations. Peripheral lymph nodes, lungs and spleen were sampled and subjected to histologic examination. The greatest changes in the proportion of CD21+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD45+ cells were recorded in groups C and D on days 7, 14 and 21. Comparison of the CD21+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD45+ cell counts on day 0 and day 21 showed a 30% decrease. This study demonstrated that sevoflurane alone and in combination with nitrous oxide exerts a strong immunosuppressive effect, modifying the physiological values of the hematologic parameters, and inducing histopathological alterations in peripheral lymph node, lung and spleen tissues., Kirurški zahvati i anestezija mogu imati znatan učinak na imunosni sustav. S obzirom na to da određeni kirurški postupci zahtijevaju opetovanu anesteziju, u ovom smo istraživanju pratili učinak višekratnog izlaganja sevoflurana i dušikova oksida na imunosni sustav kunića. Dvadeset novozelandskih kunića podijeljeno je slučajnim izborom u četiri skupine. U svakoj je skupini bilo 5 životinja. Istraživanje je provedeno u trajanju od 20 minuta dnevno tijekom 21 dana. Kunići skupine A, udišući 100 %-tni kisik, služili su kao kontrolna skupina. U skupini B kunići su udisali mješavinu kisika i dušikova oksida, u skupini C primijenjena je kombinacija kisika i sevoflurana, dok je u skupini D korištena kombinacija kisika, dušikova oksida i sevoflurana. Uzorci krvi prikupljeni su 3., 7., 14. i 21. dan za kompletnu krvnu sliku i za određivanje subpopulacije leukocita na protočnom citometru (CD21+, CD4+, CD8+, CD45+). Nakon završetka istraživanja sve su životinje žrtvovane. Uzorci perifernog limfnog čvora, pluća i slezene uzeti su za histološku analizu. Najočitije promjene uočene su u promjeni udjela CD21+, CD4+, CD8+, CD45+ stanica u skupinama C i D 7., 14. i 21. dan istraživanja. Ako se usporedi vrijednost udjela CD21+, CD4+, CD8+, CD45+ stanica nulti dan i 21. dan istraživanja, uočava se pad udjela za približno 30 %. U ovom je istraživanju dokazano da sevofluran, te sevofluran u kombinaciji s dušikovim oksidulom, ima izrazit imunosupresijski učinak te utječe na promjenu fizioloških vrijednosti hematoloških pokazatelja i pojavu histopatoloških promjena na tkivima perifernog limfnog čvora, plućiju i slezene.

Background Babesia spp. and Theileria spp. are important emerging causes of disease in dogs. Alongside these domesticated hosts, there is increasing recognition that these piroplasms can also be found in a range of wild animals with isolated reports describing the presence of these pathogen in foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and captive grey wolves (Canis lupus). The prevalence and impact of these infections in free-ranging populations of canids are unknown. To gain a better insight into the epidemiology and pathogenesis of piroplasm infections in free-ranging grey wolves, pathological and molecular investigations into captive and free-ranging grey wolves in Croatia were performed. Results The carcasses of 107 free-ranging wolves and one captive wolf were the subjects of post-mortem investigations and sampling for molecular studies. A blood sample from one live captured wolf for telemetric tracking was also used for molecular analysis. PCR amplification targeting the 18S RNA gene revealed that 21 of 108 free-ranging wolves and one captive animal were positive for Theileria/Babesia DNA. Subsequent sequencing of a fragment of the 18S RNA gene revealed that 7/22 animals were positive for Babesia canis while the other amplified sequence were found to be identical with corresponding 18S rDNA sequences of Theileria capreoli isolated from wild deer (15/22). Haematological and cytological analysis revealed the presence of signet-ring shaped or pear-shaped piroplasms in several animals with the overall parasite burden in all positive animals assessed to be very low. Pathological investigation of the captive animal revealed fatal septicemia as a likely outcome of hemolytic anaemia. There was little or no evidence of hemolytic disease consistent with babesiosis in other animals. Conclusion Importantly, the presence of B. canis in free-ranging grey wolves has not been described before but has been reported in a single fox and domestic dogs only. That B. canis infections cause disease in dogs but have little impact on wolf health possibly suggests that the wolf is the natural and the domestic dog is a secondary host. Surprisingly, the frequent finding of Theileria capreoli in wolves suggests that this Theileria species is not restricted to ungulates (cervids) but commonly infects also this carnivore species. Nevertheless, the potential role that these asymptomatically infected animals may play in the dispersal of these pathogens to susceptible sympatric species such as domesticated dogs requires further investigation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2106-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Stranded cetaceans are often found with gastric lesions associated with the presence of parasites; most frequently, nematodes of the genus Anisakis and the heterophyd digenean trematode Pholeter gastrophilus. In this study, we present histopathology mainly (but not exclusively) related to these 2 parasite species. Macroscopically, lesions associated with the presence of Anisakis spp. were characterised by the presence of ulcers within the gastric mucosa, while the digenean P. gastrophilus was found within large submucosal fibrotic nodules in the gastric wall. Anisakis-induced alterations included severe ulcerative gastritis with mixed inflammatory infiltrate often associated with colonies of bacteria, and mild to moderate granulomatous gastritis with eosinophilic infiltrate. P. gastrophilus-associated lesions were characterised by fibrogranulomatous gastritis with mixed inflammatory infiltrate. Additionally, immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of P. gastrophilus lesions was consistent with the histopathologic findings, revealing inflammation-mediated stimulation. IHC-positive localisation of CD3+, iNOS+ and caspase-3+ cells suggests intensive accumulation of cytotoxic T-cells, proinflammatory cytokines and execution-phase of cell apoptosis at the parasitized area. In contrast, mechanical damage, rather than visible inflammatory response could be observed at the site of attachment of Braunina cordiformis recorded in 4 animals. Lesions not associated with the presence of parasites were mostly characterised by focal loss of superficial epithelial cells and accumulation of brown hemosiderin-like pigment or fibrous gastritis with lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. In light of these results, we argue that observed 'tolerant' host-parasite interactions that led toward gastric lesions do not represent the cause of death and stranding of cetaceans included in this study.

Introduction: Cyclo-oxygenase and integrin pathways are involved in the relationship between tumour cells and their microenvironment and have an important role in tumour progression. Canine oral melanocytic tumours are more malignant than their dermal counterparts. The objective of this pilot study was to investigate expression of the prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) and integrin beta 1 (ITGB1) genes in canine melanomas. Materials and Methods: A total of 34 samples were divided into two groups: formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded (FFPE) (n = 17) and fresh frozen tissue (FF) (n = 17). Each group contained four oral and two dermal melanomas, one lymph node metastasis and 10 negative controls (n = 5 skin ; n = 5 oral mucosa). A diagnosis of melanoma was confirmed histopathologically and immunohistochemically with melan A. PTGS2 and ITGB1 gene expression was investigated with qPCR using the ΔΔCT method. The Wilcoxon and Student tests were performed for statistical analysis, depending on data distribution for each group. Results: Oral melanomas showed higher expression of PTGS2 (FC 4.11, P

Canine distemper is a contagious, potentially lethal disease of mainly domestic and wild canids, but also of many other mammalian species including large felids. In February 2004, two Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) cubs at the age of six months died at the Zagreb ZOO. The animals were presented for necropsy with two days history of severe digestive disorders, characterized mainly by haemathemesis. Dissections revealed catarrhal to pseudomembranous gastroenteritis (depending on the animal) accompanied with haemorrhagic oedema of the lungs. Necrotic tonsillitis and disseminated depletion of the lymphocytes were the most prominent histological findings in both examined animals, while intranuclear and intracytoplasmatic inclusion bodies were found in the samples of the tongues and intestines. Representative portions of the livers, intestines, tonsils and lymph nodes were submitted for bacteriological and mycological analysis. The presence ofClostridiumspp.,Campylobacter coliandEscherichia coliwas detected in gut samples, coli-like bacteria were found in samples of liver, tonsils and lymph nodes, whileCandidasp. was found in the gut and pharynx samples. Toxicological analysis excluded anticoagulant and organophosphorous intoxication as the cause of death. Immunohistochemical analysis was positive for canine distemper virus. Based on all this, epizootiological, clinical and additional findings, canine distemper was recognized as the cause of the observed condition in these animals.

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible influence of different dietary n6/n3 ratios and DHA/EPA addition on the testis histology, antioxidative status and lipogenesis of streptozotocin treated rats. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg). The rats were divided into 5 groups: CON (n6/n3 ratio, 7), CON-DM1 (STZ ; n6/n3 ratio, 7), N3-DM1 (STZ ; n6/n3 ratio, 1), N6-DM1 (STZ ; n6/n3 ratio, 60) and DHA-DM1 (STZ ; n6/n3 ratio, 1 ; added DHA/EPA). Antioxidative status was improved in the DHA-DM1 group. Seminiferous tubule diameter, testicular pathohistological scoring and total lipid content were improved in the N6-DM1 group compared to the other streptozotocin treated groups. Streptozotocin treatment induced changes in testis fatty acid profile depending on n6/n3 ratio. The fatty acid profile of N6-DM1 group was characterized by similar or increased values for n6 fatty acids compared to the CON group, while the DHA- DM1 group had the lowest content of n6 fatty acids. The content of n3 fatty acids was increased in the N3-DM1 and DHA-DM1 groups. These results suggest that a n6/n3 ratio could significantly influence testicular antioxidative status, histology and lipogenesis, and that these effects vary depending on the supplemented fatty acid.

A number of age-related diseases have a low incidence in females, which is attributed to a protective effect of sex hormones. For instance, the female sex hormone estrogen (E2) has a well established cytoprotective effect against oxidative stress, which strongly contributes to ageing. However, the mechanism by which E2 exerts its protective activity remains elusive. In this study we address the question whether the E2-induced protective effect against hyperoxia is mediated by the Nrf-2/Keap-1 signaling pathway. In particular, we investigate the E2-induced expression and cellular distribution of DPP III monozinc exopeptidase, a member of the Nrf-2/Keap-1 pathway, upon hyperoxia treatment. We find that DPP III accumulates in the nucleus in response to hyperoxia. Further, we show that combined induction of hyperoxia and E2 administration have an additive effect on the nuclear accumulation of DPP III. The level of nuclear accumulation of DPP III is comparable to nuclear accumulation of Nrf-2 in healthy female mice exposed to hyperoxia. In ovariectomized females exposed to hyperoxia, supplementation of E2 induced upregulation of DPP III, Ho-1, Sirt-1 and downregulation of Ppar-γ. While other cytoprotective mechanisms cannot be excluded, these findings demonstrate a prominent role of DPP III, along with Sirt-1, in the E2-mediated protection against hyperoxia., Graphical abstract fx1, Highlights • DPP III accumulates in the nucleus in response to hyperoxia. • Additive effect of hyperoxia and E2 on nuclear accumulation of DPP III is observed. • Protective effect of E2 is associated with increased DPP III, Ho-1 and Sirt-1.

Marked lateral ventricular enlargement associated with atrophic cerebral cortex is described in three dogs. In case 1 (Irish terrier) and case 2 (German shepherd), hydranencephaly was diagnosed and it was characterized by the complete loss of cerebral hemispheres, leaving only about 2 mm of brain tissue that encircled fluid filled sacs. Clinically, the Irish terrier showed only sleepines and retroflexion of the head during sleeping, while the German shepherd showed no neurological or any other symptoms. In the third case (English setter), internal hydrocephalus was found, probably secondary to the severe periventricular lesions characterized by neutrophilic/mononuclear cell infiltration. This lesion was diagnosed as hydrocephalus associated with periventricular encephalitis, and this dog showed more severe neurological symptoms, such as: somnolence, opisthotonus, rigor of muscles due to seizures, poor eye-sight, stager, ataxia, and unresponsivness to vocalisation. In all cases, no infectious agent or specific cause was determined., Vrlo jako proširenje lateralnih moždanih klijetki praćeno s jakom atrofijom moždane kore prikazano je kod tri psa. U prvom slučaju (irski terijer) i drugom slučaju (njemački ovčar) opisana je hidranencefalija karakterizirana potpunim gubitkom moždanih polutki ostavljajući samo oko 2 mm moždanog tkiva što predstavlja tekućinom ispunjene vreće. Klinički je irski terijer pokazivao samo pospanost i retrofleksiju glave tijekom spavanja, a njemački ovčar nije pokazivao neurološke ni druge znakove bolesti. U trećem slučaju (engleski seter), unutarnji hidrocefalus vjerojatno je bio sekundaran zbog teškog periventrikularnog oštećenja karakteriziranog neutrofilnim/mononuklearnim staničnim infiltratom. Ta je lezija dijagnosticirana kao hidrocefalus povezan s periventrikularnim encefalitisom, a pas je pokazivao teške neurološke znakove kao što su pospanost, opistotonus, grčevi mišića, poteškoće s vidom, vrtoglavica, ataksija i nereagiranje na zvučne podražaje. U sva tri slučaja nije utvrđen infekciozni ni drugi specifičan uzrok.

First case of Cysticercus longicollis, larval stage of Taenia crassiceps, was diagnosed in a wild adult male red fox (Vulpes vulpes). The fox was killed by dogs at Nature Park Medvednica and presented to the University of Zagreb Faculty of Veterinary Medicine with history of being unable to run away and having skin lesions on legs that resembled to those of mange. Necropsy revealed whitish fluctuant mass full of cysticercus-like structures, surrounded by fibrous capsule and placed between the leg muscles, and numerous of spherical cysts in the subcutis and in the peritoneal cavity. Cysticerci were identified as C. longicollis based on their size, number and size of the rostellar hooks, mode of proliferation and DNA analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first case of T. crassiceps cysticercosis in a wild carnivore.

Lymphomas are common in dogs and among them diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) represent ∼20%. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare results of histopathological, immunohistochemical and fractal dimension (FD) analyses of canine DLBCL.

A case of eccrine carcinoma of the interdigital foot glands in a 39-yr-old female Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) from Zagreb Zoo is described. The tumor between the toenails of the right forefoot was surgically removed 3 yr before postmortem examination (2003), and the histopathologic diagnosis was compound eccrine carcinoma characterized with glandular tubular and papillary proliferations, mild cellular pleomorphism, proliferation of the myoepithelial cells with mucoid secretions, and necrosis. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong immunoreactivity to S-100 protein, estrogen, and high–molecular weight cytokeratin. This elephant also had chronic renal fibrosis with uremia.

Background: Testicular tumors are the most common genital neoplasms in male dogs, with Leydig cell tumors (LCT), seminomas (SEM), and Sertoli cell tumors (SCT) the most common forms. Human SEM are classified as classical (CSEM) or spermatocytic (SSEM). Intratubular germ cell neoplasia of undifferentiated origin (IGCNU) is another form of human testicular tumor. The aim of this study was to verify that CSEM/SSEM classification is valid in dogs and confirm the existence of canine IGCNU. Results: Testicular tumors were found in 46% of dogs at necropsy and accounted for 7% of tumors biopsied. The median age of dogs with tumors at necropsy was 10.16 years; median age at positive biopsy was 10.24 years. The most common tumors, in decreasing order, were LCT, mixed tumors, SEM and SCT at necropsy, and SEM, SCT, mixed tumors, LCT, peripheral nerve sheath tumor, and teratoma in the biopsy group. IGCNU was found in 3% of testicles at necropsy and in 3% of biopsy samples. Two dogs had testicular tumor metastasis. Expression of c-KIT was most common in SEM and seminomatous components of mixed tumors. PLAP was mostly expressed in IGCNU, SEM, teratoma, and some mixed tumors. Cytokeratin was mainly expressed in SCT. CD30 expression was low in both groups. Conclusions: The high tumor incidence at necropsy can be attributed to older age. Tumor incidence in biopsy samples, dog age, and histological classification were consistent with previous studies. The higher incidence of SEM and SCT in the biopsy group probably resulted from the obvious clinical expression of these tumor types. The low incidence of metastasis confirmed the predominance of benign tumors. Low CD30 expression confirmed the low incidence of testicular embryonal carcinoma. Cytokeratin helps differentiate stromal tumors, especially SCT, from germ cell tumors. Histology and c-KIT and PLAP expression indicate that IGCNU exists in dogs. Expression of c-KIT and PLAP confirmed that CSEM and SSEM classification is valid in dogs.