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1. Cingulate-motor circuits update rule representations for sequential choice decisions

Author: Daigo Takeuchi, Dheeraj Roy, Shruti Muralidhar, Takashi Kawai, Andrea Bari, Chanel Lovett, Heather A. Sullivan, Ian R. Wickersham, and Susumu Tonegawa
Subjects: Science
Abstract: The anterior cingulate cortex allows an animal to update its behaviour when the environment changes. In this work, the authors identify a pathway from cingulate to secondary motor cortex, critical for updating motor rules following behavioural errors.
Published: 2022
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2. A biopsychosocial model of violence when sleepwalking: Review and reconceptualisation

Author: Helen M. Stallman and Andrea Bari
Subjects: Psychiatry, RC435-571
Abstract: Violence towards others during sleepwalking is relatively uncommon, but can result in serious injury or even death. Much of the research in this field has focused on the forensic consequences of violence during sleepwalking without sufficient attention to an understanding of the risk factors for violence during sleepwalking and the development of prevention and interventions based on these risk factors. This paper reviews the characteristics of impulsive violence in general and reconceptualises violence during sleepwalking as an extension of this prior vulnerability. We propose a biopsychosocial model of the risk for violence during sleepwalking that is supported through a review of empirical literature both within sleepwalking and violent behaviour more generally. Biological, psychological and social risk factors are hypothesised to mediate the relationship between sleepwalking and violence. Implications for prevention and treatment of this potentially fatal problem are discussed.
Published: 2017
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3. Evaluating the Deployment of Collaborative Logistics Models for Local Delivery Services.

Author: Andrea Bari, Fabio Salassa, Maurizio Arnone, and Tiziana Delmastro
Published: 2021
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4. Differential attentional control mechanisms by two distinct noradrenergic coeruleo-frontal cortical pathways

Author: Susumu Tonegawa, Jiesi Feng, Andrea Bari, Sangyu Xu, Daigo Takeuchi, Yulong Li, and Michele Pignatelli
Subjects: Prefrontal Cortex, Mice, Transgenic, Biology, Optogenetics, Impulsivity, Mice, Norepinephrine, Cognition, medicine, Animals, Premovement neuronal activity, Attention, Prefrontal cortex, Neurons, Multidisciplinary, Attentional control, Brain, Biological Sciences, Frontal Lobe, Inhibition, Psychological, Impulsive Behavior, Locus coeruleus, Locus Coeruleus, Orbitofrontal cortex, medicine.symptom, Neuroscience, medicine.drug
Abstract: The attentional control of behavior is a higher-order cognitive function that operates through attention and response inhibition. The locus coeruleus (LC), the main source of norepinephrine in the brain, is considered to be involved in attentional control by modulating the neuronal activity of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). However, evidence for the causal role of LC activity in attentional control remains elusive. Here, by using behavioral and optogenetic techniques, we investigate the effect of LC neuron activation or inhibition in operant tests measuring attention and response inhibition (i.e., a measure of impulsive behavior). We show that LC neuron stimulation increases goal-directed attention and decreases impulsivity, while its suppression exacerbates distractibility and increases impulsive responding. Remarkably, we found that attention and response inhibition are under the control of two divergent projections emanating from the LC: one to the dorso-medial PFC and the other to the ventro-lateral orbitofrontal cortex, respectively. These findings are especially relevant for those pathological conditions characterized by attention deficits and elevated impulsivity.
Published: 2020

5. Evaluating the Deployment of Collaborative Logistics Models for Local Delivery Services

Author: Fabio Salassa, Andrea Bari, Maurizio Arnone, and Tiziana Delmastro
Subjects: Optimization, medicine.medical_specialty, Activities of daily living, Process management, Work (electrical), Software deployment, Public health, Pandemic, medicine, Business, Collaborative logistics, Pickup and delivery
Abstract: The current pandemic situation and lockdowns have given rise to various problems not only of public health but also of organization of daily activities, especially in the purchase and delivery of goods. As a response to newly generated needs for customers’ demand, in this work, we try to evaluate several aspects for the deployment of collaborative logistics models aimed at the optimization of local delivery services.
Published: 2021

6. Improving the Extended Kalman Filter Method for the Restoration of Electro-Acoustic Music.

Author: Andrea Bari, Sergio Canazza, Giovanni De Poli, and Gian Antonio Mian
Published: 2000

7. A biopsychosocial model of violence when sleepwalking: Review and reconceptualisation

Author: Andrea Bari, Helen M. Stallman, Stallman, Helen M, and Bari, Andrea
Subjects: Biopsychosocial model, medicine.medical_specialty, sleepwalking, violence behaviour, Psychological intervention, Vulnerability, Poison control, Human factors and ergonomics, Review, medicine.disease, Suicide prevention, 030227 psychiatry, functional neuroanatomy, 03 medical and health sciences, Psychiatry and Mental health, 0302 clinical medicine, Sleepwalking, biopsychosocial model, Injury prevention, medicine, risk factors, Psychology, Psychiatry, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Summary Violence towards others during sleepwalking is relatively uncommon, but can result in serious injury or even death. Much of the research in this field has focused on the forensic consequences of violence during sleepwalking without sufficient attention to an understanding of the risk factors for violence during sleepwalking and the development of prevention and interventions based on these risk factors. This paper reviews the characteristics of impulsive violence in general and reconceptualises violence during sleepwalking as an extension of this prior vulnerability. We propose a biopsychosocial model of the risk for violence during sleepwalking that is supported through a review of empirical literature both within sleepwalking and violent behaviour more generally. Biological, psychological and social risk factors are hypothesised to mediate the relationship between sleepwalking and violence. Implications for prevention and treatment of this potentially fatal problem are discussed. Declaration of interest None. Copyright and usage © The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2017. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Non-Commercial, No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) license.
Published: 2017

8. Computational Fluid Dynamic Investigation of Local Flow-Field Conditions in Lab Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells to Identify Degradation Stressors and Performance Enhancers

Author: Margherita Bulgarini, Augusto Della Torre, Andrea Baricci, Amedeo Grimaldi, Luca Marocco, Riccardo Mereu, Gianluca Montenegro, and Angelo Onorati
Subjects: fuel cell, CFD analysis, distributor geometry, platinum oxidation, degradation, Technology
Abstract: The use of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells as an alternative to internal combustion engines can significantly contribute to the decarbonization of the transport sector, especially for heavy-duty applications. However, degradation is still an issue for this type of component, affecting their durability and performance. In this scenario, a detailed analysis of the anodic and cathodic distributors’ flow-field geometry may help to identify some local stressors that trigger the degradation mechanism, such as local hot spots and reactants not having a uniform distribution. A computational fluid dynamic (CFD) methodology is able to provide a volumetric description of a PEM fuel cell so it can be a useful tool to better understand the physical phenomena that govern the component operations. In this work, the open-source simulation library openFuelCell2 is adopted for a detailed analysis of two different PEM fuel cells characterized by standard distributor geometries, namely a parallel channel geometry and a serpentine configuration. The library, based on the OpenFOAM code, has been extended with a novel implementation accounting for the catalytic activity reduction due to the platinum oxide (PtOx) formation occurring under certain particular conditions. The adopted methodology is firstly validated resorting to experimental data acquired for the two different fuel cell configurations. The analysis highlights that the PtOx formation leads to a reduction in the fuel cell performance reaching up to 60–80% when operating at high voltages. Then, the effect of the distributor geometries on the component performance is investigated by resorting to in-plane and through-plane physical quantity distribution, such as reactant concentration, pressure or velocity fields. While the parallel flow channel configuration shows some diffusion losses under the rib, the serpentine channel geometry configuration can achieve some local performance peaks thanks to the convective flow in the gas diffusion layer (GDL) driven by local pressure gradients. Furthermore, the local enhancement in terms of higher current density under the rib is associated with an effective heat removal due to the high thermal capacity of the bipolar plate, avoiding the generation of local hot spots.
Published: 2024
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9. MRI Application and Challenges of Hyperpolarized Carbon-13 Pyruvate in Translational and Clinical Cardiovascular Studies: A Literature Review

Author: Francesca Frijia, Alessandra Flori, Giulio Giovannetti, Andrea Barison, Luca Menichetti, Maria Filomena Santarelli, and Vincenzo Positano
Subjects: hyperpolarized magnetic resonance, dynamic nuclear polarization, carbon-13, pyruvate, cardiac metabolism, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract: Cardiovascular disease shows, or may even be caused by, changes in metabolism. Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging is a technique that could assess the role of different aspects of metabolism in heart disease, allowing real-time metabolic flux assessment in vivo. In this review, we introduce the main hyperpolarization techniques. Then, we summarize the use of dedicated radiofrequency 13C coils, and report a state of the art of 13C data acquisition. Finally, this review provides an overview of the pre-clinical and clinical studies on cardiac metabolism in the healthy and diseased heart. We furthermore show what advances have been made to translate this technique into the clinic in the near future and what technical challenges still remain, such as exploring other metabolic substrates.
Published: 2024
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10. The Four-dimensional Mechanical Phenotype of Lamin Mutation Carriers and Overt Lamin Heart Disease

Author: Constantin-Cristian Topriceanu, MD, Mashael Al-Farih, George Joy, MD, Fiona Chan, Matt Webber, Denis C. Ilie-Ablachim, Hunain Shiwani, MD, Stephen Pettit, Ben O’Brien, Alun Hughes, MD, PhD, Konstantinos Savvatis, Saidi Mohiddin, William Moody, Richard P Steeds, James Moon, MD, Paolo E Puddu, Andrea Barison, Paolo Piras, and Gabriella Captur, MD, PhD
Subjects: Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Published: 2024
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11. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Reference Ranges FBom the Healthy Hearts Consortium

Author: Zahra Raisi-Estabragh, MBChB, PhD, Liliana Szabo, MBBS, PhD, Celeste McCracken, PhD, MSc, Robin Bülow, MD, Giovanni Donato Aquaro, MD, Florian André, MD, Thu-Thao Le, PhD, FSCMR, Dominika Sucha, MD, Dorina Condurache, MBBS, Ahmed Salih, PhD, Nay Aung, Aaron Lee, MD, PhD, BSc, Nicholas Harvey, MBBS, PhD, Tim Leiner, MD, PhD, Calvin Woon Loong Chin, Matthias Gero Friedrich, MD, Andrea Barison, Marcus Dorr, MD, and Steffen Petersen, MBBS, DPhil
Subjects: Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Published: 2024
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12. An open-source zero-gradient cell hardware to improve and accelerate durability testing of PEM fuel cells

Author: Elena Colombo, Delio Casadei, Andrea Baricci, and Andrea Casalegno
Subjects: Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell, Membrane electrode assembly, Durability testing, Material characterization, Zero-gradient, Hardware, Science (General), Q1-390
Abstract: The design of an open zero-gradient hardware is proposed in this work. The hardware is thought for characterizing single Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs), specifically Membrane Electrode Assemblies (MEAs), with a focus on transport application. The objective of the proposed design is to minimize both operation and degradation heterogeneities over the cell active area in order to evaluate material properties only. It is indeed specifically intended to quantify the PEMFC materials performance without accounting for any interdependency between the layers of the MEA and the cell hardware design (e.g. heating/cooling system and flow field features). This is granted by combining high stoichiometry ratios of the gas reactants and limited pressure drops: they indeed keep uniform operating conditions (concentration in the gas phase, relative humidity, pressure and temperature), as verified by the electrochemical and operational characterization. With such characteristics, accurate information about both the performance and the degradation of the MEA materials can be provided. This tool is powerful for assessing the ranking in terms of performance and durability of different PEMFCs, as well as for application in the field of the materials local diagnostics.
Published: 2023
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13. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance images with susceptibility artifacts: artificial intelligence with spatial-attention for ventricular volumes and mass assessment

Author: Marco Penso, Mario Babbaro, Sara Moccia, Marco Guglielmo, Maria Ludovica Carerj, Carlo Maria Giacari, Mattia Chiesa, Riccardo Maragna, Mark G. Rabbat, Andrea Barison, Nicola Martini, Mauro Pepi, Enrico G. Caiani, and Gianluca Pontone
Subjects: Deep learning, Cardiac segmentation, Cardiac magnetic resonance, Pacemaker, Cardioverter-defibrillators, Susceptibility artifacts, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Abstract Background Segmentation of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) images is an essential step for evaluating dimensional and functional ventricular parameters as ejection fraction (EF) but may be limited by artifacts, which represent the major challenge to automatically derive clinical information. The aim of this study is to investigate the accuracy of a deep learning (DL) approach for automatic segmentation of cardiac structures from CMR images characterized by magnetic susceptibility artifact in patient with cardiac implanted electronic devices (CIED). Methods In this retrospective study, 230 patients (100 with CIED) who underwent clinically indicated CMR were used to developed and test a DL model. A novel convolutional neural network was proposed to extract the left ventricle (LV) and right (RV) ventricle endocardium and LV epicardium. In order to perform a successful segmentation, it is important the network learns to identify salient image regions even during local magnetic field inhomogeneities. The proposed network takes advantage from a spatial attention module to selectively process the most relevant information and focus on the structures of interest. To improve segmentation, especially for images with artifacts, multiple loss functions were minimized in unison. Segmentation results were assessed against manual tracings and commercial CMR analysis software cvi42(Circle Cardiovascular Imaging, Calgary, Alberta, Canada). An external dataset of 56 patients with CIED was used to assess model generalizability. Results In the internal datasets, on image with artifacts, the median Dice coefficients for end-diastolic LV cavity, LV myocardium and RV cavity, were 0.93, 0.77 and 0.87 and 0.91, 0.82, and 0.83 in end-systole, respectively. The proposed method reached higher segmentation accuracy than commercial software, with performance comparable to expert inter-observer variability (bias ± 95%LoA): LVEF 1 ± 8% vs 3 ± 9%, RVEF − 2 ± 15% vs 3 ± 21%. In the external cohort, EF well correlated with manual tracing (intraclass correlation coefficient: LVEF 0.98, RVEF 0.93). The automatic approach was significant faster than manual segmentation in providing cardiac parameters (approximately 1.5 s vs 450 s). Conclusions Experimental results show that the proposed method reached promising performance in cardiac segmentation from CMR images with susceptibility artifacts and alleviates time consuming expert physician contour segmentation.
Published: 2022
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14. Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) of the cardiovascular system: challenges and perspectives

Author: Alberto Aimo, Li Huang, Andrew Tyler, Andrea Barison, Nicola Martini, Luigi F. Saccaro, Sébastien Roujol, and Pier-Giorgio Masci
Subjects: QSM, Cardiac magnetic resonance, Magnetic susceptibility, Heart, Cardiovascular disease, Iron, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Abstract Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is a powerful, non-invasive, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that relies on measurement of magnetic susceptibility. So far, QSM has been employed mostly to study neurological disorders characterized by iron accumulation, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. Nonetheless, QSM allows mapping key indicators of cardiac disease such as blood oxygenation and myocardial iron content. For this reason, the application of QSM offers an unprecedented opportunity to gain a better understanding of the pathophysiological changes associated with cardiovascular disease and to monitor their evolution and response to treatment. Recent studies on cardiovascular QSM have shown the feasibility of a non-invasive assessment of blood oxygenation, myocardial iron content and myocardial fibre orientation, as well as carotid plaque composition. Significant technical challenges remain, the most evident of which are related to cardiac and respiratory motion, blood flow, chemical shift effects and susceptibility artefacts. Significant work is ongoing to overcome these challenges and integrate the QSM technique into clinical practice in the cardiovascular field.
Published: 2022
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15. Role of Imaging in Cardiomyopathies

Author: Vincenzo Castiglione, Alberto Aimo, Giancarlo Todiere, Andrea Barison, Iacopo Fabiani, Giorgia Panichella, Dario Genovesi, Lucrezia Bonino, Alberto Clemente, Filippo Cademartiri, Alberto Giannoni, Claudio Passino, Michele Emdin, and Giuseppe Vergaro
Subjects: Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701
Abstract: Imaging has a central role in the diagnosis, classification, and clinical management of cardiomyopathies. While echocardiography is the first-line technique, given its wide availability and safety, advanced imaging, including cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), nuclear medicine and CT, is increasingly needed to refine the diagnosis or guide therapeutic decision-making. In selected cases, such as in transthyretin-related cardiac amyloidosis or in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, the demonstration of histological features of the disease can be avoided when typical findings are observed at bone-tracer scintigraphy or CMR, respectively. Findings from imaging techniques should always be integrated with data from the clinical, electrocardiographic, biomarker, genetic and functional evaluation to pursue an individualised approach to patients with cardiomyopathy.
Published: 2023
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16. List of Contributors

Author: John R. Absher, Reginald B. Adams Jr., Daniel N. Albohn, Andrey P. Anokhin, Erik Asp, Michael J. Banissy, Anam Barakzai, Andrea Bari, Taylor S. Bolt, Carlos Cardenas-Iniguez, Jasmin Cloutier, Philip J. Corr, Dale Dagenbach, Colin G. DeYoung, Håkan Fischer, William Fleeson, Jonathan B. Freeman, Manuela Fumagalli, R. Michael Furr, Ivo Gyurovski, Ingrid J. Haas, Ryan S. Hampton, Tanja S. Kellermann, Jennifer T. Kubota, Paul J. Laurienti, Tianyi Li, Caroline Di Bernardi Luft, Francesca Mameli, Sebastian Markett, Neil McNaughton, Christian Montag, Joseph M. Moran, Howard C. Nusbaum, Cliodhna O’Connor, Andreas Olsson, Pietro Pietrini, Alberto Priori, Martin Reuter, Giuseppe Sartori, Cristina Scarpazza, Keith B. Senholzi, Ryan M. Stolier, Bettina Studer, Rongxiang Tang, Yi-Yuan Tang, Nicholas M. Thompson, Daniel Tranel, Irem Undeger, Kelsey Warner, Patrick B. Williams, Jonathan Yi, Rongjun Yu, Andrea Zangrossi, and Maryam Ziaei
Published: 2016

17. Impulsiveness and Inhibitory Mechanisms

Author: Bettina Studer, Andrea Bari, and Tanja S. Kellermann
Subjects: Neurochemical, Neuroimaging, medicine, Sensation seeking, Cognition, Scientific literature, medicine.symptom, Psychology, Impulsivity, Construct (philosophy), Impulsive personality, Developmental psychology
Abstract: Impulsive personality traits are generally detrimental for the individual and have been consistently linked to several psychiatric conditions, drug use and relapse, criminal and antisocial conducts, and poor lifelong goals achievement. A better understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of impulsive behavior and its consequences on health and well-being is of primary importance for psychologists, psychiatrists, neuroscientists, and health-care professionals. In this chapter, we give an overview of the scientific literature that has helped the definition of the impulsivity construct and its behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroanatomical correlates. While seminal efforts have highlighted the multidimensional nature of impulsivity, more recent neuroimaging research emphasizes the interplay between two main neurobehavioral correlates subtending the balance between impulse control and impulsivity: one involved in executive cognitive control and the other in reward seeking/evaluation.
Published: 2016

18. Prefrontal and Monoaminergic Contributions to Stop-Signal Task Performance in Rats

Author: Adam C. Mar, Trevor W. Robbins, Sophie A. Elands, Andrea Bari, David E. H. Theobald, Kelechi C. N. A. Oganya, and Dawn M. Eagle
Subjects: Male, General Neuroscience, Atomoxetine, Infralimbic cortex, Prefrontal Cortex, Neural Inhibition, Article, Rats, Guanfacine, chemistry.chemical_compound, Neurochemical, medicine.anatomical_structure, Muscimol, chemistry, Dopamine receptor, Impulsive Behavior, Monoaminergic, medicine, Animals, Biogenic Monoamines, Prefrontal cortex, Psychology, Neuroscience, Psychomotor Performance, medicine.drug
Abstract: Defining the neural and neurochemical substrates of response inhibition is of crucial importance for the study and treatment of pathologies characterized by impulsivity such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and addiction. The stop-signal task (SST) is one of the most popular paradigms used to study the speed and efficacy of inhibitory processes in humans and other animals. Here we investigated the effect of temporarily inactivating different prefrontal sub-regions in the rat by means of muscimol microinfusions on SST performance. We found that dorso-medial prefrontal cortical areas are important for inhibiting an already initiated response. We also investigated the possible neural substrates of the selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine via its local microinfusion into different sub-regions of the rat prefrontal cortex. Our results show that both orbitofrontal and dorsal prelimbic cortices mediate the beneficial effects of atomoxetine on SST performance. To assess the neurochemical specificity of these effects we infused the α2-adrenergic agonist guanfacine and the D1/D2 antagonist α-flupenthixol in dorsal prelimbic in order to interfere with noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission, respectively. Guanfacine, which modulates noradrenergic neurotransmission, selectively impaired stopping, whereas blocking dopaminergic receptors by α-flupenthixol infusion prolonged go reaction time only, confirming the important role of noradrenergic neurotransmission in response inhibition. These results show that, similar to humans, distinct networks play important roles during SST performance in the rat and that they are differentially modulated by noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission. This study advances our understanding of the neuroanatomical and neurochemical determinants of impulsivity, which are relevant for a range of psychiatric disorders.
Published: 2011

19. Dissociable effects of noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin uptake blockade on stop task performance in rats

Author: Emma S J Robinson, Dawn M. Eagle, Andrea Bari, Adam C. Mar, and Trevor W. Robbins
Subjects: Male, Time Factors, Dopamine, Atomoxetine Hydrochloride, Piperazines, chemistry.chemical_compound, Norepinephrine, 0302 clinical medicine, SSRT, Task Performance and Analysis, Neurotransmitter, Original Investigation, 0303 health sciences, Behavior, Animal, Propylamines, GBR-12909, Guanfacine, Inhibition, Psychological, Response inhibition, Psychology, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, medicine.drug, Atomoxetine hydrochloride, medicine.medical_specialty, Serotonin, Serotonin uptake, Citalopram, 03 medical and health sciences, Neurochemical, Internal medicine, medicine, Reaction Time, Animals, Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors, Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors, 030304 developmental biology, Pharmacology, Analysis of Variance, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Rats, Stop-signal task, Endocrinology, chemistry, Noradrenaline, Atomoxetine, Conditioning, Operant, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Rationale The stop-signal paradigm measures the ability to stop a motor response after its execution has been initiated. Impairments in inhibiting inappropriate behavior and prolonged stop-signal reaction times (SSRTs) are characteristic of several psychiatric disorders, most notably attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. While there is relative consensus regarding the anatomical substrates of behavioral inhibition, the neurochemical imbalance responsible for the deficits in stopping displayed by impulsive individuals is still a matter of debate. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of manipulating brain monoamine levels on stop task parameters. Methods Lister-hooded rats were trained on the rodent version of the stop-signal task and administered different monoamine transporter inhibitors: citalopram, which selectively blocks the serotonin transporter; atomoxetine, which selectively blocks the noradrenaline transporter; and GBR-12909, which selectively blocks the dopamine transporter (DAT), and the alpha-2 adrenergic agonist guanfacine. Results Atomoxetine speeded SSRT and increased accuracy for go-trials. Citalopram slowed go reaction time and decreased go accuracy at the highest dose (1 mg/kg). GBR-12909 speeded go reaction time and impaired both go and stop accuracy. Guanfacine negatively modulated all principal stop and go measures at the highest dose used (0.3 mg/kg). Conclusions The results suggest that atomoxetine exerts its beneficial effects on SSRT via its action on noradrenaline re-uptake, as the specific DAT blocker GBR-12909 and serotonin reuptake blockade had only minor effects on SSRT. The speeding of the go reaction time by dopamine reuptake blockade is consistent with the hypothesis that the hypothetical stop and go processes are modulated by distinct monoaminergic systems.
Published: 2009

20. The application of the 5-choice serial reaction time task for the assessment of visual attentional processes and impulse control in rats

Author: Jeffrey W. Dalley, Andrea Bari, and Trevor W. Robbins
Subjects: Serial reaction time, Punishment (psychology), Neuropsychological Tests, Impulsivity, Choice Behavior, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Rats, Impulse control, Task (project management), Impulsive Behavior, Reaction Time, Visual Perception, medicine, Animals, Attention, 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task, medicine.symptom, Psychology, Photic Stimulation, Cognitive psychology
Abstract: One popular way of measuring visual attentional processes in the rat is using 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT). This paradigm requires subjects to detect brief flashes of light presented in a pseudorandom order in one of five spatial locations over a large number of trials. For this task, the animals are trained for approximately 30-40 daily sessions during which they gradually learn to respond in the appropriate aperture within a certain amount of time. If they fail to respond, respond in the wrong hole or at an inappropriate time, a short period of darkness (time-out) is presented as punishment and no reward is delivered. The 5-CSRTT provides the possibility to test the effects of various neural, pharmacological and behavioral manipulations on discrete and somewhat independent measures of behavioral control, including accuracy of discrimination, impulsivity, perseverative responses and response latencies.
Published: 2008

21. Similar Effects of the Selective Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitor Atomoxetine on Three Distinct Forms of Impulsivity in the Rat

Author: Jeffrey W. Dalley, Dawn M. Eagle, Andrea Bari, Trevor W. Robbins, Adam C. Mar, Emma S J Robinson, Gargi Banerjee, and Xiaosu Jiang
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Reinforcement Schedule, medicine.medical_treatment, Pharmacology, Atomoxetine Hydrochloride, Impulsivity, Choice Behavior, Task Performance and Analysis, Reaction Time, medicine, Animals, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Amphetamine, Psychiatry, Analysis of Variance, Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors, Behavior, Animal, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Propylamines, Methylphenidate, Atomoxetine, medicine.disease, Rats, Stimulant, Inhibition, Psychological, Psychiatry and Mental health, Impulsive Behavior, medicine.symptom, Reuptake inhibitor, Psychology, Reinforcement, Psychology, medicine.drug, Atomoxetine hydrochloride
Abstract: Atomoxetine is a noradrenaline-specific reuptake inhibitor used clinically for the treatment of childhood and adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Studies in human volunteers and patient groups have shown that atomoxetine improves stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) performance, an effect consistent with a reduction in motor impulsivity. However, ADHD is a heterogeneous disorder and it is of interest to determine whether atomoxetine is similarly effective against other forms of impulsivity, as well as the attentional impairment present in certain subtypes of ADHD. The present study examined the effects of atomoxetine on impulsivity using an analogous SSRT task in rats and two additional tests of impulsivity; delay discounting of reward and the five-choice serial reaction time task (5CSRTT), the latter providing an added assessment of sustained visual attention. Atomoxetine produced a significant dose-dependent speeding of SSRT. In addition, atomoxetine produced a selective, dose-dependent decrease in premature responding on the 5CSRTT. Finally, on the delay-discounting task, atomoxetine significantly decreased impulsivity by increasing preference for the large-value reward across increasing delay. These findings conclusively demonstrate that atomoxetine decreases several distinct forms of impulsivity in rats. The apparent contrast of these effects with stimulant drugs such as amphetamine and methylphenidate, which generally act to increase impulsivity on the 5CSRTT, may provide new insights into the mechanisms of action of stimulant and nonstimulant drugs in ADHD.
Published: 2007

22. Biventricular Tissue Tracking with Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance: Reference Values of Left- and Right-Ventricular Strain

Author: Andrea Barison, Roberto Ceolin, Alessandro Palmieri, Pietro Paolo Tamborrino, Giancarlo Todiere, Chrysanthos Grigoratos, Ignazio Alessio Gueli, Carmelo De Gori, Alberto Clemente, Laura Pistoia, Alessia Pepe, Giovanni Donato Aquaro, Vincenzo Positano, Michele Emdin, Filippo Cademartiri, and Antonella Meloni
Subjects: magnetic resonance imaging, strain, cine, tissue tracking, systolic function, myocardial deformation, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract: We derived reference values of left-ventricular (LV) and right-ventricular (RV) strain parameters in a cohort of 100 healthy subjects by feature tracking cardiac magnetic resonance (FT-CMR). Global and regional strain values were calculated for the LV; circumferential and radialSAX strain parameters were derived from the short-axis (SAX) stack, while longitudinal and radialLAX strain parameters were assessed in three long-axis (LAX) views. Only global longitudinal strain (GLS) was calculated for the RV. Peak global LV circumferential strain was −16.7% ± 2.1%, LV radialSAX strain was 26.4% ± 5.1%, LV radialLAX strain was 31.1% ± 5.2%, LV GLS was −17.7% ± 1.9%, and RV GLS was −23.9% ± 4.1%. Women presented higher global LV and RV strain values than men; all strain values presented a weak relationship with body surface area, while there was no association with age or heart rate. A significant association was detected between all LV global strain measures and LV ejection fraction, while RV GLS was correlated to RV end-diastolic volume. The intra- and inter-operator reproducibility was good for all global strain measures. In the regional analysis, circumferential and radial strain values resulted higher at the apical level, while longitudinal strain values were higher at the basal level. The assessment of cardiac deformation by FT-CMR is feasible and reproducible and gender-specific reference values should be used.
Published: 2023
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23. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders: Animal Models

Author: Luis de Lecea, Richard W. Foltin, Harriet de Wit, Verity J. Brown, David C. S. Roberts, Hans Rollema, Husseini K. Manji, David J. Posey, Paul B. S. Clarke, David S. Baldwin, James J. Strain, Megan M. Dahmen, Peter Paul De Deyn, Michael E. Ragozzino, Samuel G. Siris, David S. Tait, Suzanne H. Mitchell, Andrew Young, Jana Lincoln, Seiya Miyamoto, Mei-Chuan Ko, Brian E. Leonard, F. Xavier Castellanos, Linda P. Spear, Bankole A. Johnson, Martin Cammarota, Lisiane Bizarro, Shitij Kapur, Rosa M. M. de Almeida, Tim C. Kirkham, Klaus A. Miczek, Jason C. G. Halford, Andrew Holt, Paul Willner, Gregory D. Stewart, Meghan M. Grady, Tony Dickenson, Charles J. Heyser, Kim Wolff, Marie-Louise G. Wadenberg, Leandro J. Bertoglio, Ingmar H. A. Franken, Heleen B. M. Boos, J. Craig Nelson, Peter A. Santi, Wiepke Cahn, Karl Mann, Shuang Yu, Samuel B. Hutton, Joseph H. Friedman, Yogita Chudasama, Jelena Nesic, Martina de Zwaan, Jill B. Becker, Amee B. Patel, Theodora Duka, Darrell D. Mousseau, Helen J. Cassaday, Charles B. Nemeroff, Patrick M. Sexton, Heather Wilkins, Yesne Alici, Ennio Esposito, Holden D. Brown, Helio Zangrossi, Emil F. Coccaro, Edoardo Spina, Elizabeth C. Warburton, Craig A. Erickson, Falk Kiefer, Michael M. Morgan, Michel Le Moal, A. Richard Green, Andrea Bari, Chase H. Bourke, Matt Field, Michael J. Owens, Christopher L. Cunningham, Joachim D. Uys, William Breitbart, Martin Sarter, Oliver Stiedl, W. Wolfgang Fleischhacker, Hiroyuki Uchida, Tomasz Schneider, James H. Woods, Anne Jackson, Marc N. Potenza, Frederico Guilherme Graeff, Inga D. Neumann, Daniel Hoyer, Kim Fromme, Marilyn E. Carroll, R. H. De Rijk, Becky Kinkead, Daniel Bertrand, Steve Kohut, Michael J. Kuhar, Paul Newhouse, Susan Napier, Peter W. Kalivas, Iván Izquierdo, Micaela Morelli, Samuel R. Chamberlain, Mark Slifstein, E. R. de Kloet, Malcolm Lader, John Atack, Maria Isabel Colado, Grasielle C. Kincheski, Naheed Mirza, Robert L. Balster, Ronald F. Mucha, Peter J. Flor, Warren H. Meck, Debby Van Dam, Glen B. Baker, Stephen M. Stahl, Christine A. Franco, Kieran O’Malley, Sven Ove Ögren, James Winslow, Andreas Marneros, Linda Dykstra, Alfonso Abizaid, Catalin V. Buhusi, Osborne F. X. Almeida, Pedro L. Delgado, Kelly Blankenship, Sharon L. Walsh, Nicola Simola, Jean-Michel Scherrmann, Nuno Sousa, Lucy C. Guillory, H. D. Postma, Lawrence H. Price, Shimon Amir, Philip J. Cowen, Alyson J. Bond, Mitul A. Mehta, Anthony L. Riley, Thomas R. E. Barnes, Jorge A. Quiroz, Raymond S. Hurst, Subhash C. Pandey, Sakire Pogun, Fiona Thomson, Francisco Aboitiz, Christoph Hiemke, Lia R. Bevilaqua, Gorkem Yararbas, Christopher J. McDougle, Antonio Pádua Carobrez, Gail Winger, Barbara J. Mason, Kimberly A. Stigler, Hilde Lavreysen, Barbara J. Sahakian, Sheldon Preskorn, R. Andrew Chambers, Victoria L. Harvey, Roberto William Invernizzi, Arthur Christopoulos, Ximena Carrasco, MacDonald J. Christie, Cecilia J. Hillard, and Tayfun Uzbay
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Attention deficit, medicine, Psychiatry, business
Published: 2014

24. Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders

Author: F. Xavier Castellanos, Tim C. Kirkham, Karl Mann, Wiepke Cahn, Theodora Duka, David S. Baldwin, James J. Strain, Ennio Esposito, Megan M. Dahmen, David C. S. Roberts, Falk Kiefer, Heleen B. M. Boos, Sheldon Preskorn, Andrew Young, Emil F. Coccaro, Lia R. Bevilaqua, Micaela Morelli, Helio Zangrossi, Shuang Yu, Peter A. Santi, Michael M. Morgan, Frederico Guilherme Graeff, Paul B. S. Clarke, Darrell D. Mousseau, Christine A. Franco, Kieran O’Malley, Susan Napier, Glen B. Baker, Gorkem Yararbas, Samuel G. Siris, Martin Sarter, Christopher L. Cunningham, Malcolm Lader, Daniel Hoyer, Verity J. Brown, Samuel R. Chamberlain, Raymond S. Hurst, Paul Newhouse, Kim Fromme, Jana Lincoln, W. Wolfgang Fleischhacker, R. H. De Rijk, Marc N. Potenza, Subhash C. Pandey, Joachim D. Uys, Thomas R. E. Barnes, Linda P. Spear, Michael E. Ragozzino, Warren H. Meck, Mei-Chuan Ko, Andrea Bari, Marilyn E. Carroll, Andrew Holt, Sakire Pogun, Edoardo Spina, Jason C. G. Halford, R. Andrew Chambers, Debby Van Dam, Michel Le Moal, Gregory D. Stewart, MacDonald J. Christie, Tony Dickenson, Tomasz Schneider, Elizabeth C. Warburton, Martina de Zwaan, Harriet de Wit, Jill B. Becker, Lawrence H. Price, Jelena Nesic, Cecilia J. Hillard, Heather Wilkins, Yesne Alici, Becky Kinkead, Charles J. Heyser, Paul Willner, Daniel Bertrand, Lisiane Bizarro, Yogita Chudasama, David J. Posey, Tayfun Uzbay, Philip J. Cowen, Alyson J. Bond, Rosa M. M. de Almeida, Patrick M. Sexton, J. Craig Nelson, Helen J. Cassaday, Bankole A. Johnson, Martin Cammarota, Mitul A. Mehta, Marie-Louise G. Wadenberg, Amee B. Patel, Chase H. Bourke, Peter Paul De Deyn, Samuel B. Hutton, Michael J. Owens, Christopher J. McDougle, Antonio Pádua Carobrez, Charles B. Nemeroff, Oliver Stiedl, Luis de Lecea, Klaus A. Miczek, Matt Field, Inga D. Neumann, Victoria L. Harvey, Shimon Amir, Joseph H. Friedman, Michael J. Kuhar, John Atack, Shitij Kapur, Sven Ove Ögren, Roberto William Invernizzi, Arthur Christopoulos, Ximena Carrasco, Hiroyuki Uchida, Meghan M. Grady, Leandro J. Bertoglio, Hans Rollema, Robert L. Balster, Husseini K. Manji, Ingmar H. A. Franken, Ronald F. Mucha, Grasielle C. Kincheski, Fiona Thomson, Suzanne H. Mitchell, Peter J. Flor, Gail Winger, Jean-Michel Scherrmann, Naheed Mirza, Peter W. Kalivas, Francisco Aboitiz, William Breitbart, Steve Kohut, Anne Jackson, Christoph Hiemke, Mark Slifstein, Barbara J. Mason, E. R. de Kloet, Maria Isabel Colado, Kimberly A. Stigler, Hilde Lavreysen, Barbara J. Sahakian, Richard W. Foltin, David S. Tait, H. D. Postma, Anthony L. Riley, Seiya Miyamoto, Holden D. Brown, Jorge A. Quiroz, Craig A. Erickson, Linda Dykstra, Kim Wolff, Alfonso Abizaid, James H. Woods, Catalin V. Buhusi, Osborne F. X. Almeida, Pedro L. Delgado, Nuno Sousa, Lucy C. Guillory, Iván Izquierdo, A. Richard Green, Kelly Blankenship, Sharon L. Walsh, Nicola Simola, Stephen M. Stahl, James Winslow, Andreas Marneros, and Brian E. Leonard
Subjects: Disruptive behavior, Attention deficit, Psychology, Humanities
Abstract: Francisco Aboitiz*, F. Xavier Castellanos and Ximena Carrasco Departamento de Psiquiatria, Facultad de Medicina, and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile New York University Child Study Center, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, NY, USA Servicio de Neurologia y Psiquiatria infantil, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Published: 2014

25. Cardiac magnetic resonance findings in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: A case report

Author: Giancarlo Todiere, Stefania Della Vecchia, Maria Aurora Morales, Andrea Barison, Ivana Ricca, Alessandra Tessa, Elisa Colombi, and Filippo Maria Santorelli
Subjects: neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, batten disease, CLN3, cardiac pathology, cardiac magnetic resonance, Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, RC346-429
Abstract: Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an essential tool for the study of hypertrophic cardiomyopathies (HCM) and for differentiating HCM from conditions with increased ventricular wall thickness, such as cardiac storage diseases. Although cardiac MRI is already used for the diagnosis and characterization of some forms of storage diseases involving the myocardium, it has not yet been used to study myocardial involvement in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL). Here, we describe comprehensive cardiac MRI findings in a patient with the CLN3 form of NCL showing basal inferior interventricular septal hypertrophy with maintained indexed LV mass within reference values and low T1-native values. MRI findings support a finding of abnormal storage material within the myocardium in CLN3 disease. We recommend the possible routine use of cardiac MRI for early diagnosis of cardiac involvement in CLN3 disease (also termed juvenile NCL) and to monitor the effects of emerging CLN3 therapies on the myocardium as well.
Published: 2022
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26. Diagnostic Role of Native T1 Mapping Compared to Conventional Magnetic Resonance Techniques in Cardiac Disease in a Real-Life Cohort

Author: Giovanni Donato Aquaro, Silvia Monastero, Giancarlo Todiere, Andrea Barison, Carmelo De Gori, Crysanthos Grigoratos, Maria Luisa Parisella, Lorenzo Faggioni, Dania Cioni, Riccardo Lencioni, and Emanuele Neri
Subjects: cardiac magnetic resonance, T1 mapping, late gadolinium enhancement, T2-STIR, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract: We sought to compare native T1 mapping to conventional late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) and T2-STIR techniques in a cohort of consecutive patients undergoing cardiac MRI (CMR). CMR was performed in 323 patients, 206 males (64%), mean age 54 ± 8 years, and in 27 age- and sex- matched healthy controls. In T2-STIR images, myocardial hyperintensity suggesting edema was found in 41 patients (27%). LGE images were positive in 206 patients (64%). T1 mapping was abnormal in 171 (49%). In 206 patients (64%), a matching between LGE and native T1 was found. T1 was abnormal in 32 out of 41 (78%) with edema in T2-STIR images. Overall, LGE and/or T2-STIR were abnormal in 209 patients, whereas native T1 was abnormal in 154 (52%). Conventional techniques and T1 mapping were concordant in 208 patients (64%). In 39 patients, T1 mapping was positive despite negative conventional techniques (12%). T1 mapping was able in conditions with diffuse myocardial damage such as cardiac amyloidosis, scleroderma, and Fabry disease (additive role in 42%). In contrast, T1 mapping was less effective in cardiac disease with regional distribution of myocardial damage such as myocardial infarction, HCM, and myocarditis. In conclusion, conventional LGE/T2-STIR and T1 mapping are complementary techniques and should be used together in every CMR examination.
Published: 2023
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27. Experimental Analysis of Catalyst Layer Operation in a High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

Author: Andrea Baricci and Andrea Casalegno
Subjects: polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell, polybenzimidazole, HT-PEM, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, EIS, MEA, Technology
Abstract: High-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFC) directly convert hydrogen and oxygen to produce electric power at a temperature significantly higher than conventional low-temperature fuel cells. This achievement is due to the use of a phosphoric acid-doped polybenzimidazole membrane that can safely operate up to 200 °C. PBI-based HT-PEMFCs suffer severe performance limitations, despite the expectation that a higher operating temperature should positively impact both fuel cell efficiency and power density, e.g., improved ORR electrocatalyst activity or absence of liquid water flooding. These limitations must be overcome to comply with the requirements in mobility and stationary applications. In this work a systematic analysis of an HT-PEMFC is performed by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), aiming to individuate the contributions of components, isolate physical phenomena, and understand the role of the operating conditions. The EIS analysis indicates that increases in both the charge transfer and mass transport impedances in the spectrum are negatively impacted by air humidification and consistently introduce a loss in performance. These findings suggest that water vapor reduces phosphoric acid density, which in turn leads to liquid flooding of the catalyst layers and increases the poisoning of the electrocatalyst by phosphoric acid anions, thus hindering performance.
Published: 2023
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28. Atomoxetine modulates spontaneous and sensory-evoked discharge of locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons

Author: Gary Aston-Jones and Andrea Bari
Subjects: Adrenergic Neurons, Male, Electroencephalography Phase Synchronization, Stimulation, Local field potential, Inhibitory postsynaptic potential, Atomoxetine Hydrochloride, Synaptic Transmission, Article, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Random Allocation, Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory, Premovement neuronal activity, Animals, Rats, Long-Evans, Evoked Potentials, Nootropic Agents, Pharmacology, Sensory stimulation therapy, Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Propylamines, Chemistry, Electroencephalography, Neural Inhibition, Rats, Excitatory postsynaptic potential, Locus coeruleus, Locus Coeruleus, Neuroscience, Injections, Intraperitoneal, Atomoxetine hydrochloride
Abstract: Atomoxetine (ATM) is a potent norepinephrine (NE) uptake inhibitor and increases both NE and dopamine synaptic levels in prefrontal cortex, where it is thought to exert its beneficial effects on attention and impulsivity. At the behavioral level, ATM has been shown to cause improvements on the measures of executive functions, such as response inhibition, working memory and attentional set shifting across different species. However, the exact mechanism of action for ATM's effects on cognition is still not clear. One possible target for the cognitive enhancing effects of ATM is the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC), the only source of NE to key forebrain areas such as cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Although it is known that ATM increases NE availability overall by blocking reuptake of NE, the effects of this agent on impulse activity of LC neurons have not been reported. Here, the effect of ATM (0.1–1 mg/kg, ip) on NE-LC neurons was investigated by recording extracellular activity of LC neurons in isoflurane-anesthetized rats. ATM caused a significant decrease of the tonic activity of LC single-units, although leaving intact the sensory-evoked excitatory component of LC phasic response. Moreover, the magnitude of the inhibitory component of LC response to paw stimulation was increased after 1 mg/kg of ATM and its duration was prolonged at 0.3 mg/kg. Together, these effects of ATM produced an increase in the phasic-to-tonic ratio of LC phasic response to sensory stimulation. ATM also modulated the average sensory-evoked local field potential (LFP) and spike-field coherence in LC depending on the dose tested. The lower dose (0.1 mg/kg) significantly decreased early positive and negative components of the sensory-evoked LFP response. Higher doses (0.3–1 mg/kg) initially increased and then decreased the amplitude of components of the evoked fields, whereas the spike-field coherence was enhanced by 1 mg/kg ATM across frequency bands. Finally, coherence between LC fields and EEG signals was generally increased by 1 mg/kg ATM, whereas 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg respectively decreased and increased coherence values in specific frequency bands. Taken together these results suggest that ATM effects on LC neuronal activity are dose-dependent, with different doses affecting different aspects of LC firing. This modulation of activity of LC-NE neurons may play a role in the cognitive effects of ATM. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ‘Cognitive Enhancers’.
Published: 2012

29. Inhibition and impulsivity: behavioral and neural basis of response control

Author: Andrea Bari and Trevor W. Robbins
Subjects: media_common.quotation_subject, Reversal Learning, Neuropsychological Tests, Impulsivity, Choice Behavior, Cognition, Event-related potential, medicine, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Humans, Nervous System Physiological Phenomena, media_common, Cerebral Cortex, Behavior, General Neuroscience, Addiction, Executive functions, medicine.disease, Inhibition, Psychological, Impulsive Behavior, Orbitofrontal cortex, medicine.symptom, Psychology, Construct (philosophy), Neuroscience
Abstract: In many circumstances alternative courses of action and thoughts have to be inhibited to allow the emergence of goal-directed behavior. However, this has not been the accepted view in the past and only recently has inhibition earned its own place in the neurosciences as a fundamental cognitive function. In this review we first introduce the concept of inhibition from early psychological speculations based on philosophical theories of the human mind. The broad construct of inhibition is then reduced to its most readily observable component which necessarily is its behavioral manifestation. The study of 'response inhibition' has the advantage of dealing with a relatively simple and straightforward process, the overriding of a planned or already initiated action. Deficient inhibitory processes profoundly affect everyday life, causing impulsive conduct which is generally detrimental for the individual. Impulsivity has been consistently linked to several types of addiction, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, mania and other psychiatric conditions. Our discussion of the behavioral assessment of impulsivity will focus on objective laboratory tasks of response inhibition that have been implemented in parallel for humans and other species with relatively few qualitative differences. The translational potential of these measures has greatly improved our knowledge of the neurobiological basis of behavioral inhibition and impulsivity. We will then review the current models of behavioral inhibition along with their expression via underlying brain regions, including those involved in the activation of the brain's emergency 'brake' operation, those engaged in more controlled and sustained inhibitory processes and other ancillary executive functions.
Published: 2012

30. Measuring the construct of executive control in schizophrenia: defining and validating translational animal paradigms for discovery research

Author: Gary Gilmour, David S. Tait, Andrea Bari, Trevor W. Robbins, Verity J. Brown, Alexander Arguello, Stan B. Floresco, Jared W. Young, Cameron S. Carter, and David J. Jentsch
Subjects: Predictive validity, Elementary cognitive task, Cognitive Neuroscience, Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming), Cognitive neuroscience, Developmental psychology, Task (project management), Translational Research, Biomedical, 03 medical and health sciences, Behavioral Neuroscience, Executive Function, 0302 clinical medicine, Animals, Humans, Cognitive flexibility, Reproducibility of Results, Cognition, 030227 psychiatry, Disease Models, Animal, Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology, Schizophrenia, Psychology, Construct (philosophy), Cognition Disorders, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Cognitive psychology
Abstract: Executive control is an aspect of cognitive function known to be impaired in schizophrenia. Previous meetings of the Cognitive Neuroscience Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (CNTRICS) group have more precisely defined executive control in terms of two constructs: "rule generation and selection", and "dynamic adjustments of control". Next, human cognitive tasks that may effectively measure performance with regard to these constructs were identified to be developed into practical and reliable measures for use in treatment development. The aim of this round of CNTRICS meetings was to define animal paradigms that have sufficient promise to warrant further investigation for their utility in measuring these constructs. Accordingly, "reversal learning" and the "attentional set-shifting task" were nominated to assess the construct of rule generation and selection, and the "stop signal task" for the construct of dynamic adjustments of control. These tasks are described in more detail here, with a particular focus on their utility for drug discovery efforts. Presently, each assay has strengths and weaknesses with regard to this point and increased emphasis on improving practical aspects of testing, understanding predictive validity, and defining biomarkers of performance represent important objectives in attaining confidence in translational validity here.
Published: 2011

31. Animal Models of ADHD

Author: Trevor W. Robbins and Andrea Bari
Subjects: Predictive validity, education.field_of_study, Atomoxetine, Population, Impulsivity, Functional recovery, Neurochemical, mental disorders, Genetic model, medicine, medicine.symptom, Psychology, education, Cognitive psychology, medicine.drug, Statistical hypothesis testing
Abstract: Studies employing animal models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) present clear inherent advantages over human studies. Animal models are invaluable tools for the study of underlying neurochemical, neuropathological and genetic alterations that cause ADHD, because they allow relatively fast, rigorous hypothesis testing and invasive manipulations as well as selective breeding. Moreover, especially for ADHD, animal models with good predictive validity would allow the assessment of potential new therapeutics. In this chapter, we describe and comment on the most frequently used animal models of ADHD that have been created by genetic, neurochemical and physical alterations in rodents. We then discuss that an emerging and promising direction of the field is the analysis of individual behavioural differences among a normal population of animals. Subjects presenting extreme characteristics related to ADHD can be studied, thereby avoiding some of the problems that are found in other models, such as functional recovery and unnecessary assumptions about aetiology. This approach is justified by the theoretical need to consider human ADHD as the extreme part of a spectrum of characteristics that are distributed normally in the general population, as opposed to the predominant view of ADHD as a separate pathological category.
Published: 2011

32. Impulsivity

Author: Andrea Bari, Trevor W. Robbins, and Jeffrey W. Dalley
Published: 2010

33. Dementias and Other Amnestic Disorders

Author: Nicola Simola, Micaela Morelli, Tooru Mizuno, Suzanne H. Mitchell, Harriet de Wit, H. Valerie Curran, Celia J. A. Morgan, Stephan G. Anagnostaras, Jennifer R Sage, Stephanie A Carmack, Lawrence H. Price, Grasielle C Kincheski, Leandro J Bertoglio, Antonio Padua Carobrez, Andrea Bari, Roshan Cools, Yogita Chudasama, Stefan Leucht, William Breitbart, Yesne Alici, Karl Mann, Falk Kiefer, Michael M Morgan, M J Christie, Istvan Bitter, Eileen M. Joyce, Jonathan P Roiser, Darren R Christensen, Warren K. Bickel, Kenneth J. Rhodes, Peter Paul De Deyn, Debby Van Dam, Darrel J. Pemberton, Johannes Mosbacher, Thomas Steckler, Alyson J Bond, Alex Hofer, Daniel Bertrand, Hans Rollema, Raymond S Hurst, Irwin Lucki, Fadi T. Maalouf, David A. Brent, Fadi Maalouf, Huaiyu Yang, George I. Papakostas, Andrew Young, Gabriele Fischer, Annemarie Unger, Linda P Spear, Mohammed Shoaib, Emma Childs, Britta Hahn, Peter Boeijinga, Martine Cador, David S Tait, Verity J. Brown, David Baldwin, Yavin Shaham, Sunila G Nair, Matthew I Palmatier, Rick A Bevins, Peter Riederer, Siegfried Hoyer, Mark Geyer, Anthony Absalom, David Menon, Joseph Zohar, Stephen C Fowler, James Winslow, Kim Wolff, Bankole A. Johnson, Martina de Zwaan, Angela Roberts, Anthony R Isles, Lawrence S. Wilkinson, Rosa M M de Almeida, Klaus A. Miczek, Eric Nestler, Naheed (Max) Mirza, Bankole A Johnson, Joseph H Friedman, István Bitter, Michael Minzenberg, Ashwini Padhi, Naomi Fineberg, MacDonald J. Christie, Joris C. Verster, Bernard Le Foll, Marilyn E Carroll, Peter A Santi, Ronald F Mucha, Ian P. Stolerman, Richard W Foltin, Christoph Hiemke, Luis Stinus, Stéphanie Caillé, John R Mantsch, Anthony L. Riley, Steve Kohut, Brian E. Leonard, R. Andrew Chambers, Gail Winger, Mei-Chuan Ko, James H Woods, Seiya Miyamoto, Thomas R. E. Barnes, Kieran O’Malley, and David J. Hellerstein
Published: 2010

34. Acute Tolerance

Author: Jean-Michel Scherrmann, Kim Wolff, Christine A. Franco, Marc N. Potenza, Tayfun Uzbay, Lisiane Bizarro, David C. S. Roberts, Robert L. Balster, Sharon L. Walsh, Barbara J. Mason, Charles J. Heyser, Anthony L. Riley, Steve Kohut, Marie-Louise G. Wadenberg, Heather Wilkins, Paul Newhouse, Anne Jackson, Joachim D. Uys, Peter W. Kalivas, Victoria L. Harvey, Tony Dickenson, Daniel Bertrand, Hans Rollema, Raymond S. Hurst, Gorkem Yararbas, Sakire Pogun, Debby Van Dam, Peter Paul De Deyn, Samuel G. Siris, Richard W. Foltin, Michael J. Kuhar, Michel Le Moal, Christoph Hiemke, Nicola Simola, Micaela Morelli, Alyson J. Bond, James J. Strain, R. Andrew Chambers, R. H. De Rijk, E. R. de Kloet, Bankole A. Johnson, Andreas Marneros, Suzanne H. Mitchell, Harriet de Wit, Mark Slifstein, Klaus A. Miczek, Rosa M. M. de Almeida, Emil F. Coccaro, David S. Baldwin, John Atack, Hilde Lavreysen, Alfonso Abizaid, Shimon Amir, Joseph H. Friedman, Theodora Duka, Jelena Nesic, Falk Kiefer, Karl Mann, Christopher L. Cunningham, Yesne Alici, William Breitbart, Subhash C. Pandey, Kieran O’Malley, Mitul A. Mehta, Linda Dykstra, Holden D. Brown, Michael E. Ragozzino, Brian E. Leonard, Malcolm Lader, Peter J. Flor, Inga D. Neumann, Linda P. Spear, Daniel Hoyer, Martina de Zwaan, Michael J. Owens, Chase H. Bourke, Philip J. Cowen, Pedro L. Delgado, Hiroyuki Uchida, Shitij Kapur, Lawrence H. Price, Husseini K. Manji, Jorge A. Quiroz, Seiya Miyamoto, Francisco Aboitiz, Ximena Carrasco, F. Xavier Castellanos, Elizabeth C. Warburton, James H. Woods, Mei-Chuan Ko, Gail Winger, Andrew Young, Jill B. Becker, Helen J. Cassaday, Paul Willner, Maria Isabel Colado, A. Richard Green, Marilyn E. Carroll, Peter A. Santi, Iván Izquierdo, Lia R. Bevilaqua, Martin Cammarota, Jason C. G. Halford, Arthur Christopoulos, Gregory D. Stewart, Patrick M. Sexton, Sheldon Preskorn, Megan M. Dahmen, Jana Lincoln, Edoardo Spina, J. Craig Nelson, Meghan M. Grady, Stephen M. Stahl, Thomas R. E. Barnes, Michael M. Morgan, MacDonald J. Christie, Wiepke Cahn, Heleen B. M. Boos, H. D. Postma, W. Wolfgang Fleischhacker, Samuel B. Hutton, Grasielle C. Kincheski, Leandro J. Bertoglio, Antonio Pádua Carobrez, Helio Zangrossi, Frederico Guilherme Graeff, James Winslow, Yogita Chudasama, Naheed (Max) Mirza, Shuang Yu, Nuno Sousa, Osborne F. X. Almeida, Tim C. Kirkham, Ronald F. Mucha, Cecilia J. Hillard, Fiona Thomson, Susan Napier, Craig A. Erickson, David J. Posey, Kelly Blankenship, Kimberly A. Stigler, Christopher J. McDougle, Paul B. S. Clarke, Luis de Lecea, Samuel R. Chamberlain, Barbara J. Sahakian, Martin Sarter, Andrea Bari, Matt Field, Ingmar H. A. Franken, Warren H. Meck, Catalin V. Buhusi, Kim Fromme, Amee B. Patel, David S. Tait, Verity J. Brown, Darrell D. Mousseau, Andrew Holt, Glen B. Baker, Tomasz Schneider, Becky Kinkead, Charles B. Nemeroff, Lucy C. Guillory, Ennio Esposito, Roberto William Invernizzi, Oliver Stiedl, and Sven Ove Ögren
Published: 2010

35. Stress-Response

Author: Michael M. Morgan, MacDonald J. Christie, Luis De Lecea, Jason C. G. Halford, Josee E. Leysen, Warren H. Meck, Catalin V. Buhusi, Marcy J. Bubar, Kathryn A. Cunningham, Richard W. Foltin, David C. S. Roberts, Andreas Marneros, Alex Hofer, Bart Ellenbroek, Christoph U. Correll, Paul Newhouse, Heather Wilkins, Joris C. Verster, Emma Childs, Gary Remington, Edoardo Spina, W. Wolfgang Fleischhacker, John Atack, Hilde Lavreysen, Sheldon Preskorn, Megan M. Dahmen, Jana Lincoln, Dan J. Stein, Anthony L. Riley, Steve Kohut, Angela Roberts, Marilyn E. Carroll, Peter A. Santi, Stefan Leucht, Klaus A. Miczek, Eileen M. Joyce, Jonathan P. Roiser, Celia J. A. Morgan, Valerie H. Curran, Mary E. Cain, Michael T. Bardo, Terry E. Robinson, Ian Hindmarch, Darrell D. Mousseau, Andrew Holt, Glen B. Baker, Sidney H. Kennedy, Sakina J. Rizvi, Thomas Steckler, Seiya Miyamoto, Sakire Pogun, Gorkem Yararbas, Jill B. Becker, Anders Ågmo, Vera Astreika, Robert Segraves, Rodrigo Andrade, Yogita Chudasama, Roshan Cools, Iván Izquierdo, Lia R. Bevilaqua, Martin Cammarota, Bernard Le Foll, Trevor W. Robbins, Husseini K. Manji, Jorge A. Quiroz, Jos Prickaerts, Ennio Esposito, William Invernizzi, Sophie Tambour, John C. Crabbe, Peter J. Flor, Inga D. Neumann, Malcolm Lader, Joseph Zohar, Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal, Milton Kramer, Michael J. Thorpy, Shelby Freedman Harris, D. Warren Spence, Gabriele Fischer, Annemarie Unger, Samuel B. Hutton, Huaiyu Yang, George I. Papakostas, S. Kasper, Frank Sams-Dodd, Yavin Shaham, John R. Mantsch, Craig A. Erickson, David J. Posey, Kelly Blankenship, Kimberly A. Stigler, Christopher J. McDougle, Paul D. Callaghan, Iain S. McGregor, Murray R. Thompson, Michel Billiard, Brian A. Fallon, Kelli J. Harding, Daniel Hoyer, Jacques Epelbaum, Cécile Viollet, Mischa de Rover, Sander Nieuwenhuis, Stan Floresco, Anne Jackson, Mitul A. Mehta, Johannes Mosbacher, Ronald L. Cowan, Robert Kessler, Peter H. Boeijinga, James Winslow, A. Claudio Cuello, Arthur Christopoulos, Gregory D. Stewart, Patrick M. Sexton, Ashwini Padhi, Naomi A. Fineberg, Mark A. Geyer, Francis C. Colpaert, Andrew Young, Ronald F. Mucha, Christof Baltes, Thomas Mueggler, Markus Rudin, Giovanni Hernandez, Peter Shizgal, Marc N. Branch, Ian P. Stolerman, Sharon Morein-Zamir, Barbara J. Sahakian, Sunila G. Nair, Becky Kinkead, Charles B. Nemeroff, Lucy C. Guillory, R. H. De Rijk, E. R. de Kloet, Francisco Aboitiz, Ximena Carrasco, F. Xavier Castellanos, Maria Isabel Colado, A. Richard Green, Suzanne H. Mitchell, Harriet de Wit, Alyson J. Bond, Christine A. Franco, Marc N. Potenza, Caroline Cohen, Marc Turiault, Guy Griebel, Darren R. Christensen, Warren K. Bickel, Michael J. Owens, Chase H. Bourke, Gustavo Turecki, Britta Hahn, Sarah Morgan, Angus Mackay, Matthew I. Palmatier, Rick A. Bevins, Lawrence Scahill, Andrea Bari, Stephen B. Dunnett, Karim Nader, Oliver Hardt, Paola V. Migues, R. Andrew Chambers, and David E. Nichols
Published: 2010

36. Emotional Learning

Author: Bart Ellenbroek, Alfonso Abizaid, Shimon Amir, Martina de Zwaan, Sarah Parylak, Pietro Cottone, Eric P. Zorrilla, Lawrence H. Price, Ben J. Harrison, Christos Pantelis, Sophie Tambour, John C. Crabbe, Ian P. Stolerman, Nicola Simola, Micaela Morelli, Michael H. Bloch, Sarah Morgan, Angus Mackay, Gary Remington, Sidney H. Kennedy, Sakina J. Rizvi, Giovanni Hernandez, Peter Shizgal, Mitul A. Mehta, Ennio Esposito, Roberto William Invernizzi, Darren R. Christensen, Warren K. Bickel, Lynette C. Daws, Anne M. Andrews, Greg A. Gerhardt, Mischa de Rover, Sander Nieuwenhuis, Peter H. Boeijinga, Victoria L. Harvey, Anthony H. Dickenson, Peter Verheart, Per Svenningsson, Per E. Andrén, Antonio Pádua Carobrez, Grasielle C. Kincheski, Leandro J. Bertoglio, Kim Wolff, Iván Izquierdo, Lia Rejane M. Bevilaqua, Martin Cammarota, David H. Zald, Oliver Stiedl, Sven Ove Ögren, Joseph Zohar, Alan J. Budney, Cecilia J. Hillard, Josee E. Leysen, Samuel B. Hutton, Michael M. Morgan, MacDonald J. Christie, Paul Willner, Jason C. G. Halford, Peter Riederer, Siegfried Hoyer, Francis C. Colpaert, Daniel Hoyer, Paul D. Callaghan, Iain S. McGregor, Murray R. Thompson, Mary E. Cain, Michael T. Bardo, Christoph Hiemke, Lawrence S. Wilkinson, Anthony R. Isles, Celia J. A. Morgan, Valerie H. Curran, Mark Slifstein, Jos Prickaerts, David E. Nichols, Marc N. Branch, Mohammed Shoaib, Jill B. Becker, Marilyn E. Carroll, Peter A. Santi, Juan J. López-Ibor, Maria-Inés López-Ibor, Berend Olivier, Naheed (Max) Mirza, Seiya Miyamoto, Bernard Le Foll, Cyril Höschl, David S. Baldwin, Thomas Steckler, Michel Billiard, Linda Lundström, Will Spooren, Silvia Gatti McArthur, Darrel J. Pemberton, Andrea Bari, Amee B. Patel, Kim Fromme, Suzanne H. Mitchell, Harriet de Wit, Matthew I. Palmatier, Rick A. Bevins, David S. Tait, Verity J. Brown, and W. Wolfgang Fleischhacker
Published: 2010

37. Punished Behavior

Author: R. Hamish McAllister-Williams, Daniel Bertrand, Hans Rollema, Raymond S. Hurst, Linda P. Spear, Tim C. Kirkham, Thomas Steckler, Delphine Capdevielle, Jean-Philippe Boulenger, Cyril Höschl, Martine Cador, Ben J. Harrison, Christos Pantelis, Anthony Riley, Steve Kohut, Alex Hofer, Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal, D. Warren Spence, Shelby Freedman Harris, Michael J. Thorpy, Milton Kramer, Ian Stolerman, Holden D. Brown, Michael Ragozzino, Klaus A. Miczek, Anne Jackson, Sven Ove Ögren, Oliver Stiedl, Paul R. Pentel, Mark LeSage, Victoria L. Harvey, Tony Dickenson, Christine A. Franco, Marc N. Potenza, Gail Winger, Mei-Chuan Ko, James H. Woods, Matthew I. Palmatier, Rick A. Bevins, Stephan G. Anagnostaras, Jennifer R. Sage, Stephanie A. Carmack, Jos Prickaerts, Warren H. Meck, Catalin V. Buhushi, Christoph U. Correll, Mohammed Shoaib, Trevor Robbins, Daniel Hoyer, Luzio Tremolizzo, Gessica Sala, Carlo Ferrarese, Seiya Miyamoto, David S. Tait, Verity J. Brown, Richard A. Depue, Tara L. White, Craig A. Erickson, David J. Posey, Kelly Blankenship, Kimberly A. Stigler, Christopher J. McDougle, Jean-Michel Scherrmann, S. Stevens Negus, Dana E. Selley, Laura J. Sim-Selley, Christoph Hiemke, Sophie Tambour, John C. Crabbe, Pierre Baumann, Kim Wolff, Christof Baltes, Thomas Mueggler, Markus Rudin, Alan J. Budney, Robert L. Balster, Sharon Walsh, Andrea Bari, Johannes Mosbacher, Paul Willner, Wolfgang Fleischhacker, Etienne Sibille, Nicole Edgar, Sabine M. Hölter, John F. Cryan, Michel Le Moal, Marco Leyton, Sara Tomlinson, Glen Baker, Bernard Le Foll, Naheed (Max) Mirza, Tomasz Schneider, Yogita Chudasama, Stan Floresco, Marc Potenza, Fabrizio Benedetti, Peter Riederer, Siegfried Hoyer, Lucio Tremolizzo, Arthur Christopoulos, Gregory D. Stewart, Patrick M. Sexton, Malcolm Lader, Stefan Leucht, Mark Slifstein, Samuel G. Siris, Susan Jones, Peter Verheart, Per Svenningsson, Per Andrén, John Atack, Hilde Lavreysen, Stephen C. Fowler, Harriet de Wit, Britta Hahn, Helen Cassaday, Darren R. Christensen, Warren K. Bickel, Michael Minzenberg, David Baldwin, C. Neill Epperson, Lawrence Scahill, I. T. Uzbay, Lisiane Bizarro, Bart Ellenbroek, Patrick D. McGorry, Alison R. Yung, Mark A. Geyer, Angela Roberts, Celia Morgan, Valerie Curran, Jill B. Becker, Mary Cain, Michael T. Bardo, Theodora Duka, Sam Hutton, Martin Cammarota, Lia R. Bevilaqua, Iván Izquierdo, Husseini Manji, Jorge Quiroz, Per E. Andrén, Peter Verhaert, Joji Suzuki, Torsten Passie, Pedro E. Huertas, John Halpern, Gorkem Yararbas, Sakire Pogun, Giovanni Hernandez, Peter Shizgal, Ian Hindmarch, Grasielle C. Kincheski, Leandro J. Bertoglio, Antonio Padua Carobrez, Wiepke Cahn, Heleen B. M. Boos, H. D. Postma, Gabriele Fischer, Annemarie Unger, Marcy J. Bubar, Kathryn A. Cunningham, Marie-Louise Wadenberg, Marc N. Branch, Jeffrey M. Witkin, James E. Barrett, Ivan Izquierdo, and Lia Rejane M. Bevilaqua
Published: 2010

38. Piracetam

Author: R. Hamish McAllister-Williams, Daniel Bertrand, Hans Rollema, Raymond S. Hurst, Linda P. Spear, Tim C. Kirkham, Thomas Steckler, Delphine Capdevielle, Jean-Philippe Boulenger, Cyril Höschl, Martine Cador, Ben J. Harrison, Christos Pantelis, Anthony Riley, Steve Kohut, Alex Hofer, Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal, D. Warren Spence, Shelby Freedman Harris, Michael J. Thorpy, Milton Kramer, Ian Stolerman, Holden D. Brown, Michael Ragozzino, Klaus A. Miczek, Anne Jackson, Sven Ove Ögren, Oliver Stiedl, Paul R. Pentel, Mark LeSage, Victoria L. Harvey, Tony Dickenson, Christine A. Franco, Marc N. Potenza, Gail Winger, Mei-Chuan Ko, James H. Woods, Matthew I. Palmatier, Rick A. Bevins, Stephan G. Anagnostaras, Jennifer R. Sage, Stephanie A. Carmack, Jos Prickaerts, Warren H. Meck, Catalin V. Buhushi, Christoph U. Correll, Mohammed Shoaib, Trevor Robbins, Daniel Hoyer, Luzio Tremolizzo, Gessica Sala, Carlo Ferrarese, Seiya Miyamoto, David S. Tait, Verity J. Brown, Richard A. Depue, Tara L. White, Craig A. Erickson, David J. Posey, Kelly Blankenship, Kimberly A. Stigler, Christopher J. McDougle, Jean-Michel Scherrmann, S. Stevens Negus, Dana E. Selley, Laura J. Sim-Selley, Christoph Hiemke, Sophie Tambour, John C. Crabbe, Pierre Baumann, Kim Wolff, Christof Baltes, Thomas Mueggler, Markus Rudin, Alan J. Budney, Robert L. Balster, Sharon Walsh, Andrea Bari, Johannes Mosbacher, Paul Willner, Wolfgang Fleischhacker, Etienne Sibille, Nicole Edgar, Sabine M. Hölter, John F. Cryan, Michel Le Moal, Marco Leyton, Sara Tomlinson, Glen Baker, Bernard Le Foll, Naheed (Max) Mirza, Tomasz Schneider, Yogita Chudasama, Stan Floresco, Marc Potenza, Fabrizio Benedetti, Peter Riederer, Siegfried Hoyer, Lucio Tremolizzo, Arthur Christopoulos, Gregory D. Stewart, Patrick M. Sexton, Malcolm Lader, Stefan Leucht, Mark Slifstein, Samuel G. Siris, Susan Jones, Peter Verheart, Per Svenningsson, Per Andrén, John Atack, Hilde Lavreysen, Stephen C. Fowler, Harriet de Wit, Britta Hahn, Helen Cassaday, Darren R. Christensen, Warren K. Bickel, Michael Minzenberg, David Baldwin, C. Neill Epperson, Lawrence Scahill, I. T. Uzbay, Lisiane Bizarro, Bart Ellenbroek, Patrick D. McGorry, Alison R. Yung, Mark A. Geyer, Angela Roberts, Celia Morgan, Valerie Curran, Jill B. Becker, Mary Cain, Michael T. Bardo, Theodora Duka, Sam Hutton, Martin Cammarota, Lia R. Bevilaqua, Iván Izquierdo, Husseini Manji, Jorge Quiroz, Per E. Andrén, Peter Verhaert, Joji Suzuki, Torsten Passie, Pedro E. Huertas, John Halpern, Gorkem Yararbas, Sakire Pogun, Giovanni Hernandez, Peter Shizgal, Ian Hindmarch, Grasielle C. Kincheski, Leandro J. Bertoglio, Antonio Padua Carobrez, Wiepke Cahn, Heleen B. M. Boos, H. D. Postma, Gabriele Fischer, Annemarie Unger, Marcy J. Bubar, Kathryn A. Cunningham, Marie-Louise Wadenberg, Marc N. Branch, Jeffrey M. Witkin, James E. Barrett, Ivan Izquierdo, and Lia Rejane M. Bevilaqua
Published: 2010

39. Hematoencephalic Barrier

Author: Michael H. Bloch, Mark A. Geyer, David C. S. Roberts, Eileen M. Joyce, Jonathan P. Roiser, John H. Halpern, Joji Suzuki, Pedro E. Huertas, Torsten Passie, David E. Nichols, Marie-Louise G. Wadenberg, Trevor W. Robbins, David S. Baldwin, Sophie Tambour, John C. Crabbe, Lucio Tremolizzo, Gessica Sala, Carlo Ferrarese, Brian L. Odlaug, Jon E. Grant, Paul D. Callaghan, Iain S. McGregor, Murray R. Thompson, Sarah Morgan, Angus Mackay, E. Ernst, Lawrence H. Price, Michael M. Morgan, MacDonald J. Christie, Susan Jones, Andrew Young, Elizabeth C. Warburton, Stephen J. Hill, Anthony R. Isles, Lawrence S. Wilkinson, Subhash C. Pandey, Aldo Badiani, James Winslow, Jill B. Becker, Jason C. G. Halford, Stephen B. Dunnett, Martine Cador, Naheed (Max) Mirza, Andrea Bari, Yesne Alici, William Breitbart, Becky Kinkead, Charles B. Nemeroff, Lucy C. Guillory, Ennio Esposito, William Invernizzi, Gary Remington, Tomasz Schneider, Michel Billiard, Alyson J. Bond, Paolo Nencini, Michele S. Milella, Brian E. Leonard, Luis de Lecea, Samuel B. Hutton, R. H. De Rijk, E. R. de Kloet, Tooru M. Mizuno, Maria Isabel Colado, and A. Richard Green
Published: 2010

40. Discriminative-Cue-Induced Reinstatement

Author: Nicola Simola, Micaela Morelli, Tooru Mizuno, Suzanne H. Mitchell, Harriet de Wit, H. Valerie Curran, Celia J. A. Morgan, Stephan G. Anagnostaras, Jennifer R Sage, Stephanie A Carmack, Lawrence H. Price, Grasielle C Kincheski, Leandro J Bertoglio, Antonio Padua Carobrez, Andrea Bari, Roshan Cools, Yogita Chudasama, Stefan Leucht, William Breitbart, Yesne Alici, Karl Mann, Falk Kiefer, Michael M Morgan, M J Christie, Istvan Bitter, Eileen M. Joyce, Jonathan P Roiser, Darren R Christensen, Warren K. Bickel, Kenneth J. Rhodes, Peter Paul De Deyn, Debby Van Dam, Darrel J. Pemberton, Johannes Mosbacher, Thomas Steckler, Alyson J Bond, Alex Hofer, Daniel Bertrand, Hans Rollema, Raymond S Hurst, Irwin Lucki, Fadi T. Maalouf, David A. Brent, Fadi Maalouf, Huaiyu Yang, George I. Papakostas, Andrew Young, Gabriele Fischer, Annemarie Unger, Linda P Spear, Mohammed Shoaib, Emma Childs, Britta Hahn, Peter Boeijinga, Martine Cador, David S Tait, Verity J. Brown, David Baldwin, Yavin Shaham, Sunila G Nair, Matthew I Palmatier, Rick A Bevins, Peter Riederer, Siegfried Hoyer, Mark Geyer, Anthony Absalom, David Menon, Joseph Zohar, Stephen C Fowler, James Winslow, Kim Wolff, Bankole A. Johnson, Martina de Zwaan, Angela Roberts, Anthony R Isles, Lawrence S. Wilkinson, Rosa M M de Almeida, Klaus A. Miczek, Eric Nestler, Naheed (Max) Mirza, Bankole A Johnson, Joseph H Friedman, István Bitter, Michael Minzenberg, Ashwini Padhi, Naomi Fineberg, MacDonald J. Christie, Joris C. Verster, Bernard Le Foll, Marilyn E Carroll, Peter A Santi, Ronald F Mucha, Ian P. Stolerman, Richard W Foltin, Christoph Hiemke, Luis Stinus, Stéphanie Caillé, John R Mantsch, Anthony L. Riley, Steve Kohut, Brian E. Leonard, R. Andrew Chambers, Gail Winger, Mei-Chuan Ko, James H Woods, Seiya Miyamoto, Thomas R. E. Barnes, Kieran O’Malley, and David J. Hellerstein
Published: 2010

41. Phase II Clinical Trial

Author: R. Hamish McAllister-Williams, Daniel Bertrand, Hans Rollema, Raymond S. Hurst, Linda P. Spear, Tim C. Kirkham, Thomas Steckler, Delphine Capdevielle, Jean-Philippe Boulenger, Cyril Höschl, Martine Cador, Ben J. Harrison, Christos Pantelis, Anthony Riley, Steve Kohut, Alex Hofer, Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal, D. Warren Spence, Shelby Freedman Harris, Michael J. Thorpy, Milton Kramer, Ian Stolerman, Holden D. Brown, Michael Ragozzino, Klaus A. Miczek, Anne Jackson, Sven Ove Ögren, Oliver Stiedl, Paul R. Pentel, Mark LeSage, Victoria L. Harvey, Tony Dickenson, Christine A. Franco, Marc N. Potenza, Gail Winger, Mei-Chuan Ko, James H. Woods, Matthew I. Palmatier, Rick A. Bevins, Stephan G. Anagnostaras, Jennifer R. Sage, Stephanie A. Carmack, Jos Prickaerts, Warren H. Meck, Catalin V. Buhushi, Christoph U. Correll, Mohammed Shoaib, Trevor Robbins, Daniel Hoyer, Luzio Tremolizzo, Gessica Sala, Carlo Ferrarese, Seiya Miyamoto, David S. Tait, Verity J. Brown, Richard A. Depue, Tara L. White, Craig A. Erickson, David J. Posey, Kelly Blankenship, Kimberly A. Stigler, Christopher J. McDougle, Jean-Michel Scherrmann, S. Stevens Negus, Dana E. Selley, Laura J. Sim-Selley, Christoph Hiemke, Sophie Tambour, John C. Crabbe, Pierre Baumann, Kim Wolff, Christof Baltes, Thomas Mueggler, Markus Rudin, Alan J. Budney, Robert L. Balster, Sharon Walsh, Andrea Bari, Johannes Mosbacher, Paul Willner, Wolfgang Fleischhacker, Etienne Sibille, Nicole Edgar, Sabine M. Hölter, John F. Cryan, Michel Le Moal, Marco Leyton, Sara Tomlinson, Glen Baker, Bernard Le Foll, Naheed (Max) Mirza, Tomasz Schneider, Yogita Chudasama, Stan Floresco, Marc Potenza, Fabrizio Benedetti, Peter Riederer, Siegfried Hoyer, Lucio Tremolizzo, Arthur Christopoulos, Gregory D. Stewart, Patrick M. Sexton, Malcolm Lader, Stefan Leucht, Mark Slifstein, Samuel G. Siris, Susan Jones, Peter Verheart, Per Svenningsson, Per Andrén, John Atack, Hilde Lavreysen, Stephen C. Fowler, Harriet de Wit, Britta Hahn, Helen Cassaday, Darren R. Christensen, Warren K. Bickel, Michael Minzenberg, David Baldwin, C. Neill Epperson, Lawrence Scahill, I. T. Uzbay, Lisiane Bizarro, Bart Ellenbroek, Patrick D. McGorry, Alison R. Yung, Mark A. Geyer, Angela Roberts, Celia Morgan, Valerie Curran, Jill B. Becker, Mary Cain, Michael T. Bardo, Theodora Duka, Sam Hutton, Martin Cammarota, Lia R. Bevilaqua, Iván Izquierdo, Husseini Manji, Jorge Quiroz, Per E. Andrén, Peter Verhaert, Joji Suzuki, Torsten Passie, Pedro E. Huertas, John Halpern, Gorkem Yararbas, Sakire Pogun, Giovanni Hernandez, Peter Shizgal, Ian Hindmarch, Grasielle C. Kincheski, Leandro J. Bertoglio, Antonio Padua Carobrez, Wiepke Cahn, Heleen B. M. Boos, H. D. Postma, Gabriele Fischer, Annemarie Unger, Marcy J. Bubar, Kathryn A. Cunningham, Marie-Louise Wadenberg, Marc N. Branch, Jeffrey M. Witkin, James E. Barrett, Ivan Izquierdo, and Lia Rejane M. Bevilaqua
Published: 2010

42. HPA

Author: Michael H. Bloch, Mark A. Geyer, David C. S. Roberts, Eileen M. Joyce, Jonathan P. Roiser, John H. Halpern, Joji Suzuki, Pedro E. Huertas, Torsten Passie, David E. Nichols, Marie-Louise G. Wadenberg, Trevor W. Robbins, David S. Baldwin, Sophie Tambour, John C. Crabbe, Lucio Tremolizzo, Gessica Sala, Carlo Ferrarese, Brian L. Odlaug, Jon E. Grant, Paul D. Callaghan, Iain S. McGregor, Murray R. Thompson, Sarah Morgan, Angus Mackay, E. Ernst, Lawrence H. Price, Michael M. Morgan, MacDonald J. Christie, Susan Jones, Andrew Young, Elizabeth C. Warburton, Stephen J. Hill, Anthony R. Isles, Lawrence S. Wilkinson, Subhash C. Pandey, Aldo Badiani, James Winslow, Jill B. Becker, Jason C. G. Halford, Stephen B. Dunnett, Martine Cador, Naheed (Max) Mirza, Andrea Bari, Yesne Alici, William Breitbart, Becky Kinkead, Charles B. Nemeroff, Lucy C. Guillory, Ennio Esposito, William Invernizzi, Gary Remington, Tomasz Schneider, Michel Billiard, Alyson J. Bond, Paolo Nencini, Michele S. Milella, Brian E. Leonard, Luis de Lecea, Samuel B. Hutton, R. H. De Rijk, E. R. de Kloet, Tooru M. Mizuno, Maria Isabel Colado, and A. Richard Green
Published: 2010

43. Arylalkylamines

Author: Jean-Michel Scherrmann, Kim Wolff, Christine A. Franco, Marc N. Potenza, Tayfun Uzbay, Lisiane Bizarro, David C. S. Roberts, Robert L. Balster, Sharon L. Walsh, Barbara J. Mason, Charles J. Heyser, Anthony L. Riley, Steve Kohut, Marie-Louise G. Wadenberg, Heather Wilkins, Paul Newhouse, Anne Jackson, Joachim D. Uys, Peter W. Kalivas, Victoria L. Harvey, Tony Dickenson, Daniel Bertrand, Hans Rollema, Raymond S. Hurst, Gorkem Yararbas, Sakire Pogun, Debby Van Dam, Peter Paul De Deyn, Samuel G. Siris, Richard W. Foltin, Michael J. Kuhar, Michel Le Moal, Christoph Hiemke, Nicola Simola, Micaela Morelli, Alyson J. Bond, James J. Strain, R. Andrew Chambers, R. H. De Rijk, E. R. de Kloet, Bankole A. Johnson, Andreas Marneros, Suzanne H. Mitchell, Harriet de Wit, Mark Slifstein, Klaus A. Miczek, Rosa M. M. de Almeida, Emil F. Coccaro, David S. Baldwin, John Atack, Hilde Lavreysen, Alfonso Abizaid, Shimon Amir, Joseph H. Friedman, Theodora Duka, Jelena Nesic, Falk Kiefer, Karl Mann, Christopher L. Cunningham, Yesne Alici, William Breitbart, Subhash C. Pandey, Kieran O’Malley, Mitul A. Mehta, Linda Dykstra, Holden D. Brown, Michael E. Ragozzino, Brian E. Leonard, Malcolm Lader, Peter J. Flor, Inga D. Neumann, Linda P. Spear, Daniel Hoyer, Martina de Zwaan, Michael J. Owens, Chase H. Bourke, Philip J. Cowen, Pedro L. Delgado, Hiroyuki Uchida, Shitij Kapur, Lawrence H. Price, Husseini K. Manji, Jorge A. Quiroz, Seiya Miyamoto, Francisco Aboitiz, Ximena Carrasco, F. Xavier Castellanos, Elizabeth C. Warburton, James H. Woods, Mei-Chuan Ko, Gail Winger, Andrew Young, Jill B. Becker, Helen J. Cassaday, Paul Willner, Maria Isabel Colado, A. Richard Green, Marilyn E. Carroll, Peter A. Santi, Iván Izquierdo, Lia R. Bevilaqua, Martin Cammarota, Jason C. G. Halford, Arthur Christopoulos, Gregory D. Stewart, Patrick M. Sexton, Sheldon Preskorn, Megan M. Dahmen, Jana Lincoln, Edoardo Spina, J. Craig Nelson, Meghan M. Grady, Stephen M. Stahl, Thomas R. E. Barnes, Michael M. Morgan, MacDonald J. Christie, Wiepke Cahn, Heleen B. M. Boos, H. D. Postma, W. Wolfgang Fleischhacker, Samuel B. Hutton, Grasielle C. Kincheski, Leandro J. Bertoglio, Antonio Pádua Carobrez, Helio Zangrossi, Frederico Guilherme Graeff, James Winslow, Yogita Chudasama, Naheed (Max) Mirza, Shuang Yu, Nuno Sousa, Osborne F. X. Almeida, Tim C. Kirkham, Ronald F. Mucha, Cecilia J. Hillard, Fiona Thomson, Susan Napier, Craig A. Erickson, David J. Posey, Kelly Blankenship, Kimberly A. Stigler, Christopher J. McDougle, Paul B. S. Clarke, Luis de Lecea, Samuel R. Chamberlain, Barbara J. Sahakian, Martin Sarter, Andrea Bari, Matt Field, Ingmar H. A. Franken, Warren H. Meck, Catalin V. Buhusi, Kim Fromme, Amee B. Patel, David S. Tait, Verity J. Brown, Darrell D. Mousseau, Andrew Holt, Glen B. Baker, Tomasz Schneider, Becky Kinkead, Charles B. Nemeroff, Lucy C. Guillory, Ennio Esposito, Roberto William Invernizzi, Oliver Stiedl, and Sven Ove Ögren
Published: 2010

44. Beta-Blockers

Author: Peter J. Tyrer, Mark Slifstein, Joris C. Verster, Kim Fromme, Amee B. Patel, Britta Hahn, Christer Allgulander, A. Claudio Cuello, Giovanni Hernandez, Peter Shizgal, Irwin Lucki, Warren K. Bickel, Darren R. Christensen, Craig A. Erickson, David J. Posey, Kelly Blankenship, Kimberly A. Stigler, Christopher J. McDougle, Verity J. Brown, David S. Tait, Andrea Bari, Gorkem Yararbas, Sakire Pogun, Richard W. Foltin, Harriet de Wit, Daniel Hoyer, David Nutt, Gessica Sala, Lucio Tremolizzo, Carlo Ferrarese, Eric P. Zorrilla, Pietro Cottone, Sarah Parylak, Anne M. Andrews, Greg A. Gerhardt, Lynette C. Daws, R. H. Belmaker, Tiffany Thomas, Robert L. Findling, Sheldon Preskorn, Megan M. Dahmen, Jana Lincoln, Helen J. Cassaday, Seiya Miyamoto, Jean-Michel Scherrmann, Michael J. Owens, Chase H. Bourke, Martina de Zwaan, Christof Baltes, Thomas Mueggler, Markus Rudin, Debby Van Dam, Peter Paul De Deyn, Joseph H. Friedman, Wiepke Cahn, Heleen B. M. Boos, H. D. Postma, David S. Middlemas, David B. Bylund, David C. S. Roberts, Emma Childs, Naheed (Max) Mirza, Lance R. McMahon, Linda Dykstra, Gabriele Fischer, Annemarie Unger, Mohammed Shoaib, David S. Baldwin, and W. Wolfgang Fleischhacker
Published: 2010

45. Serotonin Transporter

Author: Michael M. Morgan, MacDonald J. Christie, Luis De Lecea, Jason C. G. Halford, Josee E. Leysen, Warren H. Meck, Catalin V. Buhusi, Marcy J. Bubar, Kathryn A. Cunningham, Richard W. Foltin, David C. S. Roberts, Andreas Marneros, Alex Hofer, Bart Ellenbroek, Christoph U. Correll, Paul Newhouse, Heather Wilkins, Joris C. Verster, Emma Childs, Gary Remington, Edoardo Spina, W. Wolfgang Fleischhacker, John Atack, Hilde Lavreysen, Sheldon Preskorn, Megan M. Dahmen, Jana Lincoln, Dan J. Stein, Anthony L. Riley, Steve Kohut, Angela Roberts, Marilyn E. Carroll, Peter A. Santi, Stefan Leucht, Klaus A. Miczek, Eileen M. Joyce, Jonathan P. Roiser, Celia J. A. Morgan, Valerie H. Curran, Mary E. Cain, Michael T. Bardo, Terry E. Robinson, Ian Hindmarch, Darrell D. Mousseau, Andrew Holt, Glen B. Baker, Sidney H. Kennedy, Sakina J. Rizvi, Thomas Steckler, Seiya Miyamoto, Sakire Pogun, Gorkem Yararbas, Jill B. Becker, Anders Ågmo, Vera Astreika, Robert Segraves, Rodrigo Andrade, Yogita Chudasama, Roshan Cools, Iván Izquierdo, Lia R. Bevilaqua, Martin Cammarota, Bernard Le Foll, Trevor W. Robbins, Husseini K. Manji, Jorge A. Quiroz, Jos Prickaerts, Ennio Esposito, William Invernizzi, Sophie Tambour, John C. Crabbe, Peter J. Flor, Inga D. Neumann, Malcolm Lader, Joseph Zohar, Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal, Milton Kramer, Michael J. Thorpy, Shelby Freedman Harris, D. Warren Spence, Gabriele Fischer, Annemarie Unger, Samuel B. Hutton, Huaiyu Yang, George I. Papakostas, S. Kasper, Frank Sams-Dodd, Yavin Shaham, John R. Mantsch, Craig A. Erickson, David J. Posey, Kelly Blankenship, Kimberly A. Stigler, Christopher J. McDougle, Paul D. Callaghan, Iain S. McGregor, Murray R. Thompson, Michel Billiard, Brian A. Fallon, Kelli J. Harding, Daniel Hoyer, Jacques Epelbaum, Cécile Viollet, Mischa de Rover, Sander Nieuwenhuis, Stan Floresco, Anne Jackson, Mitul A. Mehta, Johannes Mosbacher, Ronald L. Cowan, Robert Kessler, Peter H. Boeijinga, James Winslow, A. Claudio Cuello, Arthur Christopoulos, Gregory D. Stewart, Patrick M. Sexton, Ashwini Padhi, Naomi A. Fineberg, Mark A. Geyer, Francis C. Colpaert, Andrew Young, Ronald F. Mucha, Christof Baltes, Thomas Mueggler, Markus Rudin, Giovanni Hernandez, Peter Shizgal, Marc N. Branch, Ian P. Stolerman, Sharon Morein-Zamir, Barbara J. Sahakian, Sunila G. Nair, Becky Kinkead, Charles B. Nemeroff, Lucy C. Guillory, R. H. De Rijk, E. R. de Kloet, Francisco Aboitiz, Ximena Carrasco, F. Xavier Castellanos, Maria Isabel Colado, A. Richard Green, Suzanne H. Mitchell, Harriet de Wit, Alyson J. Bond, Christine A. Franco, Marc N. Potenza, Caroline Cohen, Marc Turiault, Guy Griebel, Darren R. Christensen, Warren K. Bickel, Michael J. Owens, Chase H. Bourke, Gustavo Turecki, Britta Hahn, Sarah Morgan, Angus Mackay, Matthew I. Palmatier, Rick A. Bevins, Lawrence Scahill, Andrea Bari, Stephen B. Dunnett, Karim Nader, Oliver Hardt, Paola V. Migues, R. Andrew Chambers, and David E. Nichols
Published: 2010

46. Substance P

Author: Michael M. Morgan, MacDonald J. Christie, Luis De Lecea, Jason C. G. Halford, Josee E. Leysen, Warren H. Meck, Catalin V. Buhusi, Marcy J. Bubar, Kathryn A. Cunningham, Richard W. Foltin, David C. S. Roberts, Andreas Marneros, Alex Hofer, Bart Ellenbroek, Christoph U. Correll, Paul Newhouse, Heather Wilkins, Joris C. Verster, Emma Childs, Gary Remington, Edoardo Spina, W. Wolfgang Fleischhacker, John Atack, Hilde Lavreysen, Sheldon Preskorn, Megan M. Dahmen, Jana Lincoln, Dan J. Stein, Anthony L. Riley, Steve Kohut, Angela Roberts, Marilyn E. Carroll, Peter A. Santi, Stefan Leucht, Klaus A. Miczek, Eileen M. Joyce, Jonathan P. Roiser, Celia J. A. Morgan, Valerie H. Curran, Mary E. Cain, Michael T. Bardo, Terry E. Robinson, Ian Hindmarch, Darrell D. Mousseau, Andrew Holt, Glen B. Baker, Sidney H. Kennedy, Sakina J. Rizvi, Thomas Steckler, Seiya Miyamoto, Sakire Pogun, Gorkem Yararbas, Jill B. Becker, Anders Ågmo, Vera Astreika, Robert Segraves, Rodrigo Andrade, Yogita Chudasama, Roshan Cools, Iván Izquierdo, Lia R. Bevilaqua, Martin Cammarota, Bernard Le Foll, Trevor W. Robbins, Husseini K. Manji, Jorge A. Quiroz, Jos Prickaerts, Ennio Esposito, William Invernizzi, Sophie Tambour, John C. Crabbe, Peter J. Flor, Inga D. Neumann, Malcolm Lader, Joseph Zohar, Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal, Milton Kramer, Michael J. Thorpy, Shelby Freedman Harris, D. Warren Spence, Gabriele Fischer, Annemarie Unger, Samuel B. Hutton, Huaiyu Yang, George I. Papakostas, S. Kasper, Frank Sams-Dodd, Yavin Shaham, John R. Mantsch, Craig A. Erickson, David J. Posey, Kelly Blankenship, Kimberly A. Stigler, Christopher J. McDougle, Paul D. Callaghan, Iain S. McGregor, Murray R. Thompson, Michel Billiard, Brian A. Fallon, Kelli J. Harding, Daniel Hoyer, Jacques Epelbaum, Cécile Viollet, Mischa de Rover, Sander Nieuwenhuis, Stan Floresco, Anne Jackson, Mitul A. Mehta, Johannes Mosbacher, Ronald L. Cowan, Robert Kessler, Peter H. Boeijinga, James Winslow, A. Claudio Cuello, Arthur Christopoulos, Gregory D. Stewart, Patrick M. Sexton, Ashwini Padhi, Naomi A. Fineberg, Mark A. Geyer, Francis C. Colpaert, Andrew Young, Ronald F. Mucha, Christof Baltes, Thomas Mueggler, Markus Rudin, Giovanni Hernandez, Peter Shizgal, Marc N. Branch, Ian P. Stolerman, Sharon Morein-Zamir, Barbara J. Sahakian, Sunila G. Nair, Becky Kinkead, Charles B. Nemeroff, Lucy C. Guillory, R. H. De Rijk, E. R. de Kloet, Francisco Aboitiz, Ximena Carrasco, F. Xavier Castellanos, Maria Isabel Colado, A. Richard Green, Suzanne H. Mitchell, Harriet de Wit, Alyson J. Bond, Christine A. Franco, Marc N. Potenza, Caroline Cohen, Marc Turiault, Guy Griebel, Darren R. Christensen, Warren K. Bickel, Michael J. Owens, Chase H. Bourke, Gustavo Turecki, Britta Hahn, Sarah Morgan, Angus Mackay, Matthew I. Palmatier, Rick A. Bevins, Lawrence Scahill, Andrea Bari, Stephen B. Dunnett, Karim Nader, Oliver Hardt, Paola V. Migues, R. Andrew Chambers, and David E. Nichols
Published: 2010

47. Social Impairment

Author: Michael M. Morgan, MacDonald J. Christie, Luis De Lecea, Jason C. G. Halford, Josee E. Leysen, Warren H. Meck, Catalin V. Buhusi, Marcy J. Bubar, Kathryn A. Cunningham, Richard W. Foltin, David C. S. Roberts, Andreas Marneros, Alex Hofer, Bart Ellenbroek, Christoph U. Correll, Paul Newhouse, Heather Wilkins, Joris C. Verster, Emma Childs, Gary Remington, Edoardo Spina, W. Wolfgang Fleischhacker, John Atack, Hilde Lavreysen, Sheldon Preskorn, Megan M. Dahmen, Jana Lincoln, Dan J. Stein, Anthony L. Riley, Steve Kohut, Angela Roberts, Marilyn E. Carroll, Peter A. Santi, Stefan Leucht, Klaus A. Miczek, Eileen M. Joyce, Jonathan P. Roiser, Celia J. A. Morgan, Valerie H. Curran, Mary E. Cain, Michael T. Bardo, Terry E. Robinson, Ian Hindmarch, Darrell D. Mousseau, Andrew Holt, Glen B. Baker, Sidney H. Kennedy, Sakina J. Rizvi, Thomas Steckler, Seiya Miyamoto, Sakire Pogun, Gorkem Yararbas, Jill B. Becker, Anders Ågmo, Vera Astreika, Robert Segraves, Rodrigo Andrade, Yogita Chudasama, Roshan Cools, Iván Izquierdo, Lia R. Bevilaqua, Martin Cammarota, Bernard Le Foll, Trevor W. Robbins, Husseini K. Manji, Jorge A. Quiroz, Jos Prickaerts, Ennio Esposito, William Invernizzi, Sophie Tambour, John C. Crabbe, Peter J. Flor, Inga D. Neumann, Malcolm Lader, Joseph Zohar, Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal, Milton Kramer, Michael J. Thorpy, Shelby Freedman Harris, D. Warren Spence, Gabriele Fischer, Annemarie Unger, Samuel B. Hutton, Huaiyu Yang, George I. Papakostas, S. Kasper, Frank Sams-Dodd, Yavin Shaham, John R. Mantsch, Craig A. Erickson, David J. Posey, Kelly Blankenship, Kimberly A. Stigler, Christopher J. McDougle, Paul D. Callaghan, Iain S. McGregor, Murray R. Thompson, Michel Billiard, Brian A. Fallon, Kelli J. Harding, Daniel Hoyer, Jacques Epelbaum, Cécile Viollet, Mischa de Rover, Sander Nieuwenhuis, Stan Floresco, Anne Jackson, Mitul A. Mehta, Johannes Mosbacher, Ronald L. Cowan, Robert Kessler, Peter H. Boeijinga, James Winslow, A. Claudio Cuello, Arthur Christopoulos, Gregory D. Stewart, Patrick M. Sexton, Ashwini Padhi, Naomi A. Fineberg, Mark A. Geyer, Francis C. Colpaert, Andrew Young, Ronald F. Mucha, Christof Baltes, Thomas Mueggler, Markus Rudin, Giovanni Hernandez, Peter Shizgal, Marc N. Branch, Ian P. Stolerman, Sharon Morein-Zamir, Barbara J. Sahakian, Sunila G. Nair, Becky Kinkead, Charles B. Nemeroff, Lucy C. Guillory, R. H. De Rijk, E. R. de Kloet, Francisco Aboitiz, Ximena Carrasco, F. Xavier Castellanos, Maria Isabel Colado, A. Richard Green, Suzanne H. Mitchell, Harriet de Wit, Alyson J. Bond, Christine A. Franco, Marc N. Potenza, Caroline Cohen, Marc Turiault, Guy Griebel, Darren R. Christensen, Warren K. Bickel, Michael J. Owens, Chase H. Bourke, Gustavo Turecki, Britta Hahn, Sarah Morgan, Angus Mackay, Matthew I. Palmatier, Rick A. Bevins, Lawrence Scahill, Andrea Bari, Stephen B. Dunnett, Karim Nader, Oliver Hardt, Paola V. Migues, R. Andrew Chambers, and David E. Nichols
Published: 2010

48. Serazide

Author: Michael M. Morgan, MacDonald J. Christie, Luis De Lecea, Jason C. G. Halford, Josee E. Leysen, Warren H. Meck, Catalin V. Buhusi, Marcy J. Bubar, Kathryn A. Cunningham, Richard W. Foltin, David C. S. Roberts, Andreas Marneros, Alex Hofer, Bart Ellenbroek, Christoph U. Correll, Paul Newhouse, Heather Wilkins, Joris C. Verster, Emma Childs, Gary Remington, Edoardo Spina, W. Wolfgang Fleischhacker, John Atack, Hilde Lavreysen, Sheldon Preskorn, Megan M. Dahmen, Jana Lincoln, Dan J. Stein, Anthony L. Riley, Steve Kohut, Angela Roberts, Marilyn E. Carroll, Peter A. Santi, Stefan Leucht, Klaus A. Miczek, Eileen M. Joyce, Jonathan P. Roiser, Celia J. A. Morgan, Valerie H. Curran, Mary E. Cain, Michael T. Bardo, Terry E. Robinson, Ian Hindmarch, Darrell D. Mousseau, Andrew Holt, Glen B. Baker, Sidney H. Kennedy, Sakina J. Rizvi, Thomas Steckler, Seiya Miyamoto, Sakire Pogun, Gorkem Yararbas, Jill B. Becker, Anders Ågmo, Vera Astreika, Robert Segraves, Rodrigo Andrade, Yogita Chudasama, Roshan Cools, Iván Izquierdo, Lia R. Bevilaqua, Martin Cammarota, Bernard Le Foll, Trevor W. Robbins, Husseini K. Manji, Jorge A. Quiroz, Jos Prickaerts, Ennio Esposito, William Invernizzi, Sophie Tambour, John C. Crabbe, Peter J. Flor, Inga D. Neumann, Malcolm Lader, Joseph Zohar, Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal, Milton Kramer, Michael J. Thorpy, Shelby Freedman Harris, D. Warren Spence, Gabriele Fischer, Annemarie Unger, Samuel B. Hutton, Huaiyu Yang, George I. Papakostas, S. Kasper, Frank Sams-Dodd, Yavin Shaham, John R. Mantsch, Craig A. Erickson, David J. Posey, Kelly Blankenship, Kimberly A. Stigler, Christopher J. McDougle, Paul D. Callaghan, Iain S. McGregor, Murray R. Thompson, Michel Billiard, Brian A. Fallon, Kelli J. Harding, Daniel Hoyer, Jacques Epelbaum, Cécile Viollet, Mischa de Rover, Sander Nieuwenhuis, Stan Floresco, Anne Jackson, Mitul A. Mehta, Johannes Mosbacher, Ronald L. Cowan, Robert Kessler, Peter H. Boeijinga, James Winslow, A. Claudio Cuello, Arthur Christopoulos, Gregory D. Stewart, Patrick M. Sexton, Ashwini Padhi, Naomi A. Fineberg, Mark A. Geyer, Francis C. Colpaert, Andrew Young, Ronald F. Mucha, Christof Baltes, Thomas Mueggler, Markus Rudin, Giovanni Hernandez, Peter Shizgal, Marc N. Branch, Ian P. Stolerman, Sharon Morein-Zamir, Barbara J. Sahakian, Sunila G. Nair, Becky Kinkead, Charles B. Nemeroff, Lucy C. Guillory, R. H. De Rijk, E. R. de Kloet, Francisco Aboitiz, Ximena Carrasco, F. Xavier Castellanos, Maria Isabel Colado, A. Richard Green, Suzanne H. Mitchell, Harriet de Wit, Alyson J. Bond, Christine A. Franco, Marc N. Potenza, Caroline Cohen, Marc Turiault, Guy Griebel, Darren R. Christensen, Warren K. Bickel, Michael J. Owens, Chase H. Bourke, Gustavo Turecki, Britta Hahn, Sarah Morgan, Angus Mackay, Matthew I. Palmatier, Rick A. Bevins, Lawrence Scahill, Andrea Bari, Stephen B. Dunnett, Karim Nader, Oliver Hardt, Paola V. Migues, R. Andrew Chambers, and David E. Nichols
Published: 2010

49. Drug Occasion Setter

Author: Nicola Simola, Micaela Morelli, Tooru Mizuno, Suzanne H. Mitchell, Harriet de Wit, H. Valerie Curran, Celia J. A. Morgan, Stephan G. Anagnostaras, Jennifer R Sage, Stephanie A Carmack, Lawrence H. Price, Grasielle C Kincheski, Leandro J Bertoglio, Antonio Padua Carobrez, Andrea Bari, Roshan Cools, Yogita Chudasama, Stefan Leucht, William Breitbart, Yesne Alici, Karl Mann, Falk Kiefer, Michael M Morgan, M J Christie, Istvan Bitter, Eileen M. Joyce, Jonathan P Roiser, Darren R Christensen, Warren K. Bickel, Kenneth J. Rhodes, Peter Paul De Deyn, Debby Van Dam, Darrel J. Pemberton, Johannes Mosbacher, Thomas Steckler, Alyson J Bond, Alex Hofer, Daniel Bertrand, Hans Rollema, Raymond S Hurst, Irwin Lucki, Fadi T. Maalouf, David A. Brent, Fadi Maalouf, Huaiyu Yang, George I. Papakostas, Andrew Young, Gabriele Fischer, Annemarie Unger, Linda P Spear, Mohammed Shoaib, Emma Childs, Britta Hahn, Peter Boeijinga, Martine Cador, David S Tait, Verity J. Brown, David Baldwin, Yavin Shaham, Sunila G Nair, Matthew I Palmatier, Rick A Bevins, Peter Riederer, Siegfried Hoyer, Mark Geyer, Anthony Absalom, David Menon, Joseph Zohar, Stephen C Fowler, James Winslow, Kim Wolff, Bankole A. Johnson, Martina de Zwaan, Angela Roberts, Anthony R Isles, Lawrence S. Wilkinson, Rosa M M de Almeida, Klaus A. Miczek, Eric Nestler, Naheed (Max) Mirza, Bankole A Johnson, Joseph H Friedman, István Bitter, Michael Minzenberg, Ashwini Padhi, Naomi Fineberg, MacDonald J. Christie, Joris C. Verster, Bernard Le Foll, Marilyn E Carroll, Peter A Santi, Ronald F Mucha, Ian P. Stolerman, Richard W Foltin, Christoph Hiemke, Luis Stinus, Stéphanie Caillé, John R Mantsch, Anthony L. Riley, Steve Kohut, Brian E. Leonard, R. Andrew Chambers, Gail Winger, Mei-Chuan Ko, James H Woods, Seiya Miyamoto, Thomas R. E. Barnes, Kieran O’Malley, and David J. Hellerstein
Published: 2010

50. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

Author: Peter J. Tyrer, Mark Slifstein, Joris C. Verster, Kim Fromme, Amee B. Patel, Britta Hahn, Christer Allgulander, A. Claudio Cuello, Giovanni Hernandez, Peter Shizgal, Irwin Lucki, Warren K. Bickel, Darren R. Christensen, Craig A. Erickson, David J. Posey, Kelly Blankenship, Kimberly A. Stigler, Christopher J. McDougle, Verity J. Brown, David S. Tait, Andrea Bari, Gorkem Yararbas, Sakire Pogun, Richard W. Foltin, Harriet de Wit, Daniel Hoyer, David Nutt, Gessica Sala, Lucio Tremolizzo, Carlo Ferrarese, Eric P. Zorrilla, Pietro Cottone, Sarah Parylak, Anne M. Andrews, Greg A. Gerhardt, Lynette C. Daws, R. H. Belmaker, Tiffany Thomas, Robert L. Findling, Sheldon Preskorn, Megan M. Dahmen, Jana Lincoln, Helen J. Cassaday, Seiya Miyamoto, Jean-Michel Scherrmann, Michael J. Owens, Chase H. Bourke, Martina de Zwaan, Christof Baltes, Thomas Mueggler, Markus Rudin, Debby Van Dam, Peter Paul De Deyn, Joseph H. Friedman, Wiepke Cahn, Heleen B. M. Boos, H. D. Postma, David S. Middlemas, David B. Bylund, David C. S. Roberts, Emma Childs, Naheed (Max) Mirza, Lance R. McMahon, Linda Dykstra, Gabriele Fischer, Annemarie Unger, Mohammed Shoaib, David S. Baldwin, and W. Wolfgang Fleischhacker
Published: 2010

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