Search

Innovation in agricultural systems allows the countries to quickly move forward towards practices and institutions that generate more productive, efficient, sustainable, inclusive, and resilient food systems. The document shows the research that has been done from 2010 to 2021 about innovation in the agricultural system facing climate change, making a bibliometric analysis. The analysis used 3 search equations and some questions were formulated allowing the design of deep search. The processing and analysis of the information were done with the software visor R and VOS. An analysis with three field graphics, determining countries, authors, and subjects of the interesting theme. Finally, 381 documents from 2010 to 2021 were analyzed. It was found that the country with more productions made around the subject in the United States, followed by the United Kingdom and France. Regarding the increase of publications per year, 15,34% was reported, meaning that it is significantly increasing. On the other hand, the subject areas related are crop production, sustainability, agricultural integration systems, and economy among others. The authors' analysis and the methodologies found in this paper show the importance of the participatory research standpoint related to innovations in agricultural systems. In turn, the trends found to highlight the need to apply accessible technologies adapted to local needs through government policies that support farmers and provide incentives to encourage the use of new technologies.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones, have had an exponential evolution in recent times due in large part to the development of technologies that enhance the development of these devices. This has resulted in increasingly affordable and better-equipped artifacts, which implies their application in new fields such as agriculture, transport, monitoring, and aerial photography. However, drones have also been used in terrorist acts, privacy violations, and espionage, in addition to involuntary accidents in high-risk zones such as airports. In response to these events, multiple technologies have been introduced to control and monitor the airspace in order to ensure protection in risk areas. This paper is a review of the state of the art of the techniques, methods, and algorithms used in video, radiofrequency, and audio-based applications to detect UAVs and Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS). This study can serve as a starting point to develop future drone detection systems with the most convenient technologies that meet certain requirements of optimal scalability, portability, reliability, and availability. Resumen Los vehículos aéreos no tripulados, conocidos también como drones, han tenido una evolución exponencial en los últimos tiempos, debido en gran parte al desarrollo de las tecnologías que potencian su desarrollo, lo cual ha desencadenado en artefactos cada vez más asequibles y con mejores prestaciones, lo que implica el desarrollo de nuevas aplicaciones como agricultura, transporte, monitoreo, fotografía aérea, entre otras. No obstante, los drones se han utilizado también en actos terroristas, violaciones a la privacidad y espionaje, además de haber producido accidentes involuntarios en zonas de alto riesgo de operación como aeropuertos. En respuesta a dichos eventos, aparecen tecnologías que permiten controlar y monitorear el espacio aéreo, con el fin de garantizar la protección en zonas de riesgo. En este artículo se realiza un estudio del estado del arte de la técnicas, métodos y algoritmos basados en video, en análisis de sonido y en radio frecuencia, para tener un punto de partida que permita el desarrollo en el futuro de un sistema de detección de drones, con las tecnologías más propicias, según los requerimientos que puedan ser planteados con las características de escalabilidad, portabilidad, confiabilidad y disponibilidad óptimas.

Ferricyanide Fe(CN) 6 3- is one of the most stable cyanometallic complexes present in the gold mining effluents. This cyanocomplex is hard to degrade by natural attenuation and generates a negative impact on aquatic environments. Although free cyanide (CN-) can be obtained by acidifying the solution, the CN- is lethal for all forms of life. The oxidation of Fe(CN) 6 3- in a typical photocatalitic system was evaluated with the addition of H2O2. To verify the degradation, chemical parameters, such as free cyanide, the formation of ammonia, nitrate, and total iron were analyzed at the end of the process. Different parameters were evaluated to analyze the behavior of the degradation: 1. dark stage adsorption using the catalyst, 2. the TiO2 dosage, 3. Addition of H2O2, 4. UV radiation power (120 and 200W) and finally a test of TiO2 with solar radiation. The photolysis effect from a ferricyanide solution at 100 mg L-1 at alkaline pH 13, showed that the complex studied is highly stable since under UV irradiation conditions (l> 300 nm), a low rate of dissociation was observed. After 24h of irradiation, the cyanocomplex was under 20%, whereas degradations up to 70% were obtained in a heterogeneous photocatalysis system with TiO2. The best result was achieved with the H2O2 and TiO2 photocatalytic system, and the stoichiometric concentration was about 2.5 times less than the peroxide used in the gold mining industry, reaching 83% degradation. The photocatalytic process obtained less toxic byproducts than the original synthetic ferricyanide used as mining wastewater.

The wastewater from gold exploitation is well known for the toxic nature of recalcitrant cyanide metallic complexes. In this work the selectivity in the photocatalytic degradation of gold mining wastewater (Fe(CN)63-) using suspended TiO2 with alcoholic and organic acid scavengers in a mini-CPC photoreactor with a 30 W UV-A LED as an artificial source of light was evaluated. The study was done in four stages: 1. load catalyst determination, 2. combination of scavengers in a typical photocatalytic degradation, 3. evaluation of scavenger concentration and 4. kinetic study. The decomposition into CN- and Fe removal of the cyanocomplex were tracked. It was observed that formic acid (FA) and t-butanol (t-ButOH) were the best scavengers for the photocatalytic degradation under anoxic conditions. The best concentrations of acceptors used in the study were 10 mM FA and 10 mM t-ButOH at 20 W m-2 of UV-A power, reaching 80% degradation of Fe(CN)63-, 40% Fe removal and 18 ppm of free cyanide CN release to the liquid phase. The electrical efficiency of oxidation per order (EEo) was increased by about 50% with the addition of scavengers instead of traditional anoxic photocatalytic treatment. It was proved that the photocatalytic decomposition of the Fe cyanocomplex was done through the photoreduction path of the metal complex.

La salud intestinal en las aves es determinante debido a su connotación en el control de enfermedades, pero también porque es la fuente de aprovechamiento de nutrientes que deriva en una producción exitosa. Las materias primas convencionales utilizadas en la fabricación de concentrados son costosas y de baja disponibilidad, por ello se han buscado alternativas de alimentación con recursos autóctonos como forrajes. De esta manera, el B. nivea se destaca como alternativa en la alimentación para aves. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el efecto de la utilización de ensilaje de B. nivea mezclado con afrecho de yuca (Manihot esculenta) en la alimentación de pollo de engorde sobre la integridad intestinal. Se utilizaron 60 machos de engorde de la línea Ross 308 que fueron alojados en 12 corrales, a cada uno de los cuales fue asignado en un tratamiento según un diseño experimental Completamente al Azar. Los tratamientos consistieron en dos dietas suministradas a las aves, un control en donde recibieron sólo concentrado y otra donde se suministró el concentrado del tratamiento control y adicionalmente se ofreció ensilaje de B. nivea mezclado con afrecho de yuca. Los resultados de este trabajo indican que el ensilaje de las hojas de B. nívea se puede utilizar como alternativa para aumentar la altura, ancho y profundidad de las vellosidades dando como resultado una mejor superficie para la digestión y absorción de los nutrientes. Bird’s intestinal health is determinant because of its connotation on disease control, but also because it is the source of utilization of nutrients that results in successful production. Conventional raw material used for the fabrication of concentrate is expensive and has low availability, for these reasons, food alternatives with indigenous resources such as forage, have been sought out. In this way, B. nivea stands out as an alternative for feeding birds. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of using silage from B. nivea mixed with cassava bran (Manihot esculenta) on the intestinal integrity of fed broilers. 60 male broilers of the Ross 308 line were located in 12 pens, to each of which a completely randomized experimental treatment design was given. The treatments consisted in two types of diets provided to the birds, a control group that was only given concentrate and another group, that additional to the concentrate used in the control group, was given B. nivea silage mixed with cassava bran. The results of this study indicate that the silage from B. nívea leaves was able to be used as an alternative to increase the height, width and depth of villi resulting in a greater digestion and absorption surface for nutrients.

The photocatalytic degradation of potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) was assessed in a bench-scale compound parabolic collectors (CPC) reactor assisted with a light-emitting diode (LED) UV-A source emitting at 365 nm, and using a modified TiO2 as a catalyst via the hydrothermal treatment of commercial Aeroxide P25. The experiments were performed under oxic and anoxic conditions in order to observe a possible reduction of the iron. The modified TiO2 showed a specific surface area 2.5 times greater than the original Aeroxide P25 and its isotherm and hysteresis indicated that the modified catalyst is mesoporous. The bandgap energy (Eg) of the modified TiO2 increased (3.34 eV) compared to the P25 TiO2 band gap (3.20 eV). A specific reaction rate constant of 0.1977 min&minus, 1 and an electrical oxidation efficiency of 7.77 kWh/m3 were obtained in the photocatalytic degradation. Although the TiO2 P25 yields a photocatalytic degradation 9.5% higher than that obtained one with the modified catalyst (hydrothermal), this catalyst showed better performance in terms of free cyanide release. This last aspect is a significant benefit since this can help to avoid the pollution of fresh water by reusing the treated wastewater for gold extraction. A photocatalytic degradation of the cyanocomplex of 93% was achieved when the process occurred under oxic conditions, which favored the removal. Summarizing, the hydrothermal method could be a promising treatment to obtain TiO2-based catalysts with larger specific areas.

In recent years, the extraction of gold has become important for the development of nations. However, mining wastewater represents an environmental problem due to its high content of free cyanide-based compounds and weak and strong cyanocomplexes for the use of sodium cyanide to obtain gold from minerals. The experimental data presented show the performance of the elimination of one of the strongest cyanocomplex that can appear in mining wastewater ( [ Co ( CN ) 6 ] 3 − ) by the ultraviolet C activation of persulfate (PS). The removal of total cobalt in solution was used as an indicator of the elimination of the cobalt cyanocomplexes that appear as transformation products from the degradation of [ Co ( CN ) 6 ] 3 − . The data evidence that strong cyanocomplexes can be eliminated from mining wastewater. The experimental runs were divided into two parts: as a first step, the influence of the UVC light was elucidated. Afterward, five initial concentrations of persulfate ion (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 g/L of PS), two pH values (11 and 13) and two additional initial concentrations of contaminant (25 mg/L and 75 mg/L of [ Co ( CN ) 6 ] 3 − ) were examined to find the optimal parameter where the highest Co removal is obtained.

Resumen El acelerado crecimiento urbano genera mayor demanda en infraestructura de servicios y dotaciones. También ha modificado el espacio público de las ciudades, y en tal sentido, se espera que se distribuya de manera equitativa en la ciudad garantizando una óptima cobertura; en especial, para las poblaciones más vulnerables. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la equidad en la distribución de espacio público en Bogotá, a partir de una caracterización, a escala localidad, de la pobreza (pobreza monetaria, pobreza extrema, índice de pobreza multidimensional, índice de calidad de vida y necesidades básicas insatisfechas). Adicionalmente, se analizan los indicadores de espacio público (espacio público efectivo, espacio público total y espacio público verde). Este análisis comparativo, a la luz de los conceptos de focalización, igualdad y progresividad, determina cuáles localidades presentan mayores niveles de pobreza en la ciudad, y si son las mismas que presentan mayores dotaciones en términos de inversión pública. Se establece un escenario de discusión frente a la implicación focalizada de las inversiones del gobierno local. Palabras clave: calidad de vida; capital social; hábitat urbano; indicadores de pobreza; indicadores urbanos; política pública; segregación socioespacial; vulnerabilidad Abstract Accelerated urban growth has modified the public space of cities significantly. The increase of the world population demands a greater infrastructure of services and endowments in the city, to determine the optimum quality of life of inhabitants. In the case of urban space, it is expected to be distributed in an equitable way in the city, guaranteeing optimum coverage, especially for the most vulnerable populations. This work aims to analyze equity in the distribution of public space in Bogotá, based on a characterization of poverty, by location, and its relationship with the quality indicators of public space. This analysis determines which locations have the highest levels of poverty in the city and if they are the same with the highest endowments, in terms of public investment. A discussion scenario is established in the face of the focused involvement of local government investments. Keywords: quality of life; social capital; urban habitat; poverty indicators; urban indicators; Public politics; socio-spatial segregation; vulnerability Recibido: febrero 14 / 2019 Evaluado: mayo 27 / 2019 Aceptado: diciembre 9 / 2019 Publicado en línea: diciembre de 2019 Actualizado: diciembre de 2019

The ultraviolet light activation of persulfate (PS) under alkaline conditions was evaluated for treating hexacyanoferrate (III) ion ([Fe(CN)6]3-). The effect of the wavelength type (i.e., UVA and UVC), initial PS concentration (0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 g L−1), and pH value (11 and 13) on the degradation of 50 mg L−1 of [Fe(CN)6]3- were studied. Finally, the role of the main degrading agents (SO4•-, O2•-, or HO•) involved in the degradation process was determined using scavengers and a degradation pathway for [Fe(CN)6]3- was proposed. Results show that [Fe(CN)6]3- can be decomposed by UVC light, while UVA is not effective neither in [Fe(CN)6]3- photolysis nor in the activation of PS. Alkaline activation alone at pH 13 can also not degrade the cyanocomplex. However, the combination of UVC with PS (0.3 g L−1) at pH 13 showed high efficiency in the elimination of [Fe(CN)6]3-, achieving 93.3% of removal after 125 min of treatment. The highest CN- release and Fe dissolved removal also occurs at pH 13 and 0.3 g L−1 PS. Further increases in initial PS concentrations may lead to an excess of radicals in solution, resulting in detrimental recombination reactions that affect the efficiency of the process. Quenching tests showed that the importance of radicals involved in the degradation of [Fe(CN)6]3- follows the order: HO• > O2•- >>> 1O2 or SO4•-, and allowed to demonstrate that singlet oxygen could participate in the UVC photolysis of [Fe(CN)6]3-. All these results suggest the feasibility of this technology to treat this type of industrial wastewater efficiently.

Utilization of UV LED light is trending in the development of photoreactors for pollutant treatment. In this study, two different geometries were studied in the degradation of methylenebBlue (MB) using high power UVA LED as a source of light. The dosage, initial concentration, electric power, and H2O2 addition were evaluated in the two geometries: a mini CPC (Cilindrical Parabolic Collector) and a vertical cylindrical with external irradiation both coupled with LED UVA. Best degradation was obtained for 0.3 g L−1 TiO2, 40 min, and 15 ppm of MB of initial concentration in the standard batch reactor. It was found that the best system was a cpc geometry. Also, hydrogen peroxide was used as an electron acceptor and 97% degradation was obtained in 30 min with 10 mM H2O2 and 0.4 g TiO2/L. Power of the LEDs was also evaluated and it was found that 20 W m−2 is the best operational condition to achieve the best MB degradation avoiding the oxidant species recombination.

The ultraviolet light activation of persulfate (PS) was evaluated for the degradation of cobalt cyanocomplexes, which are considered as some of the most recalcitrant compounds present in mining wastewater. The influence of the solution pH (11 and 13), initial concentration of PS (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 g/L), dissolved oxygen and initial concentration of contaminant were evaluated. Photolysis results showed that C o C N 6 3 - is photosensitive to UVC radiation, while the activation of PS by alkaline pH does not contribute to the degradation of the cyanocomplex. There was no presence of C N - at both solution pH values using UVC/PS. But at pH 13, the degradation of cobalt cyanocomplexes and the pseudo-first-order rate constant increased. This was attributed to the effective conversion of S O 4 • - to H O • and to the increase in the oxidative photolysis of PS at high pH. Additional tests demonstrated better performance of UVC/PS in the absence of oxygen which may be caused by the quenching effect of O 2 to the higher energy excited state of the cyanocomplex that must be reached to initiate degradation reactions. Increasing the initial concentration of C o C N 6 3 - will increase the amount of Co removed but it represents the higher specific energy consumption.

For gold extraction, the most used extraction technique is the Merrill-Crow process, which uses lixiviants as sodium or potassium cyanide for gold leaching at alkaline conditions. The cyanide ion has an affinity not only for gold and silver, but for other metals in the ores, such as Al, Fe, Cu, Ni, Zn, and other toxic metals like Hg, As, Cr, Co, Pb, Sn, and Mn. After the extraction stage, the resulting wastewater is concentrated at alkaline conditions with concentrations up to 1000 ppm of metals. Photocatalysis is an advanced oxidation process (AOP) able to generate a photoreaction in the solid surface of a semiconductor activated by light. Although it is well known that photocatalytic processes can remove metals in solution, there are no compilations about the researches on photocatalytic removal of metals in wastewater with cyanide. Hence, this review comprises the existing applications of photocatalytic processes to remove metal and in some cases recover cyanide from recalcitrant wastewater from gold extraction. The use of this process, in general, requires the addition of several scavengers in order to force the mechanism to a pathway where the electrons can be transferred to the metal-cyanide matrices, or elsewhere the entire metallic cyanocomplex can be degraded by an oxidative pathway.

Background: Tubular ectasia of the rete testis (TERT) is a dilatation of the seminiferous tubules of the mediastinum testis. It tends to be asymptomatic and usually constitutes an incidental finding of imaging studies. Scrotal ultrasound (SU) shows tubules with a cystic appearance, suggesting a number of possible diagnoses, including testicular tumours. Objective: To review our experience and describe the clinical and ultrasound features. Design: Retrospective descriptive review. Setting: The images were obtained by SU on an ambulatory basis. SU was performed with the Pro Focus Ultrasound System (BK Medical®, Massachusetts, USA). The indications of the exploration, the SU findings, and the associated conditions were the variables analysed. Participants: 460 SU studies performed in our hospital between 2010 and 2013. The subjects were men, with a median age of 66 years (range 47–78). Outcome Measurements and Statistical Analysis: SPSS® version 20 (IBM, New York, USA) was used for the descriptive analysis of the data. Results and Limitations: TERT was identified in 23 out of 460 SU studies performed. SU was indicated due to the presence of scrotal swelling in 7 patients (30%), an epididymal mass in 8 patients (35%), mild testicular pain in 6 patients (26%), and post-surgical control in 2 asymptomatic patients. Within the 23 patients, 10 (43.4%) were diagnosed with an epididymal cyst, 3 (13%) with chronic epididymitis, and 9 (39%) with a hydrocoele. With regard to associated conditions, 3 (13%) had undergone ipsilateral inguinal hernia repair, 3 (13%) had undergone ipsilateral hydrocoelectomy, and 1 (4%) had a history of contralateral testicular cancer. TERT was unilateral in all cases. No malignant degeneration of the lesions was observed in our series. Conclusions: According to our experience, TERT is an incidental condition where detailed clinical history, adequate physical examination, and SU findings can lead to the diagnosis. Knowledge of this disease is therefore essential for urologists. Patient summary: In this report we analyse the clinical features and the SU findings associated with TERT, a condition incidentally found in imaging studies of men in their 60s usually performed for other reasons.

The photocatalytic degradation of hexacyanocobaltate ion ( [ Co ( CN ) 6 ] 3 − ) by TiO2 supported on borosilicate sheets was studied in a novel photoreactor operated under UVA-LEDs irradiation. The presence and absence of O2 during the process, and the reuse of the TiO2-impregnated sheets were evaluated. The semiconductor was supported by the dip-coating method, and the influence of g TiO2/g Methanol (MetOH) ratio in the suspension and substrate roughness modification were evaluated in the detachment percentage and adherence of TiO2. The highest semiconductor detachment percentage was obtained at 0.36 g TiO2/g MetOH ratio. Besides, it was determined that for the ten layers supported, the substrate roughness modification does not influence the detachment of TiO2. In the first photocatalytic tests, the results show that a better degradation performance was achieved by direct photolysis than photocatalysis according to the higher concentration of CN − released from the cyanocomplex. However, a decrease in the concentration of cobalt in solution was not observed. When the sheets were reused, a decrease of 10% in the concentration of cobalt was achieved, and 14% of CN − was released from the cyanocomplex. This was attributed to the formation of microchannels, hollows amongst other imperfections that increase the surface area and active sites of the coating when TiO2 peels off. The simplified kinetics analysis shows that for UV + O2 (oxic environment) UV + N2 (anoxic environment) similar kinetic parameters were obtained, indicating that both processes follow the same homogeneous pathway in the degradation of [ Co ( CN ) 6 ] 3 − . However, for the UV + TiO2+O2 and UV + TiO2+N2, their different kinetic parameters suggest a non-homogeneous degradation mechanism with different pathways induced by the presence or absence of O2.

Dentro del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito (DMQ) los deslizamientos de tierra se han presentado como una de las amenazas naturales más frecuentes, generalmente en zonas de carácter antrópico, como es el caso de la red vial, generando un impacto al transporte, a la economía y sobre todo a la seguridad ciudadana. Por tal motivo, el siguiente estudio busca brindar soporte en la evaluación de susceptibilidad a deslizamientos para el territorio aledaño a la Avenida Simón Bolívar, una de las zonas más afectadas por este fenómeno. El análisis se desarrolla en torno a la metodología de Redes Neuronales Artificiales (RNA), en el cual se desarrolló un modelamiento en función de los deslizamientos previos registrados, correlacionándolos con los factores influyentes sobre el fenómeno que son presentados como variables independientes (pendiente, precipitación, cobertura vegetal, distancia a fallas geológicas, ríos y red vial ), mismos que fueron normalizados, ponderados y clasificados de acuerdo al nivel de deslizamiento (alto, medio y bajo). El mapa de susceptibilidad para esta metodología resultó del entrenamiento y validación de una red Perceptrón Multicapa, la cual se probó con distintas capas ocultas cada una con su respectivo número de neuronas obteniendo como conclusión que la red que más se adapta a los datos es aquella de dos capas ocultas con 19 y 7 neuronas respectivamente. Las parroquias que presentaron una alta susceptibilidad a deslizamientos son La Ferroviaria, Cumbayá y Llano Chico.

The use of ultraviolet light in photoreactors for wastewater treatment has become popular as an alternative of known chemical oxidative substances. UV LED light represents cheaper, robust, and versatile alternative to traditional UV lamps. In this study, it was designed and evaluated a photoreactor with an approach of chemical fluid dynamics (CFD) and experimental validation. The evaluation consisted of (1) CFD velocity profile analysis, (2) characterization of the average light distribution with potassium ferrioxalate actinometry, (3) degradation of a typical recalcitrant metallic cyanocomplex Fe(CN)63−, and (4) scavenger effect analysis in the photodegradation using potassium persulfate. Actinometrical essay concluded that the system was able to receive 1.93 μE/s. The reactor operated under turbulent regime and best result for Fe(CN)63− degradation was obtained at 4 h of operation, using 5-W UV-A LEDs, with pH ~ 7 and 10 mM de S2O82−. Baffled photoreactor demonstrated to be useful for this type of illumination and wastewater treatment.

Introducción: El presente artículo constituye la propuesta curricular de cátedra de la paz para fortalecer la sana convivencia de los estudiantes, basada en la ley 1732 (2014), que sistematiza y contextualiza la realidad, los objetivos, los principios y los fundamentos metodológicos y didácticos que deben apropiarse en cada institución (P,1). Metodología: Desde el punto de vista metodológico la investigación es de tipo cualitativo, los resultados alcanzados mediante la aplicación encuestas y entrevistas a los estudiantes, docentes que demuestran la importancia de implementar la propuesta curricular de “Cátedra de la Paz” la cual ayuda a la disminución de los conflictos escolares y fortalecer la convivencia entre compañeros. Resultados: En los resultados obtenidos se puede evidenciar que la implementación de la Cátedra de la Paz mediante las actividades y talleres desarrollados y la utilización de la herramienta TIC disminuyeron los conflictos escolares entre los estudiantes. Conclusión: puede concluir que la Cátedra de la paz debe centrarse en la educación como factor primordial para los estudiantes mediante el manejo adecuado de los principios de paz, educación para la paz y los conflictos escolares, así como de las causas y consecuencias que se han identificado en la investigación.

Tithonia diversifolia and cassava bran are two food resources that noted for their protein and energy levels, respectively. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response performance of broilers fed diets containing T. diversifolia silage alone or mixed with cassava bran. We used 150 females chickens, which were housed in 15 pens and each pen was assigned to the treatments according to a randomized experimental design. The treatments consisted of three diets that were supplied to birds between 35 and 56 d of age: a control where the birds were fed only concentrate and two other treatments in which the birds were supplied concentrate of control treatment and additionally offered T. diversifolia silage either alone or mixed with cassava bran. Silage supply did not affect live weight at 56 d of age, but resulted in a reduction in concentrate consumption (P

Este documento presenta una metodología para búsqueda, organización y análisis de la documentación en cualquier campo de investigación, facilitando la adquisición de la información disponible y la identificación de los principales autores, el número de publicaciones por año, las principales áreas de trabajo y las tendencias futuras de un tema propuesto. Se presenta también una aplicación de la metodología para el tema de “Análisis de la respuesta en frecuencia con el transformador energizado (FRA on-line)”.

Dada la diversidad de teorías psicológicas y sociológicas, se han pasado por alto diversos elementos conceptuales que, viéndolo desde una perspectiva analítica, podrían dar explicación y solución a diversas situaciones problemáticas vigentes en muchos de los países latinoamericanos, y en caso concreto, en Colombia. Es por está razón de ser que se estructura el presente ensayo, el cual tiene como fin retomar algunas teorías que, aun pudiendo generar controversia y contrariedad, también pueden explicar el origen de diversos fenómenos sociales presentes en esta hermosa tierra colombiana, y así mismo, permite generar posibles soluciones ante dichos fenómenos, los cuales han consolidado una serie diversa de situaciones altamente problemáticas.

Este documento presenta una metodología para búsqueda, organización y análisis de la documentación en cualquier campo de investigación, facilitando la adquisición de la información disponible y la identificación de los principales autores, el número de publicaciones por año, las principales áreas de trabajo y las tendencias futuras de un tema propuesto. Se presenta también una aplicación de la metodología para el tema de "Análisis de la respuesta en frecuencia con el transformador energizado (FRA on-line)". This paper presents a methodology to find, organize and analyze the information in any field of research, thereby facilitating the acquisition of the available information and the identification of the main authors, the number of publications per year, the main areas of work and the future trends in a proposal topic. It is also, showns an application of the methodology for the topic "Frequency Response Analysis with the transformer in service (FRA on-line)".