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In banana trees, morphogenetic characters such as stomatal density, stomatal index, polar and equatorial diameter act as morphological markers to understand relations between genetic, environmental and pathological factors. The present study was analyzed as stomatal characteristics in leaves of six banana cultivars of the type Prata and Maçã. The banana cultivars selected were: Prata-Anã, BRS Platina and Pacovan Ken and of the type Maçã: BRS Tropical, Maçã and BRS Princesa. The states and epidermal cells were counted, measuring the polar diameters (PD) and the equatorial diameter (ED). The difference in number of epidermal cells (NEC), number of stomata (NS) and stomatal density (SD) in the leaves of six banana cultivars was verified. A Prata Anã cultivar showed a higher content of leaf material abaxial and higher than the other cultivars under analysis. Regarding the application of the stomata (PD / ED), such as the cultivars BRS Platina and Pacovan Ken, of the Prata type, and the BRS Princesa, of the Maçã type, are more flexible stomata. The different cultivars of bananas of the type Prata and Maçã are among the anatomical and morphological characteristics of the stomata.

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) stands out as a strong economic driver, being one of the fruit trees that most contribute to the total volume of brazilian production. The description of leaf characteristics allows to understand structures that act in resistance to pathogens, relationships with water resources and photosynthetic of plants, in addition to contributing to genetic improvement programs. However, there are few studies that attempt to describe the leaf anatomy of the different papaya cultivars. Thus, this study aims to describe the main leaf structure of papaya cultivars Sunrise Solo and Golden THB. The leaves were collected in the municipalities of São Mateus and Aracruz, located in the north of the State of Espírito Santo, using transversal and paradermic sections and the usual techniques of plant histology. Both cultivars presented uni-stratified epidermis, followed by palisade chlorophyll parenchyma and lacunous with collateral vascular system. Calcium oxalate druses were more observed in the Sunrise Soil cultivar. The differences between cultivars were in the number of layers of mesophyll tissues.

The objective of this work was to estimate the genetic parameters and to evaluate the genotypic diversity of 12 'Tahiti' acid lime (Citrus latifolia) genotypes grafted onto two rootstocks. The experiment was carried out from July 2017 to January 2019, in the municipality of São Mateus, in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Vegetative (stem diameter, canopy projection diameter, and plant height), productive (yield and fruit number), and fruit quality (fruit diameter, soluble solids content, and juice yield) traits were determined. A mixed model was used to estimate heritability and repeatability coefficients, as well as to predict clonal values. Scion diversity was determined through the standardized mean difference of Euclidean distances, and genotypes were clustered by modified Tocher. Clustering quality and trait importance were evaluated using the principal component analysis (PCA). Genotypic variance was observed, which is indicative of the possibility of selection of superior genotypes. The Tocher method showed the presence of three clusters, which is in alignment with the PCA results. The multivariate analyses allows of the selection and the recommendation of superior 'Tahiti' acid lime genotypes. Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar os parâmetros genéticos e avaliar a diversidade genética de 12 genótipos de lima ácida 'Tahiti' (Citrus latifolia) enxertados em dois porta-enxertos. O experimento foi conduzido de julho de 2017 a janeiro de 2019, no município de São Mateus, no estado de Espírito Santo, Brasil. Foram mensuradas características vegetativas (diâmetro de caule, diâmetro de projeção de copa e altura de planta), produtivas (rendimento e número de frutos) e de qualidade de frutos (diâmetros de fruto, teor de sólidos solúveis e rendimento de suco). Utilizou-se modelo misto para estimar os coeficientes de herdabilidade e repetibilidade, bem como predizer os valores genéticos. A diversidade entre os enxertos foi obtida por meio da diferença da distância euclidiana média padronizada, e os genótipos foram agrupados pelo método de Tocher modificado. A qualidade do agrupamento e a importância dos caracteres foi avaliada pela análise de componentes principais (ACP). Observou-se variabilidade genética, o que indica a possibilidade de seleção de genótipos superiores. O método de Tocher mostrou a presença de três grupos de genótipos, o que foi congruente com os resultados da ACP. O uso de técnicas multivariadas permite a seleção e a recomendação de genótipos superiores de lima ácida 'Tahiti'.

Although the fruit yield has a core importance in Tahiti acid lime breeding programs, other traits stand out among the quality fruit and vegetative traits as ones that still need to be improved in selection of superior genotypes. Appling efficient tools aiming selection, such as the Bayesian inference, becomes an alternative in perennial crops. This study applied Bayesian inference in the genetic evaluation of Tahiti acid lime genotypes and estimated the interrelation between vegetative, productive and fruit quality traits. Twenty-four acid lime genotypes were evaluated for number of fruits, fruit yield, canopy volume, stem diameter, soluble solids content, shell thickness, and juice yield traits. The genotypic values were estimated through Bayesian inference and models with different residual structure were tested via deviance information criterion. Pearson’s correlation and the path analysis were estimated, removing the multicollinearity effect. The Bayesian inference estimates genotypic values with high selective accuracy. The correlations obtained between traits from different groups can be useful in selection strategies for improvement of Tahiti acid lime. The Bayesian inference demonstrated to be an important tool and should be considered in perennial breeding programs. RESUMO: Embora a produtividade seja uma característica fundamental em programas de melhoramento da lima ácida Tahiti, outras características se destacam por proporcionar uma seleção mais eficiente ou mesmo influenciar na expressão de atributos produtivos. A aplicação de inferência Bayesiana, pode tornar o processo de identificação de indivíduos superiores e o estudo das correlações entre as características ainda mais acurado. Objetivou-se, por meio deste estudo, estimar valores genéticos em genótipos de lima ácida Tahiti através de inferência Bayesiana e estimar coeficientes de correlação e de trilha entre características vegetativas, produtivas e de qualidade de frutos. Vinte e quatro genótipos de lima ácida foram avaliados durante dois anos para peso e número de frutos, volume de copa, diâmetro de caule, teor de sólidos solúveis dos frutos, espessura de casca e rendimento de suco. Os valores genéticos foram estimados por meio de inferência Bayesiana e modelos com diferentes estruturas residuais foram testados via critério de informação de deviance. Coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e de análise de trilha foram determinados, removendo o efeito de multicolinearidade. A estimação de valores genéticos via inferência Bayesiana apresentou alta acurácia seletiva. As correlações obtidas entre caracteres de diferentes grupos podem ser úteis em estratégias de seleção para melhoramento da lima ácida Tahiti. A inferência Bayesiana demonstrou ser uma ferramenta importante e deve ser considerada em programas de melhoramento de culturas perenes.

Combining longitudinal data and statistical models from perennial crops enabled us to estimate the optimum number of measures (harvests), implying accurate discrimination of superior genotypes in those crops. Herein, the goal of this study was to determine the optimum number of harvests based on yield traits and recommend a superior graft/rootstock combination (GRC) for Citrus latifolia Tanaka. Twenty-four GRCs of 'Tahiti' acid lime were evaluated from July 2017 to August 2018 for fruit yield per plant (FYP), number of fruits per plant (NFP), and longitudinal (LFD) and transversal fruit diameter (TFD). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. The experimental unit consisted of three individuals, totalling 244 individuals. The GRCs were composed of (i) two hybrids that were used as rootstock, citrumelo ‘Swingle’ (Citrus paradisi x Poncirus trifoliata) and cintrandarin ‘Riverside’ (Citrus sunki x Poncirus trifoliata); and (ii) 12 different C. latifolia genotypes that were used as grafts: Bello Fruit, Eledio, Iconha, Itarana, Santa Rosa, Bearss lime, CNPMF 01, CNPMF 02, CNPMF 2001, CNPMF 5059, BRS Passos, and Persian 58. Mixed models were employed to estimate the variance components. The optimum number of harvests was determined based on selective efficiency values above 0.9. The estimated repeatability coefficients presented values of 0.14 (LFD), 0.16 (TFD), 0.36 (FYP), and 0.38 (NFD). Based on the results, four harvests were able to choose genotypes based on FYP and NFP, whereas LFD and TFD were considered inefficient traits for recommending superior GRCs. Combining longitudinal data and statistical models from perennial crops enabled us to estimate the optimum number of measures (harvests), implying accurate discrimination of superior genotypes in those crops. Herein, the goal of this study was to determine the optimum number of harvests based on yield traits and recommend a superior graft/rootstock combination (GRC) for Citrus latifolia Tanaka. Twenty-four GRCs of 'Tahiti' acid lime were evaluated from July 2017 to August 2018 for fruit yield per plant (FYP), number of fruits per plant (NFP), and longitudinal (LFD) and transversal fruit diameter (TFD). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. The experimental unit consisted of three individuals, totalling 244 individuals. The GRCs were composed of (i) two hybrids that were used as rootstock, citrumelo ‘Swingle’ (Citrus paradisi x Poncirus trifoliata) and cintrandarin ‘Riverside’ (Citrus sunki x Poncirus trifoliata); and (ii) 12 different C. latifolia genotypes that were used as grafts: Bello Fruit, Eledio, Iconha, Itarana, Santa Rosa, Bearss lime, CNPMF 01, CNPMF 02, CNPMF 2001, CNPMF 5059, BRS Passos, and Persian 58. Mixed models were employed to estimate the variance components. The optimum number of harvests was determined based on selective efficiency values above 0.9. The estimated repeatability coefficients presented values of 0.14 (LFD), 0.16 (TFD), 0.36 (FYP), and 0.38 (NFD). Based on the results, four harvests were able to choose genotypes based on FYP and NFP, whereas LFD and TFD were considered inefficient traits for recommending superior GRCs.

O tamanho ótimo de amostra na cultura da melancia é importante tanto para a realização de experimentos futuros como para a determinação de lotes homogêneos de qualidade e representativos. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar o tamanho amostral necessário para a caracterização de frutos de melancia. O trabalho foi realizado com 52 frutos amostrados em lavoura comercial localizada no assentamento de reforma agrária Sezínio Fernandes de Jesus, comunidade de Humaitá, município de Linhares – ES. Foram medidos perímetro equatorial, perímetro longitudinal, relação perímetro longitudinal/perímetro equatorial e massa fresca. Calculou-se as estatísticas descritivas e normalidade das características e a partir destes dados, determinou-se o tamanho ótimo de amostra para cada característica, com um intervalo confiança de 95% e com o erro de estimação em torno da média de 1, 5, 10, 15 e 20%. O número de frutos necessários para o tamanho ótimo amostral é distinto para cada característica mensurada. O tamanho ótimo amostral para frutos de melancia colhidos ao apresentarem pedúnculo seco, com intervalo de confiança de 5% e para um erro de estimação igual a 10% da média estimadas para as características perímetro longitudinal, perímetro equatorial, relação perímetro longitudinal/ perímetro equatorial e massa fresca, foi de 1, 1, 1 e 7 frutos, respectivamente.

The physicochemical characteristics of fruits of species native to the Atlantic Forest are little known, especially during ripening. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the interaction between ripening period and post-harvest storage of araçaúna and grumixama. Fruits were harvested at three ripening stages: green, partially ripe and ripe, according to the epicarp color, and separated into two groups, being stored for 2 and 48 hours. The following variables were evaluated: longitudinal (LD) and cross-sectional (CD) diameter, LD / CD ratio, fresh fruit mass (FM), pulp yield (PY), pH, soluble solids content (SS), titratable acidity (TA), SS / TA ratio, and ascorbic acid content (AA). Araçaúna fruits stand out due to their high PY (74.43%), with low SS (2.07 ºBrix) and high TA (1.17% citric acid). However, harvesting fully ripe fruits increases SS by 21% and reduces TA by 32.5%. Grumixama fruits are slightly sweet (6.06 ºBrix), with low acidity (0.39% citric acid), high vitamin C content (206.94 mg of ascorbic acid/100g of pulp), and harvest must be performed when fruits are fully ripe. Both species have pulp of potential quality to be commercially exploited, especially for processing. Resumo As características físico-químicas dos frutos de espécies nativas da Floresta Atlântica são pouco conhecidas, especialmente durante seu amadurecimento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da interação entre o período de maturação e o armazenamento pós-colheita de araçaúna e grumixama. Os frutos foram colhidos em três estádios de maturação: verdes, parcialmente maduros e maduros, e separados em dois lotes, armazenados por 2 e 48 horas. Foram avaliados: diâmetro longitudinal (LD) e transversal (CD) dos frutos, relação LD/CD, massa fresca dos frutos (FM), rendimento em polpa (PY), pH, sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (TA), ratio (SS/TA) e ácido ascórbico (AA). Os frutos de araçauneira destacaram-se por ter, em média, elevado PY (74,43%), com baixo SS (2,07 ºBrix) e alta TA (1,17% de ácido cítrico). Porém, a colheita dos frutos totalmente maduros aumenta o SS em 21% e reduz a TA em 32,5%, em comparação à média. Os frutos de grumixameira são levemente adocicados (6,06 ºBrix), com baixa acidez (0,39% de ácido cítrico), ricos em vitamina C (206,94 mg de ácido ascórbico/100 g de polpa, e sua colheita deve ser feita quando os frutos estiverem totalmente maduros. Ambas espécies possuem polpas de qualidade potencial para serem exploradas comercialmente em produtos processados

A pimenteira-do-reino (Piper nigrum L.) é amplamente utilizadas para diversos fins, tais como, plantas ornamentais, condimentos e até empregadas na medicina popular. Desta forma, o objetivo do estudo foi verificar o efeito da aplicação de diferentes doses de ácido-indol-3-butírico (AIB) no crescimento e na qualidade de mudas da cultivar Kottanadan. O estudo foi realizado no de viveiro da fazenda Experimental do Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural, situado no Norte do Estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. Foram utilizadas estacas da cultivar Kottanadan, com aplicação de AIB via liquido, nas dosagens de: 0, 500, 1000, 1500 e 2000 mg L-1. As mudas foram dispostas em delineamento de blocos casualisados, com cada unidade experimental constituída por 25 plantas, totalizando 500 plantas no campo experimental. 185 dias após o plantio foram avaliadas as características: altura de planta; comprimento do sistema radicular; área foliar; diâmetro do caule; massa seca da parte área; massa seca do sistema radicular; massa seca total; e índice de qualidade de Dickson. A aplicação AIB promoveu melhoras no crescimento e na qualidade de mudas, entretanto as concentrações elevadas limitaram seu desenvolvimento. Assim, indicamos a concentração de 1420,10 mg L-1 pois esta dosagem implicou em melhor qualidade das mudas.

Brazil accounts for a large percentage of the world’s citrus production, with ‘Tahiti’ acid lime tree standing out among several cultivated species. However, its cultivation is supported by a very narrow genetic base, being composed of few scion and rootstock options. In this way, the aim of this study was to evaluate the vegetative development and production of twelve ‘Tahiti’ acid lime clones on two rootstocks. The experiment was carried out at Fazenda José Guarete, municipality of São Mateus – ES. A randomized block design was used in the split plot scheme, with plot consisting of two rootstocks and subplot of the twelve ‘Tahiti’ acid lime clones. Traits evaluated were: vegetative development, production and productive efficiency, internal and external quality of fruits. Bello Fruit, Iconha, BRS Passos, Itarana, Persian 58, CNPMF 5059 and Elédio clones were superior in terms of production, vegetative traits and fruit quality. ‘Swingle’ citrumelo rootstock showed higher values for vegetative traits compared to ‘Riverside’ citrandarin. The clone and rootstock combinations that provided better agronomic performance in this study were BRS Passos, Bello Fruit, Elédio and Iconha grafted on ‘Swingle’ citrumelo and CNPMF 5059, Iconha and Elédio grafted on ‘Riverside’ citrandarin. Resumo O Brasil representa em grande percentual a produção mundial de citros, destacando dentre várias espécies cultivadas, a limeira ácida ‘Tahiti’. No entanto, seu cultivo é sustentado por uma base genética muito estreita, sendo composto por poucas opções de copa e porta-enxerto. Deste modo, objetivou-se avaliar o desenvolvimento vegetativo e a produção de doze clones de limeira ácida ‘Tahiti’ sobre dois porta-enxertos. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda José Guarete, no município de São Mateus – ES. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com a parcela sendo constituída por dois porta-enxertos e a subparcela, os doze clones de limeira ácida ‘Tahiti’. Foram avaliadas as características: desenvolvimento vegetativo, produção e eficiência produtiva, qualidade interna e externa dos frutos. Os clones Bello Fruit, Iconha, BRS Passos, Itarana, Persian 58, CNPMF 5059 e Elédio foram superiores nas características produtivas, vegetativas e na qualidade do fruto. O porta-enxerto citrumelo ‘Swingle’ apresentou valores referentes a características vegetativas superiores ao citrandarin ‘Riverside’. As combinações de clone e porta-enxerto que proporcionaram melhor desempenho agronômico neste estudo foram BRS Passos, Bello Fruit, Elédio e Iconha enxertadas no citrumelo ‘Swingle’ e CNPMF 5059, Iconha e Elédio sobre o citrandarin ‘Riverside’.

Fruit breeding programs demand substantial investment for the development and selection of superior genotypes. Thus, statistical methods that allow a reliable genetic evaluation should be preferred. The present study aimed to estimate genetic parameters and genotypic values through the Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm and perform the selection of Tahiti acid lime genotypes, based on a multitrait index. Twenty-four Tahiti acid lime genotypes were evaluated, from July 2017 to January 2019, for their vegetative, productive, and physical-chemical traits. Repeatability models with different residual variance structures were tested. The Deviance information criterion (DIC) was used to select the best model and test the significance of the random effects. A multiple trait index was used to identify superior genotypes, closely with the ideotype. According to DIC, models with diagonal residual variance structure presented best fit. Heritability estimates presented a downward trend through the harvests. Mean selective accuracies were moderate to very high ( 0.50 ≤ r ˜ g ^ g ) for all traits, which indicates high reliability in the genotype ranking. Desirable gains for all traits were achieved by the multitrait index. The Bayesian inference was adequate for the genetic evaluation; and the multitrait index allowed an efficient genetic selection.

The present study had as objective to determine mathematical equations to estimate the leaf area of pear cv. ‘Triunfo’ using linear dimensions of the leaves. For that, 300 healthy leaves of different sizes from each quadrant of plants from the small farm of Boa Vista located in the city of Montanha, at the northern side of the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil were used. The length (L) along the main vein was measured, along with the maximum width (W) of the leaf blade and observed leaf area (OLA), in addition to the product of the length and width (LW) of each leaf. From these measurements models of linear equations of first degree, quadratic and power were adjusted and their respective R2, using OLA as dependent variable and L, W and LW as independent variable. Based on the proposed equations, the data were validated obtaining the estimated leaf area (ELA). The mean of the ELA and OLA were compared by Student t test 5% probability. The mean error (E), the mean absolute error (MAE) and the root mean squared error (RMSE) was also used as validation criterion. The best equation model was defined based on the non-significant values from the comparison of means of ELA and OLA, E, MAE and RMSE values closer to zero and highest R2. The leaf area of pear cv. ‘Triunfo’ can be estimated by the equation ELA = -0.432338 + 0.712862(LW) non-destructively and with a high degree of precision.

The production of okra using seedlings is a practice increasingly used by farmers. However, this system still lacks further research involving substrates, tray types, cell volume, pest control and disease. For this it is important to determine the optimum size of the plots, in order to reduce the experimental errors and the expenses with the experiment. The objective of this work was to determine the optimum plot size for experiments involving okra seedlings produced in Styrofoam trays of 128 cells using different methods. The methods were the maximum curvature, the maximum curvature with bootstrap simulation and the maximum curvature of the coefficient of variation. The evaluated characteristics were aerial part height, stem diameter, aerial dry matter, root dry matter, total dry matter and quality of seedlings as measured by Dickson quality index. The results showed that the optimum plot size is different between the evaluated characteristics and for characteristics there is no significant difference in the optimum plot size between the three different methods. The optimum size for evaluating okra seedlings produced in Styrofoam trays of 128 cells is 10 seedlings per plot and is indicated the use of the maximum curvature method using a bootstrap simulation.