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Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by inflammation and destruction of the myelin sheath. Fatigue is one of the main symptoms of this disease, with a negative impact on quality of life and few treatment options. Photobiomodulation is used for several inflammatory conditions and may be beneficial for the treatment of fatigue in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Conduct a pilot study to analyze the effect of photobiomodulation on fatigue in individuals with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. The participants were recruited from the UNINOVE Integrated Health Clinic and randomly allocated to two groups: group 1, administration of photobiomodulation (808 nm, 36 J for 360 s) under the tongue and group 2, administration of photobiomodulation over the radial artery. Fatigue was measured using the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS). No significant differences were found regarding the total MFIS score or subscale scores (p 0.05, two-way ANOVA). Photobiomodulation with the parameters employed in the present study had no effect on fatigue in individuals with multiple sclerosis. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03360487.

Objective: The aim of the current study was to use the CIELab system to evaluate the performance of the whitening treatment involving violet light-emitting diode (LED) combined with a home 10% and ...

This study aims to verify if the use of intravascular laser irradiation of blood (ILIB) influences the reduction of pain and increases the range of motion in opening and closing of the mouth in children and adolescents with temporomandibular disorders (TMD).This will be a blind, randomized, and controlled clinical trial, which will be carried out on children between 6 and 12 years of age who enter the Catholic University of Uruguay, Faculty of Health Sciences, Postgraduate School, for treatment. To be included, children must present temporomandibular disorders, based on the diagnostic criteria will be the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD). Forty-five participants will be randomized to three groups: Group 1-ILIB with 2 sessions of 20 minutes for 12 weeks (n = 15); Group 2-Placebo laser application with 2 sessions of 20 minutes for 12 weeks (n = 15); Group 3-Control with no treatment (n = 15). Irradiation will be performed by continuous and direct transcutaneous application to the radial artery, by means of a bracelet that inserts the laser beam. The laser to be used is infrared, power 100 mW ± 20%, wavelength 808 nm ± 10 nm, continuous application. RDC/TMD and pain evaluated through a visual analog scale will be the outcome measures.Due to the low level of evidence, new studies are needed on the effect of ILIB in children with TMD.

Background: The diagnosis of sleep bruxism (SB) in children is difficult due to the lack of a polysomnographic protocol for this population. Moreover, the gold standard treatment [occlusal splint (...

Complete or incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) results in permanent neurological deficits due to the interruption of nerve impulses, causing the loss of motor and sensory function, which leads to a reduction in quality of life. The focus of rehabilitation for such individuals is to improve quality of life and promote functional recovery. Photobiomodulation (PBM) has proved to be promising complementary treatment in cases of SCI. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of PBM combined with physiotherapy on sensory-motor responses below the level of the injury and quality of life in individuals with SCI. Thirty participants were randomized for allocation to the PBM group (active PBM + physiotherapy) or sham group (sham PBM + physiotherapy). Physiotherapy was administered three times a week. Sensitivity and motor skills were evaluated using the ASIA impairment scale. Quality of life was assessed using the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. The data were analyzed with the level of significance set to 5%. Improvements in sensitivity and an increase in the perception of muscle contraction were found in the active PBM group 30 days after treatment compared with the sham group. The results of the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire revealed a significant difference in general quality of life favoring the active PBM group over the sham group after treatment. Physiotherapy combined with PBM leads to better sensory-motor recovery in patients with SCI as well as a better perception of health and quality of life. Trial registration identifier: NCT 03031223

Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is described as a subgroup of orofacial pain. Studies have demonstrated that phototherapy is an effective treatment option for TMD, leading to improvements in pain and orofacial function. To compare the effects of photobiomodulation with different light sources on pain and functioning in patients with TMD. Methods: A randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial (pilot study) was conducted with 15 individuals aged 18 years or older allocated to two photobiomodulation groups: laser and LED. Sessions were held twice a week for four weeks (total: eight sessions). The Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders were used for the evaluation and Pain was measured using the Visual Analog Scale. Orofacial function was determined based on measures of mandibular movements. Photobiomodulation was administered to the temporomandibular joint, masseter (upper, middle and lower) and anterior temporal muscles. Results: Statistically significant differences in pain were found in the intra-group analyses (pre-treatment vs. post-treatment) in both groups (laser: p=0.0117; LED: p=0.0180). Statistically significant intra-group differences were found for maximum mouth opening without assistance and maximum mouth opening with assistance in the laser group (p= 0.0203 and 0.0001, respectively). The same was found in the LED group only regarding maximum mouth opening with assistance (p=0.0459). Statistically significant intra-group differences (pre-treatment vs. post-treatment) were found for lateral excursion to both sides in the laser group (right side: p=0.0209; left side: p=0.0005) and only to the left side in the LED group (p=0.0342). Conclusion: Photobiomodulation with laser and LED produce similar effects regarding improvements in TMD. El trastorno temporomandibular (TMD) se describe como un subgrupo de dolor orofacial. Los estudios han demostrado que la fototerapia es una opción de tratamiento eficaz para el TMD, que mejora el dolor y la función orofacial. Comparar los efectos de la fotobiomodulación con diferentes fuentes de luz sobre el dolor y el funcionamiento en pacientes con TTM. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un ensayo clínico aleatorizado, controlado, doble ciego (estudio piloto) con 15 sujetos de 18 años o más asignados a dos grupos de fotobiomodulación: láser y LED. Las sesiones se realizaron dos veces por semana durante cuatro semanas (total: ocho sesiones). Para la evaluación se utilizaron los Criterios Diagnósticos de Investigación para los Trastornos Temporomandibulares y el Dolor se midió mediante la Escala Visual Analógica. La función orofacial se determinó en base a las mediciones de los movimientos mandibulares. Se administró fotobiomodulación en la articulación temporomandibular, masetero (superior, medio e inferior) y músculos temporales anteriores. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el dolor en los análisis intragrupo (pretratamiento vs. postratamiento) en ambos grupos (láser: p=0,0117; LED: p=0,0180). Se encontraron diferencias intragrupo estadísticamente significativas para la apertura máxima de la boca sin asistencia y la apertura máxima de la boca con asistencia en el grupo de láser (p = 0,0203 y 0,0001, respectivamente). Lo mismo se encontró en el grupo LED solo en relación a la máxima apertura bucal con ayuda (p=0,0459). Se encontraron diferencias intragrupo estadísticamente significativas (pretratamiento vs. postratamiento) para la excursión lateral a ambos lados en el grupo de láser (lado derecho: p=0,0209; lado izquierdo: p=0,0005) y solo al lado izquierdo en el LED grupo (p=0,0342). Conclusión: La fotobiomodulación con láser y LED produce efectos similares en la mejora de la DTM. A disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) é descrita como um subgrupo de dor orofacial. Estudos têm demonstrado que a fototerapia é uma opção de tratamento eficaz para DTM, levando a melhora da dor e da função orofacial. Comparar os efeitos da fotobiomodulação com diferentes fontes de luz na dor e funcionamento em pacientes com DTM. Métodos: Foi realizado um ensaio clínico randomizado, controlado e duplo-cego (estudo piloto) com 15 indivíduos com 18 anos ou mais alocados em dois grupos de fotobiomodulação: laser e LED. As sessões foram realizadas duas vezes por semana durante quatro semanas (total: oito sessões). Para a avaliação foram utilizados os Critérios Diagnósticos de Pesquisa para Disfunção Temporomandibular e a Dor foi mensurada por meio da Escala Visual Analógica. A função orofacial foi determinada com base nas medidas dos movimentos mandibulares. A fotobiomodulação foi administrada nos músculos da articulação temporomandibular, masseter (superior, médio e inferior) e temporal anterior. Resultados: Foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas na dor nas análises intragrupos (pré-tratamento vs. pós-tratamento) em ambos os grupos (laser: p=0,0117; LED: p=0,0180). Diferenças estatisticamente significativas intragrupos foram encontradas para abertura máxima da boca sem assistência e abertura máxima da boca com assistência no grupo laser (p= 0,0203 e 0,0001, respectivamente). O mesmo foi encontrado no grupo LED apenas em relação à abertura máxima da boca com auxílio (p=0,0459). Diferenças intragrupo estatisticamente significativas (pré-tratamento vs. pós-tratamento) foram encontradas para excursão lateral para ambos os lados no grupo laser (lado direito: p=0,0209; lado esquerdo: p=0,0005) e apenas para o lado esquerdo em o grupo LED (p=0,0342). Conclusão: A fotobiomodulação com laser e LED produz efeitos semelhantes na melhora da DTM.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the electrical activity of the rectus femoris, tibialis anterior, and lateral gastrocnemius muscles during the sit-to-stand task and functional mobility after a neurofunctional physiotherapy protocol associated with PBM. Methods: Twenty-five children were randomly allocated to either Active PBM + physiotherapy (n = 13) or PBM sham + physiotherapy (n = 12). PBM was carried out with a LED device (850 nm, 25 J, 50 s per point and 200 mW) at four points over the area with absence of a spiny process. Both groups completed a twelve-week supervised program with two weekly 45–60 min sessions. Pre-training and post-training assessments involved the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI). Muscle activity was assessed using portable electromyography (BTS Engineering) and the electrodes were positioned on the lateral gastrocnemius, anterior tibialis, and rectus femoris muscles. The RMS data were recorded and analyzed. Results: After 24 sessions of the treatment protocol, improvements were found in the PEDI score. The participants presented greater independence in performing the tasks, requiring less assistance from their caregivers. More significant electrical activity was found in the three muscles evaluated between the rest period and execution of the sit-to-stand tasks, both in the more compromised or less compromised lower limbs. Conclusion: Neurofunctional physiotherapy with or without PBM improved functional mobility and electrical muscle activity in children with myelomeningocele.

INTRODUÇÃO: A Trombose Venosa consiste em um trombo que leva a obstrução ao fluxo sanguíneo. Desencadeada por lesão endotelial, estase sanguínea e/ou hipercoagulabilidade. Sendo que muitos dos fatores que levam ao desencadeamento destes quadros, são a imobilidade, paralisia e algumas doenças respiratórias. Portanto, a profilaxia da TVP é considerada uma intervenção eficaz e segura, mas por muitas vezes não é utilizada rotineiramente nos ambientes hospitalares. OBJETIVO: Verificar a utilização da mobilização precoce como profilaxia da trombose venosa profunda em ambientes hospitalares. MÉTODO: O estudo consiste em uma Revisão Sistemática realizada com buscas em periódicos, revistas e artigos entre o ano de 2005 a 2018 encontrados em bases de dados eletrônicos, sendo elas Pubmed, Scielo, PEDro, Lilacs, Cochrane, Medline, ResearchGate. Incluindo pacientes de ambos os gêneros com idade superior a 18 anos. RESULTADOS: Foram obtidos para análise 26 artigos, dos quais 14 foram excluídos por não estarem de acordo com os critérios de inclusão. Do total de 3005 pacientes, 1828 não receberam profilaxia fisioterapêutica e 1220 receberam. CONCLUSÃO: A mobilização precoce em ambientes hospitalares subutilizada e seus benefícios pouco conhecidos, aumentando o número de incidentes relacionados a TVP.

Background: Pain during labor can be a barrier when choosing vaginal delivery. In an attempt to relief pain during labor, several pharmacological and nonpharmacological methods are proposed. Object...

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate radiographically the remodeling of the peri-implant bone crest in prosthetic friction morse cone implants, with platform switching, after 12 months of application of prosthetic load. Materials and Methods: 16 implants were installed, in 10 patients, rehabilitated with partial, single and multiple metal-ceramic prostheses, submitted to prosthetic function in the period of 12 months. Periapical radiographs to measure the distance between the mesial and distal marginal bone crest and the platform of each implant, were performed at the time of installing the prostheses and 12 months later. The images obtained at different intervals were digitized and analyzed using Image J software TD. Results: At the time of installing the prostheses, the averages of measurements on the distal and mesial surfaces were 0.57 mm (standard deviation 0.45) and 0.55 mm (standard deviation 0.41) respectively. After 12 months in function, the averages obtained were 0.59 mm (standard deviation 0.48) on the distal surface and 0.57 mm on the mesial surface, (standard deviation 0.34). Conclusion: In this radiographic evaluation, it was possible to observe that the implants with prosthetic connection of the frictional Cone Morse type with platform switching presented an average of 0.2mm of cervical bone remodeling, after 12 months in function, seeming to be a good alternative for periodic bone maintenance deploy. Objetivo: Evaluar radiográficamente la remodelación de la cresta ósea periimplantaria en implantes con conexiones protésicas de fricción cono Morse, después de recibir la carga protésica, inmediatamente después de la instalación de la prótesis y después de 12 meses de carga funcional. Materiales y métodos: se instalaron 16 implantes en 10 pacientes y se rehabilitaron con prótesis metalocerámicas parciales, unitarias o múltiples; sometido a la función masticatoria durante el período de 12 meses. Se realizaron radiografías periapicales para determinar la posición de la cresta ósea marginal mesial y distal en relación a la plataforma de cada implante, en el momento de la instalación de las prótesis y 12 meses después. Las imágenes obtenidas a diferentes intervalos fueron digitalizadas y analizadas mediante el software Image JTD. Resultados: En el momento de la instalación de las prótesis, los promedios de las medidas en las superficies distal y mesial fueron de 0,57 mm (desviación estándar 0,45) y 0, 55 mm (desviación estándar 0,41), respectivamente. Después de 12 meses en función, los promedios obtenidos fueron de 0,59 mm (desviación estándar 0,48) en la superficie distal y 0,57 mm en la mesial (desviación estándar 0,34). Conclusión: A través de la evaluación radiográfica se pudo observar que los implantes con plataforma switching ción y conexión protésica con cono morse de fricción mostraron un promedio de 0.2 mm de remodelado óseo cervical, luego de 12 meses en función, y pueden ser una buena alternativa para mantenimiento de los niveles óseos. Objetivo: Avaliar radiograficamente a remodelação da crista óssea peri-implantar em implantes com conexões protéticas do tipo cone morse fricicional, com plataforma switching, após 12 meses de carga protética. Materiais e Métodos: foram instalados 16 implantes, em 10 pacientes e reabilitados com próteses metalocerâmicas parciais, unitárias ou múltiplas; submetidos à função mastigatória durante o período de 12 meses. Radiografias periapicais para determinação da posição da crista óssea marginal mesial e distal em relação a plataforma de cada implante, foram realizadas no momento da instalação das próteses e 12 meses após. As imagens obtidas em diferentes intervalos foram digitalizadas e analisadas no software Image J TD. Resultados: No momento da instalação das próteses, as médias das medidas nas faces distal e mesial foram 0,57 mm (desvio padrão 0,45) e 0,55 mm (desvio padrão 0,41), respectivamente. Após 12 meses em função, as médias obtidas foram 0,59 mm (desvio padrão 0,48) na face distal e 0,57 mm na mesial (desvio padrão 0,34). Conclusão: Por meio da avaliação radiográfica, foi possível observar que os implantes com plataforma switching e conexão protética cone morse friccional apresentaram em média 0,2mm de remodelação óssea cervical, após 12 meses em função, podendo ser uma boa alternativa para manutenção dos níveis ósseos.

To determine the effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) using a red light-emitting diode (LED) on the reduction of halitosis and microbiological levels in the tongue coating immediately after irradiation, 7, 14, and 30 days after treatment. Forty-five young adults diagnosed with halitosis were allocated to three groups: G1, aPDT with 0.005% methylene blue and red LED (660 nm, four irradiation points, 90 s per point, power of 400 mW, 36 J per point, radiant exposure of 95 J/cm2, continuous wave); G2, tongue scraping; and G3, tongue scraping and aPDT. Gas chromatography was performed before and immediately after treatment, as well as at the different follow-up times. Microbiological samples were collected at the same times from the dorsum of the tongue, and bacteria were quantified in the samples using real-time PCRq. The Wilcoxon test was used for the intragroup analyses, and the Kruskal–Wallis test was used for the intergroup analyses. In the intragroup analyses, differences were found before and immediately after treatment in all groups (p 0.05). For the microbiological analyses, no statistically significant differences were found in the groups/bacteria that were analyzed (p > 0.05). aPDT using a red LED and 0.005% methylene blue caused an immediate reduction in halitosis, but the effect was not maintained after 7, 14, or 30 days. No reduction occurred in the number of bacteria investigated or the quantification of universal 16S rRNA. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03656419.

Hypotonia, particularly of the masticatory and oropharyngeal muscles, is 1 of the main characteristics of Down Syndrome (DS), resulting in impaired speech, chewing and swallowing. Moreover, the complete or partial obstruction of the airways during sleep may occur due to hypotonia of the tongue, leading to snoring and sleep disorders, such as obstructive apnea and sleep bruxism. Objective: Analyze salivary levels of dopamine and cortisol and muscle activity before and after treatment with low-level laser therapy administered to acupoints in children with DS. Methods: A randomized, controlled, clinical trial will be conducted. Individuals 4 to 17 years of age with a diagnosis of DS and possible sleep bruxism will be screened at the Integrated Health Clinic of Nove de Julho University. We will evaluate orofacial dysfunction (Nordic Orofacial Test - Screening questionnaire), Masseter muscle activity during sleep will be assessed by BiteStrip and the masticatory muscles will be evaluated by electromyography (BTS TMJOINT) head posture as well as salivary cortisol and dopamine. After the evaluations, the participants will be randomized into 2 groups: Grupo 1 – treatment with low-level laser therapy at a wavelength of 808 nm; Group 2 – sham treatment (simulated laser therapy). Treatment will be conducted twice per week for a total of 12 sessions. The data will be tabulated and treated using GraphPad Prism version 7.0. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test will be used to determine the normality of the data. Variables that fit the Gaussian curve will be expressed as mean and standard deviation. The ANOVA 2-way will be used for comparisons between the groups, with the significance level set to 5% (P

Objective Investigate the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) on the expression of IL-10 and nitrites in individuals with Relapsing-Remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), as these biomarkers play a fundamental role in the physiopathology of the disease. The modulation of IL-10 and nitrites through treatment with PBM may be a novel treatment modality for MS. Methods A randomized, uncontrolled, clinical trial was conducted involving 14 individuals with a diagnosis of Relapsing-Remitting MS and a score of up to 6.0 on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). The participants were randomized to two groups Group 1 –PBM in the sublingual region; Group 2 –PBM over the radial artery. Irradiation was administered with a wavelength of 808 nm and output power of 100 mW for 360 seconds twice a week, totaling 24 sessions. Peripheral blood was analyzed for the determination of serum levels of IL-10 and nitrites. Results After treatment with PBM, the expression of IL-10 increased in both the sublingual group (pre-treatment: 2.8 ± 1.4 pg/ml; post-treatment: 8.3 ± 2.4 pg/ml) and the radial artery group (pre-treatment: 2.7 pg/ml ± 1.4; post-treatment: 11.7 ± 3.8 pg/ml). In contrast, nitrite levels were not modulated in the sublingual group (pre-treatment: 65 ± 50 nmol/mg protein; post-treatment: 51 ± 42 nmol/mg protein) or the radial artery group (pre-treatment: 51 ± 16 nmol/mg protein; post-treatment: 42 ± 7 nmol/mg protein). Conclusion Treatment with PBM positively modulated the expression of IL-10 but had no effect on nitrite levels. Further studies should be conducted with a larger sample and a control group, as PBM may be a promising complementary treatment for the management of MS. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov. Identifier: NCT03360487.

INTRODUÇÃO: A cirurgia torácica pode causar uma série de complicações pulmonares após o processo cirúrgico. O momento e a circunstância ideais para sedestação fora do leito e suas implicações clínicas, após cirurgias no tórax, ainda necessitam de padronização. Assim, faz-se necessário um tratamento de mobilização precoce adequado visando minimizar as complicações no período pós-operatório. OBJETIVOS: Objetivamos avaliar o efeito do atendimento fisioterapêutico no pós-operatório imediato de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia torácica. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Este será um ensaio clínico randomizado, no qual um grupo de pacientes submetidos às cirurgias de ressecções pulmonares eletivas (segmentectomias, lobectomias ou pneumonectomias) com idade superior a dezoito anos receberão atendimento fisioterapêutico através do PROSM. Serão excluídos os pacientes incapazes de assinar o termo de consentimento livre esclarecido, com performance status comprometido (ECOG superior à 2), com peso corporal inferior à 60 Kg ou superior à 120 Kg, com alergia a qualquer uma das drogas utilizadas na anestesia, portadores de disfunção renal, disfunção hepática (Child B e C) e Insuficiência Cardíaca (classe Funcional III e IV). O instrumento de classificação do grau da dor por meio da Escala Visual Analógica (EVA) e instrumento de classificação da independência funcional por meio da Escala MIF (medida de independência funcional) serão aplicados antes do início e após o término de cada sessão de fisioterapia. Também será analisado o número de sessões de cada paciente e o tempo de internação. Para análise estatística será utilizado o programa SPSS Statistics e o teste de Shapiro-Wilk será usado para identificar a normalidade dos dados coletados. Espera-se um menor tempo de internação e melhor independência funcional na alta hospitalar nos pacientes submetidos ao PROSM.

Photobiomodulation is a treatment that has been widely used in neurotrauma and neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, low-level laser therapy was administered to patients with spinal cord injury. Twenty-five individuals were divided into two groups: placebo photobiomodulation plus physiotherapy and active photobiomodulation plus physiotherapy. Electromyographic evaluations were performed before and after 12 sessions of phototherapy as well as 30 days after the end of treatment. In the active phototherapy group, median frequency values of the brachial biceps and femoral quadriceps muscles were higher at rest and during isotonic contraction 30 days after photobiomodulation (p = 0.0258). No significant results were found regarding the rest and isotonic conditions in the pre-photobiomodulation period (p = 0.950) or immediately following photobiomodulation (p = 0.262). The data provide evidence that phototherapy improves motor responses in individuals with spinal cord injury, as demonstrated by differences in the EMG signal before and after treatment. Trial registration: NCT 03031223

Objective We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the efficacy of PDT in the management of recurrent herpes labialis (RHL). Study design: systematic review. Methods This study was reported according to the PRISMA checklist and we performed a literature search on five databases. Results The search revealed that there are no published clinical trials addressing PDT on RHL, therefore we conducted a review of case reports and five studies were included for qualitative review. The number of treated patients varied from 2 to 6 in each article. Most studies used methylene blue as a photosensitizer, while one used 5-aminolevulinic acid. For light irradiation, most studies used laser and one used a red light from halogen lamp. Patients’ follow-up varied from 24 h to 12 months. All articles reported good outcomes with resolution of disease and no recurrences. Only one study reported adverse effects during treatment (burning and pain). Conclusion The results of this review suggest that PDT could be an effective treatment for herpes labialis. However, due to very few case reports and heterogeneity among protocols, there is a call for well-designed randomized clinical trials to confirm the efficacy of this therapy and to establish standardized protocols. The review protocol was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under number CRD CRD42018108973.

Aims: The aims of the present study were to monitor electromyography activity in the masticatory muscles of individuals with both hemiparesis and Temporomandibular Disorders and determine possible correlations with gender and time elapsed since the stroke event. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted involving 50 individuals. Group 1 comprises individuals with complete hemiparesis and Group 2 comprises individuals with incomplete hemiparesis. The Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders was used for the diagnosis of Temporomandibular Disorders. To capture the electromyography signal of the masseter and anterior temporal muscles bilateral was used a four-channel acquisition system. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the right and left side was found in the electromyography signal to the jaw at rest, both in the group with complete hemiparesis and the group with incomplete hemiparesis. No statistically significant differences in the EMG signal were found between the right and left sides during isometric contraction or isotonic contraction. Conclusions: The hemiparesis alters electromyographic signals in the masticatory muscles with the mandible at rest. Negative correlations were found between the electromyography signal and both the male gender and time elapsed since the stroke, demonstrating less electrical activity with a longer time since the neurological event, especially among men.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease, for which the forms of treatment are medication and rehabilitation. However, in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that photobiomodulation can be an effective treatment modality for inflammatory diseases, including MS. Photobiomodulation has a broad range of benefits, such as the avoidance of cell and tissue death, the stimulation of healing and injury repair, reductions in pain, edema and inflammation, cell proliferation, and even apoptosis. The outcomes of photobiomodulation include the regeneration of cells, the stimulation of the growth of Schwann cells, a reduction in spasticity, functional improvements, a reduction in nitric oxide levels, and the upregulation of the cytokine IL10, demonstrating that this therapeutic modality can offer neuroprotection. Methods: A randomized, controlled, double-blind, clinical trial is proposed. The patients will be divided into 6 groups. Groups 1 and 2 will receive sham and active photobiomodulation in the sublingual region, respectively. Groups 3 and 4 will receive sham and active photobiomodulation along the spinal cord, respectively. Group 5 will receive placebo treatment with photobiomodulation on the skin in the region of the radial artery with a specific bracelet. Group 6 will be treated with photobiomodulation on the skin in the region of the radial artery. Discussion: Treatment for MS is directed at the immune response and slowing the progression of the disease. This is one of the first clinical trials involving photobiomodulation in the sublingual region and along the spinal cord, which could help establish a promising new form of nonpharmacological treatment for autoimmune diseases. This is one of the first clinical trials with sublingual photobiomodulation and along the spinal cord that could help establish a new form of promising treatment of the disease associated with pharmacological treatment.