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The present review, with 169 references, describes a critical updated compilation of studies regarding the Anacardiaceae family. Firstly, it is shown a detailed report of the chemical composition (essential oils, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkyl and alkenyl phenols, and other compounds) of species of all studied genera, followed by the biological properties (in vitro and in vivo activities) of extracts, enriched fractions, and pure new isolated metabolites. Furthermore, it is reported herein that some deposited processes developed with Anacardiaceae spp. (cosmetic and pharmacological compositions, besides some technological applications) as well as new findings about the biosynthesis of phenolic lipids, the primary chemical marker of the family. Consequently, these outcomes highlight the relevance of this family in developing natural products’ chemistry from 2006 to now.

Through citizen science projects, like Projeto Bromélias, community members contribute valuable data on species diversity, notably those with low detectability like the Heterodactylus imbricatus lizard. A recent observation in the State of Espírito Santo (south-eastern Brazil), amidst coffee and eucalyptus crops, highlights the utility of widespread technology use in tracking and documenting wildlife. Such initiatives are especially beneficial for mapping the distribution of rare, endemic or endangered reptiles. Therefore, we advocate for more citizen science initiatives near protected areas, involving local communities.We provide a new record for the species Heterodactylus imbricatus, a microteiid lizard of low detectability from the Atlantic Forest of south-eastern Brazil. Heterodactylus imbricatus (Rio de Janeiro Teiid) was recorded near the protected area "Reserva Biológica Augusto Ruschi" by a citizen volunteer who contributes herpetofauna records to the Bromelias Project (https://www.inaturalist.org/projects/projeto-bromelias). Heterodactylus imbricatus is a very poorly-known species in the localities where it occurs, probably due to its fossorial habit, genera's restricted occurrence range, habitat specificity and the absence of proper survey methods fitted to fossorial species, such as the utilisation of pitfall traps. By publishing the records of volunteer citizens, we hope that more people will contribute to increase the knowledge of biodiversity in the mountainous region of Espírito Santo State and expand our collective knowledge.

The green tips of Salicornia ramosissima are used for human consumption, while, in a production scenario, the rest of the plant is considered a residue. This study evaluated the potential of incorporating salicornia by-products in diets for juvenile European seabass, partially replacing wheat meal, aspiring to contribute to their valorization. A standard diet and three experimental diets including salicornia in 2.5%, 5% and 10% inclusion levels were tested in triplicate. After 62 days of feeding, no significant differences between treatments were observed in fish growth performances, feeding efficiency and economic conversation ratio. Nutrient digestibility of the experimental diets was unaffected by the inclusion of salicornia when compared to a standard diet. Additionally, salicornia had significant modulatory effects on the fish muscle biochemical profiles, namely by significantly decreasing lactic acid and increasing succinic acid levels, which can potentially signal health-promoting effects for the fish. Increases in DHA levels in fish fed a diet containing 10% salicornia were also shown. Therefore, the results suggest that salicornia by-products are a viable alternative to partially replace wheat meal in diets for juvenile European seabass, contributing to the valorization of a residue and the implementation of a circular economy paradigm in halophyte farming and aquaculture.

The identification of novel feed materials as a source of functional ingredients is a topical priority in the finfish aquaculture sector. Due to the agrotechnical practices associated and phytochemical profiling, halophytes emerge as a new source of feedstuff for aquafeeds, with the potential to boost productivity and environmental sustainability. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the potential of Salicornia ramosissima incorporation (2.5, 5, and 10%), for 2 months, in the diet of juvenile European seabass, seeking antioxidant (in the liver, gills, and blood) and genoprotective (DNA and chromosomal integrity in blood) benefits. Halophyte inclusion showed no impairments on growth performance. Moreover, a tissue-specific antioxidant improvement was apparent, namely through the GSH-related defense subsystem, but revealing multiple and complex mechanisms. A genotoxic trigger (regarded as a pro-genoprotective mechanism) was identified in the first month of supplementation. A clear protection of DNA integrity was detected in the second month, for all the supplementation levels (and the most prominent melioration at 10%). Overall, these results pointed out a functionality of S. ramosissima-supplemented diets and a promising way to improve aquaculture practices, also unraveling a complementary novel, low-value raw material, and a path to its valorization.

Whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei farming in clear water recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) is relatively recent, and consequently, knowledge on the shrimp dietary demands is still insufficient, particularly in the initial developmental stages. This study aimed at assessing the dietary protein requirement of whiteleg shrimp post-larvae (PL) in a clear-water recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). Six microdiets were formulated to contain 34%, 44%, 49%, 54%, 58%, and 63% crude protein (P34, P44, P49, P54, P58 and P63, respectively) and were evaluated in triplicates. Whiteleg shrimp PL (3.2 mg wet weight) were reared for 21 days in a clear-water RAS at Riasearch Lda. At the end of the feeding period, the optimal protein requirement was estimated at 47.1%, 46.4%, 47.2%, and 44.0% for weight gain, relative growth rate (RGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and survival, respectively. PL fed the P54, P58, and P63 diets achieved significantly higher final body weights than those fed P34. PL fed P34 showed significantly lower RGR and survival and significantly higher FCR values than those fed the remaining diets, suggesting that low protein diets may not be adequate to be used in this stage of shrimp development and/or for the clear-water RAS husbandry conditions. Moreover, diet P34 seemingly reduced the overall antioxidant status of the PL when compared to P44, P49, and P54. However, the P34 diet seems to have stimulated the PL immune mechanisms when compared to P44, P49, and P54, possibly due to increased levels of fish and algae oil. Similarly, despite the good growth performances, a diet containing 63% of protein also seemed to have compromised the overall shrimp PL antioxidant status and stimulate their immune system. Shrimp fed diet P54 showed an apparent overall superior antioxidant status when compared to the remaining diets, evidencing that using protein inclusion levels up to 54% in aquafeeds not only potentiates growth performances and survival but also can potentially be beneficial to the health status of P. vannamei PL grown in a clear-water RAS. Hence, results from this study suggest that a minimum of approximately 47% of protein should be considered when tailoring microdiets for whiteleg shrimp PL grown in a clear-water RAS, but inclusion levels up to 54% can be used with benefits to the PL antioxidant status.

A esporotricose felina é uma micose subcutânea de evolução subaguda e crônica, cujo agente etiológico é um fungo dimórfico e geofílico do complexo Sporothrix (Sporothrix schenckii). A transmissão zoonótica vem recebendo destaque, tendo os felinos domésticos um papel epidemiológico importante na disseminação da enfermidade. Apesar de ser uma zoonose, existem poucos relatos de casos de esporotricose no nordeste do Brasil. Este artigo tem como objetivo descrever e relatar casos de esporotricose felina em dois gatos atendidos no consultório veterinário Mascot Pet, alertando os médicos veterinários para este possível diagnóstico. Ambos apresentavam lesões ulcerativas na pele, tendo um deles crostas e pequenas pápulas hiperêmicas. Foram realizadas citologias por imprint de lâminas no consultório e realizada a técnica de microscopia com coloração de Romanowsky pelo laboratório veterinário Vetinlab, na Bahia, por meio da qual observou-se estruturas leveduriformes compatíveis com o agente Sporothrix schenckii. Um dos animais foi tratado com Itraconazol 50 mg/animal a cada 24 horas, por um período de quatro meses com sucesso. Entretanto, foi necessária a eutanásia em um dos felinos, realizada pelo centro de controle de zoonoses de Salvador, Bahia.

O presente artigo busca discutir o atual contexto de adoção no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro de medidas de flexibilização da legislação trabalhista, fazendo um diálogo com o filme-documentário/ livro Requiem para um sonho americano de Noam Chomsky e aprofundando questões relacionadas às metamorfoses do mundo do trabalho e da classe trabalhadora. Tal diálogo vem a ser pertinente uma vez que a referida obra centra-se em fazer um breve panorama dos limites do capitalismo atual e dos potenciais riscos à democracia, apresentando os “dez princípios da riqueza e do poder”, ou da acumulação e concentração capitalista. Na primeira parte do artigo, é analisada a leitura presente na obra de Chomsky sobre o processo de concentração de riquezas e consequente desigualdade, na qual aponta os fundamentos da ideologia do neoliberalismo, relacionando-a, na segunda parte deste texto, com teoria da acumulação e crise capitalista. Nesta, diante da tendência de acumulação e centralização de capitais, contratendências ou barreiras podem emergir, constituindo-se limites à produção e à circulação geral de mercadorias, dos quais podem decorrer repercussões drásticas em instâncias políticas e legais. Na terceira e ultima parte do texto, chega-se ao climax da análise, ao se discutir como o quadro antes analisado vem impactando no mundo do trabalho do Brasil, em específico, sobre a flexibilização da legislação trabalhista.

Dietary additives have the potential to stimulate the whiteleg shrimp immune system, but information is scarce on their use in diets for larval/post-larval stages. The potential beneficial effects of vitamins C and E, β-glucans, taurine, and methionine were evaluated. Four experimental microdiets were tested: a positive control diet (PC); the PC with decreased levels of vitamin C and E as negative control (NC); the PC with increased taurine and methionine levels (T + M); and the PC supplemented with β-glucans (BG). No changes in growth performance and survival were observed. However, post-larvae shrimp fed the NC had lower relative expressions of pen-3 than those fed the PC, suggesting that lower levels of vitamins C and E may impact the shrimp immune status. Lipid peroxidation levels dropped significantly in the BG compared to the PC, indicating that β-glucans improved the post-larvae antioxidant mechanisms. Furthermore, when compared with the NC diet, PL fed with BG showed significant increases in tGSH levels and in the relative expression of crus and pen-3, suggesting a synergistic effect between vitamins C and E and β-glucans. Amongst the additives tested, β-glucans seems to be the most promising even when compared to a high-quality control diet.

Betulinic acid (BA, 3β-hydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid) is a pentacyclic triterpene acid present predominantly in Betula ssp. (Betulaceae) and is also widely spread in many species belonging to different plant families. BA presents a wide spectrum of remarkable pharmacological properties, such as cytotoxic, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and antimicrobial activities, including antiprotozoal effects. The present review first describes the sources of BA and discusses the chemical strategies to produce this molecule starting from betulin, its natural precursor. Next, the antiprotozoal properties of BA are briefly discussed and the chemical strategies for the synthesis of analogues displaying antiplasmodial, antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activities are systematically presented. The antiplasmodial activity described for BA was moderate, nevertheless, some C-3 position acylated analogues showed an improvement of this activity and the hybrid models—with artesunic acid—showed the most interesting properties. Some analogues also presented more intense antileishmanial activities compared with BA, and, in addition to these, heterocycles fused to C-2/C-3 positions and amide derivatives were the most promising analogues. Regarding the antitrypanosomal activity, some interesting antitrypanosomal derivatives were prepared by amide formation at the C-28 carboxylic group of the lupane skeleton. Considering that BA can be produced either by isolation of different plant extracts or by chemical transformation of betulin, easily obtained from Betula ssp., it could be said that BA is a molecule of great interest as a starting material for the synthesis of novel antiprotozoal agents.

Enyalius perditus is a semi-arboreal lizard species whose reproduction is poorly known. Here, we combine information obtained from preserved and live specimens to describe the reproductive timing (vitellogenesis, gravidity, and egg-laying) and fecundity (clutch size, egg size, and relative clutch mass) in females of E. perditus. Female reproduction is remarkably seasonal and occurs in the warmer and wetter periods of the year. Secondary vitellogenesis occurs from mid to late spring, whereas gravidity and egg-laying occur in early summer. Mating appears to be synchronized with secondary vitellogenesis, indicating an associated reproductive cycle. We suggest that E. perditus females produce only a single clutch per reproductive season. Clutch size ranged from three to 11 eggs and was positively correlated with female body size. Finally, the relative clutch mass was high, a recurrent feature to “sit-and-wait” foragers.

O tubo de acesso ao ninho das abelhas sem ferrão está relacionado com a defesa, forrageamento e regulação físico-química, através do controle da temperatura e circulação de ar dentro da colônia. Por isso, sua abertura e fechamento provoca um conflito (Trade-off) sobre o tamanho da entrada do ninho e a segurança da colônia. Este trabalho descreve o processo de abertura e fechamento do tubo de acesso em diferentes períodos do ano, e fornece informações importantes sobre a atividade de forrageamento de Nannotrigona testaceicornis (Lepeletier). Durante o trabalho, conduzido no campus da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (Minas Gerais, Brasil) foram realizadas 41 observações, 27 realizadas no período quente e húmido (de outubro até março) e 14 no período frio e seco (abril até setembro), totalizando 172 horas de observação. Pode-se observar que o tempo gasto durante o fechamento foi significativamente mais longo durante o período quente e úmido (χ² = 7,50; p < 0,0062), do que durante o período frio e seco. O tempo de fechamento do tubo mais longo no período quente e úmido, e mais rápido durante o período frio foi regulado pelo ritmo de atividade externa das abelhas, que são influenciadas pelos fatores climáticos. Por isso, o processo de abertura e fechamento sofre alterações durante os diferentes períodos do ano. Desta forma, este trabalho fornece importantes informações sobre a biologia desta espécie, que podem ser empregadas em seu manejo, aumentar sua utilização em atividades comerciais e diminuir a perda de operárias durante a migração das colônias. Biology of Opening and Closing the Access tube Nannotrigona testaceicornis (Lepeletier) (Apidae: Meliponini) Abstract. The bee nest’s access tube relates to its defense, forage and physicochemical regulation through temperature and air circulation control. Therefore, it’s opening and closing causes a conflict (Trade-off) in the size of the nest’s opening and the colony’s safety. This paper describes the process of opening and closing of the access tube in different times of the year and provides important information about the foraging behavior of Nannotrigona testaceicornis (Lepeletier). During this work, conducted in the Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora campus (Minas Gerais, Brasil), 41 observations were performed, of which 27 took place during the hot and humid season (from October to March) and 14 during the cold and dry season (from April to September), totaling 172 hours of observation. It was seen that the time spent in closing was significantly longer in the hot and humid season (χ² = 7.50; p < 0.0062), than in the cold and dry season. The longer closing time of the tube during the hot season and shorter in the cold season was regulated by the bee’s external activity rhythm, which is influenced by climatic factors. Thus, the opening and closing processes suffers alterations during the different seasons of the year. Accordingly, this paper shows important information about the species’ biology, information that may be used on its handling, increase its use on commercial activities and decrease the loss of workers during colony migration.

We present the first records of Tropidurus callathelys and T. chromatops in Brazil, at Parque Estadual Serra Ricardo Franco, Mato Grosso. The two species are largely syntopic and associated with rock outcrops on the plateaus of the Serranía de Huanchaca, Bolivia and Brazil. Tropidurus callathelys is more abundant, more heliophilous and uses vertical surfaces more often than T. chromatops. In Brazil, they are apparently restricted to Serra de Ricardo Franco, a protected area threatened by cattle raising, logging and agriculture, still in need of demarcation and a management plan.

O transplante renal é a melhor modalidade de terapia renal substutiva até o momento. Infelizmente, a sobrevida do enxerto é interrompida pelos episódios de rejeição aguda ou mesmo de fibrose intersticial/atrofia tubular. A dosagem de quimiocinas e citocinas urinárias como ferramenta alternativa para o diagnóstico dessas complicações tem sido relatada nos últimos anos. Estas substâncias estão sabidamente relacionadas com os mecanismos imunoinflamatórios do transplante renal, podendo ser detectadas no tecido renal, no plasma e na urina de pacientes transplantados. Drogas anti-inflamatórias, inibidores do sistema renina angiotensina e alguns antagonistas de receptores de citocinas, ainda utilizados em nível experimental, podem interferir com a expressão desses mediadores do sistema imune e, por conseguinte, alterar a evolução do transplante renal. Neste sentido, pretende-se neste artigo fazer uma revisão dos estudos sobre a mensuração de citocinas/quimiocinas e dos seus receptores na urina, no plasma e no tecido renal de pacientes transplantados, no intuito de avaliar uma possível associação entre os níveis desses mediadores e as complicações do transplante renal e sobrevida do enxerto.Renal transplantation is currently the best modality of renal substitutive therapy. Unfortunately graft survival is interrupted by episodes of acute rejection or even interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy. The measurement of urinary chemokines and cytokines as an alternative tool to diagnose these complications has been reported in past years. Those substances are clearly related to the immunoinflammatory mechanisms of renal transplantation, and can be detected in renal tissue, plasma, and urine samples of transplant recipients. Anti-inflammatory drugs, renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, and some antagonists of cytokines' receptors, although used only experimentally, can interfere with the expression of these immune system mediators and consequently alter renal transplantation outcome. This article reviewed studies on the measurement of cytokines/ chemokines and their receptors in urine, plasma, and renal tissue of transplant recipients, aiming at evaluating a possible association of the levels of those mediators with renal transplantation complications and allograft survival.

Formas químicas de controle de mosquitos vetores são ineficazes, levando ao desenvolvimento de novas estratégias. Assim, foi realizada revisão das estratégias de controle genético de populações de mosquitos vetores baseada na técnica do inseto estéril. Uma delas consiste na liberação de machos esterilizados por radiação, a outra, na integração de um gene letal dominante associado a um promotor específico de fêmeas imaturas. Entre as vantagens sobre outras técnicas biológicas e químicas de controle de vetores estão: alta especificidade, não prejudicial ao meio ambiente, baixo custo de produção e alta eficácia. O uso desta técnica de modificação genética pode vir a ser uma importante ferramenta do manejo integrado de vetores.Formas químicas de control de mosquitos vectores son ineficaces, llevando al desarrollo de nuevas estrategias. Así, fue realizada revisión de las estrategias de control genético de poblaciones de mosquitos vectores basada en la técnica del insecto estéril. Una de ellas consiste en la liberación de machos esterilizados por radiación, la otra, en la integración de un gen letal dominante asociado a un promotor específico de hembras inmaduras. Entre las ventajas sobre otras técnicas biológicas y químicas de control de vectores están: la alta especificidad, no prejudicial al ambiente, bajo costo de producción y alta eficiencia. El uso de esta técnica de modificación genética puede ser una importante herramienta del manejo integrado de vectores.The ineffectiveness of current strategies for chemical control of mosquito vectors raises the need for developing novel approaches. Thus, we carried out a literature review of strategies for genetic control of mosquito populations based on the sterile insect technique. One of these strategies consists of releasing radiation-sterilized males into the population; another, of integrating a dominant lethal gene under the control of a specific promoter into immature females. Advantages of these approaches over other biological and chemical control strategies include: highly species-specific, environmentally safety, low production cost, and high efficacy. The use of this genetic modification technique will constitute an important tool for integrated vector management.

Relatamos o caso de um homem de 50 anos com uma rara associação entre moldes brônquicos e o uso de interferon peguilado e ribavirina. O paciente procurou o serviço de pneumologia por apresentar, há quatro meses, dispneia progressiva que evoluiu com tosse progressiva seguida da expulsão de moldes brônquicos frequentes e abundantes. O paciente foi tratado inicialmente com medicações broncodilatadoras e uso de corticoide oral e inalatório. Foram realizados fibrobroncoscopia, lavado broncoalveolar e análise do escarro, os quais não acrescentaram informações para elucidação diagnóstica. Durante o período sintomático, o paciente fez uso de interferon peguilado e ribavirina para o tratamento de hepatite C. Após 30 dias da interrupção das medicações, o paciente ficou assintomático. Este é o primeiro relato sobre a associação entre molde brônquico e o uso de interferon peguilado e ribavirina.We report the case of a 50-year-old male patient with a rare profile: bronchial casts associated with the use of pegylated interferon and ribavirin. The patient sought treatment in a pulmonology clinic with a history of progressive dyspnea for four months that had evolved to progressive cough followed by frequent and abundant elimination of bronchial casts. The patient was initially treated with bronchodilators, as well as with oral and inhaled corticosteroids. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage and sputum analysis were carried out but did not contribute to the elucidation of the diagnosis. The symptoms developed while the patient was receiving pegylated interferon and ribavirin for the treatment of hepatitis C. The symptoms resolved 30 days after the discontinuation of the treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first report of bronchial casts caused by the use of pegylated interferon and ribavirin.

Introdução: A literatura não oferece consenso quanto às indicações e contra-indicações para inclusão em lista para transplante renal com doador falecido nos centros de terapia renal substitutiva. Objetivos: avaliar o perfil demográfico, as razões das indicações ou não para inclusão em lista de transplante renal doador falecido e a enfermidade primária dos pacientes em terapia renal substitutiva desse centro. Métodos: Foi analisado o banco de dados de pacientes em terapia renal substitutiva quanto aos dados demográficos, às enfermidades primárias e às indicações e contra-indicações para inclusão em lista de transplante renal doador falecido. Foram divididos em três grupos: G1 (aptos ao transplante), G2 (não aptos) e G3 (avaliação). Resultados: de 408 pacientes, 127 estavam no G1, eram 54% masculinos, idade média 43 anos (15-65), 41% tinham glomerulonefrite crônica, 12% nefroesclerose hipertensiva, 10% nefrite túbulo intersticial crônica, 6% diabetes melitus e 6% nefropatia de refluxo. No G2 havia 166 pacientes, 46% masculinos, idade média 62 anos (25-88), 30% tinham diabetes melitus, 15% glomerulonefrite crônica e 14% nefroesclerose hipertensiva, 11% doença ateroembólica. No G3 havia 115 pacientes, 62% masculinos, idade média 49 anos (16-65), 42% com diabetes melitus, 15% glomerulonefrite crônica, 8% nefrite túbulo intersticial crônica, 4% doença ateroembólica e 48% necessitavam de avaliação cardiológica. As principais razões para exclusão no G2 foram: idade superior a 65 anos e recusa ao Transplante. Conclusões: um percentual esperado de pacientes desse centro encontrava-se apto à inclusão em lista de transplante renal doador falecido (31%) e as maiores contra-indicações foram idade avançada e recusa.