Search

The purpose of this article is to present the basis for building trust within the European Union, through which the authors illustrate the importance of the protection of personal data as a fundamental requirement in both the EU and its Member States’ legal environments. In addition, the authors have examined the Chinese Social Credit System, which by its design and operation is not primarily focused on building trust and is therefore not the most appropriate solution for building trust. The authors conducted a SWOT analysis comparing the EU and Chinese principles to achieve their objectives. They also conducted interviews with people who have personal experience with the Chinese credit point system. Based on the results obtained, they sought to justify their basic hypothesis that this type of credit system could not be applied within the EU.

The root microbiome of halotolerant plants can represent a great source of salt-tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (ST-PGPR) with a wide range of beneficial effects on plants growth, development and productivity. The better understanding of the variety of complex salt tolerance and adaptive mechanisms of halophytes can contribute to improve salt tolerance in crops, and as a result, a better and increased use of saline areas worldwide. In addition, reclaiming saline areas for agricultural use may be able to alleviate the global threat of progressive soil salinization.

The REHAROB robotic upper limb rehabilitation system was improved with a custom-designed and developed hand/finger therapy module. The new module extends the scope of the applicable motion therapy from passive to active reach-to-grasp activities of daily living tasks, and the range of treated anatomical joints was also extended to every proximal and distal upper limb anatomical joint. Finger exercising and object grasping are supported with a pair of two degree-of-freedom (DOF) robotic fingers. One of the robotic fingers moves the index/middle/ring fingers together, whereas the other robotic finger moves the thumb. A novel hypothesis was established, analyzed, and tested for setting the orientation of the robotic finger moving the thumb. The robotic thumb is not aligned with the patient's thumb; its orientation is optimized in the patient's hand reference system to maximize the efficiency in the opposite grasping task. While most concurrent systems utilize virtual objects for grasping tasks, the REHAROB system exercises five carefully selected reach-and-grasp type activities of daily living (ADL) with real objects. Actuating the human finger phalanges through custom development finger orthoses is described. An advanced feature of the hand/finger therapy module is the left-right hand side changeover by only alternating the orientation of the robotic fingers and exchanging the finger orthoses.

Abstract Monotopic membrane-bound flavoproteins, sulfide:quinone oxidoreductases (SQRs), have a variety of physiological functions, including sulfide detoxification. SQR enzymes are classified into six groups. SQRs use the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor to transfer electrons from sulfide to quinone. A type VI SQR of the photosynthetic purple sulfur bacterium, Thiocapsa roseopersicina (TrSqrF), has been previously characterized, and the mechanism of sulfide oxidation has been proposed. This paper reports the characterization of quinone binding site (QBS) of TrSqrF composed of conserved aromatic and apolar amino acids. Val331, Ile333, and Phe366 were identified near the benzoquinone ring of enzyme-bound decylubiquinone (dUQ) using the TrSqrF homology model. In silico analysis revealed that Val331 and Ile333 alternately connected with the quinone head group via hydrogen bonds, and Phe366 and Trp369 bound the quinones via hydrophobic interactions. TrSqrF variants containing alanine (V331A, I333A, F366A) and aromatic amino acid (V331F, I333F, F366Y), as well as a C-terminal α-helix deletion (CTD) mutant were generated. These amino acids are critical for quinone binding and, thus, catalysis. Spectroscopic analyses proved that all mutants contained FAD. I333F replacement resulted in the lack of the charge transfer complex. In summary, the interactions described above maintain the quinone molecule’s head in an optimal position for direct electron transfer from FAD. Surprisingly, the CTD mutant retained a relatively high level of specific activity while remaining membrane-anchored. This is a unique study because it focuses on the QBS and the oxidative stage of a type VI sulfide-dependent quinone reduction. Key points • V331, I333, F366, and W369 were shown to interact with decylubiquinone in T. roseopersicina SqrF • These amino acids are involved in proper positioning of quinones next to FAD • I333 is essential in formation of a charge transfer complex from FAD to quinone Graphical abstract

In this article, the authors present a data-driven architecture-based malware exploit analysis as the next part of the Penetration Testing article series. The analysis contributes greatly to investigating malicious attacks, which are becoming increasingly sophisticated in cyberspace, thus posing a significant threat to the information and communication networks of state and non-state actors. To achieve their research objectives, the authors use analytical evaluation methods to define the principles, modular elements and procedures of the data-driven architecture to be applied, where decisions are made based on the available data. On this basis, they have presented an analytical process that can help the public and defence sectors to analyse this type of attack, thus facilitating recovery processes.

Az új típusú koronavírus számos területen gyorsította fel a digitalizációt. A globális pandémia egyik jellegzetes képe az online értekezletekhez köthető. Az állami és piaci szervezeteknek, az oktatási intézményeknek szinte egyik napról a másikra kellett átállni távoli munkavégzésre, digitális oktatásra, ami a különböző videókonferencia-alkalmazások használatának megugrásával járt együtt. A Covid–19 azonban nem csupán a társadalmi funkciók fenntartásában okozott komoly kihívásokat; a kierőltetett digitalizáció emergens fenyegetettségeket is okozott a kibertérben. A videókonferencia-alkalmazások a fentiekből következően számos biztonsági kockázatot rejtenek magukban adatvédelmi és információbiztonsági aspektusból. Jelen tanulmány ezeket a kockázatokat kívánja bemutatni a technológia, illetve a humán tényező szempontjából, valamint a jó gyakorlatok elvét követve megoldási javaslatokat is felvázol.

The problem-solving mechanism developed by Sparrow in the field of social regulation could also be implemented in competition law in order to prevent the recurrence of competition problems in a given industry. The aim of competition authorities (as a protection-type agency) is to create public value. This is measured in terms of their ability to solve social problems by preventing or controlling harms. In the case of competition authorities, public value is achieved by ensuring a competitive market environment through the curtailment of market power and the removal of barriers to entry. The public value of prevention is especially important when markets have a tendency to become concentrated. In order to achieve the maximum preventive effect, all prevention tools must be operated effectively. This includes imposing structural remedies or switching to ex-ante prevention (regulation) when ex-post enforcement proves ineffective. concentration, deterrence, divestitures, ex-ante regulation, prevention

A tanulmány második részében a szerzők rámutatnak arra, hogy a szénhidrogénipari üzemek a rájuk jellemző „fokozott tűz- vagy robbanásveszély” miatt a katasztrófavédelemkiemelt területének számítanak. A szénhidrogén feldolgozás során az üzemekben előforduló balesetek nem múlnak el nyomtalanul, a környezetre, a technológiára és a működtetőkre egyaránt nagy hatást gyakorolnak. A szerzőkvéleményét a feldolgozott események megerősítik a tekintetben, hogy a nagyobb ipari katasztrófák elkerüléséhez a hatóságoknak, a fejlesztőknek és az üzemeltetőknek közösen, a korábbi események tanulságait felhasználva a felkészülés és a megelőzés komplex módozatainak fejlesztésével mindig egy gondolattal a káresetek bekövetkezése előtt kell járniuk.

Az Európai Unió (EU) célja a digitális korban is az, hogy megőrizze értékeit, ezért a digitális kor kihívásainak megválaszolásakor is a saját útját kívánja járni. Az EU a digitális szuverenitás elérése egyik fő eszközének (a technológiai befektetések ösztönzése és támogatása mellett) az értékei mentén működő szabályozást választotta. Lévén a digitális kor szabályozásának fő innovátora a világban, az EU egyik fő stratégiai kérdése a 21. században, hogy miként tudja visszaszerezni a kontrollt adatvagyona felett, csökkentve az adatok elvesztéséhez vezető technológiai kiszolgáltatottságot. Ennek kapcsán megállapítható, hogy az ebben a körben született eddigi EU-s kezdeményezések a zéróáras üzleti modellel megvalósuló adatelszívást nem szorítanák keretek közé, emiatt viszont nem látszik, hogy az EU kitettsége ezen a téren csökkenne.

Jelen tanulmány az eddigi legátfogóbb kutatás eredményeit mutatja be, amely a rendszerváltozással egyidős, 30 éves magyar fúzióengedélyezéssel kapcsolatban valaha született. A kutatás célja elsősorban az volt, hogy a magyarországi fúziók (vagy összefonódások) engedélyezésének elmúlt évtizedben elindult fejlesztését és annak közértéket képező hozadékait a szélesebb szakmai nyilvánosság elé tárja. A legfontosabb eredmény, hogy a 2010. évi adatokhoz képest a részletesebb elemzést igénylő fúziós eljárások átlagos ügyintézési ideje 2020-ra 62 százalékkal, a verseny szempontjából aggálymentes fúziókat vizsgáló ügyek elintézési ideje 82,5 százalékkal csökkent. A kutatás feltárta, hogy mára a Gazdasági Versenyhivatal fúziók kapcsán történő piaci beavatkozásainak harmada verbális formában történik. A kutatás a hatóság rendelkezésére álló adatok feldolgozásának és elemzésének módszertanával készült.

One of the essential prerequisites for an efficient and effective organisation in our information society is the timely provision of information to the entitled person or persons. This is particularly important in the public, economic and business sphere, in public administration, law enforcement agencies and military operations as well. The information must always be available in the right place, at the right time, in the required quantity, quality and format, in order to gain and maintain the information superiority. This paper aims to analyse and present the methods of information sharing among different classified and non-classified systems and networks, their proposed areas of application, the security measures required for their safe implementation, and the risks and issues arising from their use. In this part of the article, the author analysed the different international security management procedures, the possible threats, vulnerabilities and solutions to create the most effective information-sharing environment.

Napjainkban minden gyorsan változik: a társadalom, a haderő, az alkalmazott harceljárások és természetesen a technikai eszközök is. A katonai vezetőknek ezek között a megváltozott körülmények között kell megtalálniuk a legoptimálisabb vezetői magatartást, amely képes biztosítani a katonai tevékenységek hatékonyságát. A katonai műveletek produktivitása, valamint az erkölcsi és morális szempontok összetett viszonyban állnak egymással. A szerző tanulmányában arra keresi a választ, hogy az erkölcsi és morális szempontok miként befolyásolják a katonai műveleteket, s milyen szerepe van az etikának a modern önkéntes haderők alkalmazásában.

From its beginning until today the Hungarian hydrocarbon industry has suffered more than seventy bigger accidents where intervention of the fire service and thorough examination was required. In the article the author presents the short analysis of accidents that were collected, systemized, and entered into database during the research, and their integration into the Geographic Information System (GIS). Based on the finished database, with the extended list of the locations’ GPS coordinates, the accidents will be entered into the ArcMap application. The publication of the accidents will be done with the help of Arcgis Viewer for Flex – Application Builder program. Following the GIS placement of accidents, testing, drawing conclusions and summarization are the main goals. The next step will be the preparation for assigning the database to the Disaster Management Decision Support Geographic Information System. Following the international publication, the long-term goal is the connection of each country’s files of dangerous industrial activities that were collected by researchers into one common database.

A digitális szolgáltatásokat kínáló világcégek jellemzően úgy nőttek nagyra, hogy a közterhek viseléséhez nem feltétlenül járulnak hozzá abban az országban, ahonnan a bevételeik megteremtéséhez szükséges adatvagyon származik. Jelen tanulmány célja annak bemutatása, hogy a digitális szolgáltatást nyújtó világcégek megadóztatása nem csak adóbevétel-növelési, de szimbolikus szempontból is jelentőséggel bír. Az "új olajat" jelentő adatok kiaknázásából ezért méltányosan részesednie kellene azon államoknak is, amelyek polgárainak adatai felhasználásával a digitális világcégek jelentős bevételre tesznek szert. A politikai, jogszabályi környezet elemzése és az állambölcseleti elméletek áttekintése révén arra jutottunk, hogy ebben a szimbolikájában is jelentős kérdésben sem valószínű az EU-szintű egységes fellépés sikere és éppen ezért tagállami, nemzeti szintű intézkedésekre lehet szükség.

Global companies providing digital services utilise the public services of the countries from which they derive their revenue generating datasets. Despite this, they do not necessarily contribute to supporting public burden in these countries. The present study aims to demonstrate the importance of digital services taxation not only in terms of increasing tax revenue, but also in terms of symbolic significance. It is argued that global digital companies should provide a fair contribution, in the form of a percentage of the revenue generated from the use of citizens’ data, to those countries from which these data are derived. In other words, states should also receive a fair share of the exploitation of what can be considered as the “new oil”, namely data. After analysing the political and legal environment and reviewing theories of state philosophy, the authors conclude that the success of joint action at EU level on this symbolic issue is highly questionable and therefore action at level of individual Member States may be needed.

Fire research activities are an important part of the complex system of disaster management; finding out causes of fires and the experience gained can effect fire prevention, industrial safety and the protection of citizens. The hypothesis of the authors is that the research of fire events happening during hydrocarbon processing requires to be looked at from a completely different point of view than the fire researches carried out in other areas of life. In the first part of the article series the authors examine the qualities of the Disaster Management Operational Service (“KMSZ” in the following) with a questionnaire survey. Analysing the fire cases and researches in connection with hydrocarbon processing they make suggestions for the development and training from the point of view of both the individual and the organisation.

Fire research activities are an important part of the complex system of disaster management; the found causes of fires and the experience gained can effect fire prevention, industrial safety and the protection of citizens. The hypothesis of the authors is that the research of fires happening during hydrocarbon processing requires to be looked at from a completely different point of view than the fire researches carried out in other areas of life. The second part investigates improvement opportunities, new technologies, the usability of the fire spreadsheet and the extended reality of incidents of hydrocarbon-processing applicable to fire examination.

Innovative technologies can support older adults with or without disabilities, allowing them to live independently in their environment whilst monitoring their health and safety conditions and thereby reducing the significant burden on caregivers, whether family or professional. This paper discusses the design of a study protocol to evaluate the acceptance, usability, and efficiency of the SAVE system, a custom-developed information technology-based elderly care system. The study will involve older adults (aged 65 or older), professional and lay caregivers, and care service decision-makers representing all types of users in a care service scenario. The SAVE environmental sensors, smartwatches, smartphones, and Web service application will be evaluated in people’s homes situated in Romania, Italy, and Hungary with a total of 165 users of the three types (cares, elderly, and admin). The study design follows the mixed method approach, using standardized tests and questionnaires with open-ended questions and logging all the data for evaluation. The trial is registered to the platform ClinicalTrials.gov with the registration number NCT05626556. This protocol not only guides the participating countries but can be a feasibility protocol suitable for evaluating the usability and quality of similar systems.

Immunolabeling and autoradiography have traditionally been applied as the methods-of-choice to visualize and collect molecular information about physiological and pathological processes. Here, we introduce PharmacoSTORM super-resolution imaging that combines the complementary advantages of these approaches and enables cell-type- and compartment-specific nanoscale molecular measurements. We exploited rational chemical design for fluorophore-tagged high-affinity receptor ligands and an enzyme inhibitor; and demonstrated broad PharmacoSTORM applicability for three protein classes and for cariprazine, a clinically approved antipsychotic and antidepressant drug. Because the neurobiological substrate of cariprazine has remained elusive, we took advantage of PharmacoSTORM to provide in vivo evidence that cariprazine predominantly binds to D3 dopamine receptors on Islands of Calleja granule cell axons but avoids dopaminergic terminals. These findings show that PharmacoSTORM helps to quantify drug-target interaction sites at the nanoscale level in a cell-type- and subcellular context-dependent manner and within complex tissue preparations. Moreover, the results highlight the underappreciated neuropsychiatric significance of the Islands of Calleja in the ventral forebrain., The authors introduce PharmacoSTORM single-molecule imaging that uses fluorescent ligands and immunolabeling for cellular and subcellular nanoscale molecular pharmacology. They demonstrate its capabilities by visualizing cariprazine binding to D3 dopamine receptors on Islands of Calleja granule cell axons.

Plant-based meat analogues (i.e., plant-based meat alternatives or substitutes, or vegan meats) are becoming more and more popular. The quality of the available products is constantly increasing therefore their consumption is also increasing. The primary role of meat analogues is to replace the meat component in meals while appropriate nutrient content and hedonic value will be provided as well. The food safety aspects of these newly emerging food products are less investigated. The aim of this study is to compare the microbial spoilage of identical meals prepared with meat and meat analogues to evaluate the food safety risk of meat analogues. In this work, raw protein materials were tested. Moreover, three pairs of meals prepared with or without meat were microbiologically examined during a storage experiment. Microbial contaminants were low in raw protein sources. In the case of hot meals, the microbial proliferation was faster in samples containing meat analogue, especially if the meals were not cooled. The food safety risk of meals prepared with meat analogues is slightly higher than their meat-containing counterparts, therefore more attention needs to be paid to the preparation, processing, and storage of these foods.

β-arrestins are partners of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), regulating their intracellular trafficking and signaling. Development of biased GPCR agonists, selectively targeting either G protein or β-arrestin pathways, are in the focus of interest due to their therapeutic potential in different pathological conditions. The CB2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R) is a GPCR involved in various functions in the periphery and the central nervous system. Two common occurring variants of CB2R, harboring Q63R or L133I missense mutations, have been implicated in the development of a diverse set of disorders. To evaluate the effect of these mutations, we characterized the binding profile of these mutant CB2 receptors to G proteins and β-arrestin2. Although their ability to inhibit cAMP signaling was similar, the Q63R mutant had increased, whereas the L133I mutant receptor had decreased β-arrestin2 binding. In line with these observations, the variants also had altered intracellular trafficking. Our results show that two common variants of the CB2 receptor have biased signaling properties, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of the associated disorders and may offer CB2R as a target for further development of biased receptor activation strategies.

Understanding why sexual reproduction—which involves syngamy (union of gametes) and meiosis—emerged and how it has subsisted for millions of years remains a fundamental problem in biology. Considered as the essence of sex, meiotic recombination is initiated by a DNA double-strand break (DSB) that forms on one of the pairing homologous chromosomes. This DNA lesion is subsequently repaired by gene conversion, the non-reciprocal transfer of genetic information from the intact homolog. A major issue is which of the pairing homologs undergoes DSB formation. Accumulating evidence shows that chromosomal sites where the pairing homologs locally differ in size, i.e., are heterozygous for an insertion or deletion, often display disparity in gene conversion. Biased conversion tends to duplicate insertions and lose deletions. This suggests that DSB is preferentially formed on the “shorter” homologous region, which thereby acts as the recipient for DNA transfer. Thus, sex primarily functions as a genome (re)loading mechanism. It ensures the restoration of formerly lost DNA sequences (deletions) and allows the efficient copying and, mainly in eukaryotes, subsequent spreading of newly emerged sequences (insertions) arising initially in an individual genome, even if they confer no advantage to the host. In this way, sex simultaneously repairs deletions and increases genetic variability underlying adaptation. The model explains a remarkable increase in DNA content during the evolution of eukaryotic genomes.

I am going to exhibit underground gas storage that is a special field of hydrocarbon storage from the viewpoints of council and safety duties of the disaster management. The bonds between carbon atoms in hydrocarbons can form an infinite number of variants, from which I am going to describe the qualities of and the methods for producing, transporting, and storing the gaseous natural gas. Using a Hungarian underground gas storage as example I am going to demonstrate the duties of disaster management that are necessary for avoiding or handling endangering effects. I will examine a case of fire in a gas storage, its effects and the possible ways of informing the population. I am going to investigate the main parts of related laws and decrees. My goal is to make the operations safer, protecting the population and also preparing it for unique situations connected to gas storage.

In the second part of this series of articles I am going to examine the further characteristics of harmful events and industrial accidents that happened during processing bitumen. I am going to begin with the demonstration of hydrocarbons and continue with the analysis of rigid-walled tanks containing finished bitumen and the simulation of their explosion. To understand the incidences better I am analysing the basic chemical reactions of tank explosions from different viewpoints. Adumbrating the possibilities of prevention my main goal is the discovery and designation of the direction of development; not only in respect of bitumen processing but on the whole spectrum of hydrocarbon processing. Following exploration of causes and solutions acquainting them, applying them in the daily operation and technological instructions greatly improves the safe operation and actuation of a plant.

This study examines Hungary’s most significant nuclear events, as well as hydrocarbon industry accidents and an incident in a TNT factory, and also analyses them from the related disaster manager viewpoints and from the standpoints of scheming and managing adangerous situation. In our previous parts of our articles, we have investigated working methods from abroad and the possibilities for them to be applied in Hungary in the disaster management’s planning, prognosis making and prevention activities. Humans appear as a safety factor, as well as a safety risk during the handling and processing of nuclear materials, and at the same time carry great responsibility during hydrocarbon processing. At the end of the article, we analyse the possibilities of prevention of industrial disasters, reducing risks and improving safety. The ultimate aim is to improve the planning for and the management of dangerous situations, excluding events and people that carry risks from the critical places, reducing hazards and making the processes safer.