Search

Morphological boundaries between South American species of Euphrasia L. are controversial, rendering determination of specimens an arduous task. In this context, a comprehensive taxonomic revision of Euphrasia in South America is here provided for the first time. This study, based upon a classical morphological study of ca. 400 herbarium specimens, supports the recognition of eight species and one subspecies distributed in the Andean regions of Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile. From among native species, six belong to section Trifidae Benth. and one to the monotypic section Paradoxae Pugsley, endemic to Juan Fernández Islands; one adventive species, E. officinalis L., belongs to the section Euphrasia. The previously misunderstood presence of E. cockayniana Petrie is here untangled, and, consequently, the species is excluded from South America. A key to all Euphrasia taxa in South America, plus morphological descriptions, nomenclature items, geographical distribution and maps, habitat notes, illustrations, photographs, and discussion notes are included for the nine taxa. Eleven names are here synonymized, and lectotypes are designated for E. andicola Benth., E. debilis Wettst., E. flavicans Phil., E. intricata Phil., and E. philippii Wettst. Euphrasia andicola is reported for the first time for Argentina. This collaborative effort will represent a baseline for further investigations on Euphrasia in South America.

A new species of Passiflora Section Decaloba, P. andicola, endemic in northwest Peru is here described and illustrated. This new herbaceous climber differs from its related species in the indumentum, flower morphology and geographical distribution. Passiflora andicola inhabits montane forests of Cajamarca and Lambayeque Departments. In addition, the morphology and distributional range of P. andicola and related species are compared and discussed.

Germination and seedling establishment are two critical processes in the life cycle of plants. Seeds and seedlings must pass through a series of abiotic and biotic filters in order to recruit as members of their communities. These processes are part of the regeneration niche of the species. In arid regions, the regeneration niche is frequently associated to facilitation by shade. Facilitation is a positive interaction between plants, in which one of them acts as a benefactor (the nurse) of the other (the beneficiary). The result of this interaction can be reflected in the increased growth, survival, and/or reproduction of the beneficiary plant. In this study, we determined experimentally the effect of shade and irrigation on the germination and early survival of dominant species of a semi-arid Andean region, the Bolivian Prepuna. An experiment with Acacia feddeana, Prosopis ferox, Cercidium andicola (woody species), Parodia maassii, and Oreocereus celsianus (cactus species) was carried out at an experimental garden in La Paz, Bolivia, with a bifactorial design, considering shaded and unshaded pots, subjected to two irrigation treatments (≈50 and 80 mm of rainfall during the whole study period). Microenvironmental conditions did not affect the seed germination of the woody species. However, they showed differences in seedling survival: A. feddeana survived better under shade, whereas P. ferox and C. andicola survived better without shade. Cercidium andicola, compared to P. ferox, was more affected by shade and low irrigation. Although germination success of cacti was low, both species germinated better under shade and with high irrigation. These results showed differences in the regeneration niche of dominant species of the Prepuna which may favor their coexistence and which may be characteristic of other dry Andean regions.

Sibaria Stål is a genus of Pentatomidae occurring exclusively in the Neotropical region. Since its description, little information has been added to the knowledge of the taxon. The hypothesis of monophyly of Sibaria was recently supported by a phylogenetic analysis based on morphological and molecular data. The purpose of this study is to provide a review of Sibaria, redescribe the valid species, and describe a new species. The genus includes four species: S. andicola Breddin, S. armata (Dallas), S. englemani Rolston, and S. amazonica sp. nov.. Diagnoses, macrophotographs (habitus, external and internal genitalia), an identification key, and distribution records of the species are also provided.

The Echeverias of the Chillon River Valley, one of the three rivers that run through Lima, the Capital city of Peru, are reviewed. Three new taxa are recognized and described: two new species and a new variety. (1) Echeveria deltoidea is a large species with narrowly triangular, light green to glaucous-purplish leaves, and large salmon-colored widely pyramidal flowers. It differs from E. chiclensis in its larger and broader, flatter leaves. It has been mistaken for E. andicola but this latter has smaller, prismatic, evenly orange-red flowers and smaller obovate-oblong leaves instead. Its rosettes are as large as in E. excelsa but this species has obovate leaves with obtuse apices. (2) Echeveria fruticosa is a new species with conspicuous aerial stems, erect or decumbent, each crowned by a rosette of rhomboid-obovate leaves, glaucous to bright green, narrowly rhomboid to obovate and wider than the linear oblong leaves of E. chiclensis. It has urceolate, light yellowish-green flowers with a blush,...

Mexico possesses at least 59 taxa of Anthurium , 49 species and 10 infraspecific taxa, 32 of which are found in the State of Oaxaca, Mexico. During fieldwork conducted in 2019 in Sierra de Juarez, northern Oaxaca, we discovered a previously undescribed species of Anthurium sect. Andiphilum (Schott) Croat. The new species, Anthurium perezfarrerae Diaz Jim. & Croat, is described taxonomically and illustrated. It is morphologically similar to Anthurium andicola Liebm. that is distributed in the same area, but this species differs in having a shorter geniculum, fewer primary lateral veins per side, tertiary vein prominolous above, and a shorter spadix.

The present study aimed to cytogenetically analyse five Ctenidae species Ctenus ornatus (Keyserling, 1877), Ctenus medius (Keyserling, 1891), Phoneutria nigriventer (Keyserling, 1891), Viracucha andicola (Simon, 1906), and Enoploctenus cyclothorax (Philip Bertkau, 1880), from Brazil. All species presented a 2n♂ = 28 except for V. andicola, which showed 2n♂ = 29. Analysis of segregation and behavior of sex chromosomes during male meiosis showed a sex chromosome system of the type X1X20 in species with 28 chromosomes and X1X2X30 in V. andicola. C banding stained with fluorochromes CMA3 and DAPI revealed two distributions patterns of GC-rich heterochromatin: (i) in terminal regions of most chromosomes, as presented in C. medius, P. nigriventer, E. cyclothorax and V. andicola and (ii) in interstitial regions of most chromosomes, in addition to terminal regions, as observed for C. ornatus. The population of Ubatuba (São Paulo State) of this same species displayed an additional accumulation of GC-rich heterochromatin in one bivalent. Fluorescent in situ hybridization revealed that this bivalent corresponded to the NOR-bearing chromosome pair. All analyzed species have one bivalent with 18S rDNA site, except P. nigriventer, which has three bivalents with 18S rDNA site. Karyotypes of two species, C. medius and E. cyclothorax, are described for the first time. The latter species is the first karyotyped representative of the subfamily Acantheinae. Finally, 18S rDNA probe is used for the first time in Ctenidae at the present study.

Artículo digita, A new species of Sycorax (Diptera, Psychodidae,sycoracinae) from the pacific coast of Colombia.Sycorax utriensis n. sp. is described and illustrated from a male specimen collected with a CDC light trap in the parque Nacional Natural Ensenada de Utría,on the pacific Coast of Colombia.Five species of sycorax are now known from Colombia,S.andicola Young,1979,S.colombiensis Young,1979,S.trispinosa Young,1979 and S. utriensis n.sp., Uma nova espécie de sycorax(Diptera,Psychodidae,sycoracinae) de Costa Pacífica da Colombia.Sycorax utriensis n.sp.é descrita e ilustrada a partir de um exemplar macho coletado con armadilha luminosa CDC no parque Nacional Natural Enenada de Utría,localizado na costa do pacífico Colombiano. Sao conhecidas agora cinco espécies de sycorax da Colombia.S. andicola Young,1979,S. colombiensis Young,1979,S,trispinosa Young 1979 e S.utriensis n.sp., Una nueva especie de Sycorax (Diptera, Psychodidae, sycoracinae) de la costa pacífica de Colombia. Sycorax utriensis n. sp. se describe e ilustra a partir de un espécimen macho recolectado con una trampa de luz CDC en el Parque Nacional Natural Ensenada de Utría, en la costa pacífica de Colombia. Ahora se conocen cinco especies de sicorax de Colombia, S.andicola Young, 1979, S.colombiensis Young, 1979, S.trispinosa Young, 1979 y S. utriensis n.sp.

Based on examination of type species, the subgenera Palaeoconnus Franz and Heterotetramelus Franz are removed from Euconnus Thomson. Adults of Palaeoconnus have the prosternum bearing a subtriangular prosternal process and their metacoxae are contiguous, which exclude this taxon from Euconnus. Palaeoconnus is transferred to Sciacharis Broun as subgenus and redefined. The lectotype is designated for its type species, Scydmaenus brevipes Sharp. Sciacharis andicola (Franz), previously treated as incertae sedis within Sciacharis, is placed in Palaeoconnus. Heterotetramelus is also excluded from Euconnus, on the basis of the mesoventrite lacking the mesoventral intercoxal process and the contiguous metacoxae. Heterotetramelus stat. n. is elevated to genus rank and redefined, and the lectotype is designated for its type species, Euconnus caledonicus Franz. Moreover, the newly defined Heterotetramelus is reclassified to include four subgenera: Heterotetramelus s. str. (with seven species distributed in New Caledonia), Sciacharoides Jałoszyński, stat. n. (reduced from genus; with three Australian species); Australosciacharoides subgen. n. (with only one Australian species transferred from Sciacharoides); and Tamborinus subgen. n. (also with one Australian species transferred from Sciacharoides).

The Neotropical genus Protoconnus Franz, belonging to the tribe Glandulariini, is revised. Protoconnus is redefined based on detailed morphological study, and all known species are revised, including 10 originally placed in Protoconnus, one transferred from Euconnus, and 14 described as new. The following species are treated: P. andicola Franz (Peru), P. peruensis Franz (Peru), P. minutus Franz (Peru), P. minutissimus Franz (Peru), P. venezolanus Franz (Venezuela), P. araguanus Franz (Venezuela), P. bolivianus Franz (Bolivia), P. comarapae Franz (Bolivia), P. robustus Franz (Bolivia), P. paraguayanus Franz (Paraguay), P. princeps (Franz), comb. n. (ex Euconnus) (Peru), P. quillabambanus sp. n. (Peru), P. ecuadoranus sp. n. (Ecuador), P. napoanus sp. n. (Ecuador), P. magnus sp. n. (Ecuador), P. impressifrons sp. n. (Bolivia), P. angustus sp. n. (Bolivia), P. acutus sp. n. (Bolivia), P. tunarianus sp. n. (Bolivia), P. apaapa sp. n. (Bolivia), P. maximus sp. n. (Costa Rica), P. minusculus sp. n. (Costa Rica), P. costaricanus sp. n. (Costa Rica), P. inexpectatus sp. n. (Costa Rica), and P. volcanbaru sp. n. (Panama). Lectotypes are designated for P. andicola and P. peruensis.

Acetylcholinesterase is an important target for control of neurodegenerative diseases causing cholinergic signaling deficit. Traditionally, galanthamine has been used as an Amaryllidaceae-derived acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, although new Amaryllidaceae plants could serve as source for better acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the alkaloid composition from bulbs of Rhodolirium andicola (Poepp.) Traub, a native Chilean Amaryllidaceae specie, and assess their inhibitory activity on acetylcholinesterase by in vitro and in silico methodologies. Alkaloidal extracts from R. andicola exhibited an inhibitory activity with IC50 values between 11.25 ± 0.04 and 57.78 ± 1.92 μg/ml that included isolated alkaloid, galanthamine (2.3 ± 0.18 μg/ml), Additionally, 12 alkaloids were detected using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and identified by comparing their mass fragmentation patterns with literature and database NIST vs.2.0. To better understand the bioactivity of isolated compounds and alkaloidal extracts against acetylcholinesterase, a molecular docking approach was performed. Results suggested that alkaloids such as lycoramine, norpluvine diacetate and 6α-deoxy-tazettine expand the list of potential acetylcholinesterase inhibitors to not only galanthamine. The role of R. andicola as a source for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors is further discussed in this study. Keywords: Amaryllidaceae, Alkaloids, Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, Molecular docking

The chromosome numbers of eighteen species of Spiranthinae from Brazil and Mexico and two of Cranichidinae from Ecuador were analysed. Sixteen chromosome records are presented for the first time: Aulosepalum riodelayense (2n = 64), A. tenuiflorum (2n = 60), Cyclopogon luteoalbus (2n = 36), Dichromanthus aurantiacus (2n = 40), Eltroplectris calcarata (2n = 42), Pelexia funckiana (2n = 46), Sarcoglottis assurgens (2n = 46), S. richardiana (2n = 50), S. rosulata (2n = 33), S. sceptrodes (2n = 46), S. schaffneri (2n = 46), S. scintillans (2n = 46), Stenorrhynchos albidomaculatum (2n = 46), S. cf. speciosum (2n = 46), Ponthieva andicola (2n = 26) and P. pilosissima (2n = ±42). For Mesadenella cuspidata, a chromosomal number variation (2n = 38/42) was found. In addition, ideograms of five Brazilian species are presented. Chromosome data support phylogenetic relationships suggested by previous cytological and molecular studies.

Integrating native trees in farmland can support soil, water and biodiversity conservation. This is particularly important in regions characterized by long periods of drought and soil erosion, such as the Bolivian Andes, where agroforestry with native woody species is rarely applied. Better knowledge on the effects of environmental stress on propagation and establishment of such native plants is needed to optimize their cultivation. In our study, we tested the effects of temperature and scarification on seed germination, and assessed seedling survival and juvenile growth of two potential agroforestry species (Prosopis laevigata var. andicola, Schinus molle) under diverse soil and water conditions. Temperatures above 30 °C accelerated germination, but they increased fungi infestation in the case of S. molle. The application of acid and mechanical scarification significantly improved the germination capacity of P. laevigata var. andicola. Medium to high moisture levels in sand provided the most favourable conditions for plant growth. S. molle was more sensitive to dry and P. laevigata var. andicola more vulnerable to water-saturated clay loam. Mulching enhanced the survival and growth of S. molle juveniles, but increased P. laevigata var. andicola’s growth in sand and dry soils only. Our results may facilitate guidance on improving propagation of these two potential agroforestry species under environmental stress conditions. More generally, our study shows that easily applicable treatments, such as mulching, can significantly improve the cultivation of native species, provided that their habitat requirements and limiting factors are well known. This highlights the relevance of identifying and closing such knowledge gaps for native trees and shrubs in order to promote their potential for use in agroforestry.

Anthurium Schott is one of the commercial ornamental plants in Indonesia. This genus has a high morphological variation amongst its species. This study aims to determine the similarity relationship amongst Anthurium based on morphological characters including stems, leaves, and inflorescences. This study was carried out from June to July 2012 in several locations in Purwokerto and Baturraden area, and Balai Benih Tanaman Pangan dan Hortikultura (B2TPH) Banyumas Regency. This study used explorative method with purposive random sampling. The results of the analysis using the UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) showed that there were 17 taxa which can be classified into 4 groups. Group I consisted of A. andraeanum “Renoir Pink”, A. andraeanum “Safari”, A. andraeanum “White”, A. andraeanum “Tropical”, A. andraeanum “cv. 1”, A. andraeanum “Amigo”, and A. nymphaeifolium . Group II consisted of A. pedatoradiatum ssp. helleborifolium , A. crystallinum , A. andicola “Kuku Bima” and A. andicola “Red List”. Group III consisted of A. crassinervium “Crispimarginatum” and A. plowmanii . Group IV consisted of A. hookeri “Garuda”, A. hookeri “Red Hookeri”, A. bonplandii ssp. guayanum , and A. jenmanii . Group I was the sister group of Group II, as well as Group III to Group IV. The closest similarity relationship was between A. andraeanum “Renoir Pink” and A. andraeanum “Safari”, whereas the farthest one was between A. bonplandii ssp. guayanum and A. andraeanum “Tropical”.

The present study elevates the number of cytogenetically analyzed ctenid species and genera from two to eight and six, respectively, presenting comparisons between chromosomal data obtained and the phylogenetic hypothesis proposed in the literature. Six ctenid species presented 13 autosomal pairs, exhibiting either X1X2O (Ctenus ornatus, Ctenus sp., Parabatinga brevipes and Phoneutria nigriventer) or X1X2X3O sex chromosome systems (Nothroctenus sp. and Viracucha andicola). Asthenoctenus borellii showed 2n ♂ = 20 + X1X2O. In all species, the chromosomes were telocentric. Some cells of one C. ornatus specimen exhibited one extra chromosome that, considering the behavioral similarities between the two chromosomes, can be considered to be supernumerary, derived from or giving rise to a sex chromosome. Silver impregnation revealed nucleolar organizer regions on one autosomal pair of C. ornatus and P. nigriventer (Cteninae) and two pairs of V. andicola (Acanthocteninae). Chromosomal data suggests that the X1X2X3O system arose several times in the evolution of entelegyne spiders, and that conversion of an X1X2O system into an X1X2X3O system and vice-versa has been a relatively common event in spiders. All the chromosomal data corroborate the close relationship between Ctenus and Phoneutria, the placement of P. brevipes within Cteninae, the placement of Anahita in a separated branch within Cteninae, and the inclusion of A. borellii in a distinct group within the ctenids (Viridasiinae), all of which are as proposed by phylogenetic hypotheses available in the literature.

The current taxonomic status of all 140 Brassicaceae taxa (three genera, two varieties, and 135 species) described by Rodulfo A. Philippi are determined. One of his three genera (Onuris) is recognized, and Agallis and Heterocarpus were previously reduced to synonymy of Tropidocarpum and Cardamine, respectively. Of his 135 species, only 43 (or 31.9%) are currently accepted. Of these, 18 species remained in the genera to which they were originally assigned, 22 were transferred to other genera, and three received new names because they were later homonyms. The two Philippi varieties are no longer recognized. Fifty-one species (Cardamine andicola, C. andina, C. caespitosa, C. calbucana, C. flavescens, C. litoralis, C. macrostachya, C. marginata, C. micropetala, C. monticosa, C. ovata, C. palenae, C. petiolulata, C. reniformis, C. stricta, C. tridens, C. valdiviana, Draba andina, D. araucana, D. colchaguensis, D. davilae, D. depilis, D. intricatissima, D. leyboldii, D. patagonica, D. pusilla, D. rosu...

The study of the type and additional material of Buellia andicola, B. hypophana and B. reagens has shown that these taxa are conspecific with B. thiopoliza. Buellia thiopoliza is a muscicolous species growing at middle to high altitudes in the mountains of both hemispheres. It is easily recognized by its K+ purple-red yellow pigment mainly concentrated in the hypothecium, and by the presence of xanthones in the thallus and the apothecial tissues. The new combination Tetramelas thiopolizus is proposed. A key to all known Tetramelas species is included. The also muscicolous Buellia hypoleuca is reduced to synonymy with Phaeorrhiza sareptana var. sphaerocarpa.

A phylogenetic study with molecular data for the Peltophorum group (Haston 2005: 1359) indicated that Parkinsonia Linnaeus (1753: 375) and Cercidium Tulasne (1844: 133), recognized as distinct genera (Johnston 1924: 61, Carter 1974: 17), are paraphyletic, and when lumped, together form a well-sustained monophyletic group.

In developing a revision of Syntrichia in the Neotropics, seven names are newly synonymized based on morphological data. Syntrichia ciliata, S. prostrata, S. ruralis var. spiralis and S. viridula are considered to be conspecific with S. andicola, S. serrulata, S. princeps and S. lacerifolia, respectively. Tortula goudotii var. boliviana is transferred into Syntrichia and synonymized with S. andicola. Syntrichia bipedicellata and S. linguifolia are newly synonymized with S. fragilis. Lectotypes for three names currently included in Syntrichia are designated here.

A taxonomic treatment of Eragrostis Wolf for Peru is given. Twenty-three species and three subspecies of Eragrostis are recognized in the study area. Fifteen species of Eragrostis are native to Peru, and eight are adventive or introduced. Eragrostis attenuata Hitchc., E. pilgeri Fedde, and E. magna Hitchc. are endemic to Peru. Eragrostis lurida subsp. contracta (Pilg.) P. M. Peterson & Sanchez Vega, native to Ecuador and Peru, and E. pilgeri subsp. ancashensis (P. M. Peterson, Refulio & Tovar) P. M. Peterson & Sanchez Vega, native to Peru, are new combinations. Keys for determining the species, descriptions, distributions, specimens studied, illustrations, synonymies, and a brief discussion of caryopsis morphology for all native and adventive species of Eragrostis in Peru are provided. The names E. andicola R. E. Fr., E. contracta Pilg., E. tristis Jedwabn., and Poa mexicana Hornem. are lectotypified.

Four species complexes of Ficus subg. Urostigma sect. Americanae (Moraceae) are discussed. Four new combinations are made in Ficus americana Aubl.: subsp. andicola (Standl.) C.C. Berg, subsp. greiffiana (Dugand) C.C. Berg, subsp. guianensis (Desv.) C.C. Berg, and subsp. subapiculata (Miq.) C.C. Berg.

The Dorylinae subfamily are dominant invertebrate predators in tropical and subtropical terrestrial ecosystems. The most cryptic army ant genus of the New World is Cheliomyrmex. The only specie recognized until now to the Amazon Brazilian Basin is C. andicola , with record in the state of Acre. We provided the first record of Cheliomyrmex megalonyx to Brazil in the Amazon Basin. This record strongly reinforces the idea that more efforts are needed to reveal the diversity, distribution and biology of such hypogaeic ants.

Workers of the genus Cheliomyrmex are unique among the New world army ants (subfamily Ecitoninae) in that their mandibles are armed with elongate, spine-like teeth. We present the first prey records for this genus. Cheliomyrmex andicola prey on large-bodied ground dwelling invertebrates and, possibly, on vertebrates. Unlike other army ants, C. andicola workers use their sting during prey capture. The workers’ unusual mandibles and potent stings may be adapted for piercing and gripping the integument of nonarthropod prey animals, and for rapidly subduing large-bodied prey, respectively. The genus Cheliomyrmex may be the sister taxon to other Neotropical army ants (Ecitoninae), and Cheliomyrmex shares features of mandibular morphology and prey selection with Old World driver ants in the genus Dorylus. Mass cooperative foraging, an important element of army ant behavior, may have arisen in part as an adaptation for exploiting large-bodied prey.

Echeveria andicola Pino, a new species endemic to central Peru, is described. Although fairly common in the departments of Junin, Pasco and Huanuco, the plants had formerly been identified as E. chiclensis or E. peruviana; however, careful analysis supports the recognition of these plants as an unpublished species. A comparison with other similar species of the area is presented.

The neotropical moss Syntrichia bogotensis (Hampe) R. H. Zander is reported for the first time for Macaronesia on the basis of six collections from Madeira Island (Portugal). This species has previously been known only from tropical America. The principal distinctive characters that separate it from the two nearest species, S. andicola and S. norvegica, are discussed. The species is illustrated, its distribution is mapped, and its name lectotypified. A key to the Madeiran taxa of Syntrichia is provided.

The biology of the 10 species of Leucophora (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) recorded in the Neotropics remains unknown. The large majority of the studied species so far are kleptoparasites of bees and wasps. Here, we report the first observations of Leucophora andicola (Bigot) and Leucophora peullae (Malloch) visiting the nests of ground-nesting sweat bees Corynura (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) in Chilean Patagonia. Females of both species perch on small stones or sticks within a dense nest aggregation of the bees and then track pollen-loaded bees in flight with great precision, eventually following them into their nests. The overall behavior closely resembles that observed for many other species of the genus. Excavations of some bee nests returned only two dipteran puparia, possibly of Leucophora, suggesting a low parasitism rate. One male of L. peullae was also collected at the bee aggregation. This is the first report of host association for any Leucophora from the Neotropics and the first report of any anthomyiid fly associated with augochlorine bees.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity and cytotoxicity in vitro of hydroalcoholic extract of Bidens andicola.Methods: B. andicola hydroalcoholic extract was obtained from aerial parts of B. andicola, following a standardized methodology. Briefly, aerial parts of B. andicola were extracted with ethanol 70% v/v and defatted with n-hexane, hydroalcoholic fraction was concentrated under controlled conditions in a rotary evaporator, and finally the residue was freeze-drying to obtain the hydroalcoholic extract of B. andicola. Anti-inflammatory activity and cytotoxicity assays were carried out using in vitro isolated neutrophils model using stable water-soluble tetrazolium salts.Results and Conclusions: The in vitro anti-inflammatory assay on isolated neutrophils demonstrated that the hydroalcoholic extract showed antiinflammatoryactivity compared to aspirin, with inflammatory inhibition percent values of 80.138±0.729 to hydroalcoholic extract of B. andicola and 82.117±0.762 to aspirin, each tested in five replicates at the concentration of 200 ppm of hydroalcoholic extract or reference.

Juncus arcticus var. andicola is native to the Andean region. Its stems are used to make handicrafts by the rural mestizo population of Cotopaxi province in Ecuador. These products are sold at traditional markets along the Andes of Ecuador. The plant is of great economic importance in the modest lives of the artisans. Totorilla has been cultivated by this rural population. It is cultivated in pools and sometimes wild populations are managed. The area of production is 1.5 ha. One woven item can be made from a 0.35 m2 totorilla stand area. A 100 m2 yielded 850 woven items annually, bringing in a gross income of U.S. $1275 per year, corresponding to 66% of the official minimum salary in Ecuador. The plant also provides a good source of cattle fodder during periods of drought.

Six new Laboulbeniales (Ascomycetes) parasitic on Staphylinidae (Insecta, Coleoptera) are described. These are Cantharomyces pacei, on Spanioda andicola (Aleocharinae) from Chile; Dimorphomyces phi...

The genera Mitragenius, Auladera and Patagonogenius gen. n. (Pimeliinae: Nycteliini), distributed in Argentina and central Chile, are revised and a cladistic analysis including 20 species is conducted. The cladistic sequence revealed that former Mitragenius is polyphyletic, requiring removal of seven species to a new genus, described herein as Patagonogenius. Mitragenius comprises nine species: M. tristis Kulzer, M. costatus Kulzer, M. araneiformis Curtis, M. coarcticollis Fairmaire, M. nudus Berg, M. hirtulus Kulzer, M. planicollis sp. n., M. obscuratus Peña and M. dejeanii Solier. Auladera includes four species: A. crenicosta (Guérin), A. andicola (Lacordaire), A. rugicollis (Philippi & Philippi) stat. rev. andA. atronitens Kulzer. Patagonogenius comprises seven species: P. breviangulus (Kulzer) comb. n., P. gentilii (Peña) comb. n., P. quadricollis (Fairmaire) comb. n. (type species), P. collaris (Kulzer) comb. n., P. acutangulus (Kulzer) comb. n., P. kulzeri (Marcuzzi) comb. n. and P. elegans (Peña) comb. n. Mitragenius pusillus Marcuzzi is synonymized with Patagonogenius collaris (Kulzer) and Auladera andicola rugicollis (Philippi & Philippi) is elevated to species status. The paper includes a cladogram, a discussion of the phylogeny of the three genera, redescriptions or descriptions of the three genera and of their 20 species, four dichotomous keys, habitus photographs, drawings of genitalic features and distribution maps.

The pentatomoid family Cyrtocoridae Distant 1880 is revised. The family occurs only in the Neotropics, from Argentina north through central Mexico. Several features ally the family with others grouped around the Cydnidae. Other features, including those of the nymphs' tergal plates, the venation of both wings, and the placement of the abdominal trichobothria, confirm the familyrank status of Cyrtocoridae. We recognize the following 4 genera and 11 species: Ceratozygum horridum (Germar), Cyphothyrea erosa Horvath, Cyrtocoris andicola Horvath, C. egeris new species, C. gibbiis (F.), C. montanus Horvath, C. obtusus Horvath, C. paraensis Piran, C. simplex Horvath, C. trigonus (Germar), and Pseudocyrtocoris laceratus (Herrich-Schaeffer). Cyphothyrea bridarollii Kormilev is synonymized with laceratus ; and Cyrtocoris subobtusus Kormilev is synonymized with C. trigonus . All descriptions are from type material. Dimorphism of the paraclypei in male Ceratozygum horridum is described and discussed (1 form resembles the female; in the other, the paraclypei are greatly extended forward).

This revision describes, illustrates and documents morphological variation inDoniophyton (Compositae, Barnadesioideae), restricted to Argentina and Chile. Two species are recognized,D. anomalum andD. weddellii (sp. nova), possessing distinct morphological and chromosomal features, elevational tolerances, and nearly allopatric distributions.Doniophyton weddellii occurs primarily in central to northern Andean Chile and Argentina from 1900–4000 m a. s. l.;D. anomalum is found principally in centralwestern Argentina and south into Patagonia at 0–1800 m a. s. l. Close relationship exists withChuquiraga of subfam.Barnadesioideae. It is hypothesized thatDoniophyton evolved out ofChuquiraga in the high central Andes between Chile and Argentina. It is suggested thatD. weddellii differentiated first, correlating with an aneuploid chromosomal decrease from n = 27 (inChuquiraga) to n = 25. Further evolution and chromosomal decrease to n = 24 resulted inD. anomalum, with accompanying migration into southern Andes and Patagonia. Nomenclatural changes result from examination of protologues and type specimens:Doniophyton anomalum replaces the commonly used nameD. patagonicum, and a new species,D. weddellii, is described for the taxon masquerading under the routinely used superfluous nameD. andicola.

Resulting from our taxonomic study of the genus Maytenus, we were faced with the necessity to synonymize three species: M. lagoensis with M. gonoclada; M. andicola with M. apurimacensis; and M. longipes with M. sieberiana. Lectotypes are elected when appropriate for these species and comments about the synonyms and lectotypifications are provided. We also propose a new name—Maytenus fugax—for M. nemorosa Biral & Lombardi, later homonym of M. nemorosa (Ecklon & Zeyher) Marais.

The karyotype of Rhodolirium speciosum (Herb.) Ravenna and R. andícola (Poepp.) Ravenna were examined. The species have 2n = 2x = 16 chromosomes, with 4m + 3sm + 1st chromosomes. Both species present a very different karyotype in comparison to other Amaryllidaceae from Chile.

Genera Stenichnus and Scydmoraphes are distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, with a few rather peculiar species described from South America. Type series of Stenichnus andicola Franz, Scydmoraphes venezolanus Franz and Scydmoraphes peruanus Franz were examined and the first of these species is transferred to Sciacharis Broun, while two new generic names are established to accommodate the two latter species: Meridaphes gen. n. and Perumicrus gen. n. This results in three new combinations: Sciacharis ( incertae sedis ) andicola (Franz) comb. n., Meridaphes venezolanus (Franz) comb. n. , and Perumicrus peruanus (Franz) comb. n. Morphological structures of all treated taxa are described and illustrated in detail.

Investigations of corticolous fungi in Patagonia have revealed the existence of a new species of Hysterium. H. andinense sp. nov. is described and compared to the related species. H. andicola is synonymized with H. insidens.

THE generic name Tunaria was erected by Benedetto (2013) to include the species Orthis berthoisi? var. erratica Davidson, 1869, from England, France and Spain, and the new species Tunaria cocksi Benedetto, 2013, from the Late Ordovician San Benito Formation of Bolivia. According to the ICZN (1999, Art. 53, 60) Tunaria Benedetto, 2013, must be rejected and replaced with a new name because it is a junior synonym of the linguloidean brachiopod Tunaria von Hoek, 1912, p. 247 (type species Tunaria cochabambina), non Link, 1807, which was renamed as Tunarites by Cooper and Muir-Wood (1951). The name Tunaria was used subsequently by Pirán (1957) to designate an acanthosomatid hemiptera from Bolivia (type species Tunaria andicola Pirán 1957) which is also a junior synonym of the cnidarian Tunaria Link 1807. Therefore, the new name Tunariorthis nom. nov is proposed to substitute the illegitimate name Tunaria. Fil: Benedetto, Juan Luis Arnaldo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones En Ciencias de la Tierra; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales; Argentina

Thelocarpon andicola, a new terricolous species from the tropical Andes in Bolivia is described in this paper. This is the first member of the genus with squamulose to placodioid and yellow pruinose thallus, which is further characterized by non-amyloid hymenial gel, branched paraphyses, amyloid asci without visible mass axiale and broadly ellipsoidal ascospores.

Anthidianum andicola sp. n. (from Argentina, Tilcara), is described; a description of the male of Chrisanthidium nigritum Urban, 1997 is presented and Anthidianum bizonatum (Friese, 1925) is considered as junior synonym of Anthidianum subpetiolatum (Schrottky, 1910).

Verruga de sangre.- Verruga blanda.- Verruga andícola (Dr. Salazar).- Verruga de Castilla, de zapo o de quinua.- Verruga mular. La verruga es una pirexia anemizante de forma irregular, endémica y nó contagiosa; caracterizada principalmente por estar acompañada de dolores y contracciones musculares (calambres); artralgias con infarto y ostalgias más o ménos intensas; produce una erupción polimorfa; tiene una evolución cíclica, de duración en general larga, aunque variable, que no es influenciada por el tratamiento; es además susceptible de numerosas complicaciones., Wart blood -. Collectible Wart -. Wart andicola (Dr. Salazar) -. Wart of Castile, zapo or quinoa -. Bottlenose Wart. The wart is an anemic irregular pyrexia, endemic and non-contagious form; characterized mainly be accompanied by pain and muscle contractions (cramps); arthralgia infarction and more or less intense ostalgias; produces a polymorphic eruption; has but variable cyclical pattern, generally long duration, which is not influenced by the treatment; is also susceptible to numerous complications.

The genus Trypanidius Blanchard, 1846 includes 15 species in the Neotropical Region, nine of which occur in South America. In this contribution, the genus and South American species are redescribed and Trypanidius mimicavus sp. nov. is described from Bolivia. New distributional data are given for T. andicola Blanchard, 1846; T. dimidiatus Thomson, 1860; and T. notatus (Fabricius, 1787). All species are illustrated and a key to all species is provided.

The essential oil from the leaves of Monticalia andicola Turcz., collected in November 2008, was analyzed by GC/MS. A yield of 0.15% oil was obtained by hydrodistillation. Thirty-six components were identified by comparison of their mass spectra with those in the Wiley GC-MS Library data base. The major components were alpha-pinene (19.6%), beta-pinene (10.5%), alpha-longipinene (6.5%), delta-3-carene (6.2%), cyperene (5.4%) and beta-phellandrene (5.2%). The antibacterial activity of the essential oil was evaluated against Gram- positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli ATCC 25992, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 23357, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853) bacteria, using the disc diffusion agar method. The results showed a broad spectrum of activity with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 10 to 150 microg/mL.

The genus Bolborhinum Boucomont (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Bolboceratinae: Bolboceratini) is revised and now contains eight species: B. geotrupoides (Laporte), B. laesicolle (Fairmaire), B. nasutum (Fairmaire and Germain), B. seai (Martínez), B. shajovskoyi (Martínez), B. tricorne (Solier), B. trilobulicorne new species, and B. tubericeps (Fairmaire). The genus Bolborhinum is redescribed and a key to species in English and Spanish, a checklist, distributional and temporal data, and designation of lectotypes and neotypes are given. All species in the genus are diagnosed and illustrated, and distributional records with maps for all species are included. Additionally, some observations on the natural history of Bolborhinum species are presented. One new synonym is proposed: Bolboceras binasutum Fairmaire and Germain is synonymized under Bolborhinum geotrupoides. Lectotypes are designated for the following species-group names: Bolboceras binasutum Fairmaire and Germain (a junior synonym of Bolborhinum geotrupoides), Bolboceras distinguendum Fairmaire and Germain (a junior synonym of Bolborhinum geotrupoides), Bolboceras laesicolle Fairmaire (now Bolborhinum laesicolle), Bolboceras nasutum Fairmaire and Germain (now Bolborhinum nasutum), Bolboceras tetraodon Redtenbacher (a junior synonym of Bolborhinum tubericeps), Bolboceras tricorne Solier (now Bolborhinum tricorne), and Bolboceras tubericeps Fairmaire (now Bolborhinum tubericeps). Neotypes are designated for the following species-group names: Bolboceras andicolaPhilippi (a junior synonym of Bolborhinum nasutum), Bolboceras bicorne Philippi (a junior synonym of Bolborhinum tubericeps), Bolboceras excavatum Philippi (a junior synonym of Bolborhinum laesicolle), and Bolboceras geotrupoides Laporte (now Bolborhinum geotrupoides). Additionally, we here elevate the subgenera Pereirabolbus Martínez and Zefevazia Martínez to the generic level based on morphological comparisons with the genus Bolborhinum. As a result, the following combinations reflect this change in status: Pereirabolbus castaneus (Klug), Pereirabolbus tucumanensis (Boucomont), Zefevazia cantisanii (Martínez), Zefevazia peruana (Boucomont), Zefevazia quinquedentata (Felsche), and Zefevazia rosascostai Martínez. These changes are congruent with the generic concepts of Bolboceratinae from other parts of the world, and with the modern classification of the group.El género Bolborhinum Boucomont (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Bolboceratinae: Bolboceratini) es revisado y ahora contiene ocho especies: B. geotrupoides (Laporte), B. laesicolle (Fairmaire), B. nasutum (Fairmaire y Germain), B. seai (Martínez), B. shajovskoyi (Martínez), B. tricorne (Solier), B. trilobulicorne nueva especie, y B. tubericeps (Fairmaire). El género Bolborhinum es redescrito, se presentan claves en inglés y español para la identificación de todas las especies, se proveen caracteres diagnósticos, descripciones e ilustraciones. Además se incluye un listado taxonómico, registros de distribución con mapas y se designan lectotipos y neotipos cuando corresponda. Adicionalmente algunas observaciones biológicas del género Bolborhinum son presentadas. Una nueva sinonimia es propuesta: Bolboceras binasutum Fairmaire y Germain es sinonimizado bajo Bolborhinum geotrupoides. Lectotipos son designados para los siguientes nombres: Bolboceras binasutum Fairmaire y Germain (sinónimo menor de Bolborhinum geotrupoides), Bolboceras distinguendum Fairmaire y Germain (sinónimo menor de Bolborhinum geotrupoides), Bolboceras laesicolle Fairmaire (ahora Bolborhinum laesicolle), Bolboceras nasutum Fairmaire y Germain (ahora Bolborhinum nasutum), Bolboceras tetraodon Redtenbacher (sinónimo menor de Bolborhinum tubericeps), Bolboceras tricorne Solier (ahora Bolborhinum tricorne), y Bolboceras tubericeps Fairmaire (ahora Bolborhinum tubericeps). Neotipos son designados para los siguientes nombres: Bolboceras andicola Philippi (sinónimo menor de Bolborhinum nasutum), Bolboceras bicorne Philippi (sinónimo menor Bolborhinum tubericeps), Bolboceras excavatum Philippi (sinónimo menor de Bolborhinum laesicolle), y Bolboceras geotrupoides Laporte (ahora Bolborhinum geotrupoides). Adicionalmente, nosotros elevamos los subgéneros Pereirabolbus Martínez y Zefevazia Martínez a nivel genérico basado en la comparación morfológica con el género Bolborhinum. Como resultado, los siguientes combinaciones reflejan este cambio de estatus: Pereirabolbus castaneus (Klug), Pereirabolbus tucumanensis (Boucomont), Zefevazia cantisanii (Martínez), Zefevazia peruana (Boucomont), Zefevazia quinquedentata (Felsche), y Zefevazia rosascostai Martínez. Estos cambios son congruentes con los conceptos genéricos de Bolboceratinae de otras partes del mundo, y con la clasificación moderna del grupo.

The gametophyte generation of Isoetes andicola was investigated anatomically and using microspectrophotometry. Microsporangia, which sometimes additionally contained a few abortive megaspores, produced numerous microspores that developed apparently functional male gametophytes and swimming spermatozoids. In contrast, the female gametophytes produced from functional megaspores were found to contain archegonia lacking neck canals and that mostly did not develop functional embryos. Instead, the megagametophytes were found to contain embryos deeply embedded within somatic tissue. The nuclei of these embryos were about twice the size and contained about twice as much DNA as of those in adjacent gametophytic cells. Such embryos, which were not associated with archegonia, are interpreted to have arisen via some form of apog- amy. Plants that are now referable to Isoetes andicola (Amstutz) L.D. G6mez were originally described as two separate species, Stylites andicola E. Amstutz and S. gemmifera Rauh. Although G6mez (1980) had maintained the latter taxon as a variety of I. andicola, this distinction is dubious (Karrfalt and Hunter, 1980; Karrfalt, 1984), and although Gomez (1980) did not provide any new evidence to support the combination of Stylites with Isoetes, Karrfalt (1984) showed that the elongate, monopolar stem characterizing the genus Stylites is secondarily derived during the ontogeny of each young Stylites plant and that these plants begin life with bipolar corms that are morphologically indistin- guishable from those of any other species of Isoetes. As an adjunct to this study of stem development, plants of I. andicola maintained in cultivation yielded a large number of gametophytes that subsequently produced correspondingly large numbers of new sporophytes. These gametophytes and sporophytes pro- vided an unexpected opportunity to study some aspects of the reproductive anatomy of this taxon. These anatomical observations seem to suggest that apomixis exists in this species.

Se citan por primera vez para la flora del Valle de México, los siguientes taxa de las familias Juncaceae y Liliaceae: Juncus arcticus Willd. var. andicola (Hook.) Balslev, J. bufonius L., Asphodelus fistulosus L. y Echeandia durangensis (Greenm.) Cruden.

Chromosome counts have been made for a number of Isoetes found in eastern North America, Europe, and India. Typically the haploid complement of n= 11, or a multiple thereof, has been reported (Love et al., 1977; Kott & Britton, 1980). Polyploid series range from 2n = 22 to 2n = 110. The aneuploid I. durieui is notable in having the lowest chromosome number in the genus, with 2n = 20. Several taxa from India, including I. coromandelina Linn. f., I. panchananii Pant & Srivastava, I. indica L. Rao, and I. pantii Goswami & Arya, are reported to possess one or two supernumerary chromosomes (Goswami, 1975; Pant & Srivastava, 1965). Only Stylites gemmifera Rauh [= Isoites andicola (Amstutz) L. D. Gomez] shows a strong deviation from the presumed base number of x= 11. According to Rauh and Falk (1959), the diploid number for this species is ca. 58. Mexico, Central America, the Antilles, and tropical South America, with over fifty taxa, are exceptionally rich in Isoites. In addition, the morphological diversity in these taxa is perhaps greater than in any other part of the world. Among the neotropical species, only the count for I. andicola has been reported (Rauh & Falk, 1959). As part of an overall systematic revision of the Neotropical Isoetes, the chromosome numbers of several species were studied and are reported here. Some of these counts have been previously mentioned in Tryon & Tryon (1982), at which time I ascribed a count of 2n=44 in I. ticlioinsis H. P. Fuchs nom. nud. to I. lechleri Mett.

Gyroweisia monterreia, sp. nov. (Pottiaceae) is described from the state of Nuevo Le6n, Mexico. It is distinguished from other species of the genus by the heteroicous inflorescence, narrow upper laminae, blunt leaf apices, rudimentary peristome, and rostrate operculum with cells in straight rows. In 1975, the second author collected an unusual moss in the state of Nuevo Le6n, Mexico, growing on a road embankment associated with Barbula un- guiculata Hedw., Bryum andicola Hook., Crassi- costa hermannii Crum & Sharp, Didymodon aus- tralasiae (Hook. & Grev.) Zand. var. australasiae, D. rigidulus var. gracilis (Hook. & Grev.) Zand., Funaria hygrometrica Hedw., Gymnostomum aeruginosum Sm., and Weissia condensa (Voit) Lindb.

Culicoides suarezi Rodriguez and Wirth, NEW SPECIES, is described from 3230 m elevation on Monserrate near Bogota, Columbia, where it was collected while biting man. A key is presented to distinguish the 4 described species of the andicola group of the subgenus Avaritia, to which the new species belongs. All are anthropophilic and confined to the paramo regions of the Colombian Andes.