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Helen Andersson,1,2 Håkan Bergh,2,3 Stefan Bergman,2 Ulrika Bergsten3 1Hallands Hospital Varberg, Varberg, Sweden; 2School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 3Department of Research & Development Unit, Hospital Varberg, Region Halland, Varberg, SwedenCorrespondence: Helen Andersson, Email helen.a.andersson@regionhalland.seBackground: Hypertension is a common disease globally that accounts for the highest number of lost healthy life years and strongly associated with sequelae such as stroke and myocardial infarction. Early detection of individuals with high blood pressure can be ensured by screening also those who consider themselves “healthy”. Screening has both positive and negative effects where a diagnosis of hypertension can lead to worry about the future. These effects need to be elucidated in order to balance between benefit and harm before screening is introduced. The aim of the study was to describe individuals’ experiences of being screened for hypertension in dental health care.Methods: Data from individual semi-structured interviews, with twenty participants screened for cardiovascular risk factors in connection with dental examination and aged 55– 80 years, were analysed by means of qualitative content analysis.Results: The results describe individuals’ experiences of blood pressure screening in dental health care by means of the following theme: “No big deal” based on two categories: “Convenient way of measuring blood pressure” and “Increased awareness of health”.Conclusion: The overall message from the interviews was that having one’s blood pressure measured when visiting the dentist was convenient, easy and “No big deal”. Blood pressure screening did not create any major concerns and contributed to an increased awareness of health.Keywords: patients´ experiences, hypertension, blood pressure, screening, dental health care

Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur socionomer upplever att deras kompetens inom socialt arbete påverkats genom VFU utomlands. Två frågeställningar formulerades; vilka kompetenser socionomer upplevde sig ha utvecklat under VFU utomlands samt hur kompetenserna användes i det dagliga arbetet. Empirin kom från fem semistrukturerade intervjuer med yrkesverksamma socionomer. Datamaterialet analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat analyserades mot en teoretisk referensram och kunskapsöversikt. Den teoretiska referensramen bestod av två teorier med olika definitioner av kompetens. Studiens resultat och analys visar att VFU utomlands är en möjlighet för socionomstudenter att få erfarenhet av att arbeta med socialt arbete utomlands. Erfarenheten upplevs generellt inte vara användbar i det dagliga arbetet. Dock framkommer efter analys flertalet kompetenser. Upplevelsen ger förståelse för internationellt socialt arbete och klienters erfarenheter av segregering. Studenter utvecklar bland annat sin förmåga till flexibilitet, lyhördhet och initiativtagande. Utlandspraktik kan vara socionomstudenters första erfarenhet av klientarbete och utvecklar därför deras kommunikationsförmåga, så som samtalsmetodik. Risken finns att utlandspraktik spär på studenters fördomar om andra länder än Sverige. The purpose of this study was to investigate how social workers feel that their competence in social work has been affected through international placement. Two issues were formulated; what competencies social workers felt they had developed during international placement and how the competencies were used in their daily work. The data came from five semi-structured interviews with professional social workers. The data material was analyzed with a qualitative content analysis. Results were analyzed against a theoretical frame of reference and knowledge overview. The theoretical frame of reference consisted of two theories with different definitions of competence. The results and analysis of the study show that international placement is an opportunity for social work students to gain experience of working with social work abroad. The experience is generally not perceived to be useful in daily work. However, after analysis, several competencies emerged. The experience provides an understanding of international social work and clients' experiences of segregation. Among other things, students develop their ability for flexibility, sensitivity and initiative. International placement can be social work students' first experience of client work and therefore develop their communication skills, such as conversation methodology. There is a risk that international placement adds to students' prejudices about countries other than Sweden.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur socionomer upplever att deras kompetens inom socialt arbete påverkats genom VFU utomlands. Två frågeställningar formulerades; vilka kompetenser socionomer upplevde sig ha utvecklat under VFU utomlands samt hur kompetenserna användes i det dagliga arbetet. Empirin kom från fem semistrukturerade intervjuer med yrkesverksamma socionomer. Datamaterialet analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat analyserades mot en teoretisk referensram och kunskapsöversikt. Den teoretiska referensramen bestod av två teorier med olika definitioner av kompetens. Studiens resultat och analys visar att VFU utomlands är en möjlighet för socionomstudenter att få erfarenhet av att arbeta med socialt arbete utomlands. Erfarenheten upplevs generellt inte vara användbar i det dagliga arbetet. Dock framkommer efter analys flertalet kompetenser. Upplevelsen ger förståelse för internationellt socialt arbete och klienters erfarenheter av segregering. Studenter utvecklar bland annat sin förmåga till flexibilitet, lyhördhet och initiativtagande. Utlandspraktik kan vara socionomstudenters första erfarenhet av klientarbete och utvecklar därför deras kommunikationsförmåga, så som samtalsmetodik. Risken finns att utlandspraktik spär på studenters fördomar om andra länder än Sverige. The purpose of this study was to investigate how social workers feel that their competence in social work has been affected through international placement. Two issues were formulated; what competencies social workers felt they had developed during international placement and how the competencies were used in their daily work. The data came from five semi-structured interviews with professional social workers. The data material was analyzed with a qualitative content analysis. Results were analyzed against a theoretical frame of reference and knowledge overview. The theoretical frame of reference consisted of two theories with different definitions of competence. The results and analysis of the study show that international placement is an opportunity for social work students to gain experience of working with social work abroad. The experience is generally not perceived to be useful in daily work. However, after analysis, several competencies emerged. The experience provides an understanding of international social work and clients' experiences of segregation. Among other things, students develop their ability for flexibility, sensitivity and initiative. International placement can be social work students' first experience of client work and therefore develop their communication skills, such as conversation methodology. There is a risk that international placement adds to students' prejudices about countries other than Sweden.

Coastal global oceans are expected to undergo drastic changes driven by climate change and increasing anthropogenic pressures in coming decades. Predicting specific future conditions and assessing the best management strategies to maintain ecosystem integrity and sustainable resource use are difficult, because of multiple interacting pressures, uncertain projections, and a lack of test cases for management. We argue that the Baltic Sea can serve as a time machine to study consequences and mitigation of future coastal perturbations, due to its unique combination of an early history of multistressor disturbance and ecosystem deterioration and early implementation of cross-border environmental management to address these problems. The Baltic Sea also stands out in providing a strong scientific foundation and accessibility to long-term data series that provide a unique opportunity to assess the efficacy of management actions to address the breakdown of ecosystem functions. Trend reversals such as the return of top predators, recovering fish stocks, and reduced input of nutrient and harmful substances could be achieved only by implementing an international, cooperative governance structure transcending its complex multistate policy setting, with integrated management of watershed and sea. The Baltic Sea also demonstrates how rapidly progressing global pressures, particularly warming of Baltic waters and the surrounding catchment area, can offset the efficacy of current management approaches. This situation calls for management that is (i) conservative to provide a buffer against regionally unmanageable global perturbations, (ii) adaptive to react to new management challenges, and, ultimately, (iii) multisectorial and integrative to address conflicts associated with economic trade-offs.

Det finns flertalet publicerade artiklar som handlar om ökad kundanpassning via exempelvis tillval men få eller inga som behandlar frånval. Ett exempel är en artikel av Mohamed och Elkaftangui från 2016 som studerar Förenade Arabemiratens bostadsmarknad. Artikelns slutsats är att det endast kan finnas ett begränsat antal tillval att välja mellan för att det ska vara möjligt ur ett kostnadsperspektiv att genomföra projektet. Vidare diskuterar en artikel av Griz med flera från 2017 bostadsköparens behov av att få specialanpassa sin lägenhet. Denna artikel framhäver även att det är nödvändigt att bygga standardiserat, dels för att det ger stabilitet och kvalitet, men även för att det är kostnadseffektivt. Det är emellertid nödvändigt att bygga på ett sådant sätt att lägenheterna i efterhand går att ändra efter bostadsköparens egna behov. Det finns således flera vetenskapliga källor som säger att det är viktigt att bostadsköparen måste kunna anpassa sitt boende efter sina egna förutsättningar. Samtliga verkar dock vara fokuserade på att detta antingen ska göras på så sätt att det finns tillval (vilka då måste hållas begränsade ur kostnads och byggnadsteknisk synpunkt), eller att bostadsköparen enkelt ska kunna göra om lägenheten i efterhand. Dessa två alternativ har båda stora nackdelar. Alternativet att riva ut och ändra en helt nybyggd lägenhet är inte miljövänligt och att bara erbjuda tre olika tillval som är Mohameds och Elkaftangui alternativ kommer inte att tillfredsställa alla bostadsköpare. Vid intervjuer med branschaktiva har det framkommit att tillval är krångligt och dyrt och att många företag istället går mot att erbjuda allt färre val. Mer omfattande frånval är idag inte möjligt på grund av kraven i Boverkets byggregler, BBR. Vissa företag ställde sig dock positiva till mer omfattande frånval om det skulle vara lagligt, några var helt emot det då de ansåg att det skulle bli för krångligt och dyrt och en tredje grupp ställde sig tveksamma. Syftet med studien var att belysa frånval som ett möjligt alternativ för att minska miljöpåverkan inom byggbranschen, samt ett sätt att öka kundnyttan. Vidare har flexibilitet varit ett återkommande ämne som kommit upp både i litteratur samt under intervjuer, varav flexibilitet har blivit en central del av studien. Resultatet har främst uppnåtts genom intervjuer med två jurister, en forskare, en arkitekt och tolv branschaktiva. Litteratur och lagtext har även varit avgörande för att uppnå resultatet med studien. Slutsatsen har uppnåtts genom en sammanställning av intervjuerna, litteraturen samt lagarna. Slutsatsen är att för att frånval ska vara möjligt krävs en ändring av BBR. Frånval är vidare inget som bostadsutvecklarna i dagsläget verkar ha något större intresse av då det försvårar deras processer. För att frånval ska bli attraktivt för bostadsutvecklarna kommer det troligen krävas att hela projekt byggs som skal snarare än färdiga lägenheter. Detta skulle kunna vara en lösning för att minska kostnader som uppstår vid nyproduktion av bostadsrätter, samt ett sätt för bostadsköparna att fullt ut kunna välja sin egen inredning. There are many published articles that deal with increased customer customization through, for example, add-on options, but few or none that deal with removable options. One example, is by Mohamed and Elkaftangui from 2016 studying add-on options on the United Arab Emirates housing market. The conclusion of Mohamed and Elkaftanguis article is that there can only be a limited number of options to choose from in order to make it possible for a project to be cost-effective. Furthermore, an article by Griz and others, from 2017, discusses the housing buyers need to customize their own apartment. This article also emphasizes the need to build standardized, partly because it provides stability and quality, but also because it is cost-effective. However, it is necessary to build in such a way that the apartments can subsequently be changed according to the home buyers own needs.There are several scientific sources that say it is important that the home buyer must be able to adapt his/her accommodation according to his/her own circumstances. However, all articles appear to be focused on the fact that either this should be done through add- on options (which must be kept limited from a cost and building point of view) or that the customer can easily change the apartment afterwards. These two options both have major disadvantages. The option of tearing out and changing a brand-new apartment is not environmentally friendly. Further, offering only three options that are Mohamed and Elkaftangui alternative will not satisfy all home buyers. When interviewing industry professionals, it has been found that customization is difficult and expensive, many companies instead go for offering fewer choices. Removable options are also not possible today due to law requirements. Some interviewees favored removable options if legal, some opposed it since they considered it to be too complicated and expensive, and a third group expressed doubts. The purpose of this report was to highlight removable options as a possible alternative to reducing environmental impact in the construction industry, as well to increase customer benefit. Furthermore, flexibility has been a recurring topic that has come up in both literature and interviews, of which flexibility has become a central part of the essay. The results were mainly achieved through interviews with two lawyers, one researcher, one architect and twelve industry experts. Literature and legal texts have also been crucial for achieving the results. The conclusion has been achieved by compiling the interviews, literature and law. The conclusion is that to be able to remove options an amendment to the Housing Code of Building Regulations is required. Additionally, removable options are not something that the construction companies currently seem to have a greater interest in as it complicates their processes. In order for removable options to be attractive to the construction companies, it will probably be required that the entire project will be built as a shell rather than ready-made apartments. This could furthermore be an opportunity to reduce costs of new built apartments, as well as a way for customers to fully choose their own interior

Youth organizations in Sweden try to be a reliable part in the political agenda, to change and improve how the politics affect youths. This study aims to clarify how four different youth organizations work with their political questions: from hbtq-perspective and children’s rights to the right to hearing-aid and involvement in questions regarding youths. The method used for the study was both a comparative study of how the organizations work to improve and change the Swedish political agenda for the better, and interviews with the chairpersons of the four youth organizations for a bigger transparency in their methods. The results of this study are that there aren’t any strategy or method to affect and change how the political agenda works. Even though each of the four organizations are successful within their own area of expertise, it’s not always possible to apply the same methods on another organization with another structure.