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Os jogadores de MMORPGs jogam por diversos fatores, sendo estes por socialização, conquistas, imersão, liderança e independência. Desta forma, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a relação dos traços de comportamento com os fatores para jogar o MMORPG World of Warcraft, no Brasil. A contribuição desta pesquisa científica reside na identificação da relação entre a personalidade do indivíduo e os fatores dentro do jogo, e da indentificação de implicações para a gestão desse tipo de negócio. Sendo assim, um formulário foi aplicado em uma amostra (n322) de jogadores brasileiros do game. O instrumento foi construído em duas partes, sendo uma sobre os traços de personalidades do Big Five e, a segunda, sobre as motivações para jogar um MMORPG, totalizando 83 questões. Regressões lineares para cada motivação e os traços de personalidades foram feitas para identificar as relações entre os traços de personalidade e as motivações. Com os resultados da análise, recomenda-se empresas de jogos, dessa modalidade, analisem os aspectos de interrelação entre os traços de personalidade e motivações de jogo na criação das publicidades, assim como em análise das experiências do consumidor com base em cada fator para se jogar, no desenvolvimento dos games.

Os programas de pós-graduação stricto sensu em nível de doutorado têm formado doutores para atuar na sociedade, em especial, no ensino, na pesquisa e na extensão universitária. Sendo o título de doutor o último da carreira acadêmica, questiona-se se o novo doutor está habilitado para formar novos mestres e doutores. Nesse contexto, o objetivo geral desta pesquisa é analisar os currículos dos egressos dos programas em questão frente aos requisitos sugeridos pela Capes para que se atue como professor em programas de pós-graduação stricto sensu. Para tanto, o método delineado foi um estudo descritivo, e classifica-se como pesquisa de campo, com abordagem quantitativa, com análise estatística, por meio de medidas descritivas. Foram escolhidos para essa pesquisa os programas de pós-graduação em Administração da UFMG, UFRGS e UFSC, que possuem diferentes conceitos atribuídos pela Capes, respectivamente 6, 5 e 4. Como principais resultados, destaca-se o baixo atendimento aos requisitos por parte dos egressos, com menos de 20% dos egressos atendendo simultaneamente os critérios de produção bibliográfica e orientações concluídas. Porém, destaca-se que em torno de 70% dos egressos estão empregados em universidades ou institutos públicos e universidades privadas.

The following study aims to analyze the graduates characteristics in Brazilian non-metropolitan regions. In order to achieve this objective, it was defined as study object, the management distance education course of Federal University of Santa Catarina, in the inner cities of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. Regarding the methodological procedures, this research was classified as a survey and used quantitative data. For data gathering, the questionnaire tool was used and the analysis was done with descriptive statistics data. As main results, it was verified that the distance education students have distinct characteristics comparing with classroom academics, being formed by people with more advanced family and occupation conditions. Another issue to be emphasized is that, for most of the students that was the first time in a university. These data give indications that distance education fulfills, in this context, the function to get an audience that, for different reasons, cannot access higher education, and thus, can contribute to the development in the countryside.

The stricto sensu graduate degree programs at doctoral level have trained PhDs to work forsociety, especially in teaching, researchand extension programs. As the PhD title is the last ofthe academic career, it is questioned if the new doctor is qualified to train other masters andPhD. In this context, the objective of this research is to analyze PhDs curriculums comparingwith therequirements suggested by Capes to act as teacher in stricto sensu graduate programs.Thus, the method outlined was a descriptive study, and it was classified as field research,quantitative approach, statistical analysis, through descriptive measures. Forthis research, itwas delineated the business graduate programs from UFMG, UFRGS and UFSC. The mainresults reveals the low meet of the requirements by the graduates, with less than 20% of thePhDs attending simultaneously the bibliographic production and completed advisors criteria.However, it is noteworthy that around 70% of graduates are employed in public and privateuniversities and institutes.

O e-commerce ou comércio eletrônico surge como uma ferramenta estratégica para auxiliar as empresas a ampliarem a sua rede de clientes, ao propiciar uma melhor qualidade nas vendas e oferecer aquilo que de fato precisam, e, consequentemente, aumentar os lucros das organizações. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar as estratégias utilizadas para alavancar o e-commerce de uma empresa do ramo de confecção de cama e mesa de Brusque. Para sustentar o estudo, a fundamentação teórica apresentou os seguintes temas: e-commerce, e-commerce no Brasil e Marketing Digital. Por meio de pesquisas bibliográficas e entrevistas, verificamos que as principais estratégias utilizadas pela empresa foram: tornar os preços acessíveis, obter qualidade do produto, criação de uma plataforma virtual de fácil navegação, evidenciar vantagens financeiras ao cliente (frete grátis, cupons de desconto), participação em marketplaces nacionais, além de criar redes sociais como Instagram e Facebook, fazendo postagens diárias para aumentar o contato com o cliente. Além disso, foram encontrados indicativos de que o apoio de um serviço especializado pode contribuir positivamente para alavancar as vendas de um e-commerce, dado que as ações implementadas resultaram em aumento de vendas e faturamento. Após seguir esses passos, verificamos que a empresa passou a ter um maior número de visitantes e compradores em seu site.

Esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de analisar se o programa Territórios da Cidadania, especificamente da região Meio Oeste do Contestado, apresenta interface com os pressupostos teóricos da gestão social. Como fundamentação, foram utilizados estudos sobre gestão social, especialmente de Fernando Tenório. Quanto à metodologia, esse trabalho se enquadra como aplicado e estudo de caso. Para coleta dos dados, predominantemente qualitativos, foram realizadas entrevistas com atores relacionados ao programa. A análise dos dados baseou-se na metodologia para avaliar processos decisórios deliberativos em políticas públicas de Tenório et al. (2008c), assim como na utilização do método de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados ressaltam, em linhas gerais, que, ainda que haja um esforço institucional por parte do governo federal para a efetivação do programa, há, no território, a predominância de grupos de interesses específicos, que articulam suas ações de modo a garantir a manutenção de seus interesses e sobrepõem os anseios individuais aos desejos da coletividade.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1983-4535.2013v6n1p42 Este artigo trata-se de uma proposta aos Reitores de Instituições Federais de Ensino Superior e de suas equipes, abordando aspectos fundamentais da administração, em especial as funções administrativas que devem ser adotadas para zelar pelo princípio da eficiência ao qual o serviço público federal deve cumprir. Para realizar tal proposta, foram debatidas teorias da administração quanto às funções administrativas, assim como o histórico e estrutura das universidades. Como método para alcançar o objetivo, trata-se esse trabalho como uma pesquisa qualitativa e descritiva, realizada através de uma análise de conteúdo de seis entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os servidores técnicos administrativos de uma Universidade Federal. Através das informações (críticas e sugestões) coletadas dos entrevistados, verificou-se que todas as funções administrativas apresentavam melhorias a serem implantadas. Nesse sentido, desenvolveu-se uma proposta com cinco sugestões de ordem temporal para a melhoria dos processos administrativos de uma Universidade Federal, concluindo que essas poderiam ser acatadas em futuros projetos de gestão da Instituição.

This article is about a proposal to the rectors of the Federal Institutions of Education and their team, dealing core aspects in management, specially the management functions which need to be taken to satisfy the principle of efficiency which the public service need perform. To achieve such proposal, it was debated business theories about the management functions, as the historical events and structures of the universities. As the methods to achieve the goals, this work is defined as a qualitative and descriptive research, conducted by an analysis of content within six semi-structured interviews with the administrative technicians servers of and Federal University. Thought the information (critics and suggestions) collect from respondents, it was found that all the management functions had enhancements to be done. In this sense, it was developed and propose with five suggestions, in temporal order, to improve the management process of these Federal University, concluding that these could be complied in futures projects in the Institution.

A powerful but poorly understood analysis in ecology and evolutionary biology is the comparative study of lineage-pair traits. "Lineage-pair traits" are characters like 'diet niche overlap' and 'strength of reproductive isolation' that are defined for pairs of lineages instead of individual taxa. Comparative tests for causal relationships among such variables have led to groundbreaking insights in several classic studies, but the statistical validity of these analyses has been unclear due to the complex dependency structure of the data. Specifically, lineage-pair datasets contain non-independent observations, but studies to-date have relied on untested workarounds for data dependency rather than direct models of linear-pair covariance, and the statistical consequences of non-independence have not been thoroughly explored. Here we consider how evolutionary relatedness among taxa translates into non-independence among taxonomic pairs. We develop models by which phylogenetic signal in an underlying character generates covariance among pairs in a lineage-pair trait. We incorporate the resulting lineage-pair covariance matrix into a modified version of phylogenetic generalized least squares and a new beta regression model suitable for bounded response variables. Both models outperform previous approaches in simulation tests. We re-analyze two empirical datasets and find dramatic improvements in model fit and, in the case of avian hybridization data, an even stronger relationship between pair age and RI than revealed by standard linear regression. We present a new tool, the R package phylopairs , to allow empiricists from a variety of biological fields to test relationships among pairwise-defined variables in a manner that is statistical robust and more straightforward to implement.

Evidence suggests that associations between antisocial behaviour, callous-unemotional (CU) traits and cognitive empathy (e.g. perspective taking) vary depending on more fine-grained dimensions of these constructs. This study examined associations between adolescent antisocial behaviour and individual differences in cognitive and affective perspective taking ability. Based on current theory regarding distinct variants of CU traits, we further tested whether the correlates of CU traits differed amongst youth with high versus low levels of anxiety. Participants were 130 male adolescents (81 youth offenders; 49 non-offenders) aged 13-20 years, of predominantly Caucasian and Aboriginal Australian ethnicity. Perspective taking skills were indexed using performance-based testing, and self-report data was collected on CU traits and anxiety in a cross-sectional design. Offender status was associated with poorer cognitive and affective perspective taking. In addition, associations between CU traits and perspective taking skills were moderated by anxiety. Specifically, CU traits were associated with poorer skills for second-order cognitive perspective taking amongst high-anxiety youth, whereas CU traits were associated with better cognitive and affective perspective taking skills amongst low-anxiety youth. More fine-grained assessment of such factors stands to enhance understanding of, and effective intervention for, antisocial youth., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Extensive research has associated adolescent delinquent behavior with verbal deficits, yet for some subgroups of youth offenders better verbal ability has been associated with increased risk. This study examined associations between specific oral language skills and established markers of high-risk youth offending comprising callous and unemotional (CU) traits, early age of the first offence, and violent offending. Measures of language, CU traits, anxiety, as well as official youth justice data, were collected for adolescent male offenders and non-offenders (n = 130; aged 13-19 years; 62% youth offenders). Pragmatic language was found to be differentially associated with distinct variants of CU traits based on high/low levels of anxiety. Furthermore, among youth offenders with primary variant (low anxiety) CU traits, more violent offending was associated with better structural language skills, while earlier age of first offence was associated with better pragmatic language skills., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

AbstractResearch over the past three decades has shown that ecology-based extrinsic reproductive barriers can rapidly arise to generate incipient species-but such barriers can also rapidly dissolve when environments change, resulting in incipient species collapse. Understanding the evolution of unconditional, "intrinsic" reproductive barriers is therefore important for understanding the longer-term buildup of biodiversity. In this article, we consider ecology's role in the evolution of intrinsic reproductive isolation. We suggest that this topic has fallen into a gap between disciplines: while evolutionary ecologists have traditionally focused on the rapid evolution of extrinsic isolation between co-occurring ecotypes, speciation geneticists studying intrinsic isolation in other taxa have devoted little attention to the ecological context in which it evolves. We argue that for evolutionary ecology to close this gap, the field will have to expand its focus beyond rapid adaptation and its traditional model systems. Synthesizing data from several subfields, we present circumstantial evidence for and against different forms of ecological adaptation as promoters of intrinsic isolation and discuss alternative forces that may be significant. We conclude by outlining complementary approaches that can better address the role of ecology in the evolution of nonephemeral reproductive barriers and, by extension, less ephemeral species.

What factors determine the stability of intrinsic reproductive barriers in the face of hybridization? In a set of theoretical analyses, Xiong and Mallet (2022) show that intrinsic incompatibilities are more prone to collapse when the incompatible genotypes encode biological functions with redundant genetic bases. These findings suggest that stable reproductive barriers often will be based on non-redundant genetic complexes that evolve among diverging lineages., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for the Study of Evolution (SSE). All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

After decades of debate, biologists today largely agree that most speciation events require an allopatric phase (that is, geographic separation), but the role of adaptive ecological divergence during this critical period is still unknown. Here, we show that relatively few allopatric pairs of birds, mammals, or amphibians exhibit trait differences consistent with models of divergent adaptation in each of many ecologically relevant traits. By fitting new evolutionary models to numerous sets of sister-pair trait differences, we find that speciating and recently speciated allopatric taxa seem to overwhelmingly evolve under similar rather than divergent macro-selective pressures. This contradicts the classical view of divergent adaptation as a prominent driver of the early stages of speciation and helps synthesize two historical controversies regarding the ecology and geography of species formation.

Geographic contact between sister lineages often occurs near the final stages of speciation, but its role in speciation's completion remains debated. Reproductive isolation may be essentially complete prior to secondary contact. Alternatively, costly interactions between partially reproductively isolated species - such as maladaptive hybridization or competition for resources - may select for divergence, increasing reproductive isolation and driving speciation toward completion. Here, we use coalescent demographic modelling and whole-genome data sets to show that a period of contact and elevated hybridization between sympatric eastern North American populations of two cryptic bird species preceded a major increase in reproductive isolation between these populations within the last 10,000 years. In contrast, substantial introgression continues to the present in a western contact zone where geographic overlap is much narrower and probably of more recent origin. In the sympatric eastern region where reproductive isolation has increased, it is not accompanied by character displacement in key morphometric traits, plumage coloration, or ecological traits. While the precise trait and underlying mechanism driving increased reproductive isolation remains unknown, we discuss several possibilities and outline avenues for future research. Overall, our results highlight how demographic models can reveal the geographic context in which reproductive isolation was completed, and demonstrate how contact can accelerate the final stages of speciation., (© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Coexisting (sympatric) pairs of closely related species are often characterized by exaggerated trait differences. This widespread pattern is consistent with adaptation for reduced similarity due to costly interactions (i.e., "character displacement")-a classic hypothesis in evolutionary theory. But it is equally consistent with a community assembly bias in which lineages with greater trait differences are more likely to establish overlapping ranges in the first place (i.e., "species sorting"), as well as with null expectations of trait divergence through time. Few comparative analyses have explicitly modeled these alternatives, and it remains unclear whether trait divergence is a general prerequisite for sympatry or a consequence of interactions between sympatric species. Here, we develop statistical models that allow us to distinguish the signature of these processes based on patterns of trait divergence in closely related lineage pairs. We compare support for each model using a dataset of bill shape differences in 207 pairs of New World terrestrial birds representing 30 avian families. We find that character displacement models are overwhelmingly supported over species sorting and null expectations, indicating that exaggerated bill shape differences in sympatric pairs result from enhanced divergent selection in sympatry. We additionally detect a latitudinal gradient in character displacement, which appears strongest in the tropics. Our analysis implicates costly species interactions as powerful drivers of trait divergence in a major vertebrate fauna. These results help substantiate a long-standing but equivocally supported linchpin of evolutionary theory., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interest.

AbstractEcological differentiation between lineages is widely considered to be an important driver of speciation, but support for this hypothesis is mainly derived from the detailed study of a select set of model species pairs. Mounting evidence from nonmodel taxa, meanwhile, suggests that speciation often occurs with minimal differentiation in ecology or ecomorphology, calling into question the true contribution of divergent adaptation to species richness in nature. To better understand divergent ecological adaptation and its role in speciation generally, researchers require a comparative approach that can distinguish its signature from alternative processes, such as drift and parallel selection, in data sets containing many species pairs. Here we introduce new statistical models of divergent adaptation in the continuous traits of paired lineages. In these models, ecomorphological characters diverge as two lineages adapt toward alternative phenotypic optima following their departure from a common ancestor. The absolute distance between optima measures the extent of divergent selection and provides a basis for interpretation. We encode the models in the new R package diverge and extend them to allow the distance between optima to vary across continuous and categorical variables. We test model performance using simulation and demonstrate model application using published data sets of trait divergence in birds and mammals. Our framework provides the first explicit test for signatures of divergent selection in trait divergence data sets, and it will enable empiricists from a wide range of fields to better understand the dynamics of divergent adaptation and its prevalence in nature beyond just our best-studied model systems.