Author: "Anderson DB" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

Your search keyword '"Anderson DB"' showing total 141 results

Start Over Author "Anderson DB"

141 results on '"Anderson DB"'

1. Review of the algal biology program within the National Alliance for Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts

Author: Unkefer, CJ, Sayre, RT, Magnuson, JK, Anderson, DB, Baxter, I, Blaby, IK, Brown, JK, Carleton, M, Cattolico, RA, Dale, T, Devarenne, TP, Downes, CM, Dutcher, SK, Fox, DT, Goodenough, U, Jaworski, J, Holladay, JE, Kramer, DM, Koppisch, AT, Lipton, MS, Marrone, BL, McCormick, M, Molnár, I, Mott, JB, Ogden, KL, Panisko, EA, Pellegrini, M, Polle, J, Richardson, JW, Sabarsky, M, Starkenburg, SR, Stormo, GD, Teshima, M, Twary, SN, Unkefer, PJ, Yuan, JS, and Olivares, JA
Subjects: Algal biology, Genomics, Proteomics, Lipid biosynthesis, NAABB, National Alliance for advanced biofuels and Bioproducts, Plant Biology, Chemical Engineering, Industrial Biotechnology
Abstract: In 2010, when the National Alliance for Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts (NAABB) consortium began, little was known about the molecular basis of algal biomass or oil production. Very few algal genome sequences were available and efforts to identify the best-producing wild species through bioprospecting approaches had largely stalled after the U.S. Department of Energy's Aquatic Species Program. This lack of knowledge included how reduced carbon was partitioned into storage products like triglycerides or starch and the role played by metabolite remodeling in the accumulation of energy-dense storage products. Furthermore, genetic transformation and metabolic engineering approaches to improve algal biomass and oil yields were in their infancy. Genome sequencing and transcriptional profiling were becoming less expensive, however; and the tools to annotate gene expression profiles under various growth and engineered conditions were just starting to be developed for algae. It was in this context that an integrated algal biology program was introduced in the NAABB to address the greatest constraints limiting algal biomass yield. This review describes the NAABB algal biology program, including hypotheses, research objectives, and strategies to move algal biology research into the twenty-first century and to realize the greatest potential of algae biomass systems to produce biofuels.
Published: 2017

2. Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022-2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Author: Vollset, SE, Ababneh, HS, Abate, YH, Abbafati, C, Abbasgholizadeh, R, Abbasian, M, Abbastabar, H, Abd Al Magied, AHA, Abd ElHafeez, S, Abdelkader, A, Abdelmasseh, M, Abd-Elsalam, S, Abdi, P, Abdollahi, M, Abdoun, M, Abdullahi, A, Abebe, M, Abiodun, O, Aboagye, RG, Abolhassani, H, Abouzid, M, Aboye, GB, Abreu, LG, Absalan, A, Abualruz, H, Abubakar, B, Abukhadijah, HJJ, Addolorato, G, Adekanmbi, V, Adetunji, CO, Adetunji, JB, Adeyeoluwa, TE, Adha, R, Adhikary, RK, Adnani, QES, Adzigbli, LA, Afrashteh, F, Afzal, MS, Afzal, S, Agbozo, F, Agodi, A, Agrawal, A, Agyemang-Duah, W, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahlstrom, AJ, Ahmad, A, Ahmad, F, Ahmad, MM, Ahmad, S, Ahmed, A, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, S, Ahmed, SA, Akinosoglou, K, Akkaif, MA, Akrami, AE, Akter, E, Al Awaidy, S, Al Hasan, SM, Al Mosa, AS, Al Ta'ani, O, Al Zaabi, OAM, Alahdab, F, Alajlani, MM, Al-Ajlouni, Y, Alalalmeh, SO, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alam, T, Alam, Z, Al-Amer, RM, Alanezi, FM, Alanzi, TM, Albakri, A, Aldhaleei, WA, Aldridge, RW, Alemohammad, SY, Alemu, YM, Al-Gheethi, AAS, Al-Hanawi, MK, Ali, A, Ali, I, Ali, MU, Ali, R, Ali, SSS, Ali, VE, Ali, W, Al-Ibraheem, A, Alicandro, G, Alif, SM, Aljunid, SM, Alla, F, Almazan, JU, Al-Mekhlafi, HM, Alqutaibi, AY, Alrawashdeh, A, Alrousan, SM, Al-Sabah, SK, Alsabri, MA, Altaany, Z, Al-Tammemi, AB, Al-Tawfiq, JA, Altirkawi, KA, Aluh, DO, Alvis-Guzman, N, Al-Wardat, MS, Al-Worafi, YM, Aly, H, Alyahya, MS, Alzoubi, KH, Al-Zyoud, W, Amani, R, Ameyaw, EK, Amin, TT, Amindarolzarbi, A, Amiri, S, Amirzade-Iranaq, MH, Amu, H, Amugsi, DA, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, DB, Andrade, PP, Andrei, CL, Andrei, T, Andrews, EA, Anil, A, Anil, S, Anoushiravani, A, Antony, CM, Antriyandarti, E, Anuoluwa, BS, Anvari, S, Anyasodor, AE, Appiah, F, Aquilano, M, Arab, JP, Arabloo, J, Arafa, EA, Arafat, M, Aravkin, AY, Ardekani, A, Areda, D, Aregawi, BB, Aremu, A, Ariffin, H, Arkew, M, Armani, K, Artamonov, AA, Arumugam, A, Asghari-Jafarabadi, M, Ashbaugh, C, Astell-Burt, T, Athari, SS, Atorkey, P, Atout, MMW, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Awad, H, Awotidebe, AW, Ayatollahi, H, Ayuso-Mateos, JL, Azadnajafabad, S, Azeez, FK, Azevedo, RMS, Badar, M, Baghdadi, S, Bagheri, M, Bagheri, N, Bai, R, Baker, JL, Bako, AT, Balakrishnan, S, Balcha, WF, Baltatu, OC, Barchitta, M, Bardideh, E, Barker-Collo, SL, Barnighausen, TW, Barqawi, HJ, Barteit, S, Basiru, A, Basso, JD, Bastan, M-M, Basu, S, Bauckneht, M, Baune, BT, Bayati, M, Bayileyegn, NS, Behnoush, AH, Behzadi, P, Beiranvand, M, Bello, OO, Belo, L, Beloukas, A, Bemanalizadeh, M, Bensenor, IM, Benzian, H, Beran, A, Berezvai, Z, Bernstein, RS, Bettencourt, PJG, Beyene, KA, Beyene, MG, Bhagat, DS, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhala, N, Bhandari, D, Bharadwaj, R, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhargava, A, Bhaskar, S, Bhat, V, Bhattacharjee, NV, Bhatti, GK, Bhatti, JS, Bhatti, MS, Bhuiyan, MA, Bisignano, C, Biswas, B, Bjorge, T, Bodolica, V, Bodunrin, AO, Hashemi, MB, Basara, BB, Borhany, H, Bosoka, SA, Carvajal, AB, Bouaoud, S, Boufous, S, Boxe, C, Boyko, EJ, Brady, OJ, Braithwaite, D, Brauer, M, Brazo-Sayavera, J, Brenner, H, Brown, CS, Browne, AJ, Brugha, T, Bryazka, D, Bulamu, NB, Buonsenso, D, Burkart, K, Burns, RA, Busse, R, Bustanji, Y, Butt, ZA, dos Santos, FLC, Barsbay, MC, Calina, D, Campos, LA, Cao, S, Capodici, A, Cardenas, R, Carreras, G, Carugno, A, Carvalho, M, Castaldelli-Maia, JM, Castelpietra, G, Cattaruzza, MS, Caye, A, Cegolon, L, Cembranel, F, Cenko, E, Cerin, E, Chadban, SJ, Chadwick, J, Chakraborty, C, Chakraborty, S, Chalek, J, Chan, JSK, Chandika, RM, Chandy, S, Charan, J, Chaudhary, AA, Chaurasia, A, Chen, A-T, Chen, H, Chen, MX, Chen, S, Cherbuin, N, Chi, G, Chichagi, F, Chimed-Ochir, O, Chimoriya, R, Ching, PR, Chirinos-Caceres, JL, Chitheer, A, Cho, DY, Cho, WCS, Choi, D-W, Chong, B, Chong, CL, Chopra, H, Chu, D-T, Chung, E, Chutiyami, M, Clayton, JT, Cogen, RM, Cohen, AJ, Columbus, A, Comfort, H, Conde, J, Connolly, JT, Cooper, EEK, Cortese, S, Cruz-Martins, N, da Silva, AG, Dadras, O, Dai, X, Dai, Z, Dalton, BE, Damiani, G, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Das, JK, Das, S, Dash, NR, Davletov, K, De la Hoz, FP, De Leo, D, Debopadhaya, S, Delgado-Enciso, I, Denova-Gutierrez, E, Dervenis, N, Desai, HD, Devanbu, VGC, Dewan, SMR, Dhama, K, Dhane, AS, Dhingra, S, da Silva, DD, Diaz, D, Diaz, LA, Diaz, MJ, Dima, A, Ding, DD, Do, THP, Do Prado, CB, Dodangeh, M, Doegah, PT, Dohare, S, Dong, W, D'Oria, M, Doshi, R, Dowou, RK, Dsouza, HL, Dsouza, V, Dube, J, Dumith, SC, Duncan, BB, Duraes, AR, Duraisamy, S, Durojaiye, OC, Dushpanova, A, Dutta, S, Dzianach, PA, Dziedzic, AM, Eboreime, E, Ebrahimi, A, Kalan, ME, Edinur, HA, Efendi, F, Eikemo, TA, Eini, E, Ekundayo, TC, El Arab, RA, El Sayed, I, Elamin, O, Elemam, NM, ElGohary, GMT, Elhadi, M, Elmeligy, OAA, Elmoselhi, AB, Elshaer, M, Elsohaby, I, Eltahir, ME, Emeto, TI, Eshrati, B, Eslami, M, Esmaeili, Z, Fabin, N, Fagbamigbe, AF, Fagbule, OF, Falzone, L, Fareed, M, Farinha, CSES, Faris, MEM, Faro, A, Fasihi, K, Fatehizadeh, A, Fauk, NK, Fazylov, T, Feigin, VL, Fekadu, G, Feng, X, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Ferrara, P, Ferreira, N, Firew, BS, Fischer, F, Fitriana, I, Flavel, J, Flor, LS, Folayan, MO, Foley, KM, Fonzo, M, Force, LM, Foschi, M, Freitas, A, Fridayani, NKY, Fukutaki, KG, Furtado, JM, Fux, B, Gaal, PA, Gadanya, MA, Gallus, S, Ganesan, B, Ganiyani, MA, Gautam, RK, Gebi, TG, Gebregergis, MW, Gebrehiwot, M, Getacher, L, Getahun, GKA, Gething, PW, Ghadimi, DJ, Ghadirian, F, Ghafarian, S, Ghailan, KY, Ghasemi, M, Dabaghi, GG, Ghazy, RM, Ghoba, S, Gholami, E, Gholamrezanezhad, A, Gholizadeh, N, Ghorbani, M, Vajargah, PG, Ghotbi, E, Gil, AU, Gill, TK, Girmay, A, Glasbey, JC, Glushkova, EV, Gnedovskaya, EV, Gobolos, L, Goldust, M, Goleij, P, Golinelli, D, Gopalani, SV, Goulart, AC, Gouravani, M, Goyal, A, Grivna, M, Grosso, G, Guarducci, G, Gubari, MIM, Guicciardi, S, Guimaraes, RA, Gulati, S, Gulisashvili, D, Gunawardane, DA, Guo, C, Gupta, AK, Gupta, R, Gupta, S, Gupta, VK, Haakenstad, A, Hadi, NR, Haep, N, Hafiz, A, Haghmorad, D, Haile, D, Ali, AH, Ali, HA, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Halboub, ES, Haller, S, Halwani, R, Abdullah, KH, Hamdy, NM, Hamoudi, R, Hanifi, N, Hankey, GJ, Haq, ZA, Haque, MR, Harapan, H, Hargono, A, Haro, JM, Hasaballah, AI, Hasan, SMM, Hasanian, M, Hasnain, MS, Hassan, A, Haubold, J, Hay, SI, Hebert, JJ, Hegazi, OE, Heidari, M, Hemmati, M, Henson, CA, Herrera-Serna, BY, Herteliu, C, Heydari, M, Hezam, K, Hidayana, I, Hiraike, Y, Hoan, NQ, Holla, R, Hoogar, P, Horita, N, Hossain, MM, Hosseinzadeh, H, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hu, C, Huang, J, Hultstrom, M, Hundie, TG, Hunt, AJ, Hushmandi, K, Hussain, J, Hussain, MA, Hussein, NR, Huynh, H-H, Hwang, B-F, Ibitoye, SE, Iftikhar, PM, Ikiroma, AI, Ikwegbue, PC, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Immurana, M, Isa, MA, Islam, MR, Islam, SMS, Ismail, F, Ismail, NE, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Iyamu, IO, Jacob, L, Jacobsen, KH, Jafarinia, M, Jahankhani, K, Jahanmehr, N, Jain, N, Jairoun, AA, Mani, DRJ, Jamil, S, Jamora, RDG, Jatau, AI, Javadov, S, Javaheri, T, Jayaram, S, Jee, SH, Jeganathan, J, Jiang, H, Jokar, M, Jonas, JB, Joseph, N, Joshua, CE, Jurisson, M, Vaishali, K, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kadashetti, V, Kalankesh, LR, Kalra, S, Kamath, A, Kamath, R, Kamireddy, A, Kanaan, M, Kanchan, T, Kanmiki, EW, Kanmodi, KK, Kansal, SK, Karim, A, Karkhah, S, Kashoo, FZ, Kasraei, H, Kassel, MB, Katikireddi, SV, Kauppila, JH, Kaur, H, Kayode, GA, Kazemi, F, Kazemian, S, Kebede, F, Kendal, ES, Kesse-Guyot, E, Khademvatan, S, Khajuria, H, Khalaji, A, Khalid, A, Khalid, N, Khalilian, A, Khamesipour, F, Khan, F, Khan, MJ, Khan, MAB, Khanmohammadi, S, Khatab, K, Khatatbeh, H, Khatatbeh, MM, Khatib, MN, Kashani, HRK, Kheirallah, KA, Khokhar, M, Khormali, M, Khorrami, Z, Khosla, AA, Khosravi, M, Khosrowjerdi, M, Khubchandani, J, Kifle, ZD, Kim, G, Kim, JS, Kim, MS, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Knibbs, LD, Knudsen, AKS, Kochhar, S, Kolahi, A-A, Kompani, F, Koren, G, Korzh, O, Krishan, K, Krishna, V, Krishnamoorthy, V, Bicer, BK, Kuddus, MA, Kuddus, M, Kuitunen, I, Kujan, O, Kulimbet, M, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, GA, Kumar, H, Kumar, N, Kumar, R, Kumar, V, Kundu, A, Kusuma, D, Kyei-Arthur, F, Kyto, V, Kyu, HH, La Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Ladan, MA, Laflamme, L, Lahariya, C, Lai, DTC, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lam, J, Lan, Q, Lan, T, Landires, I, Lanfranchi, F, Langguth, B, Lansingh, VC, Laplante-Levesque, A, Larijani, B, Larsson, AO, Lasrado, S, Lauriola, P, Lawlor, HR, Le, H-H, Le, LKD, Le, NHH, Le, TTT, Le, TDT, Leasher, JL, Lee, DW, Lee, M, Lee, PH, Lee, S-W, Lee, SW, Lee, SWH, Lee, YH, Leigh, J, Leong, E, Li, M-C, Libra, M, Ligade, VS, Lim, L-L, Lim, SS, Limenh, LW, Lindholm, D, Lindstedt, PA, Listl, S, Liu, G, Liu, S, Liu, X, Llanaj, E, Lopez-Bueno, R, Lopez-Gil, JF, Loreche, AM, Lotufo, PA, Lozano, R, Lubinda, J, Lucchetti, G, Luo, L, Lusk, JB, Lv, L, Amin, HIM, Ma, ZF, Maass, KL, Machairas, N, Machoy, M, Madureira-Carvalho, AM, Abd El Razek, HM, Maghazachi, AA, Prasad, DRM, Mahalleh, M, Mahasha, PW, Mahmoud, MA, Mahmoudi, E, Mahmoudvand, G, Makama, M, Rad, EM, Malhotra, K, Malik, AA, Malta, DC, Manla, Y, Mansour, A, Mansouri, MH, Mansouri, P, Mansouri, V, Mansourian, M, Mansournia, MA, Marasini, BP, Marateb, HR, Maravilla, JC, Mardi, P, Marjani, A, Moghadam, HM, Arnedo, CAM, Martinez, G, Martinez-Piedra, R, Martins-Melo, FR, Martorell, M, Marx, W, Marzo, RR, Masoudi, S, Mathangasinghe, Y, Mathioudakis, AG, Mathur, M, Mathur, N, Matozinhos, FP, Mattumpuram, J, Maude, RJ, Maugeri, A, Mayeli, M, Mazidi, M, Mazzotti, A, McGrath, JJ, Mckee, M, McKowen, ALW, McPhail, MA, McPhail, SM, Mehmood, A, Mehrabani-Zeinabad, K, Mehravar, S, Meto, TM, Melese, EB, Mendez-Lopez, MAM, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Mensah, GA, Mensah, LG, Mentis, A-FA, Meo, SA, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mersha, AM, Mestrovic, T, Mettananda, KCD, Mettananda, S, Mhlanga, A, Mhlanga, L, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, IM, de Sa, ACMGN, Miller, TR, Minh, LHN, Mirahmadi, A, Mirijello, A, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mirzaei, R, Mitchell, PB, Mittal, C, Moberg, ME, Fard, AM, Mohajelin, S, Mohamadkhani, A, Mohamed, AI, Mohamed, J, Mohamed, MFH, Mohamed, NS, Mohammad, AM, Mohammadi, S, Mohammed, H, Mohammed, M, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, AH, Molokhia, M, Momani, SM, Momtazmanesh, S, Monasta, L, Mondello, S, Moni, MA, Montazeri, F, Ghalibaf, AM, Moradi, M, Moradi, Y, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Moreira, RS, Morovatdar, N, Morrison, SD, Mosapour, A, Mosser, JF, Mossialos, E, Motappa, R, Mougin, V, Mousavi, P, Mrejen, M, Mubarik, S, Mueller, UO, Mulita, F, Munjal, K, Murillo-Zamora, E, Musallam, KM, Musina, A-M, Mustafa, G, Myung, W, Nafei, A, Nagarajan, AJ, Naghavi, P, Naik, GR, Naik, G, Nainu, F, Najdaghi, S, Ansari, NN, Nangia, V, Swamy, SN, Nargus, S, Davani, DN, Nascimento, BR, Nascimento, GG, Naser, AY, Nashwan, AJ, Natto, ZS, Nauman, J, Navaratna, SNK, Naveed, M, Nawsherwan, Nayak, BP, Nayak, VC, Negash, H, Negoi, I, Negoi, RI, Nejadghaderi, SA, Nejjari, C, Nematollahi, S, Netsere, HB, Ng, M, Nguefack-Tsague, G, Ngunjiri, JW, Nguyen, AH, Nguyen, DH, Nguyen, HTH, Nguyen, N, Nguyen, NNY, Nguyen, PT, Nguyen, QP, Nguyen, VT, Minh, DNT, Niazi, RK, Nigatu, YT, Niknam, M, Nikoobar, A, Nikpoor, AR, Nikravangolsefid, N, Noman, EA, Nomura, S, Noor, STA, Noroozi, N, Nouri, M, Nozari, M, Nri-Ezedi, CA, Ntaios, G, Nunemo, MH, Nurrika, D, Nutor, JJ, Nzoputam, CI, Nzoputam, OJ, Oancea, B, Obamiro, KO, Odetokun, IA, Oduro, MS, Ogundijo, OA, Ogunfowokan, AA, Ogunkoya, A, Oguntade, AS, Oh, I-H, Ojo-Akosile, TR, Okati-Aliabad, H, Okekunle, AP, Okonji, OC, Olagunju, AT, Olatubi, MI, Oliveira, GMM, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Oluwafemi, YD, Omar, HA, Omer, GL, Ong, S, Onie, S, Onwujekwe, OE, Opejin, AO, Ordak, M, Orish, VN, Ortiz, A, Ortiz-Prado, E, Osman, WMS, Ostojic, SM, Ostroff, SM, Osuagwu, UL, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, SS, Ouyahia, A, Owolabi, MO, Oyeyemi, OT, Ozair, A, Padukudru, MPA, Padron-Monedero, A, Padubidri, JR, Pal, PK, Palicz, T, Pan, F, Pan, H-F, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandey, A, Pando-Robles, V, Pangaribuan, HU, Panos, GD, Panos, LD, Pantazopoulos, I, Stoian, AMP, Parikh, RR, Park, E-K, Park, S, Parsons, N, Parthasarathi, A, Pasovic, M, Passera, R, Patel, J, Pathan, AR, Patil, S, Patoulias, D, Pawar, S, Toroudi, HP, Pease, SA, Peden, AE, Pedersini, P, Pensato, U, Pepito, VCF, Peprah, P, Pereira, M, Pereira, MO, Perianayagam, A, Perico, N, Perna, S, Pesudovs, K, Petermann-Rocha, FE, Pham, HT, Philip, AK, Phillips, MR, Pigeolet, M, Piradov, MA, Pisoni, E, Plotnikov, E, Poddighe, D, Polibin, RV, Poluru, R, Ponkilainen, VT, Popovic, DS, Postma, MJ, Pour-Rashidi, A, Prabhu, D, Prada, SI, Pradhan, J, Pradhan, PMS, Prashant, A, Prates, EJS, Priscilla, T, Purnobasuki, H, Purohit, BM, Puvvula, J, Qasim, NH, Qattea, I, Qazi, AS, Qian, G, Rad, MR, Radhakrishnan, V, Shahraki, HR, Rafferty, Q, Raggi, A, Raggi, C, Raheem, N, Rahim, F, Rahim, MJ, Rahimibarghani, S, Rahman, MMMR, Rahman, M, Rahman, MA, Rahman, T, Rahmani, AM, Rahmanian, M, Rahmanian, N, Rahmati, R, Rahmawaty, S, Raimondo, D, Raja, A, Rajput, P, Ramadan, M, Ramasamy, SK, Ramazanu, S, Ramteke, PW, Rana, K, Rana, RK, Ranabhat, CL, Rane, A, Rao, CR, Rao, M, Rasella, D, Rashedi, V, Rashid, AM, Rasouli-Saravani, A, Rastogi, P, Rasul, A, Rathish, D, Babu, GR, Rauniyar, SK, Ravangard, R, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Raza, RZ, Redwan, EMM, Reifels, L, Reitsma, MB, Remuzzi, G, Rengasamy, KRR, Reshmi, B, Resnikoff, S, Restaino, S, Reyes, LF, Rezaei, N, Rezaei, ZS, Rezaeian, M, Rhee, TG, Rickard, J, Robalik, T, Robinson-Oden, HE, Rocha, HAL, Rodrigues, M, Rodriguez, JAB, Roever, L, Romadlon, DS, Ronfani, L, Rony, MKK, Roshandel, G, Rotimi, K, Rout, HS, Roy, B, Rubagotti, E, Ruela, GDA, Rumisha, SF, Runghien, T, Russo, M, Saad, AMA, Saber, K, Saber-Ayad, MM, Sabet, CJ, Sabour, S, Sachdev, PS, Saddler, A, Sadee, BA, Sadeghi, M, Saeb, MR, Saeed, U, Safi, SZ, Sagar, R, Saghafi, A, Sagoe, D, Sahebkar, A, Sahoo, PM, Sajid, MR, Salam, N, Salamati, P, Salami, AA, Saleh, MA, Salehi, L, Salem, MR, Salemcity, AJ, Salimi, S, Kafil, HS, Samargandy, S, Samodra, YL, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Sanna, F, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Jose, BPS, Saraswathy, SYI, Saravanan, A, Sarmiento-Suarez, R, Sarode, GS, Sarode, SC, Sartorius, B, Satpathy, M, Sayeed, A, Scarmeas, N, Schaarschmidt, BM, Schinckus, C, Schuermans, A, Schumacher, AE, Schutte, AE, Schwebel, DC, Schwendicke, F, Selvaraj, S, Semreen, MH, Senapati, S, Sengupta, P, Senthilkumaran, S, Serban, D, Sethi, Y, Seylani, A, Shafie, M, Shah, PA, Shahbandi, A, Shahid, S, Shahid, W, Shahsavari, HR, Shahwan, MJ, Shaikh, MA, Shalash, AS, Shamekh, A, Shamim, MA, Shanawaz, M, Shankar, A, Shannawaz, M, Sharath, M, Sharfaei, S, Sharifan, A, Sharifi-Rad, J, Sharma, A, Sharma, M, Sharma, S, Sharma, V, Shastry, RP, Shayan, M, Shekhar, S, Shenoy, RR, Shetty, M, Shetty, PH, Shetty, PK, Shi, P, Shiani, A, Shigematsu, M, Shimels, T, Shiri, R, Shittu, A, Shiue, I, Shivakumar, KM, Shool, S, Shorofi, SA, Shrestha, S, Shuval, K, Si, Y, Siddig, EE, Sidhu, JK, Silva, JP, Silva, LMLR, Silva, S, Silva, TPR, Simpson, CR, Simpson, KE, Singh, A, Singh, BB, Singh, B, Singh, H, Singh, J, Singh, P, Skou, ST, Smith, G, Sobia, F, Socea, B, Solanki, S, Soleimani, H, Soliman, SSM, Song, Y, Soyiri, IN, Spartalis, M, Spearman, S, Sreeramareddy, CT, Stanaway, JD, Stanikzai, MH, Starodubova, AV, Stein, DJ, Steiner, C, Steiropoulos, P, Stockfelt, L, Stokes, MA, Straif, K, Subedi, N, Abdulkader, RS, Sultana, A, Sun, J, Sundstrom, J, Swain, CK, Szarpak, L, Szeto, MD, Damavandi, PT, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Malazy, OT, Tabatabaeizadeh, S-A, Tabatabai, S, Tabb, KM, Tabche, C, Tabish, M, Abkenar, YT, Soodejani, MT, Taiba, J, Talaat, IM, Tamuzi, JL, Tan, K-K, Tang, H, Tat, NY, Oliaee, RT, Tavangar, SM, Taveira, N, Tbakhi, A, Tehrani, H, Temsah, M-H, Teramoto, M, Tesfaye, BT, Teye-Kwadjo, E, Thangaraju, P, Thankappan, KR, Thapar, R, Rasiah, Thayakaran, Thirunavukkarasu, S, Thomas, N, Thygesen, LC, Ticoalu, JHV, Timalsena, D, Tiruye, TY, Tiwari, K, Tomo, S, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, MR, Tran, AT, Tran, JT, Tran, NM, Tran, TH, Trico, D, Tromans, SJ, Truyen, TTTT, Tsatsakis, A, Tsermpini, EE, Tumurkhuu, M, Turnock, ST, Udoh, A, Ullah, A, Ullah, S, Umakanthan, S, Umar, M, Umar, SS, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Usman, JS, Vahdati, S, Vaithinathan, AG, Vakili, O, Valizadeh, R, Van den Eynde, J, Vart, P, Varthya, SB, Vasankari, TJ, Vasic, M, Venketasubramanian, N, Veroux, M, Verras, G-I, Vervoort, D, Vijayageetha, M, Villafane, JH, Vinayak, M, Violante, FS, Vladimirov, SK, Vlassov, V, Vo, B, Vohra, K, Vos, T, Wadood, AW, Waheed, Y, Wang, F, Wang, S, Wang, Y, Wang, Y-P, Wanjau, MN, Waqas, M, Ward, P, Waris, A, Wassie, EG, Watson, S, Weaver, MR, Weerakoon, KG, Weintraub, RG, Weldetinsaa, HLL, Wells, KM, Wen, YF, Westerman, R, Wiangkham, T, Wickramasinghe, DP, Widowati, E, Wojewodzic, MW, Woldeyes, DH, Wolf, AW, Wolfe, CDA, Wu, C, Wu, D, Wu, F, Wu, J, Wu, Z, Hanson, SW, Xiao, H, Xu, S, Yadav, R, Yamagishi, K, Yang, D, Yano, Y, Yarahmadi, A, Nia, IY, Ye, P, Yesodharan, R, Yesuf, SA, Yezli, S, Yigit, A, Yigit, V, Yigzaw, ZA, Yin, D, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, You, Y, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Yu, EA, Yu, Y, Yuan, C-W, Yusuf, H, Zafar, U, Zafari, N, Zahid, MH, Zakham, F, Zaki, N, Zerfu, TA, Zhang, H, Zhang, J, Zhang, L, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z, Zhao, X-JG, Zhao, Y, Zhao, Z, Zhong, C, Zhou, B, Zhou, J, Zhou, S, Zhu, B, Zhumagaliuly, A, Zielinska, M, Zoghi, G, Zumla, A, Zyoud, SH, Smith, AE, Murray, CJL, Vollset, SE, Ababneh, HS, Abate, YH, Abbafati, C, Abbasgholizadeh, R, Abbasian, M, Abbastabar, H, Abd Al Magied, AHA, Abd ElHafeez, S, Abdelkader, A, Abdelmasseh, M, Abd-Elsalam, S, Abdi, P, Abdollahi, M, Abdoun, M, Abdullahi, A, Abebe, M, Abiodun, O, Aboagye, RG, Abolhassani, H, Abouzid, M, Aboye, GB, Abreu, LG, Absalan, A, Abualruz, H, Abubakar, B, Abukhadijah, HJJ, Addolorato, G, Adekanmbi, V, Adetunji, CO, Adetunji, JB, Adeyeoluwa, TE, Adha, R, Adhikary, RK, Adnani, QES, Adzigbli, LA, Afrashteh, F, Afzal, MS, Afzal, S, Agbozo, F, Agodi, A, Agrawal, A, Agyemang-Duah, W, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahlstrom, AJ, Ahmad, A, Ahmad, F, Ahmad, MM, Ahmad, S, Ahmed, A, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, S, Ahmed, SA, Akinosoglou, K, Akkaif, MA, Akrami, AE, Akter, E, Al Awaidy, S, Al Hasan, SM, Al Mosa, AS, Al Ta'ani, O, Al Zaabi, OAM, Alahdab, F, Alajlani, MM, Al-Ajlouni, Y, Alalalmeh, SO, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, N, Alam, T, Alam, Z, Al-Amer, RM, Alanezi, FM, Alanzi, TM, Albakri, A, Aldhaleei, WA, Aldridge, RW, Alemohammad, SY, Alemu, YM, Al-Gheethi, AAS, Al-Hanawi, MK, Ali, A, Ali, I, Ali, MU, Ali, R, Ali, SSS, Ali, VE, Ali, W, Al-Ibraheem, A, Alicandro, G, Alif, SM, Aljunid, SM, Alla, F, Almazan, JU, Al-Mekhlafi, HM, Alqutaibi, AY, Alrawashdeh, A, Alrousan, SM, Al-Sabah, SK, Alsabri, MA, Altaany, Z, Al-Tammemi, AB, Al-Tawfiq, JA, Altirkawi, KA, Aluh, DO, Alvis-Guzman, N, Al-Wardat, MS, Al-Worafi, YM, Aly, H, Alyahya, MS, Alzoubi, KH, Al-Zyoud, W, Amani, R, Ameyaw, EK, Amin, TT, Amindarolzarbi, A, Amiri, S, Amirzade-Iranaq, MH, Amu, H, Amugsi, DA, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, DB, Andrade, PP, Andrei, CL, Andrei, T, Andrews, EA, Anil, A, Anil, S, Anoushiravani, A, Antony, CM, Antriyandarti, E, Anuoluwa, BS, Anvari, S, Anyasodor, AE, Appiah, F, Aquilano, M, Arab, JP, Arabloo, J, Arafa, EA, Arafat, M, Aravkin, AY, Ardekani, A, Areda, D, Aregawi, BB, Aremu, A, Ariffin, H, Arkew, M, Armani, K, Artamonov, AA, Arumugam, A, Asghari-Jafarabadi, M, Ashbaugh, C, Astell-Burt, T, Athari, SS, Atorkey, P, Atout, MMW, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Awad, H, Awotidebe, AW, Ayatollahi, H, Ayuso-Mateos, JL, Azadnajafabad, S, Azeez, FK, Azevedo, RMS, Badar, M, Baghdadi, S, Bagheri, M, Bagheri, N, Bai, R, Baker, JL, Bako, AT, Balakrishnan, S, Balcha, WF, Baltatu, OC, Barchitta, M, Bardideh, E, Barker-Collo, SL, Barnighausen, TW, Barqawi, HJ, Barteit, S, Basiru, A, Basso, JD, Bastan, M-M, Basu, S, Bauckneht, M, Baune, BT, Bayati, M, Bayileyegn, NS, Behnoush, AH, Behzadi, P, Beiranvand, M, Bello, OO, Belo, L, Beloukas, A, Bemanalizadeh, M, Bensenor, IM, Benzian, H, Beran, A, Berezvai, Z, Bernstein, RS, Bettencourt, PJG, Beyene, KA, Beyene, MG, Bhagat, DS, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhala, N, Bhandari, D, Bharadwaj, R, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhargava, A, Bhaskar, S, Bhat, V, Bhattacharjee, NV, Bhatti, GK, Bhatti, JS, Bhatti, MS, Bhuiyan, MA, Bisignano, C, Biswas, B, Bjorge, T, Bodolica, V, Bodunrin, AO, Hashemi, MB, Basara, BB, Borhany, H, Bosoka, SA, Carvajal, AB, Bouaoud, S, Boufous, S, Boxe, C, Boyko, EJ, Brady, OJ, Braithwaite, D, Brauer, M, Brazo-Sayavera, J, Brenner, H, Brown, CS, Browne, AJ, Brugha, T, Bryazka, D, Bulamu, NB, Buonsenso, D, Burkart, K, Burns, RA, Busse, R, Bustanji, Y, Butt, ZA, dos Santos, FLC, Barsbay, MC, Calina, D, Campos, LA, Cao, S, Capodici, A, Cardenas, R, Carreras, G, Carugno, A, Carvalho, M, Castaldelli-Maia, JM, Castelpietra, G, Cattaruzza, MS, Caye, A, Cegolon, L, Cembranel, F, Cenko, E, Cerin, E, Chadban, SJ, Chadwick, J, Chakraborty, C, Chakraborty, S, Chalek, J, Chan, JSK, Chandika, RM, Chandy, S, Charan, J, Chaudhary, AA, Chaurasia, A, Chen, A-T, Chen, H, Chen, MX, Chen, S, Cherbuin, N, Chi, G, Chichagi, F, Chimed-Ochir, O, Chimoriya, R, Ching, PR, Chirinos-Caceres, JL, Chitheer, A, Cho, DY, Cho, WCS, Choi, D-W, Chong, B, Chong, CL, Chopra, H, Chu, D-T, Chung, E, Chutiyami, M, Clayton, JT, Cogen, RM, Cohen, AJ, Columbus, A, Comfort, H, Conde, J, Connolly, JT, Cooper, EEK, Cortese, S, Cruz-Martins, N, da Silva, AG, Dadras, O, Dai, X, Dai, Z, Dalton, BE, Damiani, G, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Das, JK, Das, S, Dash, NR, Davletov, K, De la Hoz, FP, De Leo, D, Debopadhaya, S, Delgado-Enciso, I, Denova-Gutierrez, E, Dervenis, N, Desai, HD, Devanbu, VGC, Dewan, SMR, Dhama, K, Dhane, AS, Dhingra, S, da Silva, DD, Diaz, D, Diaz, LA, Diaz, MJ, Dima, A, Ding, DD, Do, THP, Do Prado, CB, Dodangeh, M, Doegah, PT, Dohare, S, Dong, W, D'Oria, M, Doshi, R, Dowou, RK, Dsouza, HL, Dsouza, V, Dube, J, Dumith, SC, Duncan, BB, Duraes, AR, Duraisamy, S, Durojaiye, OC, Dushpanova, A, Dutta, S, Dzianach, PA, Dziedzic, AM, Eboreime, E, Ebrahimi, A, Kalan, ME, Edinur, HA, Efendi, F, Eikemo, TA, Eini, E, Ekundayo, TC, El Arab, RA, El Sayed, I, Elamin, O, Elemam, NM, ElGohary, GMT, Elhadi, M, Elmeligy, OAA, Elmoselhi, AB, Elshaer, M, Elsohaby, I, Eltahir, ME, Emeto, TI, Eshrati, B, Eslami, M, Esmaeili, Z, Fabin, N, Fagbamigbe, AF, Fagbule, OF, Falzone, L, Fareed, M, Farinha, CSES, Faris, MEM, Faro, A, Fasihi, K, Fatehizadeh, A, Fauk, NK, Fazylov, T, Feigin, VL, Fekadu, G, Feng, X, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Ferrara, P, Ferreira, N, Firew, BS, Fischer, F, Fitriana, I, Flavel, J, Flor, LS, Folayan, MO, Foley, KM, Fonzo, M, Force, LM, Foschi, M, Freitas, A, Fridayani, NKY, Fukutaki, KG, Furtado, JM, Fux, B, Gaal, PA, Gadanya, MA, Gallus, S, Ganesan, B, Ganiyani, MA, Gautam, RK, Gebi, TG, Gebregergis, MW, Gebrehiwot, M, Getacher, L, Getahun, GKA, Gething, PW, Ghadimi, DJ, Ghadirian, F, Ghafarian, S, Ghailan, KY, Ghasemi, M, Dabaghi, GG, Ghazy, RM, Ghoba, S, Gholami, E, Gholamrezanezhad, A, Gholizadeh, N, Ghorbani, M, Vajargah, PG, Ghotbi, E, Gil, AU, Gill, TK, Girmay, A, Glasbey, JC, Glushkova, EV, Gnedovskaya, EV, Gobolos, L, Goldust, M, Goleij, P, Golinelli, D, Gopalani, SV, Goulart, AC, Gouravani, M, Goyal, A, Grivna, M, Grosso, G, Guarducci, G, Gubari, MIM, Guicciardi, S, Guimaraes, RA, Gulati, S, Gulisashvili, D, Gunawardane, DA, Guo, C, Gupta, AK, Gupta, R, Gupta, S, Gupta, VK, Haakenstad, A, Hadi, NR, Haep, N, Hafiz, A, Haghmorad, D, Haile, D, Ali, AH, Ali, HA, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Halboub, ES, Haller, S, Halwani, R, Abdullah, KH, Hamdy, NM, Hamoudi, R, Hanifi, N, Hankey, GJ, Haq, ZA, Haque, MR, Harapan, H, Hargono, A, Haro, JM, Hasaballah, AI, Hasan, SMM, Hasanian, M, Hasnain, MS, Hassan, A, Haubold, J, Hay, SI, Hebert, JJ, Hegazi, OE, Heidari, M, Hemmati, M, Henson, CA, Herrera-Serna, BY, Herteliu, C, Heydari, M, Hezam, K, Hidayana, I, Hiraike, Y, Hoan, NQ, Holla, R, Hoogar, P, Horita, N, Hossain, MM, Hosseinzadeh, H, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hu, C, Huang, J, Hultstrom, M, Hundie, TG, Hunt, AJ, Hushmandi, K, Hussain, J, Hussain, MA, Hussein, NR, Huynh, H-H, Hwang, B-F, Ibitoye, SE, Iftikhar, PM, Ikiroma, AI, Ikwegbue, PC, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Immurana, M, Isa, MA, Islam, MR, Islam, SMS, Ismail, F, Ismail, NE, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Iyamu, IO, Jacob, L, Jacobsen, KH, Jafarinia, M, Jahankhani, K, Jahanmehr, N, Jain, N, Jairoun, AA, Mani, DRJ, Jamil, S, Jamora, RDG, Jatau, AI, Javadov, S, Javaheri, T, Jayaram, S, Jee, SH, Jeganathan, J, Jiang, H, Jokar, M, Jonas, JB, Joseph, N, Joshua, CE, Jurisson, M, Vaishali, K, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kadashetti, V, Kalankesh, LR, Kalra, S, Kamath, A, Kamath, R, Kamireddy, A, Kanaan, M, Kanchan, T, Kanmiki, EW, Kanmodi, KK, Kansal, SK, Karim, A, Karkhah, S, Kashoo, FZ, Kasraei, H, Kassel, MB, Katikireddi, SV, Kauppila, JH, Kaur, H, Kayode, GA, Kazemi, F, Kazemian, S, Kebede, F, Kendal, ES, Kesse-Guyot, E, Khademvatan, S, Khajuria, H, Khalaji, A, Khalid, A, Khalid, N, Khalilian, A, Khamesipour, F, Khan, F, Khan, MJ, Khan, MAB, Khanmohammadi, S, Khatab, K, Khatatbeh, H, Khatatbeh, MM, Khatib, MN, Kashani, HRK, Kheirallah, KA, Khokhar, M, Khormali, M, Khorrami, Z, Khosla, AA, Khosravi, M, Khosrowjerdi, M, Khubchandani, J, Kifle, ZD, Kim, G, Kim, JS, Kim, MS, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Knibbs, LD, Knudsen, AKS, Kochhar, S, Kolahi, A-A, Kompani, F, Koren, G, Korzh, O, Krishan, K, Krishna, V, Krishnamoorthy, V, Bicer, BK, Kuddus, MA, Kuddus, M, Kuitunen, I, Kujan, O, Kulimbet, M, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, GA, Kumar, H, Kumar, N, Kumar, R, Kumar, V, Kundu, A, Kusuma, D, Kyei-Arthur, F, Kyto, V, Kyu, HH, La Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Ladan, MA, Laflamme, L, Lahariya, C, Lai, DTC, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lam, J, Lan, Q, Lan, T, Landires, I, Lanfranchi, F, Langguth, B, Lansingh, VC, Laplante-Levesque, A, Larijani, B, Larsson, AO, Lasrado, S, Lauriola, P, Lawlor, HR, Le, H-H, Le, LKD, Le, NHH, Le, TTT, Le, TDT, Leasher, JL, Lee, DW, Lee, M, Lee, PH, Lee, S-W, Lee, SW, Lee, SWH, Lee, YH, Leigh, J, Leong, E, Li, M-C, Libra, M, Ligade, VS, Lim, L-L, Lim, SS, Limenh, LW, Lindholm, D, Lindstedt, PA, Listl, S, Liu, G, Liu, S, Liu, X, Llanaj, E, Lopez-Bueno, R, Lopez-Gil, JF, Loreche, AM, Lotufo, PA, Lozano, R, Lubinda, J, Lucchetti, G, Luo, L, Lusk, JB, Lv, L, Amin, HIM, Ma, ZF, Maass, KL, Machairas, N, Machoy, M, Madureira-Carvalho, AM, Abd El Razek, HM, Maghazachi, AA, Prasad, DRM, Mahalleh, M, Mahasha, PW, Mahmoud, MA, Mahmoudi, E, Mahmoudvand, G, Makama, M, Rad, EM, Malhotra, K, Malik, AA, Malta, DC, Manla, Y, Mansour, A, Mansouri, MH, Mansouri, P, Mansouri, V, Mansourian, M, Mansournia, MA, Marasini, BP, Marateb, HR, Maravilla, JC, Mardi, P, Marjani, A, Moghadam, HM, Arnedo, CAM, Martinez, G, Martinez-Piedra, R, Martins-Melo, FR, Martorell, M, Marx, W, Marzo, RR, Masoudi, S, Mathangasinghe, Y, Mathioudakis, AG, Mathur, M, Mathur, N, Matozinhos, FP, Mattumpuram, J, Maude, RJ, Maugeri, A, Mayeli, M, Mazidi, M, Mazzotti, A, McGrath, JJ, Mckee, M, McKowen, ALW, McPhail, MA, McPhail, SM, Mehmood, A, Mehrabani-Zeinabad, K, Mehravar, S, Meto, TM, Melese, EB, Mendez-Lopez, MAM, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Mensah, GA, Mensah, LG, Mentis, A-FA, Meo, SA, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mersha, AM, Mestrovic, T, Mettananda, KCD, Mettananda, S, Mhlanga, A, Mhlanga, L, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, IM, de Sa, ACMGN, Miller, TR, Minh, LHN, Mirahmadi, A, Mirijello, A, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mirzaei, R, Mitchell, PB, Mittal, C, Moberg, ME, Fard, AM, Mohajelin, S, Mohamadkhani, A, Mohamed, AI, Mohamed, J, Mohamed, MFH, Mohamed, NS, Mohammad, AM, Mohammadi, S, Mohammed, H, Mohammed, M, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, AH, Molokhia, M, Momani, SM, Momtazmanesh, S, Monasta, L, Mondello, S, Moni, MA, Montazeri, F, Ghalibaf, AM, Moradi, M, Moradi, Y, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Moreira, RS, Morovatdar, N, Morrison, SD, Mosapour, A, Mosser, JF, Mossialos, E, Motappa, R, Mougin, V, Mousavi, P, Mrejen, M, Mubarik, S, Mueller, UO, Mulita, F, Munjal, K, Murillo-Zamora, E, Musallam, KM, Musina, A-M, Mustafa, G, Myung, W, Nafei, A, Nagarajan, AJ, Naghavi, P, Naik, GR, Naik, G, Nainu, F, Najdaghi, S, Ansari, NN, Nangia, V, Swamy, SN, Nargus, S, Davani, DN, Nascimento, BR, Nascimento, GG, Naser, AY, Nashwan, AJ, Natto, ZS, Nauman, J, Navaratna, SNK, Naveed, M, Nawsherwan, Nayak, BP, Nayak, VC, Negash, H, Negoi, I, Negoi, RI, Nejadghaderi, SA, Nejjari, C, Nematollahi, S, Netsere, HB, Ng, M, Nguefack-Tsague, G, Ngunjiri, JW, Nguyen, AH, Nguyen, DH, Nguyen, HTH, Nguyen, N, Nguyen, NNY, Nguyen, PT, Nguyen, QP, Nguyen, VT, Minh, DNT, Niazi, RK, Nigatu, YT, Niknam, M, Nikoobar, A, Nikpoor, AR, Nikravangolsefid, N, Noman, EA, Nomura, S, Noor, STA, Noroozi, N, Nouri, M, Nozari, M, Nri-Ezedi, CA, Ntaios, G, Nunemo, MH, Nurrika, D, Nutor, JJ, Nzoputam, CI, Nzoputam, OJ, Oancea, B, Obamiro, KO, Odetokun, IA, Oduro, MS, Ogundijo, OA, Ogunfowokan, AA, Ogunkoya, A, Oguntade, AS, Oh, I-H, Ojo-Akosile, TR, Okati-Aliabad, H, Okekunle, AP, Okonji, OC, Olagunju, AT, Olatubi, MI, Oliveira, GMM, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Oluwafemi, YD, Omar, HA, Omer, GL, Ong, S, Onie, S, Onwujekwe, OE, Opejin, AO, Ordak, M, Orish, VN, Ortiz, A, Ortiz-Prado, E, Osman, WMS, Ostojic, SM, Ostroff, SM, Osuagwu, UL, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, SS, Ouyahia, A, Owolabi, MO, Oyeyemi, OT, Ozair, A, Padukudru, MPA, Padron-Monedero, A, Padubidri, JR, Pal, PK, Palicz, T, Pan, F, Pan, H-F, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandey, A, Pando-Robles, V, Pangaribuan, HU, Panos, GD, Panos, LD, Pantazopoulos, I, Stoian, AMP, Parikh, RR, Park, E-K, Park, S, Parsons, N, Parthasarathi, A, Pasovic, M, Passera, R, Patel, J, Pathan, AR, Patil, S, Patoulias, D, Pawar, S, Toroudi, HP, Pease, SA, Peden, AE, Pedersini, P, Pensato, U, Pepito, VCF, Peprah, P, Pereira, M, Pereira, MO, Perianayagam, A, Perico, N, Perna, S, Pesudovs, K, Petermann-Rocha, FE, Pham, HT, Philip, AK, Phillips, MR, Pigeolet, M, Piradov, MA, Pisoni, E, Plotnikov, E, Poddighe, D, Polibin, RV, Poluru, R, Ponkilainen, VT, Popovic, DS, Postma, MJ, Pour-Rashidi, A, Prabhu, D, Prada, SI, Pradhan, J, Pradhan, PMS, Prashant, A, Prates, EJS, Priscilla, T, Purnobasuki, H, Purohit, BM, Puvvula, J, Qasim, NH, Qattea, I, Qazi, AS, Qian, G, Rad, MR, Radhakrishnan, V, Shahraki, HR, Rafferty, Q, Raggi, A, Raggi, C, Raheem, N, Rahim, F, Rahim, MJ, Rahimibarghani, S, Rahman, MMMR, Rahman, M, Rahman, MA, Rahman, T, Rahmani, AM, Rahmanian, M, Rahmanian, N, Rahmati, R, Rahmawaty, S, Raimondo, D, Raja, A, Rajput, P, Ramadan, M, Ramasamy, SK, Ramazanu, S, Ramteke, PW, Rana, K, Rana, RK, Ranabhat, CL, Rane, A, Rao, CR, Rao, M, Rasella, D, Rashedi, V, Rashid, AM, Rasouli-Saravani, A, Rastogi, P, Rasul, A, Rathish, D, Babu, GR, Rauniyar, SK, Ravangard, R, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Raza, RZ, Redwan, EMM, Reifels, L, Reitsma, MB, Remuzzi, G, Rengasamy, KRR, Reshmi, B, Resnikoff, S, Restaino, S, Reyes, LF, Rezaei, N, Rezaei, ZS, Rezaeian, M, Rhee, TG, Rickard, J, Robalik, T, Robinson-Oden, HE, Rocha, HAL, Rodrigues, M, Rodriguez, JAB, Roever, L, Romadlon, DS, Ronfani, L, Rony, MKK, Roshandel, G, Rotimi, K, Rout, HS, Roy, B, Rubagotti, E, Ruela, GDA, Rumisha, SF, Runghien, T, Russo, M, Saad, AMA, Saber, K, Saber-Ayad, MM, Sabet, CJ, Sabour, S, Sachdev, PS, Saddler, A, Sadee, BA, Sadeghi, M, Saeb, MR, Saeed, U, Safi, SZ, Sagar, R, Saghafi, A, Sagoe, D, Sahebkar, A, Sahoo, PM, Sajid, MR, Salam, N, Salamati, P, Salami, AA, Saleh, MA, Salehi, L, Salem, MR, Salemcity, AJ, Salimi, S, Kafil, HS, Samargandy, S, Samodra, YL, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Sanna, F, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Jose, BPS, Saraswathy, SYI, Saravanan, A, Sarmiento-Suarez, R, Sarode, GS, Sarode, SC, Sartorius, B, Satpathy, M, Sayeed, A, Scarmeas, N, Schaarschmidt, BM, Schinckus, C, Schuermans, A, Schumacher, AE, Schutte, AE, Schwebel, DC, Schwendicke, F, Selvaraj, S, Semreen, MH, Senapati, S, Sengupta, P, Senthilkumaran, S, Serban, D, Sethi, Y, Seylani, A, Shafie, M, Shah, PA, Shahbandi, A, Shahid, S, Shahid, W, Shahsavari, HR, Shahwan, MJ, Shaikh, MA, Shalash, AS, Shamekh, A, Shamim, MA, Shanawaz, M, Shankar, A, Shannawaz, M, Sharath, M, Sharfaei, S, Sharifan, A, Sharifi-Rad, J, Sharma, A, Sharma, M, Sharma, S, Sharma, V, Shastry, RP, Shayan, M, Shekhar, S, Shenoy, RR, Shetty, M, Shetty, PH, Shetty, PK, Shi, P, Shiani, A, Shigematsu, M, Shimels, T, Shiri, R, Shittu, A, Shiue, I, Shivakumar, KM, Shool, S, Shorofi, SA, Shrestha, S, Shuval, K, Si, Y, Siddig, EE, Sidhu, JK, Silva, JP, Silva, LMLR, Silva, S, Silva, TPR, Simpson, CR, Simpson, KE, Singh, A, Singh, BB, Singh, B, Singh, H, Singh, J, Singh, P, Skou, ST, Smith, G, Sobia, F, Socea, B, Solanki, S, Soleimani, H, Soliman, SSM, Song, Y, Soyiri, IN, Spartalis, M, Spearman, S, Sreeramareddy, CT, Stanaway, JD, Stanikzai, MH, Starodubova, AV, Stein, DJ, Steiner, C, Steiropoulos, P, Stockfelt, L, Stokes, MA, Straif, K, Subedi, N, Abdulkader, RS, Sultana, A, Sun, J, Sundstrom, J, Swain, CK, Szarpak, L, Szeto, MD, Damavandi, PT, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Malazy, OT, Tabatabaeizadeh, S-A, Tabatabai, S, Tabb, KM, Tabche, C, Tabish, M, Abkenar, YT, Soodejani, MT, Taiba, J, Talaat, IM, Tamuzi, JL, Tan, K-K, Tang, H, Tat, NY, Oliaee, RT, Tavangar, SM, Taveira, N, Tbakhi, A, Tehrani, H, Temsah, M-H, Teramoto, M, Tesfaye, BT, Teye-Kwadjo, E, Thangaraju, P, Thankappan, KR, Thapar, R, Rasiah, Thayakaran, Thirunavukkarasu, S, Thomas, N, Thygesen, LC, Ticoalu, JHV, Timalsena, D, Tiruye, TY, Tiwari, K, Tomo, S, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, MR, Tran, AT, Tran, JT, Tran, NM, Tran, TH, Trico, D, Tromans, SJ, Truyen, TTTT, Tsatsakis, A, Tsermpini, EE, Tumurkhuu, M, Turnock, ST, Udoh, A, Ullah, A, Ullah, S, Umakanthan, S, Umar, M, Umar, SS, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Usman, JS, Vahdati, S, Vaithinathan, AG, Vakili, O, Valizadeh, R, Van den Eynde, J, Vart, P, Varthya, SB, Vasankari, TJ, Vasic, M, Venketasubramanian, N, Veroux, M, Verras, G-I, Vervoort, D, Vijayageetha, M, Villafane, JH, Vinayak, M, Violante, FS, Vladimirov, SK, Vlassov, V, Vo, B, Vohra, K, Vos, T, Wadood, AW, Waheed, Y, Wang, F, Wang, S, Wang, Y, Wang, Y-P, Wanjau, MN, Waqas, M, Ward, P, Waris, A, Wassie, EG, Watson, S, Weaver, MR, Weerakoon, KG, Weintraub, RG, Weldetinsaa, HLL, Wells, KM, Wen, YF, Westerman, R, Wiangkham, T, Wickramasinghe, DP, Widowati, E, Wojewodzic, MW, Woldeyes, DH, Wolf, AW, Wolfe, CDA, Wu, C, Wu, D, Wu, F, Wu, J, Wu, Z, Hanson, SW, Xiao, H, Xu, S, Yadav, R, Yamagishi, K, Yang, D, Yano, Y, Yarahmadi, A, Nia, IY, Ye, P, Yesodharan, R, Yesuf, SA, Yezli, S, Yigit, A, Yigit, V, Yigzaw, ZA, Yin, D, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, You, Y, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Yu, EA, Yu, Y, Yuan, C-W, Yusuf, H, Zafar, U, Zafari, N, Zahid, MH, Zakham, F, Zaki, N, Zerfu, TA, Zhang, H, Zhang, J, Zhang, L, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z, Zhao, X-JG, Zhao, Y, Zhao, Z, Zhong, C, Zhou, B, Zhou, J, Zhou, S, Zhu, B, Zhumagaliuly, A, Zielinska, M, Zoghi, G, Zumla, A, Zyoud, SH, Smith, AE, and Murray, CJL
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Future trends in disease burden and drivers of health are of great interest to policy makers and the public at large. This information can be used for policy and long-term health investment, planning, and prioritisation. We have expanded and improved upon previous forecasts produced as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) and provide a reference forecast (the most likely future), and alternative scenarios assessing disease burden trajectories if selected sets of risk factors were eliminated from current levels by 2050. METHODS: Using forecasts of major drivers of health such as the Socio-demographic Index (SDI; a composite measure of lag-distributed income per capita, mean years of education, and total fertility under 25 years of age) and the full set of risk factor exposures captured by GBD, we provide cause-specific forecasts of mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by age and sex from 2022 to 2050 for 204 countries and territories, 21 GBD regions, seven super-regions, and the world. All analyses were done at the cause-specific level so that only risk factors deemed causal by the GBD comparative risk assessment influenced future trajectories of mortality for each disease. Cause-specific mortality was modelled using mixed-effects models with SDI and time as the main covariates, and the combined impact of causal risk factors as an offset in the model. At the all-cause mortality level, we captured unexplained variation by modelling residuals with an autoregressive integrated moving average model with drift attenuation. These all-cause forecasts constrained the cause-specific forecasts at successively deeper levels of the GBD cause hierarchy using cascading mortality models, thus ensuring a robust estimate of cause-specific mortality. For non-fatal measures (eg, low back pain), incidence and prevalence were forecasted from mixed-effects m
Published: 2024

3. Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Author: Naghavi, M, Ong, KL, Aali, A, Ababneh, HS, Abate, YH, Abbafati, C, Abbasgholizadeh, R, Abbasian, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abbastabar, H, Abd ElHafeez, S, Abdelmasseh, M, Abd-Elsalam, S, Abdelwahab, A, Abdollahi, M, Abdollahifar, M-A, Abdoun, M, Abdulah, DM, Abdullahi, A, Abebe, M, Abebe, SS, Abedi, A, Abegaz, KH, Abhilash, ES, Abidi, H, Abiodun, O, Aboagye, RG, Abolhassani, H, Abolmaali, M, Abouzid, M, Aboye, GB, Abreu, LG, Abrha, WA, Abtahi, D, Abu Rumeileh, S, Abualruz, H, Abubakar, B, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Aburuz, S, Abu-Zaid, A, Accrombessi, MMK, Adal, TG, Adamu, AA, Addo, IY, Addolorato, G, Adebiyi, AO, Adekanmbi, V, Adepoju, AV, Adetunji, CO, Adetunji, JB, Adeyeoluwa, TE, Adeyinka, DA, Adeyomoye, OI, Admass, BAA, Adnani, QES, Adra, S, Afolabi, AA, Afzal, MS, Afzal, S, Agampodi, SB, Agasthi, P, Aggarwal, M, Aghamiri, S, Agide, FD, Agodi, A, Agrawal, A, Agyemang-Duah, W, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmad, A, Ahmad, D, Ahmad, F, Ahmad, MM, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, K, Ahmadzade, AM, Ahmed, A, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, LA, Ahmed, MS, Ahmed, MB, Ahmed, SA, Ajami, M, Aji, B, Akara, EM, Akbarialiabad, H, Akinosoglou, K, Akinyemiju, T, Akkaif, MA, Akyirem, S, Al Hamad, H, Al Hasan, SM, Alahdab, F, Alalalmeh, SO, Alalwan, TA, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, M, Alam, N, Al-amer, RM, Alanezi, FM, Alanzi, TM, Al-Azzam, S, Albakri, A, Albashtawy, M, AlBataineh, MT, Alcalde-Rabanal, JE, Aldawsari, KA, Aldhaleei, WA, Aldridge, RW, Alema, HB, Alemayohu, MA, Alemi, S, Alemu, YM, Al-Gheethi, AAS, Alhabib, KF, Alhalaiqa, FAN, Al-Hanawi, MK, Ali, A, Ali, L, Ali, MU, Ali, R, Ali, S, Ali, SSS, Alicandro, G, Alif, SM, Alikhani, R, Alimohamadi, Y, Aliyi, AA, Aljasir, MAM, Aljunid, SM, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Al-Marwani, S, Al-Maweri, SAA, Almazan, JU, Al-Mekhlafi, HM, Almidani, L, Almidani, O, Alomari, MA, Al-Omari, B, Alonso, J, Alqahtani, JS, Alqalyoobi, S, Alqutaibi, AY, Al-Sabah, SK, Altaany, Z, Altaf, A, Al-Tawfiq, JA, Altirkawi, KA, Aluh, DO, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alwafi, H, Al-Worafi, YM, Aly, H, Aly, S, Alzoubi, KH, Amani, R, Amare, AT, Amegbor, PM, Ameyaw, EK, Amin, TT, Amindarolzarbi, A, Amiri, S, Amirzade-Iranaq, MH, Amu, H, Amugsi, DA, Amusa, GA, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, DB, Andrade, PP, Andrei, CL, Andrei, T, Angus, C, Anil, A, Anil, S, Anoushiravani, A, Ansari, H, Ansariadi, A, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antony, CM, Antriyandarti, E, Anvari, D, Anvari, S, Anwar, S, Anwar, SL, Anwer, R, Anyasodor, AE, Aqeel, M, Arab, JP, Arabloo, J, Arafat, M, Aravkin, AY, Areda, D, Aremu, A, Aremu, O, Ariffin, H, Arkew, M, Armocida, B, Arndt, MB, Ärnlöv, J, Arooj, M, Artamonov, AA, Arulappan, J, Aruleba, RT, Arumugam, A, Asaad, M, Asadi-Lari, M, Asgedom, AA, Asghariahmadabad, M, Asghari-Jafarabadi, M, Ashraf, M, Aslani, A, Astell-Burt, T, Athar, M, Athari, SS, Atinafu, BTT, Atlaw, HW, Atorkey, P, Atout, MMW, Atreya, A, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Avan, A, Awedew, AF, Aweke, AM, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Ayatollahi, H, Ayuso-Mateos, JL, Ayyoubzadeh, SM, Azadnajafabad, S, Azevedo, RMS, Azzam, AY, B, DB, Babu, AS, Badar, M, Badiye, AD, Baghdadi, S, Bagheri, N, Bagherieh, S, Bah, S, Bahadorikhalili, S, Bahmanziari, N, Bai, R, Baig, AA, Baker, JL, Bako, AT, Bakshi, RK, Balakrishnan, S, Balasubramanian, M, Baltatu, OC, Bam, K, Banach, M, Bandyopadhyay, S, Banik, PC, Bansal, H, Bansal, K, Barbic, F, Barchitta, M, Bardhan, M, Bardideh, E, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, TW, Barone-Adesi, F, Barqawi, HJ, Barrero, LH, Barrow, A, Barteit, S, Barua, L, Basharat, Z, Bashiri, A, Basiru, A, Baskaran, P, Basnyat, B, Bassat, Q, Basso, JD, Basting, AVL, Basu, S, Batra, K, Baune, BT, Bayati, M, Bayileyegn, NS, Beaney, T, Bedi, N, Beghi, M, Behboudi, E, Behera, P, Behnoush, AH, Behzadifar, M, Beiranvand, M, Bejarano Ramirez, DF, Béjot, Y, Belay, SA, Belete, CM, Bell, ML, Bello, MB, Bello, OO, Belo, L, Beloukas, A, Bender, RG, Bensenor, IM, Beran, A, Berezvai, Z, Berhie, AY, Berice, BN, Bernstein, RS, Bertolacci, GJ, Bettencourt, PJG, Beyene, KA, Bhagat, DS, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhala, N, Bhalla, A, Bhandari, D, Bhangdia, K, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhardwaj, PV, Bhargava, A, Bhaskar, S, Bhat, V, Bhatti, GK, Bhatti, JS, Bhatti, MS, Bhatti, R, Bhutta, ZA, Bikbov, B, Bishai, JD, Bisignano, C, Bisulli, F, Biswas, A, Biswas, B, Bitaraf, S, Bitew, BD, Bitra, VR, Bjørge, T, Boachie, MK, Boampong, MS, Bobirca, AV, Bodolica, V, Bodunrin, AO, Bogale, EK, Bogale, KA, Bohlouli, S, Bolarinwa, OA, Boloor, A, Bonakdar Hashemi, M, Bonny, A, Bora, K, Bora Basara, B, Borhany, H, Borzutzky, A, Bouaoud, S, Boustany, A, Boxe, C, Boyko, EJ, Brady, OJ, Braithwaite, D, Brant, LC, Brauer, M, Brazinova, A, Brazo-Sayavera, J, Breitborde, NJK, Breitner, S, Brenner, H, Briko, AN, Briko, NI, Britton, G, Brown, J, Brugha, T, Bulamu, NB, Bulto, LN, Buonsenso, D, Burns, RA, Busse, R, Bustanji, Y, Butt, NS, Butt, ZA, Caetano dos Santos, FL, Calina, D, Cámera, LA, Campos, LA, Campos-Nonato, IR, Cao, C, Cao, Y, Capodici, A, Cárdenas, R, Carr, S, Carreras, G, Carrero, JJ, Carugno, A, Carvalheiro, CG, Carvalho, F, Carvalho, M, Castaldelli-Maia, JM, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Castelpietra, G, Catalá-López, F, Catapano, AL, Cattaruzza, MS, Cederroth, CR, Cegolon, L, Cembranel, F, Cenderadewi, M, Cercy, KM, Cerin, E, Cevik, M, Chadwick, J, Chahine, Y, Chakraborty, C, Chakraborty, PA, Chan, JSK, Chan, RNC, Chandika, RM, Chandrasekar, EK, Chang, C-K, Chang, J-C, Chanie, GS, Charalampous, P, Chattu, VK, Chaturvedi, P, Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou, V, Chaurasia, A, Chen, AW, Chen, A-T, Chen, CS, Chen, H, Chen, MX, Chen, S, Cheng, C-Y, Cheng, ETW, Cherbuin, N, Cheru, WA, Chien, J-H, Chimed-Ochir, O, Chimoriya, R, Ching, PR, Chirinos-Caceres, JL, Chitheer, A, Cho, WCS, Chong, B, Chopra, H, Choudhari, SG, Chowdhury, R, Christopher, DJ, Chukwu, IS, Chung, E, Chung, S-C, Chutiyami, M, Cindi, Z, Cioffi, I, Claassens, MM, Claro, RM, Coberly, K, Cogen, RM, Columbus, A, Comfort, H, Conde, J, Cortese, S, Cortesi, PA, Costa, VM, Costanzo, S, Cousin, E, Couto, RAS, Cowden, RG, Cramer, KM, Criqui, MH, Cruz-Martins, N, Cuadra-Hernández, SM, Culbreth, GT, Cullen, P, Cunningham, M, Curado, MP, Dadana, S, Dadras, O, Dai, S, Dai, X, Dai, Z, Dalli, LL, Damiani, G, Darega Gela, J, Das, JK, Das, S, Dascalu, AM, Dash, NR, Dashti, M, Dastiridou, A, Davey, G, Dávila-Cervantes, CA, Davis Weaver, N, Davletov, K, De Leo, D, de Luca, K, Debele, AT, Debopadhaya, S, Degenhardt, L, Dehghan, A, Deitesfeld, L, Del Bo', C, Delgado-Enciso, I, Demessa, BH, Demetriades, AK, Deng, K, Deng, X, Denova-Gutiérrez, E, Deravi, N, Dereje, N, Dervenis, N, Dervišević, E, Des Jarlais, DC, Desai, HD, Desai, R, Devanbu, VGC, Dewan, SMR, Dhali, A, Dhama, K, Dhimal, M, Dhingra, S, Dhulipala, VR, Dias da Silva, D, Diaz, D, Diaz, MJ, Dima, A, Ding, DD, Ding, H, Dinis-Oliveira, RJ, Dirac, MA, Djalalinia, S, Do, THP, do Prado, CB, Doaei, S, Dodangeh, M, Dohare, S, Dokova, KG, Dolecek, C, Dominguez, R-MV, Dong, W, Dongarwar, D, D'Oria, M, Dorostkar, F, Dorsey, ER, dos Santos, WM, Doshi, R, Doshmangir, L, Dowou, RK, Driscoll, TR, Dsouza, HL, Dsouza, V, Du, M, Dube, J, Duncan, BB, Duraes, AR, Duraisamy, S, Durojaiye, OC, Dwyer-Lindgren, L, Dzianach, PA, Dziedzic, AM, E'mar, AR, Eboreime, E, Ebrahimi, A, Echieh, CP, Edinur, HA, Edvardsson, D, Edvardsson, K, Efendi, D, Efendi, F, Effendi, DE, Eikemo, TA, Eini, E, Ekholuenetale, M, Ekundayo, TC, El Sayed, I, Elbarazi, I, Elema, TB, Elemam, NM, Elgar, FJ, Elgendy, IY, ElGohary, GMT, Elhabashy, HR, Elhadi, M, El-Huneidi, W, Elilo, LT, Elmeligy, OAA, Elmonem, MA, Elshaer, M, Elsohaby, I, Emeto, TI, Engelbert Bain, L, Erkhembayar, R, Esezobor, CI, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Espinosa-Montero, J, Esubalew, H, Etaee, F, Fabin, N, Fadaka, AO, Fagbamigbe, AF, Fahim, A, Fahimi, S, Fakhri-Demeshghieh, A, Falzone, L, Fareed, M, Farinha, CSES, Faris, MEM, Faris, PS, Faro, A, Fasanmi, AO, Fatehizadeh, A, Fattahi, H, Fauk, NK, Fazeli, P, Feigin, VL, Feizkhah, A, Fekadu, G, Feng, X, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Feroze, AH, Ferrante, D, Ferrari, AJ, Ferreira, N, Fetensa, G, Feyisa, BR, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Flavel, J, Flood, D, Florin, BT, Foigt, NA, Folayan, MO, Fomenkov, AA, Foroutan, B, Foroutan, M, Forthun, I, Fortuna, D, Foschi, M, Fowobaje, KR, Francis, KL, Franklin, RC, Freitas, A, Friedman, J, Friedman, SD, Fukumoto, T, Fuller, JE, Fux, B, Gaal, PA, Gadanya, MA, Gaidhane, AM, Gaihre, S, Gakidou, E, Galali, Y, Galles, NC, Gallus, S, Ganbat, M, Gandhi, AP, Ganesan, B, Ganiyani, MA, Garcia-Gordillo, MA, Gardner, WM, Garg, J, Garg, N, Gautam, RK, Gbadamosi, SO, Gebi, TG, Gebregergis, MW, Gebrehiwot, M, Gebremeskel, TG, Georgescu, SR, Getachew, T, Gething, PW, Getie, M, Ghadiri, K, Ghahramani, S, Ghailan, KY, Ghasemi, M-R, Ghasempour Dabaghi, G, Ghasemzadeh, A, Ghashghaee, A, Ghassemi, F, Ghazy, RM, Ghimire, A, Ghoba, S, Gholamalizadeh, M, Gholamian, A, Gholamrezanezhad, A, Gholizadeh, N, Ghorbani, M, Ghorbani Vajargah, P, Ghoshal, AG, Gill, PS, Gill, TK, Gillum, RF, Ginindza, TG, Girmay, A, Glasbey, JC, Gnedovskaya, EV, Göbölös, L, Godinho, MA, Goel, A, Golchin, A, Goldust, M, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Gomes, NGM, Gona, PN, Gopalani, SV, Gorini, G, Goudarzi, H, Goulart, AC, Goulart, BNG, Goyal, A, Grada, A, Graham, SM, Grivna, M, Grosso, G, Guan, S-Y, Guarducci, G, Gubari, MIM, Gudeta, MD, Guha, A, Guicciardi, S, Guimarães, RA, Gulati, S, Gunawardane, DA, Gunturu, S, Guo, C, Gupta, AK, Gupta, B, Gupta, MK, Gupta, M, Gupta, RD, Gupta, R, Gupta, S, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Gurmessa, L, Gutiérrez, RA, Habibzadeh, F, Habibzadeh, P, Haddadi, R, Hadei, M, Hadi, NR, Haep, N, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hailu, A, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Halboub, ES, Hall, BJ, Haller, S, Halwani, R, Hamadeh, RR, Hameed, S, Hamidi, S, Hamilton, EB, Han, C, Han, Q, Hanif, A, Hanifi, N, Hankey, GJ, Hanna, F, Hannan, MA, Haque, MN, Harapan, H, Hargono, A, Haro, JM, Hasaballah, AI, Hasan, I, Hasan, MT, Hasani, H, Hasanian, M, Hashi, A, Hasnain, MS, Hassan, I, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Haubold, J, Havmoeller, RJ, Hay, SI, He, J, Hebert, JJ, Hegazi, OE, Heidari, G, Heidari, M, Heidari-Foroozan, M, Helfer, B, Hendrie, D, Herrera-Serna, BY, Herteliu, C, Hesami, H, Hezam, K, Hill, CL, Hiraike, Y, Holla, R, Horita, N, Hossain, MM, Hossain, S, Hosseini, M-S, Hosseinzadeh, H, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hosseinzadeh Adli, A, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hsairi, M, Hsieh, VC-R, Hsu, RL, Hu, C, Huang, J, Hultström, M, Humayun, A, Hundie, TG, Hussain, J, Hussain, MA, Hussein, NR, Hussien, FM, Huynh, H-H, Hwang, B-F, Ibitoye, SE, Ibrahim, KS, Iftikhar, PM, Ijo, D, Ikiroma, AI, Ikuta, KS, Ikwegbue, PC, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Imam, MT, Immurana, M, Inamdar, S, Indriasih, E, Iqhrammullah, M, Iradukunda, A, Iregbu, KC, Islam, MR, Islam, SMS, Islami, F, Ismail, F, Ismail, NE, Iso, H, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Iwu, CCD, Iyamu, IO, Iyer, M, J, LM, Jaafari, J, Jacob, L, Jacobsen, KH, Jadidi-Niaragh, F, Jafarinia, M, Jafarzadeh, A, Jaggi, K, Jahankhani, K, Jahanmehr, N, Jahrami, H, Jain, N, Jairoun, AA, Jaiswal, A, Jamshidi, E, Janko, MM, Jatau, AI, Javadov, S, Javaheri, T, Jayapal, SK, Jayaram, S, Jebai, R, Jee, SH, Jeganathan, J, Jha, AK, Jha, RP, Jiang, H, Jin, Y, Johnson, O, Jokar, M, Jonas, JB, Joo, T, Joseph, A, Joseph, N, Joshua, CE, Joshy, G, Jozwiak, JJ, Jürisson, M, K, V, Kaambwa, B, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kadashetti, V, Kadir, DH, Kalani, R, Kalankesh, LR, Kaliyadan, F, Kalra, S, Kamal, VK, Kamarajah, SK, Kamath, R, Kamiab, Z, Kamyari, N, Kanagasabai, T, Kanchan, T, Kandel, H, Kanmanthareddy, AR, Kanmiki, EW, Kanmodi, KK, Kannan S, S, Kansal, SK, Kantar, RS, Kapoor, N, Karajizadeh, M, Karanth, SD, Karasneh, RA, Karaye, IM, Karch, A, Karim, A, Karimi, SE, Karimi Behnagh, A, Kashoo, FZ, Kasnazani, QHA, Kasraei, H, Kassebaum, NJ, Kassel, MB, Kauppila, JH, Kaur, N, Kawakami, N, Kayode, GA, Kazemi, F, Kazemian, S, Kazmi, TH, Kebebew, GM, Kebede, AD, Kebede, F, Keflie, TS, Keiyoro, PN, Keller, C, Kelly, JT, Kempen, JH, Kerr, JA, Kesse-Guyot, E, Khajuria, H, Khalaji, A, Khalid, N, Khalil, AA, Khalilian, A, Khamesipour, F, Khan, A, Khan, G, Khan, I, Khan, IA, Khan, MN, Khan, M, Khan, MJ, Khan, MAB, Khan, ZA, Khan suheb, MZ, Khanmohammadi, S, Khatab, K, Khatami, F, Khatatbeh, H, Khatatbeh, MM, Khavandegar, A, Khayat Kashani, HR, Khidri, FF, Khodadoust, E, Khorgamphar, M, Khormali, M, Khorrami, Z, Khosravi, A, Khosravi, MA, Kifle, ZD, Kim, G, Kim, J, Kim, K, Kim, MS, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kinzel, KE, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Klu, D, Knudsen, AKS, Kocarnik, JM, Kochhar, S, Kocsis, T, Koh, DSQ, Kolahi, A-A, Kolves, K, Kompani, F, Koren, G, Kosen, S, Kostev, K, Koul, PA, Koulmane Laxminarayana, SL, Krishan, K, Krishna, H, Krishna, V, Krishnamoorthy, V, Krishnamoorthy, Y, Krohn, KJ, Kuate Defo, B, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kuddus, MA, Kuddus, M, Kuitunen, I, Kulimbet, M, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, A, Kumar, H, Kumar, M, Kumar, R, Kumari, M, Kumie, FT, Kundu, S, Kurmi, OP, Kusnali, A, Kusuma, D, Kwarteng, A, Kyriopoulos, I, Kyu, HH, La Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Ladan, MA, Laflamme, L, Lagat, AK, Lager, ACJ, Lahmar, A, Lai, DTC, Lal, DK, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lam, H, Lám, J, Landrum, KR, Lanfranchi, F, Lang, JJ, Langguth, B, Lansingh, VC, Laplante-Lévesque, A, Larijani, B, Larsson, AO, Lasrado, S, Lassi, ZS, Latief, K, Latifinaibin, K, Lauriola, P, Le, NHH, Le, TTT, Le, TDT, Ledda, C, Ledesma, JR, Lee, M, Lee, PH, Lee, SW, Lee, SWH, Lee, W-C, Lee, YH, LeGrand, KE, Leigh, J, Leong, E, Lerango, TL, Li, M-C, Li, W, Li, X, Li, Y, Li, Z, Ligade, VS, Likaka, ATM, Lim, L-L, Lim, SS, Lindstrom, M, Linehan, C, Liu, C, Liu, G, Liu, J, Liu, R, Liu, S, Liu, X, Llanaj, E, Loftus, MJ, López-Bueno, R, Lopukhov, PD, Loreche, AM, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, PA, Lozano, R, Lubinda, J, Lucchetti, G, Lugo, A, Lunevicius, R, Ma, ZF, Maass, KL, Machairas, N, Machoy, M, Madadizadeh, F, Madsen, C, Madureira-Carvalho, ÁM, Maghazachi, AA, Maharaj, SB, Mahjoub, S, Mahmoud, MA, Mahmoudi, A, Mahmoudi, E, Mahmoudi, R, Majeed, A, Makhdoom, IF, Malakan Rad, E, Maled, V, Malekzadeh, R, Malhotra, AK, Malhotra, K, Malik, AA, Malik, I, Malta, DC, Mamun, AA, Mansouri, P, Mansournia, MA, Mantovani, LG, Maqsood, S, Marasini, BP, Marateb, HR, Maravilla, JC, Marconi, AM, Mardi, P, Marino, M, Marjani, A, Martinez, G, Martinez-Guerra, BA, Martinez-Piedra, R, Martini, D, Martini, S, Martins-Melo, FR, Martorell, M, Marx, W, Maryam, S, Marzo, RR, Masaka, A, Masrie, A, Mathieson, S, Mathioudakis, AG, Mathur, MR, Mattumpuram, J, Matzopoulos, R, Maude, RJ, Maugeri, A, Maulik, PK, Mayeli, M, Mazaheri, M, Mazidi, M, McGrath, JJ, McKee, M, McKowen, ALW, McLaughlin, SA, McPhail, SM, Mechili, EA, Medina, JRC, Mediratta, RP, Meena, JK, Mehra, R, Mehrabani-Zeinabad, K, Mehrabi Nasab, E, Mekene Meto, T, Meles, GG, Mendez-Lopez, MAM, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Mengist, B, Mentis, A-FA, Meo, SA, Meresa, HA, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mersha, AM, Mesfin, BA, Mestrovic, T, Mettananda, KCD, Mettananda, S, Meylakhs, P, Mhlanga, A, Mhlanga, L, Mi, T, Miazgowski, T, Micha, G, Michalek, IM, Miller, TR, Mills, EJ, Minh, LHN, Mini, GK, Mir Mohammad Sadeghi, P, Mirica, A, Mirijello, A, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mirutse, MK, Mirzaei, M, Misganaw, A, Mishra, A, Misra, S, Mitchell, PB, Mithra, P, Mittal, C, Mobayen, M, Moberg, ME, Mohamadkhani, A, Mohamed, J, Mohamed, MFH, Mohamed, NS, Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, S, Mohammadi, S, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadifard, N, Mohammed, H, Mohammed, M, Mohammed, S, Mohan, V, Mojiri-Forushani, H, Mokari, A, Mokdad, AH, Molinaro, S, Molokhia, M, Momtazmanesh, S, Monasta, L, Mondello, S, Moni, MA, Moodi Ghalibaf, A, Moradi, M, Moradi, Y, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moradzadeh, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Moreira, RS, Morovatdar, N, Morrison, SD, Morze, J, Mosser, JF, Motappa, R, Mougin, V, Mouodi, S, Mousavi, P, Mousavi, SE, Mousavi Khaneghah, A, Mpolya, EA, Mrejen, M, Mubarik, S, Muccioli, L, Mueller, UO, Mughal, F, Mukherjee, S, Mulita, F, Munjal, K, Murillo-Zamora, E, Musaigwa, F, Musallam, KM, Mustafa, A, Mustafa, G, Muthupandian, S, Muthusamy, R, Muzaffar, M, Myung, W, Nagarajan, AJ, Nagel, G, Naghavi, P, Naheed, A, Naik, GR, Naik, G, Nainu, F, Nair, S, Najmuldeen, HHR, Nakhostin Ansari, N, Nangia, V, Naqvi, AA, Narasimha Swamy, S, Narayana, AI, Nargus, S, Nascimento, BR, Nascimento, GG, Nasehi, S, Nashwan, AJ, Natto, ZS, Nauman, J, Naveed, M, Nayak, BP, Nayak, VC, Nazri-Panjaki, A, Ndejjo, R, Nduaguba, SO, Negash, H, Negoi, I, Negoi, RI, Negru, SM, Nejadghaderi, SA, Nejjari, C, Nena, E, Nepal, S, Ng, M, Nggada, HA, Nguefack-Tsague, G, Ngunjiri, JW, Nguyen, AH, Nguyen, DH, Nguyen, HTH, Nguyen, PT, Nguyen, VT, Niazi, RK, Nielsen, KR, Nigatu, YT, Nikolouzakis, TK, Nikoobar, A, Nikoomanesh, F, Nikpoor, AR, Ningrum, DNA, Nnaji, CA, Nnyanzi, LA, Noman, EA, Nomura, S, Noreen, M, Noroozi, N, Norrving, B, Noubiap, JJ, Novotney, A, Nri-Ezedi, CA, Ntaios, G, Ntsekhe, M, Nuñez-Samudio, V, Nurrika, D, Nutor, JJ, Oancea, B, Obamiro, KO, Oboh, MA, Odetokun, IA, Odogwu, NM, O'Donnell, MJ, Oduro, MS, Ofakunrin, AOD, Ogunkoya, A, Oguntade, AS, Oh, I-H, Okati-Aliabad, H, Okeke, SR, Okekunle, AP, Okonji, OC, Olagunju, AT, Olaiya, MT, Olatubi, MI, Oliveira, GMM, Olufadewa, II, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Oluwafemi, YD, Omar, HA, Omar Bali, A, Omer, GL, Ondayo, MA, Ong, S, Onwujekwe, OE, Onyedibe, KI, Ordak, M, Orisakwe, OE, Orish, VN, Ortega-Altamirano, DV, Ortiz, A, Osman, WMS, Ostroff, SM, Osuagwu, UL, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, SS, Ouyahia, A, Ouyang, G, Owolabi, MO, Ozten, Y, P A, MP, Padron-Monedero, A, Padubidri, JR, Pal, PK, Palicz, T, Palladino, C, Palladino, R, Palma-Alvarez, RF, Pan, F, Pan, H-F, Pana, A, Panda, P, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandi-Perumal, SR, Pangaribuan, HU, Panos, GD, Panos, LD, Pantazopoulos, I, Pantea Stoian, AM, Papadopoulou, P, Parikh, RR, Park, S, Parthasarathi, A, Pashaei, A, Pasovic, M, Passera, R, Pasupula, DK, Patel, HM, Patel, J, Patel, SK, Patil, S, Patoulias, D, Patthipati, VS, Paudel, U, Pazoki Toroudi, H, Pease, SA, Peden, AE, Pedersini, P, Pensato, U, Pepito, VCF, Peprah, EK, Peprah, P, Perdigão, J, Pereira, M, Peres, MFP, Perianayagam, A, Perico, N, Pestell, RG, Pesudovs, K, Petermann-Rocha, FE, Petri, WA, Pham, HT, Philip, AK, Phillips, MR, Pierannunzio, D, Pigeolet, M, Pigott, DM, Pilgrim, T, Piracha, ZZ, Piradov, MA, Pirouzpanah, S, Plakkal, N, Plotnikov, E, Podder, V, Poddighe, D, Polinder, S, Polkinghorne, KR, Poluru, R, Ponkilainen, VT, Porru, F, Postma, MJ, Poudel, GR, Pourshams, A, Pourtaheri, N, Prada, SI, Pradhan, PMS, Prakasham, TN, Prasad, M, Prashant, A, Prates, EJS, Prieto Alhambra, D, PRISCILLA, T, Pritchett, N, Purohit, BM, Puvvula, J, Qasim, NH, Qattea, I, Qazi, AS, Qian, G, Qiu, S, Qureshi, MF, Rabiee Rad, M, Radfar, A, Radhakrishnan, RA, Radhakrishnan, V, Raeisi Shahraki, H, Rafferty, Q, Raggi, A, Raghav, PR, Raheem, N, Rahim, F, Rahim, MJ, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, MM, Rahman, MHU, Rahman, M, Rahman, MA, Rahmani, AM, Rahmani, S, Rahmanian, V, Rajaa, S, Rajput, P, Rakovac, I, Ramasamy, SK, Ramazanu, S, Rana, K, Ranabhat, CL, Rancic, N, Rane, A, Rao, CR, Rao, IR, Rao, M, Rao, SJ, Rasali, DP, Rasella, D, Rashedi, S, Rashedi, V, Rashidi, M-M, Rasouli-Saravani, A, Rasul, A, Rathnaiah Babu, G, Rauniyar, SK, Ravangard, R, Ravikumar, N, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Rawlley, B, Raza, RZ, Razo, C, Redwan, EMM, Rehman, FU, Reifels, L, Reiner Jr, RC, Remuzzi, G, Reyes, LF, Rezaei, M, Rezaei, N, Rezaeian, M, Rhee, TG, Riaz, MA, Ribeiro, ALP, Rickard, J, Riva, HR, Robinson-Oden, HE, Rodrigues, CF, Rodrigues, M, Roever, L, Rogowski, ELB, Rohloff, P, Romadlon, DS, Romero-Rodríguez, E, Romoli, M, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Roth, GA, Rout, HS, Roy, N, Roy, P, Rubagotti, E, Ruela, GDA, Rumisha, SF, Runghien, T, Rwegerera, GM, Rynkiewicz, A, S N, C, Saad, AMA, Saadatian, Z, Saber, K, Saber-Ayad, MM, SaberiKamarposhti, M, Sabour, S, Sacco, S, Sachdev, PS, Sachdeva, R, Saddik, B, Saddler, A, Sadee, BA, Sadeghi, E, Sadeghian, F, Saeb, MR, Saeed, U, Safaeinejad, F, Safi, SZ, Sagar, R, Saghazadeh, A, Sagoe, D, Saheb Sharif-Askari, F, Saheb Sharif-Askari, N, Sahebkar, A, Sahoo, SS, Sahoo, U, Sahu, M, Saif, Z, Sajid, MR, Sakshaug, JW, Salam, N, Salamati, P, Salami, AA, Salaroli, LB, Saleh, MA, Salehi, S, Salem, MR, Salem, MZY, Salimi, S, Samadi Kafil, H, Samadzadeh, S, Samargandy, S, Samodra, YL, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Sanna, F, Santomauro, DF, Santos, IS, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Sao Jose, BP, Sarasmita, MA, Saraswathy, SYI, Saravanan, A, Saravi, B, Sarikhani, Y, Sarkar, T, Sarmiento-Suárez, R, Sarode, GS, Sarode, SC, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sathish, T, Satpathy, M, Sayeed, A, Sayeed, MA, Saylan, M, Sayyah, M, Scarmeas, N, Schaarschmidt, BM, Schlaich, MP, Schlee, W, Schmidt, MI, Schneider, IJC, Schuermans, A, Schumacher, AE, Schutte, AE, Schwarzinger, M, Schwebel, DC, Schwendicke, F, Šekerija, M, Selvaraj, S, Senapati, S, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, SG, Serban, D, Sethi, Y, Sha, F, Shabany, M, Shafaat, A, Shafie, M, Shah, NS, Shah, PA, Shah, SM, Shahabi, S, Shahbandi, A, Shahid, I, Shahid, S, Shahid, W, Shahsavari, HR, Shahwan, MJ, Shaikh, A, Shaikh, MA, Shakeri, A, Shalash, AS, Sham, S, Shamim, MA, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shamshad, H, Shamsi, MA, Shanawaz, M, Shankar, A, Sharfaei, S, Sharifan, A, Sharifi-Rad, J, Sharma, R, Sharma, S, Sharma, U, Sharma, V, Shastry, RP, Shavandi, A, Shayan, M, Shehabeldine, AME, Sheikh, A, Sheikhi, RA, Shen, J, Shetty, A, Shetty, BSK, Shetty, PH, Shi, P, Shibuya, K, Shiferaw, D, Shigematsu, M, Shin, M-J, Shin, YH, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shitaye, NA, Shittu, A, Shiue, I, Shivakumar, KM, Shivarov, V, Shokraneh, F, Shokri, A, Shool, S, Shorofi, SA, Shrestha, S, Shuval, K, Siddig, EE, Silva, JP, Silva, LMLR, Silva, S, Simpson, CR, Singal, A, Singh, A, Singh, BB, Singh, G, Singh, J, Singh, NP, Singh, P, Singh, S, Sinha, DN, Sinto, R, Siraj, MS, Sirota, SB, Sitas, F, Sivakumar, S, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Sleet, DA, Socea, B, Sokhan, A, Solanki, R, Solanki, S, Soleimani, H, Soliman, SSM, Song, S, Song, Y, Sorensen, RJD, Soriano, JB, Soyiri, IN, Spartalis, M, Spearman, S, Sreeramareddy, CT, Srivastava, VK, Stanaway, JD, Stanikzai, MH, Stark, BA, Starnes, JR, Starodubova, AV, Stein, C, Stein, DJ, Steinbeis, F, Steiner, C, Steinmetz, JD, Steiropoulos, P, Stevanović, A, Stockfelt, L, Stokes, MA, Stortecky, S, Subramaniyan, V, Suleman, M, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R, Sultana, A, Sun, HZ, Sun, J, Sundström, J, Sunkersing, D, Sunnerhagen, KS, Swain, CK, Szarpak, L, Szeto, MD, Szócska, M, Tabaee Damavandi, P, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tabatabaei, SM, Tabatabaei Malazy, O, Tabatabaeizadeh, S-A, Tabatabai, S, Tabish, M, TADAKAMADLA, J, Tadakamadla, SK, Taheri Abkenar, Y, Taheri Soodejani, M, Taiba, J, Takahashi, K, Talaat, IM, Talukder, A, Tampa, M, Tamuzi, JL, Tan, K-K, Tandukar, S, Tang, H, Tang, HK, Tarigan, IU, Tariku, MK, Tariqujjaman, M, Tarkang, EE, Tavakoli Oliaee, R, Tavangar, SM, Taveira, N, Tefera, YM, Temsah, M-H, Temsah, RMH, Teramoto, M, Tesler, R, Teye-Kwadjo, E, Thakur, R, Thangaraju, P, Thankappan, KR, Tharwat, S, Thayakaran, R, Thomas, N, Thomas, NK, Thomson, AM, Thrift, AG, Thum, CCC, Thygesen, LC, Tian, J, Tichopad, A, Ticoalu, JHV, Tillawi, T, Tiruye, TY, Titova, MV, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Toriola, AT, Torre, AE, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, MR, Tran, JT, Tran, NM, Trico, D, Tromans, SJ, Truyen, TTTT, Tsatsakis, A, Tsegay, GM, Tsermpini, EE, Tumurkhuu, M, Tung, K, Tyrovolas, S, Uddin, SMN, Udoakang, AJ, Udoh, A, Ullah, A, Ullah, I, Ullah, S, Umakanthan, S, Umeokonkwo, CD, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Unsworth, CA, Upadhyay, E, Urso, D, Usman, JS, Vahabi, SM, Vaithinathan, AG, Valizadeh, R, Van de Velde, SM, Van den Eynde, J, Varga, O, Vart, P, Varthya, SB, Vasankari, TJ, Vasic, M, Vaziri, S, Vellingiri, B, Venketasubramanian, N, Verghese, NA, Verma, M, Veroux, M, Verras, G-I, Vervoort, D, Villafañe, JH, Villanueva, GI, Vinayak, M, Violante, FS, Viskadourou, M, Vladimirov, SK, Vlassov, V, Vo, B, Vollset, SE, Vongpradith, A, Vos, T, Vujcic, IS, Vukovic, R, Wafa, HA, Waheed, Y, Wamai, RG, Wang, C, Wang, N, Wang, S, Wang, Y, Wang, Y-P, Waqas, M, Ward, P, Wassie, EG, Watson, S, Watson, SLW, Weerakoon, KG, Wei, MY, Weintraub, RG, Weiss, DJ, Westerman, R, Whisnant, JL, Wiangkham, T, Wickramasinghe, DP, Wickramasinghe, ND, Wilandika, A, Wilkerson, C, Willeit, P, Wilson, S, Wojewodzic, MW, Woldegebreal, DH, Wolf, AW, Wolfe, CDA, Wondimagegene, YA, Wong, YJ, Wongsin, U, Wu, A-M, Wu, C, Wu, F, Wu, X, Wu, Z, Xia, J, Xiao, H, Xie, Y, Xu, S, Xu, W-D, Xu, X, Xu, YY, Yadollahpour, A, Yamagishi, K, Yang, D, Yang, L, Yano, Y, Yao, Y, Yaribeygi, H, Ye, P, Yehualashet, SS, Yesiltepe, M, Yesuf, SA, Yezli, S, Yi, S, Yigezu, A, Yiğit, A, Yiğit, V, Yip, P, Yismaw, MB, Yismaw, Y, Yon, DK, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S-J, You, Y, Younis, MZ, Yousefi, Z, Yu, C, Yu, Y, Yuh, FH, Zadey, S, Zadnik, V, Zafari, N, Zakham, F, Zaki, N, Zaman, SB, Zamora, N, Zand, R, Zangiabadian, M, Zar, HJ, Zare, I, Zarrintan, A, Zeariya, MGM, Zeinali, Z, Zhang, H, Zhang, J, Zhang, L, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z-J, Zhao, H, Zhong, C, Zhou, J, Zhu, B, Zhu, L, Ziafati, M, Zielińska, M, Zitoun, OA, Zoladl, M, Zou, Z, Zuhlke, LJ, Zumla, A, Zweck, E, Zyoud, SH, Wool, EE, Murray, CJL, Naghavi, M, Ong, KL, Aali, A, Ababneh, HS, Abate, YH, Abbafati, C, Abbasgholizadeh, R, Abbasian, M, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abbastabar, H, Abd ElHafeez, S, Abdelmasseh, M, Abd-Elsalam, S, Abdelwahab, A, Abdollahi, M, Abdollahifar, M-A, Abdoun, M, Abdulah, DM, Abdullahi, A, Abebe, M, Abebe, SS, Abedi, A, Abegaz, KH, Abhilash, ES, Abidi, H, Abiodun, O, Aboagye, RG, Abolhassani, H, Abolmaali, M, Abouzid, M, Aboye, GB, Abreu, LG, Abrha, WA, Abtahi, D, Abu Rumeileh, S, Abualruz, H, Abubakar, B, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Aburuz, S, Abu-Zaid, A, Accrombessi, MMK, Adal, TG, Adamu, AA, Addo, IY, Addolorato, G, Adebiyi, AO, Adekanmbi, V, Adepoju, AV, Adetunji, CO, Adetunji, JB, Adeyeoluwa, TE, Adeyinka, DA, Adeyomoye, OI, Admass, BAA, Adnani, QES, Adra, S, Afolabi, AA, Afzal, MS, Afzal, S, Agampodi, SB, Agasthi, P, Aggarwal, M, Aghamiri, S, Agide, FD, Agodi, A, Agrawal, A, Agyemang-Duah, W, Ahinkorah, BO, Ahmad, A, Ahmad, D, Ahmad, F, Ahmad, MM, Ahmad, S, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, K, Ahmadzade, AM, Ahmed, A, Ahmed, H, Ahmed, LA, Ahmed, MS, Ahmed, MB, Ahmed, SA, Ajami, M, Aji, B, Akara, EM, Akbarialiabad, H, Akinosoglou, K, Akinyemiju, T, Akkaif, MA, Akyirem, S, Al Hamad, H, Al Hasan, SM, Alahdab, F, Alalalmeh, SO, Alalwan, TA, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, M, Alam, N, Al-amer, RM, Alanezi, FM, Alanzi, TM, Al-Azzam, S, Albakri, A, Albashtawy, M, AlBataineh, MT, Alcalde-Rabanal, JE, Aldawsari, KA, Aldhaleei, WA, Aldridge, RW, Alema, HB, Alemayohu, MA, Alemi, S, Alemu, YM, Al-Gheethi, AAS, Alhabib, KF, Alhalaiqa, FAN, Al-Hanawi, MK, Ali, A, Ali, L, Ali, MU, Ali, R, Ali, S, Ali, SSS, Alicandro, G, Alif, SM, Alikhani, R, Alimohamadi, Y, Aliyi, AA, Aljasir, MAM, Aljunid, SM, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Al-Marwani, S, Al-Maweri, SAA, Almazan, JU, Al-Mekhlafi, HM, Almidani, L, Almidani, O, Alomari, MA, Al-Omari, B, Alonso, J, Alqahtani, JS, Alqalyoobi, S, Alqutaibi, AY, Al-Sabah, SK, Altaany, Z, Altaf, A, Al-Tawfiq, JA, Altirkawi, KA, Aluh, DO, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alwafi, H, Al-Worafi, YM, Aly, H, Aly, S, Alzoubi, KH, Amani, R, Amare, AT, Amegbor, PM, Ameyaw, EK, Amin, TT, Amindarolzarbi, A, Amiri, S, Amirzade-Iranaq, MH, Amu, H, Amugsi, DA, Amusa, GA, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, DB, Andrade, PP, Andrei, CL, Andrei, T, Angus, C, Anil, A, Anil, S, Anoushiravani, A, Ansari, H, Ansariadi, A, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antony, CM, Antriyandarti, E, Anvari, D, Anvari, S, Anwar, S, Anwar, SL, Anwer, R, Anyasodor, AE, Aqeel, M, Arab, JP, Arabloo, J, Arafat, M, Aravkin, AY, Areda, D, Aremu, A, Aremu, O, Ariffin, H, Arkew, M, Armocida, B, Arndt, MB, Ärnlöv, J, Arooj, M, Artamonov, AA, Arulappan, J, Aruleba, RT, Arumugam, A, Asaad, M, Asadi-Lari, M, Asgedom, AA, Asghariahmadabad, M, Asghari-Jafarabadi, M, Ashraf, M, Aslani, A, Astell-Burt, T, Athar, M, Athari, SS, Atinafu, BTT, Atlaw, HW, Atorkey, P, Atout, MMW, Atreya, A, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Avan, A, Awedew, AF, Aweke, AM, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Ayatollahi, H, Ayuso-Mateos, JL, Ayyoubzadeh, SM, Azadnajafabad, S, Azevedo, RMS, Azzam, AY, B, DB, Babu, AS, Badar, M, Badiye, AD, Baghdadi, S, Bagheri, N, Bagherieh, S, Bah, S, Bahadorikhalili, S, Bahmanziari, N, Bai, R, Baig, AA, Baker, JL, Bako, AT, Bakshi, RK, Balakrishnan, S, Balasubramanian, M, Baltatu, OC, Bam, K, Banach, M, Bandyopadhyay, S, Banik, PC, Bansal, H, Bansal, K, Barbic, F, Barchitta, M, Bardhan, M, Bardideh, E, Barker-Collo, SL, Bärnighausen, TW, Barone-Adesi, F, Barqawi, HJ, Barrero, LH, Barrow, A, Barteit, S, Barua, L, Basharat, Z, Bashiri, A, Basiru, A, Baskaran, P, Basnyat, B, Bassat, Q, Basso, JD, Basting, AVL, Basu, S, Batra, K, Baune, BT, Bayati, M, Bayileyegn, NS, Beaney, T, Bedi, N, Beghi, M, Behboudi, E, Behera, P, Behnoush, AH, Behzadifar, M, Beiranvand, M, Bejarano Ramirez, DF, Béjot, Y, Belay, SA, Belete, CM, Bell, ML, Bello, MB, Bello, OO, Belo, L, Beloukas, A, Bender, RG, Bensenor, IM, Beran, A, Berezvai, Z, Berhie, AY, Berice, BN, Bernstein, RS, Bertolacci, GJ, Bettencourt, PJG, Beyene, KA, Bhagat, DS, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhala, N, Bhalla, A, Bhandari, D, Bhangdia, K, Bhardwaj, N, Bhardwaj, P, Bhardwaj, PV, Bhargava, A, Bhaskar, S, Bhat, V, Bhatti, GK, Bhatti, JS, Bhatti, MS, Bhatti, R, Bhutta, ZA, Bikbov, B, Bishai, JD, Bisignano, C, Bisulli, F, Biswas, A, Biswas, B, Bitaraf, S, Bitew, BD, Bitra, VR, Bjørge, T, Boachie, MK, Boampong, MS, Bobirca, AV, Bodolica, V, Bodunrin, AO, Bogale, EK, Bogale, KA, Bohlouli, S, Bolarinwa, OA, Boloor, A, Bonakdar Hashemi, M, Bonny, A, Bora, K, Bora Basara, B, Borhany, H, Borzutzky, A, Bouaoud, S, Boustany, A, Boxe, C, Boyko, EJ, Brady, OJ, Braithwaite, D, Brant, LC, Brauer, M, Brazinova, A, Brazo-Sayavera, J, Breitborde, NJK, Breitner, S, Brenner, H, Briko, AN, Briko, NI, Britton, G, Brown, J, Brugha, T, Bulamu, NB, Bulto, LN, Buonsenso, D, Burns, RA, Busse, R, Bustanji, Y, Butt, NS, Butt, ZA, Caetano dos Santos, FL, Calina, D, Cámera, LA, Campos, LA, Campos-Nonato, IR, Cao, C, Cao, Y, Capodici, A, Cárdenas, R, Carr, S, Carreras, G, Carrero, JJ, Carugno, A, Carvalheiro, CG, Carvalho, F, Carvalho, M, Castaldelli-Maia, JM, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Castelpietra, G, Catalá-López, F, Catapano, AL, Cattaruzza, MS, Cederroth, CR, Cegolon, L, Cembranel, F, Cenderadewi, M, Cercy, KM, Cerin, E, Cevik, M, Chadwick, J, Chahine, Y, Chakraborty, C, Chakraborty, PA, Chan, JSK, Chan, RNC, Chandika, RM, Chandrasekar, EK, Chang, C-K, Chang, J-C, Chanie, GS, Charalampous, P, Chattu, VK, Chaturvedi, P, Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou, V, Chaurasia, A, Chen, AW, Chen, A-T, Chen, CS, Chen, H, Chen, MX, Chen, S, Cheng, C-Y, Cheng, ETW, Cherbuin, N, Cheru, WA, Chien, J-H, Chimed-Ochir, O, Chimoriya, R, Ching, PR, Chirinos-Caceres, JL, Chitheer, A, Cho, WCS, Chong, B, Chopra, H, Choudhari, SG, Chowdhury, R, Christopher, DJ, Chukwu, IS, Chung, E, Chung, S-C, Chutiyami, M, Cindi, Z, Cioffi, I, Claassens, MM, Claro, RM, Coberly, K, Cogen, RM, Columbus, A, Comfort, H, Conde, J, Cortese, S, Cortesi, PA, Costa, VM, Costanzo, S, Cousin, E, Couto, RAS, Cowden, RG, Cramer, KM, Criqui, MH, Cruz-Martins, N, Cuadra-Hernández, SM, Culbreth, GT, Cullen, P, Cunningham, M, Curado, MP, Dadana, S, Dadras, O, Dai, S, Dai, X, Dai, Z, Dalli, LL, Damiani, G, Darega Gela, J, Das, JK, Das, S, Dascalu, AM, Dash, NR, Dashti, M, Dastiridou, A, Davey, G, Dávila-Cervantes, CA, Davis Weaver, N, Davletov, K, De Leo, D, de Luca, K, Debele, AT, Debopadhaya, S, Degenhardt, L, Dehghan, A, Deitesfeld, L, Del Bo', C, Delgado-Enciso, I, Demessa, BH, Demetriades, AK, Deng, K, Deng, X, Denova-Gutiérrez, E, Deravi, N, Dereje, N, Dervenis, N, Dervišević, E, Des Jarlais, DC, Desai, HD, Desai, R, Devanbu, VGC, Dewan, SMR, Dhali, A, Dhama, K, Dhimal, M, Dhingra, S, Dhulipala, VR, Dias da Silva, D, Diaz, D, Diaz, MJ, Dima, A, Ding, DD, Ding, H, Dinis-Oliveira, RJ, Dirac, MA, Djalalinia, S, Do, THP, do Prado, CB, Doaei, S, Dodangeh, M, Dohare, S, Dokova, KG, Dolecek, C, Dominguez, R-MV, Dong, W, Dongarwar, D, D'Oria, M, Dorostkar, F, Dorsey, ER, dos Santos, WM, Doshi, R, Doshmangir, L, Dowou, RK, Driscoll, TR, Dsouza, HL, Dsouza, V, Du, M, Dube, J, Duncan, BB, Duraes, AR, Duraisamy, S, Durojaiye, OC, Dwyer-Lindgren, L, Dzianach, PA, Dziedzic, AM, E'mar, AR, Eboreime, E, Ebrahimi, A, Echieh, CP, Edinur, HA, Edvardsson, D, Edvardsson, K, Efendi, D, Efendi, F, Effendi, DE, Eikemo, TA, Eini, E, Ekholuenetale, M, Ekundayo, TC, El Sayed, I, Elbarazi, I, Elema, TB, Elemam, NM, Elgar, FJ, Elgendy, IY, ElGohary, GMT, Elhabashy, HR, Elhadi, M, El-Huneidi, W, Elilo, LT, Elmeligy, OAA, Elmonem, MA, Elshaer, M, Elsohaby, I, Emeto, TI, Engelbert Bain, L, Erkhembayar, R, Esezobor, CI, Eshrati, B, Eskandarieh, S, Espinosa-Montero, J, Esubalew, H, Etaee, F, Fabin, N, Fadaka, AO, Fagbamigbe, AF, Fahim, A, Fahimi, S, Fakhri-Demeshghieh, A, Falzone, L, Fareed, M, Farinha, CSES, Faris, MEM, Faris, PS, Faro, A, Fasanmi, AO, Fatehizadeh, A, Fattahi, H, Fauk, NK, Fazeli, P, Feigin, VL, Feizkhah, A, Fekadu, G, Feng, X, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Feroze, AH, Ferrante, D, Ferrari, AJ, Ferreira, N, Fetensa, G, Feyisa, BR, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Flavel, J, Flood, D, Florin, BT, Foigt, NA, Folayan, MO, Fomenkov, AA, Foroutan, B, Foroutan, M, Forthun, I, Fortuna, D, Foschi, M, Fowobaje, KR, Francis, KL, Franklin, RC, Freitas, A, Friedman, J, Friedman, SD, Fukumoto, T, Fuller, JE, Fux, B, Gaal, PA, Gadanya, MA, Gaidhane, AM, Gaihre, S, Gakidou, E, Galali, Y, Galles, NC, Gallus, S, Ganbat, M, Gandhi, AP, Ganesan, B, Ganiyani, MA, Garcia-Gordillo, MA, Gardner, WM, Garg, J, Garg, N, Gautam, RK, Gbadamosi, SO, Gebi, TG, Gebregergis, MW, Gebrehiwot, M, Gebremeskel, TG, Georgescu, SR, Getachew, T, Gething, PW, Getie, M, Ghadiri, K, Ghahramani, S, Ghailan, KY, Ghasemi, M-R, Ghasempour Dabaghi, G, Ghasemzadeh, A, Ghashghaee, A, Ghassemi, F, Ghazy, RM, Ghimire, A, Ghoba, S, Gholamalizadeh, M, Gholamian, A, Gholamrezanezhad, A, Gholizadeh, N, Ghorbani, M, Ghorbani Vajargah, P, Ghoshal, AG, Gill, PS, Gill, TK, Gillum, RF, Ginindza, TG, Girmay, A, Glasbey, JC, Gnedovskaya, EV, Göbölös, L, Godinho, MA, Goel, A, Golchin, A, Goldust, M, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Gomes, NGM, Gona, PN, Gopalani, SV, Gorini, G, Goudarzi, H, Goulart, AC, Goulart, BNG, Goyal, A, Grada, A, Graham, SM, Grivna, M, Grosso, G, Guan, S-Y, Guarducci, G, Gubari, MIM, Gudeta, MD, Guha, A, Guicciardi, S, Guimarães, RA, Gulati, S, Gunawardane, DA, Gunturu, S, Guo, C, Gupta, AK, Gupta, B, Gupta, MK, Gupta, M, Gupta, RD, Gupta, R, Gupta, S, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Gurmessa, L, Gutiérrez, RA, Habibzadeh, F, Habibzadeh, P, Haddadi, R, Hadei, M, Hadi, NR, Haep, N, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hailu, A, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Halboub, ES, Hall, BJ, Haller, S, Halwani, R, Hamadeh, RR, Hameed, S, Hamidi, S, Hamilton, EB, Han, C, Han, Q, Hanif, A, Hanifi, N, Hankey, GJ, Hanna, F, Hannan, MA, Haque, MN, Harapan, H, Hargono, A, Haro, JM, Hasaballah, AI, Hasan, I, Hasan, MT, Hasani, H, Hasanian, M, Hashi, A, Hasnain, MS, Hassan, I, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Haubold, J, Havmoeller, RJ, Hay, SI, He, J, Hebert, JJ, Hegazi, OE, Heidari, G, Heidari, M, Heidari-Foroozan, M, Helfer, B, Hendrie, D, Herrera-Serna, BY, Herteliu, C, Hesami, H, Hezam, K, Hill, CL, Hiraike, Y, Holla, R, Horita, N, Hossain, MM, Hossain, S, Hosseini, M-S, Hosseinzadeh, H, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hosseinzadeh Adli, A, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hsairi, M, Hsieh, VC-R, Hsu, RL, Hu, C, Huang, J, Hultström, M, Humayun, A, Hundie, TG, Hussain, J, Hussain, MA, Hussein, NR, Hussien, FM, Huynh, H-H, Hwang, B-F, Ibitoye, SE, Ibrahim, KS, Iftikhar, PM, Ijo, D, Ikiroma, AI, Ikuta, KS, Ikwegbue, PC, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Imam, MT, Immurana, M, Inamdar, S, Indriasih, E, Iqhrammullah, M, Iradukunda, A, Iregbu, KC, Islam, MR, Islam, SMS, Islami, F, Ismail, F, Ismail, NE, Iso, H, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Iwu, CCD, Iyamu, IO, Iyer, M, J, LM, Jaafari, J, Jacob, L, Jacobsen, KH, Jadidi-Niaragh, F, Jafarinia, M, Jafarzadeh, A, Jaggi, K, Jahankhani, K, Jahanmehr, N, Jahrami, H, Jain, N, Jairoun, AA, Jaiswal, A, Jamshidi, E, Janko, MM, Jatau, AI, Javadov, S, Javaheri, T, Jayapal, SK, Jayaram, S, Jebai, R, Jee, SH, Jeganathan, J, Jha, AK, Jha, RP, Jiang, H, Jin, Y, Johnson, O, Jokar, M, Jonas, JB, Joo, T, Joseph, A, Joseph, N, Joshua, CE, Joshy, G, Jozwiak, JJ, Jürisson, M, K, V, Kaambwa, B, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kadashetti, V, Kadir, DH, Kalani, R, Kalankesh, LR, Kaliyadan, F, Kalra, S, Kamal, VK, Kamarajah, SK, Kamath, R, Kamiab, Z, Kamyari, N, Kanagasabai, T, Kanchan, T, Kandel, H, Kanmanthareddy, AR, Kanmiki, EW, Kanmodi, KK, Kannan S, S, Kansal, SK, Kantar, RS, Kapoor, N, Karajizadeh, M, Karanth, SD, Karasneh, RA, Karaye, IM, Karch, A, Karim, A, Karimi, SE, Karimi Behnagh, A, Kashoo, FZ, Kasnazani, QHA, Kasraei, H, Kassebaum, NJ, Kassel, MB, Kauppila, JH, Kaur, N, Kawakami, N, Kayode, GA, Kazemi, F, Kazemian, S, Kazmi, TH, Kebebew, GM, Kebede, AD, Kebede, F, Keflie, TS, Keiyoro, PN, Keller, C, Kelly, JT, Kempen, JH, Kerr, JA, Kesse-Guyot, E, Khajuria, H, Khalaji, A, Khalid, N, Khalil, AA, Khalilian, A, Khamesipour, F, Khan, A, Khan, G, Khan, I, Khan, IA, Khan, MN, Khan, M, Khan, MJ, Khan, MAB, Khan, ZA, Khan suheb, MZ, Khanmohammadi, S, Khatab, K, Khatami, F, Khatatbeh, H, Khatatbeh, MM, Khavandegar, A, Khayat Kashani, HR, Khidri, FF, Khodadoust, E, Khorgamphar, M, Khormali, M, Khorrami, Z, Khosravi, A, Khosravi, MA, Kifle, ZD, Kim, G, Kim, J, Kim, K, Kim, MS, Kim, YJ, Kimokoti, RW, Kinzel, KE, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Klu, D, Knudsen, AKS, Kocarnik, JM, Kochhar, S, Kocsis, T, Koh, DSQ, Kolahi, A-A, Kolves, K, Kompani, F, Koren, G, Kosen, S, Kostev, K, Koul, PA, Koulmane Laxminarayana, SL, Krishan, K, Krishna, H, Krishna, V, Krishnamoorthy, V, Krishnamoorthy, Y, Krohn, KJ, Kuate Defo, B, Kucuk Bicer, B, Kuddus, MA, Kuddus, M, Kuitunen, I, Kulimbet, M, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, A, Kumar, H, Kumar, M, Kumar, R, Kumari, M, Kumie, FT, Kundu, S, Kurmi, OP, Kusnali, A, Kusuma, D, Kwarteng, A, Kyriopoulos, I, Kyu, HH, La Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Ladan, MA, Laflamme, L, Lagat, AK, Lager, ACJ, Lahmar, A, Lai, DTC, Lal, DK, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lam, H, Lám, J, Landrum, KR, Lanfranchi, F, Lang, JJ, Langguth, B, Lansingh, VC, Laplante-Lévesque, A, Larijani, B, Larsson, AO, Lasrado, S, Lassi, ZS, Latief, K, Latifinaibin, K, Lauriola, P, Le, NHH, Le, TTT, Le, TDT, Ledda, C, Ledesma, JR, Lee, M, Lee, PH, Lee, SW, Lee, SWH, Lee, W-C, Lee, YH, LeGrand, KE, Leigh, J, Leong, E, Lerango, TL, Li, M-C, Li, W, Li, X, Li, Y, Li, Z, Ligade, VS, Likaka, ATM, Lim, L-L, Lim, SS, Lindstrom, M, Linehan, C, Liu, C, Liu, G, Liu, J, Liu, R, Liu, S, Liu, X, Llanaj, E, Loftus, MJ, López-Bueno, R, Lopukhov, PD, Loreche, AM, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, PA, Lozano, R, Lubinda, J, Lucchetti, G, Lugo, A, Lunevicius, R, Ma, ZF, Maass, KL, Machairas, N, Machoy, M, Madadizadeh, F, Madsen, C, Madureira-Carvalho, ÁM, Maghazachi, AA, Maharaj, SB, Mahjoub, S, Mahmoud, MA, Mahmoudi, A, Mahmoudi, E, Mahmoudi, R, Majeed, A, Makhdoom, IF, Malakan Rad, E, Maled, V, Malekzadeh, R, Malhotra, AK, Malhotra, K, Malik, AA, Malik, I, Malta, DC, Mamun, AA, Mansouri, P, Mansournia, MA, Mantovani, LG, Maqsood, S, Marasini, BP, Marateb, HR, Maravilla, JC, Marconi, AM, Mardi, P, Marino, M, Marjani, A, Martinez, G, Martinez-Guerra, BA, Martinez-Piedra, R, Martini, D, Martini, S, Martins-Melo, FR, Martorell, M, Marx, W, Maryam, S, Marzo, RR, Masaka, A, Masrie, A, Mathieson, S, Mathioudakis, AG, Mathur, MR, Mattumpuram, J, Matzopoulos, R, Maude, RJ, Maugeri, A, Maulik, PK, Mayeli, M, Mazaheri, M, Mazidi, M, McGrath, JJ, McKee, M, McKowen, ALW, McLaughlin, SA, McPhail, SM, Mechili, EA, Medina, JRC, Mediratta, RP, Meena, JK, Mehra, R, Mehrabani-Zeinabad, K, Mehrabi Nasab, E, Mekene Meto, T, Meles, GG, Mendez-Lopez, MAM, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Mengist, B, Mentis, A-FA, Meo, SA, Meresa, HA, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mersha, AM, Mesfin, BA, Mestrovic, T, Mettananda, KCD, Mettananda, S, Meylakhs, P, Mhlanga, A, Mhlanga, L, Mi, T, Miazgowski, T, Micha, G, Michalek, IM, Miller, TR, Mills, EJ, Minh, LHN, Mini, GK, Mir Mohammad Sadeghi, P, Mirica, A, Mirijello, A, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mirutse, MK, Mirzaei, M, Misganaw, A, Mishra, A, Misra, S, Mitchell, PB, Mithra, P, Mittal, C, Mobayen, M, Moberg, ME, Mohamadkhani, A, Mohamed, J, Mohamed, MFH, Mohamed, NS, Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, S, Mohammadi, S, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadifard, N, Mohammed, H, Mohammed, M, Mohammed, S, Mohan, V, Mojiri-Forushani, H, Mokari, A, Mokdad, AH, Molinaro, S, Molokhia, M, Momtazmanesh, S, Monasta, L, Mondello, S, Moni, MA, Moodi Ghalibaf, A, Moradi, M, Moradi, Y, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moradzadeh, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Moreira, RS, Morovatdar, N, Morrison, SD, Morze, J, Mosser, JF, Motappa, R, Mougin, V, Mouodi, S, Mousavi, P, Mousavi, SE, Mousavi Khaneghah, A, Mpolya, EA, Mrejen, M, Mubarik, S, Muccioli, L, Mueller, UO, Mughal, F, Mukherjee, S, Mulita, F, Munjal, K, Murillo-Zamora, E, Musaigwa, F, Musallam, KM, Mustafa, A, Mustafa, G, Muthupandian, S, Muthusamy, R, Muzaffar, M, Myung, W, Nagarajan, AJ, Nagel, G, Naghavi, P, Naheed, A, Naik, GR, Naik, G, Nainu, F, Nair, S, Najmuldeen, HHR, Nakhostin Ansari, N, Nangia, V, Naqvi, AA, Narasimha Swamy, S, Narayana, AI, Nargus, S, Nascimento, BR, Nascimento, GG, Nasehi, S, Nashwan, AJ, Natto, ZS, Nauman, J, Naveed, M, Nayak, BP, Nayak, VC, Nazri-Panjaki, A, Ndejjo, R, Nduaguba, SO, Negash, H, Negoi, I, Negoi, RI, Negru, SM, Nejadghaderi, SA, Nejjari, C, Nena, E, Nepal, S, Ng, M, Nggada, HA, Nguefack-Tsague, G, Ngunjiri, JW, Nguyen, AH, Nguyen, DH, Nguyen, HTH, Nguyen, PT, Nguyen, VT, Niazi, RK, Nielsen, KR, Nigatu, YT, Nikolouzakis, TK, Nikoobar, A, Nikoomanesh, F, Nikpoor, AR, Ningrum, DNA, Nnaji, CA, Nnyanzi, LA, Noman, EA, Nomura, S, Noreen, M, Noroozi, N, Norrving, B, Noubiap, JJ, Novotney, A, Nri-Ezedi, CA, Ntaios, G, Ntsekhe, M, Nuñez-Samudio, V, Nurrika, D, Nutor, JJ, Oancea, B, Obamiro, KO, Oboh, MA, Odetokun, IA, Odogwu, NM, O'Donnell, MJ, Oduro, MS, Ofakunrin, AOD, Ogunkoya, A, Oguntade, AS, Oh, I-H, Okati-Aliabad, H, Okeke, SR, Okekunle, AP, Okonji, OC, Olagunju, AT, Olaiya, MT, Olatubi, MI, Oliveira, GMM, Olufadewa, II, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Oluwafemi, YD, Omar, HA, Omar Bali, A, Omer, GL, Ondayo, MA, Ong, S, Onwujekwe, OE, Onyedibe, KI, Ordak, M, Orisakwe, OE, Orish, VN, Ortega-Altamirano, DV, Ortiz, A, Osman, WMS, Ostroff, SM, Osuagwu, UL, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, SS, Ouyahia, A, Ouyang, G, Owolabi, MO, Ozten, Y, P A, MP, Padron-Monedero, A, Padubidri, JR, Pal, PK, Palicz, T, Palladino, C, Palladino, R, Palma-Alvarez, RF, Pan, F, Pan, H-F, Pana, A, Panda, P, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandi-Perumal, SR, Pangaribuan, HU, Panos, GD, Panos, LD, Pantazopoulos, I, Pantea Stoian, AM, Papadopoulou, P, Parikh, RR, Park, S, Parthasarathi, A, Pashaei, A, Pasovic, M, Passera, R, Pasupula, DK, Patel, HM, Patel, J, Patel, SK, Patil, S, Patoulias, D, Patthipati, VS, Paudel, U, Pazoki Toroudi, H, Pease, SA, Peden, AE, Pedersini, P, Pensato, U, Pepito, VCF, Peprah, EK, Peprah, P, Perdigão, J, Pereira, M, Peres, MFP, Perianayagam, A, Perico, N, Pestell, RG, Pesudovs, K, Petermann-Rocha, FE, Petri, WA, Pham, HT, Philip, AK, Phillips, MR, Pierannunzio, D, Pigeolet, M, Pigott, DM, Pilgrim, T, Piracha, ZZ, Piradov, MA, Pirouzpanah, S, Plakkal, N, Plotnikov, E, Podder, V, Poddighe, D, Polinder, S, Polkinghorne, KR, Poluru, R, Ponkilainen, VT, Porru, F, Postma, MJ, Poudel, GR, Pourshams, A, Pourtaheri, N, Prada, SI, Pradhan, PMS, Prakasham, TN, Prasad, M, Prashant, A, Prates, EJS, Prieto Alhambra, D, PRISCILLA, T, Pritchett, N, Purohit, BM, Puvvula, J, Qasim, NH, Qattea, I, Qazi, AS, Qian, G, Qiu, S, Qureshi, MF, Rabiee Rad, M, Radfar, A, Radhakrishnan, RA, Radhakrishnan, V, Raeisi Shahraki, H, Rafferty, Q, Raggi, A, Raghav, PR, Raheem, N, Rahim, F, Rahim, MJ, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, MM, Rahman, MHU, Rahman, M, Rahman, MA, Rahmani, AM, Rahmani, S, Rahmanian, V, Rajaa, S, Rajput, P, Rakovac, I, Ramasamy, SK, Ramazanu, S, Rana, K, Ranabhat, CL, Rancic, N, Rane, A, Rao, CR, Rao, IR, Rao, M, Rao, SJ, Rasali, DP, Rasella, D, Rashedi, S, Rashedi, V, Rashidi, M-M, Rasouli-Saravani, A, Rasul, A, Rathnaiah Babu, G, Rauniyar, SK, Ravangard, R, Ravikumar, N, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Rawlley, B, Raza, RZ, Razo, C, Redwan, EMM, Rehman, FU, Reifels, L, Reiner Jr, RC, Remuzzi, G, Reyes, LF, Rezaei, M, Rezaei, N, Rezaeian, M, Rhee, TG, Riaz, MA, Ribeiro, ALP, Rickard, J, Riva, HR, Robinson-Oden, HE, Rodrigues, CF, Rodrigues, M, Roever, L, Rogowski, ELB, Rohloff, P, Romadlon, DS, Romero-Rodríguez, E, Romoli, M, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Roth, GA, Rout, HS, Roy, N, Roy, P, Rubagotti, E, Ruela, GDA, Rumisha, SF, Runghien, T, Rwegerera, GM, Rynkiewicz, A, S N, C, Saad, AMA, Saadatian, Z, Saber, K, Saber-Ayad, MM, SaberiKamarposhti, M, Sabour, S, Sacco, S, Sachdev, PS, Sachdeva, R, Saddik, B, Saddler, A, Sadee, BA, Sadeghi, E, Sadeghian, F, Saeb, MR, Saeed, U, Safaeinejad, F, Safi, SZ, Sagar, R, Saghazadeh, A, Sagoe, D, Saheb Sharif-Askari, F, Saheb Sharif-Askari, N, Sahebkar, A, Sahoo, SS, Sahoo, U, Sahu, M, Saif, Z, Sajid, MR, Sakshaug, JW, Salam, N, Salamati, P, Salami, AA, Salaroli, LB, Saleh, MA, Salehi, S, Salem, MR, Salem, MZY, Salimi, S, Samadi Kafil, H, Samadzadeh, S, Samargandy, S, Samodra, YL, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Sanna, F, Santomauro, DF, Santos, IS, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Sao Jose, BP, Sarasmita, MA, Saraswathy, SYI, Saravanan, A, Saravi, B, Sarikhani, Y, Sarkar, T, Sarmiento-Suárez, R, Sarode, GS, Sarode, SC, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sathish, T, Satpathy, M, Sayeed, A, Sayeed, MA, Saylan, M, Sayyah, M, Scarmeas, N, Schaarschmidt, BM, Schlaich, MP, Schlee, W, Schmidt, MI, Schneider, IJC, Schuermans, A, Schumacher, AE, Schutte, AE, Schwarzinger, M, Schwebel, DC, Schwendicke, F, Šekerija, M, Selvaraj, S, Senapati, S, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, SG, Serban, D, Sethi, Y, Sha, F, Shabany, M, Shafaat, A, Shafie, M, Shah, NS, Shah, PA, Shah, SM, Shahabi, S, Shahbandi, A, Shahid, I, Shahid, S, Shahid, W, Shahsavari, HR, Shahwan, MJ, Shaikh, A, Shaikh, MA, Shakeri, A, Shalash, AS, Sham, S, Shamim, MA, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shamshad, H, Shamsi, MA, Shanawaz, M, Shankar, A, Sharfaei, S, Sharifan, A, Sharifi-Rad, J, Sharma, R, Sharma, S, Sharma, U, Sharma, V, Shastry, RP, Shavandi, A, Shayan, M, Shehabeldine, AME, Sheikh, A, Sheikhi, RA, Shen, J, Shetty, A, Shetty, BSK, Shetty, PH, Shi, P, Shibuya, K, Shiferaw, D, Shigematsu, M, Shin, M-J, Shin, YH, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shitaye, NA, Shittu, A, Shiue, I, Shivakumar, KM, Shivarov, V, Shokraneh, F, Shokri, A, Shool, S, Shorofi, SA, Shrestha, S, Shuval, K, Siddig, EE, Silva, JP, Silva, LMLR, Silva, S, Simpson, CR, Singal, A, Singh, A, Singh, BB, Singh, G, Singh, J, Singh, NP, Singh, P, Singh, S, Sinha, DN, Sinto, R, Siraj, MS, Sirota, SB, Sitas, F, Sivakumar, S, Skryabin, VY, Skryabina, AA, Sleet, DA, Socea, B, Sokhan, A, Solanki, R, Solanki, S, Soleimani, H, Soliman, SSM, Song, S, Song, Y, Sorensen, RJD, Soriano, JB, Soyiri, IN, Spartalis, M, Spearman, S, Sreeramareddy, CT, Srivastava, VK, Stanaway, JD, Stanikzai, MH, Stark, BA, Starnes, JR, Starodubova, AV, Stein, C, Stein, DJ, Steinbeis, F, Steiner, C, Steinmetz, JD, Steiropoulos, P, Stevanović, A, Stockfelt, L, Stokes, MA, Stortecky, S, Subramaniyan, V, Suleman, M, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R, Sultana, A, Sun, HZ, Sun, J, Sundström, J, Sunkersing, D, Sunnerhagen, KS, Swain, CK, Szarpak, L, Szeto, MD, Szócska, M, Tabaee Damavandi, P, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tabatabaei, SM, Tabatabaei Malazy, O, Tabatabaeizadeh, S-A, Tabatabai, S, Tabish, M, TADAKAMADLA, J, Tadakamadla, SK, Taheri Abkenar, Y, Taheri Soodejani, M, Taiba, J, Takahashi, K, Talaat, IM, Talukder, A, Tampa, M, Tamuzi, JL, Tan, K-K, Tandukar, S, Tang, H, Tang, HK, Tarigan, IU, Tariku, MK, Tariqujjaman, M, Tarkang, EE, Tavakoli Oliaee, R, Tavangar, SM, Taveira, N, Tefera, YM, Temsah, M-H, Temsah, RMH, Teramoto, M, Tesler, R, Teye-Kwadjo, E, Thakur, R, Thangaraju, P, Thankappan, KR, Tharwat, S, Thayakaran, R, Thomas, N, Thomas, NK, Thomson, AM, Thrift, AG, Thum, CCC, Thygesen, LC, Tian, J, Tichopad, A, Ticoalu, JHV, Tillawi, T, Tiruye, TY, Titova, MV, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Toriola, AT, Torre, AE, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, MR, Tran, JT, Tran, NM, Trico, D, Tromans, SJ, Truyen, TTTT, Tsatsakis, A, Tsegay, GM, Tsermpini, EE, Tumurkhuu, M, Tung, K, Tyrovolas, S, Uddin, SMN, Udoakang, AJ, Udoh, A, Ullah, A, Ullah, I, Ullah, S, Umakanthan, S, Umeokonkwo, CD, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Unsworth, CA, Upadhyay, E, Urso, D, Usman, JS, Vahabi, SM, Vaithinathan, AG, Valizadeh, R, Van de Velde, SM, Van den Eynde, J, Varga, O, Vart, P, Varthya, SB, Vasankari, TJ, Vasic, M, Vaziri, S, Vellingiri, B, Venketasubramanian, N, Verghese, NA, Verma, M, Veroux, M, Verras, G-I, Vervoort, D, Villafañe, JH, Villanueva, GI, Vinayak, M, Violante, FS, Viskadourou, M, Vladimirov, SK, Vlassov, V, Vo, B, Vollset, SE, Vongpradith, A, Vos, T, Vujcic, IS, Vukovic, R, Wafa, HA, Waheed, Y, Wamai, RG, Wang, C, Wang, N, Wang, S, Wang, Y, Wang, Y-P, Waqas, M, Ward, P, Wassie, EG, Watson, S, Watson, SLW, Weerakoon, KG, Wei, MY, Weintraub, RG, Weiss, DJ, Westerman, R, Whisnant, JL, Wiangkham, T, Wickramasinghe, DP, Wickramasinghe, ND, Wilandika, A, Wilkerson, C, Willeit, P, Wilson, S, Wojewodzic, MW, Woldegebreal, DH, Wolf, AW, Wolfe, CDA, Wondimagegene, YA, Wong, YJ, Wongsin, U, Wu, A-M, Wu, C, Wu, F, Wu, X, Wu, Z, Xia, J, Xiao, H, Xie, Y, Xu, S, Xu, W-D, Xu, X, Xu, YY, Yadollahpour, A, Yamagishi, K, Yang, D, Yang, L, Yano, Y, Yao, Y, Yaribeygi, H, Ye, P, Yehualashet, SS, Yesiltepe, M, Yesuf, SA, Yezli, S, Yi, S, Yigezu, A, Yiğit, A, Yiğit, V, Yip, P, Yismaw, MB, Yismaw, Y, Yon, DK, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S-J, You, Y, Younis, MZ, Yousefi, Z, Yu, C, Yu, Y, Yuh, FH, Zadey, S, Zadnik, V, Zafari, N, Zakham, F, Zaki, N, Zaman, SB, Zamora, N, Zand, R, Zangiabadian, M, Zar, HJ, Zare, I, Zarrintan, A, Zeariya, MGM, Zeinali, Z, Zhang, H, Zhang, J, Zhang, L, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z-J, Zhao, H, Zhong, C, Zhou, J, Zhu, B, Zhu, L, Ziafati, M, Zielińska, M, Zitoun, OA, Zoladl, M, Zou, Z, Zuhlke, LJ, Zumla, A, Zweck, E, Zyoud, SH, Wool, EE, and Murray, CJL
Published: 2024

4. Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Author: Ferrari, AJ, Santomauro, DF, Aali, A, Abate, YH, Abbafati, C, Abbastabar, H, Abd ElHafeez, S, Abdelmasseh, M, Abd-Elsalam, S, Abdollahi, A, Abdullahi, A, Abegaz, KH, Abeldaño Zuñiga, RA, Aboagye, RG, Abolhassani, H, Abreu, LG, Abualruz, H, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Ackerman, IN, Addo, IY, Addolorato, G, Adebiyi, AO, Adepoju, AV, Adewuyi, HO, Afyouni, S, Afzal, S, Agodi, A, Ahmad, A, Ahmad, D, Ahmad, F, Ahmad, S, Ahmed, A, Ahmed, LA, Ahmed, MB, Ajami, M, Akinosoglou, K, Akkaif, MA, Al Hasan, SM, Alalalmeh, SO, Al-Aly, Z, Albashtawy, M, Aldridge, RW, Alemu, MD, Alemu, YM, Alene, KA, Al-Gheethi, AAS, Alharrasi, M, Alhassan, RK, Ali, MU, Ali, R, Ali, SSS, Alif, SM, Aljunid, SM, Al-Marwani, S, Almazan, JU, Alomari, MA, Al-Omari, B, Altaany, Z, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alvis-Zakzuk, NJ, Alwafi, H, Al-Wardat, MS, Al-Worafi, YM, Aly, S, Alzoubi, KH, Amare, AT, Amegbor, PM, Ameyaw, EK, Amin, TT, Amindarolzarbi, A, Amiri, S, Amugsi, DA, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, DB, Andrade, PP, Andrei, CL, Ansari, H, Antony, CM, Anwar, S, Anwar, SL, Anwer, R, Anyanwu, PE, Arab, JP, Arabloo, J, Arafat, M, Araki, DT, Aravkin, AY, Arkew, M, Armocida, B, Arndt, MB, Arooj, M, Artamonov, AA, Aruleba, RT, Arumugam, A, Ashbaugh, C, Ashemo, MY, Ashraf, M, Asika, MO, Askari, E, Astell-Burt, T, Athari, SS, Atorkey, P, Atout, MMW, Atreya, A, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Avan, A, Awotidebe, AW, Awuviry-Newton, K, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Ayuso-Mateos, JL, Azadnajafabad, S, Azevedo, RMS, Babu, AS, Badar, M, Badiye, AD, Baghdadi, S, Bagheri, N, Bah, S, Bai, R, Baker, JL, Bakkannavar, SM, Bako, AT, Balakrishnan, S, Bam, K, Banik, PC, Barchitta, M, Bardhan, M, Bardideh, E, Barker-Collo, SL, Barqawi, HJ, Barrow, A, Barteit, S, Barua, L, Bashiri Aliabadi, S, Basiru, A, Basu, S, Bathini, PP, Batra, K, Baune, BT, Bayileyegn, NS, Behnam, B, Behnoush, AH, Beiranvand, M, Bejarano Ramirez, DF, Bell, ML, Bello, OO, Beloukas, A, Bensenor, IM, Berezvai, Z, Bernabe, E, Bernstein, RS, Bettencourt, PJG, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhala, N, Bhandari, D, Bhargava, A, Bhaskar, S, Bhat, V, Bhatti, GK, Bhatti, JS, Bhatti, MS, Bhatti, R, Bhutta, ZA, Bikbov, B, Bishai, JD, Bisignano, C, Bitra, VR, Bjørge, T, Bodolica, V, Bodunrin, AO, Bogale, EK, Bonakdar Hashemi, M, Bonny, A, Bora Basara, B, Borhany, H, Boxe, C, Brady, OJ, Bragazzi, NL, Braithwaite, D, Brant, LC, Brauer, M, Breitner, S, Brenner, H, Brown, J, Brugha, T, Bulamu, NB, Buonsenso, D, Burkart, K, Burns, RA, Busse, R, Bustanji, Y, Butt, ZA, Byun, J, Caetano dos Santos, FL, Calina, D, Cámera, LA, Campos-Nonato, IR, Cao, C, Capodici, A, Carr, S, Carreras, G, Carugno, A, Carvalho, M, Castaldelli-Maia, JM, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Castelpietra, G, Catapano, AL, Cattaruzza, MS, Caye, A, Cegolon, L, Cembranel, F, Cenderadewi, M, Cerin, E, Chakraborty, PA, Chan, JSK, Chan, RNC, Chandika, RM, Chandrasekar, EK, Charalampous, P, Chattu, VK, Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou, V, Chen, AW, Chen, A-T, Chen, CS, Chen, H, Chen, NM, Cheng, ETW, Chimed-Ochir, O, Chimoriya, R, Ching, PR, Cho, WCS, Choi, S, Chong, B, Chong, YY, Choudhari, SG, Chowdhury, R, Christensen, SWM, Chu, D-T, Chukwu, IS, Chung, E, Chutiyami, M, Claassens, MM, Cogen, RM, Columbus, A, Conde, J, Cortesi, PA, Cousin, E, Criqui, MH, Cruz-Martins, N, Dadras, O, Dai, S, Dai, X, Dai, Z, Dalaba, MA, Damiani, G, Das, JK, Das, S, Dashti, M, Dávila-Cervantes, CA, Davletov, K, De Leo, D, Debele, AT, Debopadhaya, S, DeCleene, NK, Deeba, F, Degenhardt, L, Del Bo', C, Delgado-Enciso, I, Demetriades, AK, Denova-Gutiérrez, E, Dervenis, N, Desai, HD, Desai, R, Deuba, K, Dhama, K, Dharmaratne, SD, Dhingra, S, Dias da Silva, D, Diaz, D, Diaz, LA, Diaz, MJ, Dima, A, Ding, DD, Dirac, MA, Do, THP, do Prado, CB, Dohare, S, Dominguez, R-MV, Dong, W, Dongarwar, D, D'Oria, M, Dorsey, ER, Doshmangir, L, Dowou, RK, Driscoll, TR, Dsouza, HL, Dsouza, V, Dube, J, Dumith, SC, Duncan, BB, Duraes, AR, Duraisamy, S, Durojaiye, OC, Dzianach, PA, Dziedzic, AM, Eboreime, E, Ebrahimi, A, Edinur, HA, Edvardsson, D, Eikemo, TA, Eini, E, Ekholuenetale, M, Ekundayo, TC, El Sayed, I, El Tantawi, M, Elbarazi, I, Elemam, NM, ElGohary, GMT, Elhadi, M, Elmeligy, OAA, ELNahas, G, Elshaer, M, Elsohaby, I, Engelbert Bain, L, Erkhembayar, R, Eshrati, B, Estep, K, Fabin, N, Fagbamigbe, AF, Falzone, L, Fareed, M, Farinha, CSES, Faris, MEM, Faro, A, Farrokhi, P, Fatehizadeh, A, Fauk, NK, Feigin, VL, Feng, X, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Feroze, AH, Ferreira, N, Ferreira, PH, Fischer, F, Flavel, J, Flood, D, Flor, LS, Foigt, NA, Folayan, MO, Force, LM, Fortuna, D, Foschi, M, Franklin, RC, Freitas, A, Fukumoto, T, Furtado, JM, Gaal, PA, Gadanya, MA, Gaidhane, AM, Gaihre, S, Galali, Y, Ganbat, M, Gandhi, AP, Ganesan, B, Ganie, MA, Ganiyani, MA, Gardner, WM, Gebi, TG, Gebregergis, MW, Gebrehiwot, M, Gebremariam, TBB, Gebremeskel, TG, Gela, YY, Georgescu, SR, Getachew Obsa, A, Gething, PW, Getie, M, Ghadiri, K, Ghadirian, F, Ghailan, KY, Ghajar, A, Ghasemi, M, Ghasempour Dabaghi, G, Ghasemzadeh, A, Ghazy, RM, Gholamrezanezhad, A, Ghorbani, M, Ghotbi, E, Gibson, RM, Gill, TK, Ginindza, TG, Girmay, A, Glasbey, JC, Göbölös, L, Godinho, MA, Goharinezhad, S, Goldust, M, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Gona, PN, Gorini, G, Goulart, AC, Grada, A, Grivna, M, Guan, S-Y, Guarducci, G, Gubari, MIM, Gudeta, MD, Guha, A, Guicciardi, S, Gulati, S, Gulisashvili, D, Gunawardane, DA, Guo, C, Gupta, AK, Gupta, B, Gupta, I, Gupta, M, Gupta, R, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Gutiérrez, RA, Habibzadeh, F, Habibzadeh, P, Haddadi, R, Hadi, NR, Haep, N, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hafiz, A, Hagins, H, Halboub, ES, Halimi, A, Haller, S, Halwani, R, Hamilton, EB, Hankey, GJ, Hannan, MA, Haque, MN, Harapan, H, Haro, JM, Hartvigsen, J, Hasaballah, AI, Hasan, I, Hasanian, M, Hasnain, MS, Hassan, A, Haubold, J, Havmoeller, RJ, Hay, SI, Hayat, K, Hebert, JJ, Hegazi, OE, Heidari, G, Helfer, B, Hemmati, M, Hendrie, D, Henson, CA, Hezam, K, Hiraike, Y, Hoan, NQ, Holla, R, Hon, J, Hossain, MM, Hosseinzadeh, H, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hsu, JM, Huang, J, Hugo, FN, Hushmandi, K, Hussain, J, Hussein, NR, Huynh, CK, Huynh, H-H, Hwang, B-F, Iannucci, VC, Ihler, AL, Ikiroma, AI, Ikuta, KS, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Imam, MT, Immurana, M, Irham, LM, Islam, MR, Islam, SMS, Islami, F, Ismail, F, Ismail, NE, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Iwu, CCD, Iyer, M, Jaafari, J, Jacobsen, KH, Jadidi-Niaragh, F, Jafarinia, M, Jaggi, K, Jahankhani, K, Jahanmehr, N, Jahrami, H, Jain, A, Jain, N, Jairoun, AA, Jaiswal, A, Jakovljevic, M, Jatau, AI, Javadov, S, Javaheri, T, Jayapal, SK, Jayaram, S, Jee, SH, Jeganathan, J, Jeyakumar, A, Jha, AK, Jiang, H, Jin, Y, Jonas, JB, Joo, T, Joseph, A, Joseph, N, Joshua, CE, Jozwiak, JJ, Jürisson, M, K, V, Kaambwa, B, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kadashetti, V, Kalani, R, Kalankesh, LR, Kaliyadan, F, Kalra, S, Kamenov, K, Kamyari, N, Kanagasabai, T, Kandel, H, Kanmanthareddy, AR, Kanmodi, KK, Kantar, RS, Karaye, IM, Karim, A, Karimi, SE, Karimi, Y, Kasraei, H, Kassel, MB, Kauppila, JH, Kawakami, N, Kayode, GA, Kazemi, F, Kazemian, S, Keikavoosi-Arani, L, Keller, C, Kempen, JH, Kerr, JA, Keshtkar, K, Kesse-Guyot, E, Keykhaei, M, Khajuria, H, Khalaji, A, Khalid, A, Khalid, N, Khalilian, A, Khamesipour, F, Khan, A, Khan, I, Khan, M, Khan, MAB, Khanmohammadi, S, Khatab, K, Khatami, F, Khatatbeh, MM, Khater, AM, Khayat Kashani, HR, Khidri, FF, Khodadoust, E, Khormali, M, Khorrami, Z, Kifle, ZD, Kim, MS, Kimokoti, RW, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Knudsen, AKS, Kocarnik, JM, Kochhar, S, Koh, HY, Kolahi, A-A, Kompani, F, Koren, G, Korzh, O, Kosen, S, Koulmane Laxminarayana, SL, Krishan, K, Krishna, V, Krishnamoorthy, V, Kuate Defo, B, Kuddus, MA, Kuddus, M, Kuitunen, I, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, M, Kumar, N, Kumar, R, Kurmi, OP, Kusuma, D, Kyu, HH, La Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Ladan, MA, Laflamme, L, Lafranconi, A, Lahariya, C, Lai, DTC, Lal, DK, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lám, J, Lan, Q, Lan, T, Landires, I, Lanfranchi, F, Langguth, B, Laplante-Lévesque, A, Larijani, B, Larsson, AO, Lasrado, S, Lauriola, P, Le, H-H, Le, LKD, Le, NHH, Le, TDT, Leasher, JL, Ledda, C, Lee, M, Lee, PH, Lee, S-W, Lee, SW, Lee, W-C, Lee, YH, LeGrand, KE, Lenzi, J, Leong, E, Leung, J, Li, M-C, Li, W, Li, X, Li, Y, Lim, L-L, Lim, SS, Lindstrom, M, Linn, S, Liu, G, Liu, R, Liu, S, Liu, W, Liu, X, Llanaj, E, Lo, C-H, López-Bueno, R, Loreche, AM, Lorenzovici, L, Lozano, R, Lubinda, J, Lucchetti, G, Lunevicius, R, Lusk, JB, lv, H, Ma, ZF, Machairas, N, Madureira-Carvalho, ÁM, Magaña Gómez, JA, Maghazachi, AA, Maharjan, P, Mahasha, PW, Maheri, M, Mahjoub, S, Mahmoud, MA, Mahmoudi, E, Majeed, A, Makris, KC, Malakan Rad, E, Malhotra, K, Malik, AA, Malik, I, Malta, DC, Manla, Y, Mansour, A, Mansouri, P, Mansournia, MA, Mantilla Herrera, AM, Mantovani, LG, Manu, E, Marateb, HR, Mardi, P, Martinez, G, Martinez-Piedra, R, Martini, D, Martins-Melo, FR, Martorell, M, Marx, W, Maryam, S, Marzo, RR, Mathangasinghe, Y, Mathieson, S, Mathioudakis, AG, Mattumpuram, J, Maugeri, A, Mayeli, M, Mazidi, M, Mazzotti, A, McGrath, JJ, McKee, M, McKowen, ALW, McPhail, MA, Mehrabani-Zeinabad, K, Mehrabi Nasab, E, Mekene Meto, T, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Mensah, GA, Mentis, A-FA, Meo, SA, Meresa, HA, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mersha, AM, Mestrovic, T, Mettananda, KCD, Mettananda, S, Michalek, IM, Miller, PA, Miller, TR, Mills, EJ, Minh, LHN, Mirijello, A, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mirutse, MK, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, M, Mirzaei, M, Mirzaei, R, Misganaw, A, Mishra, AK, Mitchell, PB, Mittal, C, Moazen, B, Moberg, ME, Mohamed, J, Mohamed, MFH, Mohamed, NS, Mohammadi, E, Mohammadi, S, Mohammed, H, Mohammed, S, Mohr, RM, Mokdad, AH, Molinaro, S, Momtazmanesh, S, Monasta, L, Mondello, S, Moodi Ghalibaf, A, Moradi, M, Moradi, Y, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Moreira, RS, Morovatdar, N, Morrison, SD, Morze, J, Mosapour, A, Mosser, JF, Mossialos, E, Motappa, R, Mougin, V, Mouodi, S, Mrejen, M, Msherghi, A, Mubarik, S, Mueller, UO, Mulita, F, Munjal, K, Murillo-Zamora, E, Murlimanju, BV, Mustafa, G, Muthu, S, Muzaffar, M, Myung, W, Nagarajan, AJ, Naghavi, P, Naik, GR, Nainu, F, Nair, S, Najmuldeen, HHR, Nangia, V, Naqvi, AA, Narayana, AI, Nargus, S, Nascimento, GG, Nashwan, AJ, Nasrollahizadeh, A, Natto, ZS, Nayak, BP, Nayak, VC, Nduaguba, SO, Negash, H, Negoi, I, Negoi, RI, Nejadghaderi, SA, Nesbit, OD, Netsere, HB, Ng, M, Nguefack-Tsague, G, Ngunjiri, JW, Nguyen, DH, Nguyen, HQ, Niazi, RK, Nikolouzakis, TK, Nikoobar, A, Nikoomanesh, F, Nikpoor, AR, Nnaji, CA, Nnyanzi, LA, Noman, EA, Nomura, S, Norrving, B, Nri-Ezedi, CA, Ntaios, G, Ntsekhe, M, Nurrika, D, Nzoputam, CI, Nzoputam, OJ, Oancea, B, Odetokun, IA, O'Donnell, MJ, Oguntade, AS, Oguta, JO, Okati-Aliabad, H, Okeke, SR, Okekunle, AP, Okonji, OC, Olagunju, AT, Olasupo, OO, Olatubi, MI, Oliveira, GMM, Olufadewa, II, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Omar, HA, Omer, GL, Omonisi, AEE, Onie, S, Onwujekwe, OE, Ordak, M, Orish, VN, Ortega-Altamirano, DV, Ortiz, A, Ortiz-Brizuela, E, Osman, WMS, Ostroff, SM, Osuagwu, UL, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, SS, Ouyahia, A, Ouyang, G, Owolabi, MO, P A, MP, Padron-Monedero, A, Padubidri, JR, Palicz, T, Palladino, C, Pan, F, Pandi-Perumal, SR, Pangaribuan, HU, Panos, GD, Panos, LD, Pantea Stoian, AM, Pardhan, S, Parikh, RR, Pashaei, A, Pasovic, M, Passera, R, Patel, J, Patel, SK, Patil, S, Patoulias, D, Patthipati, VS, Pawar, S, Pazoki Toroudi, H, Pease, SA, Peden, AE, Pedersini, P, Peng, M, Pensato, U, Pepito, VCF, Peprah, EK, Peprah, P, Perdigão, J, Pereira, MO, Perianayagam, A, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K, Petermann-Rocha, FE, Petri, WA, Pham, HT, Philip, AK, Phillips, MR, Pigeolet, M, Pigott, DM, Pillay, JD, Piracha, ZZ, Pirouzpanah, S, Plass, D, Plotnikov, E, Poddighe, D, Polinder, S, Postma, MJ, Pourtaheri, N, Prada, SI, Pradhan, PMS, Prakash, V, Prasad, M, Prates, EJS, Priscilla, T, Pritchett, N, Puri, P, Puvvula, J, Qasim, NH, Qattea, I, Qazi, AS, Qian, G, Rabiee Rad, M, Radhakrishnan, RA, Radhakrishnan, V, Raeisi Shahraki, H, Rafferty, Q, Raggi, A, Raghav, PR, Rahim, MJ, Rahman, MM, Rahman, MHU, Rahman, M, Rahman, MA, Rahmani, S, Rahmanian, M, Rahmawaty, S, Rajaa, S, Ramadan, MM, Ramasamy, SK, Ramasubramani, P, Ramazanu, S, Rana, K, Ranabhat, CL, Rancic, N, Rane, A, Rao, CR, Rao, K, Rao, M, Rao, SJ, Rashidi, M-M, Rathnaiah Babu, G, Rauniyar, SK, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Razo, C, Reddy, MMRK, Redwan, EMM, Reifels, L, Reiner Jr, RC, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, AMN, Reshmi, B, Reyes, LF, Rezaei, N, Rezaei Hachesu, P, Rezaeian, M, Rickard, J, Rodrigues, CF, Rodriguez, JAB, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Rotimi, K, Rout, HS, Roy, B, Roy, N, Roy, P, Rubagotti, E, S N, C, Saad, AMA, Saber-Ayad, MM, Sabour, S, Sacco, S, Sachdev, PS, Saddik, B, Saddler, A, Sadee, BA, Sadeghi, E, Sadeghi, M, Saeb, MR, Saeed, U, Safi, SZ, Sagar, R, Sagoe, D, Saif, Z, Sajid, MR, Sakshaug, JW, Salam, N, Salami, AA, Salaroli, LB, Saleh, MA, Salem, MR, Salem, MZY, Sallam, M, Samadzadeh, S, Samargandy, S, Samodra, YL, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Sanna, F, Santos, IS, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Sarasmita, MA, Sarikhani, Y, Sarmiento-Suárez, R, Sarode, GS, Sarode, SC, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sathyanarayan, A, Satpathy, M, Sawhney, M, Scarmeas, N, Schaarschmidt, BM, Schmidt, MI, Schneider, IJC, Schumacher, AE, Schwebel, DC, Schwendicke, F, Sedighi, M, Senapati, S, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, SG, Sethi, Y, Setoguchi, S, Seylani, A, Shadid, J, Shafie, M, Shah, H, Shah, NS, Shah, PA, Shahbandi, A, Shahid, S, Shahid, W, Shahwan, MJ, Shaikh, MA, Shakeri, A, Shalash, AS, Sham, S, Shamim, MA, Shamshirgaran, MA, Shamsi, MA, Shanawaz, M, Shankar, A, Shannawaz, M, Sharath, M, Sharifan, A, Sharifi-Rad, J, Sharma, M, Sharma, R, Sharma, S, Sharma, U, Sharma, V, Shastry, RP, Shavandi, A, Shayan, AM, Shayan, M, Shehabeldine, AME, Shetty, PH, Shibuya, K, Shifa, JE, Shiferaw, D, Shiferaw, WS, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shitaye, NA, Shittu, A, Shivakumar, KM, Shivarov, V, Shokati Eshkiki, Z, Shool, S, Shrestha, S, Shuval, K, Sibhat, MM, Siddig, EE, Sigfusdottir, ID, Silva, DAS, Silva, JP, Silva, LMLR, Silva, S, Simpson, CR, Singal, A, Singh, A, Singh, BB, Singh, H, Singh, JA, Singh, M, Singh, P, Skou, ST, Sleet, DA, Slepak, ELN, Solanki, R, Soliman, SSM, Song, S, Song, Y, Sorensen, RJD, Soriano, JB, Soyiri, IN, Spartalis, M, Sreeramareddy, CT, Stark, BA, Starodubova, AV, Stein, C, Stein, DJ, Steiner, C, Steiner, TJ, Steinmetz, JD, Steiropoulos, P, Stockfelt, L, Stokes, MA, Subedi, NS, Subramaniyan, V, Suemoto, CK, Suleman, M, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R, Sultana, A, Sundström, J, Swain, CK, Szarpak, L, Tabaee Damavandi, P, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tabatabaei Malazy, O, Tabatabaeizadeh, S-A, Tabatabai, S, Tabche, C, Tabish, M, Tadakamadla, SK, Taheri Abkenar, Y, Taheri Soodejani, M, Taherkhani, A, Taiba, J, Talaat, IM, Talukder, A, Tampa, M, Tamuzi, JL, Tan, K-K, Tandukar, S, Tang, H, Tavakoli Oliaee, R, Tavangar, SM, Teimoori, M, Temsah, M-H, Teramoto, M, Thangaraju, P, Thankappan, KR, Thapar, R, Thayakaran, R, Thirunavukkarasu, S, Thomas, N, Thomas, NK, Thum, CCC, Tichopad, A, Ticoalu, JHV, Tillawi, T, Tiruye, TY, Tobe-Gai, R, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Torre, AE, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, MR, Tran, JT, Tran, MTN, Tran, NM, Tran, N-H, Trico, D, Tromans, SJ, Truyen, TTTT, Tsatsakis, A, Tsegay, GM, Tsermpini, EE, Tumurkhuu, M, Tyrovolas, S, Udoh, A, Umair, M, Umakanthan, S, Umar, TP, Undurraga, EA, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Unsworth, CA, Upadhyay, E, Urso, D, Usman, JS, Vahabi, SM, Vaithinathan, AG, Van den Eynde, J, Varga, O, Varma, RP, Vart, P, Vasankari, TJ, Vasic, M, Vaziri, S, Vellingiri, B, Venketasubramanian, N, Veroux, M, Verras, G-I, Vervoort, D, Villafañe, JH, Violante, FS, Vlassov, V, Vollset, SE, Volovat, SR, Vongpradith, A, Waheed, Y, Wang, C, Wang, F, Wang, N, Wang, S, Wang, Y, Wang, Y-P, Ward, P, Wassie, EG, Weaver, MR, Weerakoon, KG, Weintraub, RG, Weiss, DJ, Weldemariam, AH, Wells, KM, Wen, YF, Whisnant, JL, Whiteford, HA, Wiangkham, T, Wickramasinghe, DP, Wickramasinghe, ND, Wilandika, A, Wilkerson, C, Willeit, P, Wimo, A, Woldegebreal, DH, Wolf, AW, Wong, YJ, Woolf, AD, Wu, C, Wu, F, Wu, X, Wu, Z, Wulf Hanson, S, Xia, Y, Xiao, H, Xu, X, Xu, YY, Yadav, L, Yadollahpour, A, Yaghoubi, S, Yamagishi, K, Yang, L, Yano, Y, Yao, Y, Yaribeygi, H, Yazdanpanah, MH, Ye, P, Yehualashet, SS, Yesuf, SA, Yezli, S, Yiğit, A, Yiğit, V, Yigzaw, ZA, Yismaw, Y, Yon, DK, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Yu, Y, Yusuf, H, Zahid, MH, Zakham, F, Zaki, L, Zaki, N, Zaman, BA, Zamora, N, Zand, R, Zandieh, GGZ, Zar, HJ, Zarrintan, A, Zastrozhin, MS, Zhang, H, Zhang, N, Zhang, Y, Zhao, H, Zhong, C, Zhong, P, Zhou, J, Zhu, Z, Ziafati, M, Zielińska, M, Zimsen, SRM, Zoladl, M, Zumla, A, Zyoud, SH, Vos, T, Murray, CJL, Ferrari, AJ, Santomauro, DF, Aali, A, Abate, YH, Abbafati, C, Abbastabar, H, Abd ElHafeez, S, Abdelmasseh, M, Abd-Elsalam, S, Abdollahi, A, Abdullahi, A, Abegaz, KH, Abeldaño Zuñiga, RA, Aboagye, RG, Abolhassani, H, Abreu, LG, Abualruz, H, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Abu-Rmeileh, NME, Ackerman, IN, Addo, IY, Addolorato, G, Adebiyi, AO, Adepoju, AV, Adewuyi, HO, Afyouni, S, Afzal, S, Agodi, A, Ahmad, A, Ahmad, D, Ahmad, F, Ahmad, S, Ahmed, A, Ahmed, LA, Ahmed, MB, Ajami, M, Akinosoglou, K, Akkaif, MA, Al Hasan, SM, Alalalmeh, SO, Al-Aly, Z, Albashtawy, M, Aldridge, RW, Alemu, MD, Alemu, YM, Alene, KA, Al-Gheethi, AAS, Alharrasi, M, Alhassan, RK, Ali, MU, Ali, R, Ali, SSS, Alif, SM, Aljunid, SM, Al-Marwani, S, Almazan, JU, Alomari, MA, Al-Omari, B, Altaany, Z, Alvis-Guzman, N, Alvis-Zakzuk, NJ, Alwafi, H, Al-Wardat, MS, Al-Worafi, YM, Aly, S, Alzoubi, KH, Amare, AT, Amegbor, PM, Ameyaw, EK, Amin, TT, Amindarolzarbi, A, Amiri, S, Amugsi, DA, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, DB, Andrade, PP, Andrei, CL, Ansari, H, Antony, CM, Anwar, S, Anwar, SL, Anwer, R, Anyanwu, PE, Arab, JP, Arabloo, J, Arafat, M, Araki, DT, Aravkin, AY, Arkew, M, Armocida, B, Arndt, MB, Arooj, M, Artamonov, AA, Aruleba, RT, Arumugam, A, Ashbaugh, C, Ashemo, MY, Ashraf, M, Asika, MO, Askari, E, Astell-Burt, T, Athari, SS, Atorkey, P, Atout, MMW, Atreya, A, Aujayeb, A, Ausloos, M, Avan, A, Awotidebe, AW, Awuviry-Newton, K, Ayala Quintanilla, BP, Ayuso-Mateos, JL, Azadnajafabad, S, Azevedo, RMS, Babu, AS, Badar, M, Badiye, AD, Baghdadi, S, Bagheri, N, Bah, S, Bai, R, Baker, JL, Bakkannavar, SM, Bako, AT, Balakrishnan, S, Bam, K, Banik, PC, Barchitta, M, Bardhan, M, Bardideh, E, Barker-Collo, SL, Barqawi, HJ, Barrow, A, Barteit, S, Barua, L, Bashiri Aliabadi, S, Basiru, A, Basu, S, Bathini, PP, Batra, K, Baune, BT, Bayileyegn, NS, Behnam, B, Behnoush, AH, Beiranvand, M, Bejarano Ramirez, DF, Bell, ML, Bello, OO, Beloukas, A, Bensenor, IM, Berezvai, Z, Bernabe, E, Bernstein, RS, Bettencourt, PJG, Bhagavathula, AS, Bhala, N, Bhandari, D, Bhargava, A, Bhaskar, S, Bhat, V, Bhatti, GK, Bhatti, JS, Bhatti, MS, Bhatti, R, Bhutta, ZA, Bikbov, B, Bishai, JD, Bisignano, C, Bitra, VR, Bjørge, T, Bodolica, V, Bodunrin, AO, Bogale, EK, Bonakdar Hashemi, M, Bonny, A, Bora Basara, B, Borhany, H, Boxe, C, Brady, OJ, Bragazzi, NL, Braithwaite, D, Brant, LC, Brauer, M, Breitner, S, Brenner, H, Brown, J, Brugha, T, Bulamu, NB, Buonsenso, D, Burkart, K, Burns, RA, Busse, R, Bustanji, Y, Butt, ZA, Byun, J, Caetano dos Santos, FL, Calina, D, Cámera, LA, Campos-Nonato, IR, Cao, C, Capodici, A, Carr, S, Carreras, G, Carugno, A, Carvalho, M, Castaldelli-Maia, JM, Castañeda-Orjuela, CA, Castelpietra, G, Catapano, AL, Cattaruzza, MS, Caye, A, Cegolon, L, Cembranel, F, Cenderadewi, M, Cerin, E, Chakraborty, PA, Chan, JSK, Chan, RNC, Chandika, RM, Chandrasekar, EK, Charalampous, P, Chattu, VK, Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou, V, Chen, AW, Chen, A-T, Chen, CS, Chen, H, Chen, NM, Cheng, ETW, Chimed-Ochir, O, Chimoriya, R, Ching, PR, Cho, WCS, Choi, S, Chong, B, Chong, YY, Choudhari, SG, Chowdhury, R, Christensen, SWM, Chu, D-T, Chukwu, IS, Chung, E, Chutiyami, M, Claassens, MM, Cogen, RM, Columbus, A, Conde, J, Cortesi, PA, Cousin, E, Criqui, MH, Cruz-Martins, N, Dadras, O, Dai, S, Dai, X, Dai, Z, Dalaba, MA, Damiani, G, Das, JK, Das, S, Dashti, M, Dávila-Cervantes, CA, Davletov, K, De Leo, D, Debele, AT, Debopadhaya, S, DeCleene, NK, Deeba, F, Degenhardt, L, Del Bo', C, Delgado-Enciso, I, Demetriades, AK, Denova-Gutiérrez, E, Dervenis, N, Desai, HD, Desai, R, Deuba, K, Dhama, K, Dharmaratne, SD, Dhingra, S, Dias da Silva, D, Diaz, D, Diaz, LA, Diaz, MJ, Dima, A, Ding, DD, Dirac, MA, Do, THP, do Prado, CB, Dohare, S, Dominguez, R-MV, Dong, W, Dongarwar, D, D'Oria, M, Dorsey, ER, Doshmangir, L, Dowou, RK, Driscoll, TR, Dsouza, HL, Dsouza, V, Dube, J, Dumith, SC, Duncan, BB, Duraes, AR, Duraisamy, S, Durojaiye, OC, Dzianach, PA, Dziedzic, AM, Eboreime, E, Ebrahimi, A, Edinur, HA, Edvardsson, D, Eikemo, TA, Eini, E, Ekholuenetale, M, Ekundayo, TC, El Sayed, I, El Tantawi, M, Elbarazi, I, Elemam, NM, ElGohary, GMT, Elhadi, M, Elmeligy, OAA, ELNahas, G, Elshaer, M, Elsohaby, I, Engelbert Bain, L, Erkhembayar, R, Eshrati, B, Estep, K, Fabin, N, Fagbamigbe, AF, Falzone, L, Fareed, M, Farinha, CSES, Faris, MEM, Faro, A, Farrokhi, P, Fatehizadeh, A, Fauk, NK, Feigin, VL, Feng, X, Fereshtehnejad, S-M, Feroze, AH, Ferreira, N, Ferreira, PH, Fischer, F, Flavel, J, Flood, D, Flor, LS, Foigt, NA, Folayan, MO, Force, LM, Fortuna, D, Foschi, M, Franklin, RC, Freitas, A, Fukumoto, T, Furtado, JM, Gaal, PA, Gadanya, MA, Gaidhane, AM, Gaihre, S, Galali, Y, Ganbat, M, Gandhi, AP, Ganesan, B, Ganie, MA, Ganiyani, MA, Gardner, WM, Gebi, TG, Gebregergis, MW, Gebrehiwot, M, Gebremariam, TBB, Gebremeskel, TG, Gela, YY, Georgescu, SR, Getachew Obsa, A, Gething, PW, Getie, M, Ghadiri, K, Ghadirian, F, Ghailan, KY, Ghajar, A, Ghasemi, M, Ghasempour Dabaghi, G, Ghasemzadeh, A, Ghazy, RM, Gholamrezanezhad, A, Ghorbani, M, Ghotbi, E, Gibson, RM, Gill, TK, Ginindza, TG, Girmay, A, Glasbey, JC, Göbölös, L, Godinho, MA, Goharinezhad, S, Goldust, M, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Gona, PN, Gorini, G, Goulart, AC, Grada, A, Grivna, M, Guan, S-Y, Guarducci, G, Gubari, MIM, Gudeta, MD, Guha, A, Guicciardi, S, Gulati, S, Gulisashvili, D, Gunawardane, DA, Guo, C, Gupta, AK, Gupta, B, Gupta, I, Gupta, M, Gupta, R, Gupta, VB, Gupta, VK, Gutiérrez, RA, Habibzadeh, F, Habibzadeh, P, Haddadi, R, Hadi, NR, Haep, N, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hafiz, A, Hagins, H, Halboub, ES, Halimi, A, Haller, S, Halwani, R, Hamilton, EB, Hankey, GJ, Hannan, MA, Haque, MN, Harapan, H, Haro, JM, Hartvigsen, J, Hasaballah, AI, Hasan, I, Hasanian, M, Hasnain, MS, Hassan, A, Haubold, J, Havmoeller, RJ, Hay, SI, Hayat, K, Hebert, JJ, Hegazi, OE, Heidari, G, Helfer, B, Hemmati, M, Hendrie, D, Henson, CA, Hezam, K, Hiraike, Y, Hoan, NQ, Holla, R, Hon, J, Hossain, MM, Hosseinzadeh, H, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Hsu, JM, Huang, J, Hugo, FN, Hushmandi, K, Hussain, J, Hussein, NR, Huynh, CK, Huynh, H-H, Hwang, B-F, Iannucci, VC, Ihler, AL, Ikiroma, AI, Ikuta, KS, Ilesanmi, OS, Ilic, IM, Ilic, MD, Imam, MT, Immurana, M, Irham, LM, Islam, MR, Islam, SMS, Islami, F, Ismail, F, Ismail, NE, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Iwu, CCD, Iyer, M, Jaafari, J, Jacobsen, KH, Jadidi-Niaragh, F, Jafarinia, M, Jaggi, K, Jahankhani, K, Jahanmehr, N, Jahrami, H, Jain, A, Jain, N, Jairoun, AA, Jaiswal, A, Jakovljevic, M, Jatau, AI, Javadov, S, Javaheri, T, Jayapal, SK, Jayaram, S, Jee, SH, Jeganathan, J, Jeyakumar, A, Jha, AK, Jiang, H, Jin, Y, Jonas, JB, Joo, T, Joseph, A, Joseph, N, Joshua, CE, Jozwiak, JJ, Jürisson, M, K, V, Kaambwa, B, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kadashetti, V, Kalani, R, Kalankesh, LR, Kaliyadan, F, Kalra, S, Kamenov, K, Kamyari, N, Kanagasabai, T, Kandel, H, Kanmanthareddy, AR, Kanmodi, KK, Kantar, RS, Karaye, IM, Karim, A, Karimi, SE, Karimi, Y, Kasraei, H, Kassel, MB, Kauppila, JH, Kawakami, N, Kayode, GA, Kazemi, F, Kazemian, S, Keikavoosi-Arani, L, Keller, C, Kempen, JH, Kerr, JA, Keshtkar, K, Kesse-Guyot, E, Keykhaei, M, Khajuria, H, Khalaji, A, Khalid, A, Khalid, N, Khalilian, A, Khamesipour, F, Khan, A, Khan, I, Khan, M, Khan, MAB, Khanmohammadi, S, Khatab, K, Khatami, F, Khatatbeh, MM, Khater, AM, Khayat Kashani, HR, Khidri, FF, Khodadoust, E, Khormali, M, Khorrami, Z, Kifle, ZD, Kim, MS, Kimokoti, RW, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Knudsen, AKS, Kocarnik, JM, Kochhar, S, Koh, HY, Kolahi, A-A, Kompani, F, Koren, G, Korzh, O, Kosen, S, Koulmane Laxminarayana, SL, Krishan, K, Krishna, V, Krishnamoorthy, V, Kuate Defo, B, Kuddus, MA, Kuddus, M, Kuitunen, I, Kulkarni, V, Kumar, M, Kumar, N, Kumar, R, Kurmi, OP, Kusuma, D, Kyu, HH, La Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Ladan, MA, Laflamme, L, Lafranconi, A, Lahariya, C, Lai, DTC, Lal, DK, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lám, J, Lan, Q, Lan, T, Landires, I, Lanfranchi, F, Langguth, B, Laplante-Lévesque, A, Larijani, B, Larsson, AO, Lasrado, S, Lauriola, P, Le, H-H, Le, LKD, Le, NHH, Le, TDT, Leasher, JL, Ledda, C, Lee, M, Lee, PH, Lee, S-W, Lee, SW, Lee, W-C, Lee, YH, LeGrand, KE, Lenzi, J, Leong, E, Leung, J, Li, M-C, Li, W, Li, X, Li, Y, Lim, L-L, Lim, SS, Lindstrom, M, Linn, S, Liu, G, Liu, R, Liu, S, Liu, W, Liu, X, Llanaj, E, Lo, C-H, López-Bueno, R, Loreche, AM, Lorenzovici, L, Lozano, R, Lubinda, J, Lucchetti, G, Lunevicius, R, Lusk, JB, lv, H, Ma, ZF, Machairas, N, Madureira-Carvalho, ÁM, Magaña Gómez, JA, Maghazachi, AA, Maharjan, P, Mahasha, PW, Maheri, M, Mahjoub, S, Mahmoud, MA, Mahmoudi, E, Majeed, A, Makris, KC, Malakan Rad, E, Malhotra, K, Malik, AA, Malik, I, Malta, DC, Manla, Y, Mansour, A, Mansouri, P, Mansournia, MA, Mantilla Herrera, AM, Mantovani, LG, Manu, E, Marateb, HR, Mardi, P, Martinez, G, Martinez-Piedra, R, Martini, D, Martins-Melo, FR, Martorell, M, Marx, W, Maryam, S, Marzo, RR, Mathangasinghe, Y, Mathieson, S, Mathioudakis, AG, Mattumpuram, J, Maugeri, A, Mayeli, M, Mazidi, M, Mazzotti, A, McGrath, JJ, McKee, M, McKowen, ALW, McPhail, MA, Mehrabani-Zeinabad, K, Mehrabi Nasab, E, Mekene Meto, T, Mendoza, W, Menezes, RG, Mensah, GA, Mentis, A-FA, Meo, SA, Meresa, HA, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, TJ, Mersha, AM, Mestrovic, T, Mettananda, KCD, Mettananda, S, Michalek, IM, Miller, PA, Miller, TR, Mills, EJ, Minh, LHN, Mirijello, A, Mirrakhimov, EM, Mirutse, MK, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, M, Mirzaei, M, Mirzaei, R, Misganaw, A, Mishra, AK, Mitchell, PB, Mittal, C, Moazen, B, Moberg, ME, Mohamed, J, Mohamed, MFH, Mohamed, NS, Mohammadi, E, Mohammadi, S, Mohammed, H, Mohammed, S, Mohr, RM, Mokdad, AH, Molinaro, S, Momtazmanesh, S, Monasta, L, Mondello, S, Moodi Ghalibaf, A, Moradi, M, Moradi, Y, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Moreira, RS, Morovatdar, N, Morrison, SD, Morze, J, Mosapour, A, Mosser, JF, Mossialos, E, Motappa, R, Mougin, V, Mouodi, S, Mrejen, M, Msherghi, A, Mubarik, S, Mueller, UO, Mulita, F, Munjal, K, Murillo-Zamora, E, Murlimanju, BV, Mustafa, G, Muthu, S, Muzaffar, M, Myung, W, Nagarajan, AJ, Naghavi, P, Naik, GR, Nainu, F, Nair, S, Najmuldeen, HHR, Nangia, V, Naqvi, AA, Narayana, AI, Nargus, S, Nascimento, GG, Nashwan, AJ, Nasrollahizadeh, A, Natto, ZS, Nayak, BP, Nayak, VC, Nduaguba, SO, Negash, H, Negoi, I, Negoi, RI, Nejadghaderi, SA, Nesbit, OD, Netsere, HB, Ng, M, Nguefack-Tsague, G, Ngunjiri, JW, Nguyen, DH, Nguyen, HQ, Niazi, RK, Nikolouzakis, TK, Nikoobar, A, Nikoomanesh, F, Nikpoor, AR, Nnaji, CA, Nnyanzi, LA, Noman, EA, Nomura, S, Norrving, B, Nri-Ezedi, CA, Ntaios, G, Ntsekhe, M, Nurrika, D, Nzoputam, CI, Nzoputam, OJ, Oancea, B, Odetokun, IA, O'Donnell, MJ, Oguntade, AS, Oguta, JO, Okati-Aliabad, H, Okeke, SR, Okekunle, AP, Okonji, OC, Olagunju, AT, Olasupo, OO, Olatubi, MI, Oliveira, GMM, Olufadewa, II, Olusanya, BO, Olusanya, JO, Omar, HA, Omer, GL, Omonisi, AEE, Onie, S, Onwujekwe, OE, Ordak, M, Orish, VN, Ortega-Altamirano, DV, Ortiz, A, Ortiz-Brizuela, E, Osman, WMS, Ostroff, SM, Osuagwu, UL, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, SS, Ouyahia, A, Ouyang, G, Owolabi, MO, P A, MP, Padron-Monedero, A, Padubidri, JR, Palicz, T, Palladino, C, Pan, F, Pandi-Perumal, SR, Pangaribuan, HU, Panos, GD, Panos, LD, Pantea Stoian, AM, Pardhan, S, Parikh, RR, Pashaei, A, Pasovic, M, Passera, R, Patel, J, Patel, SK, Patil, S, Patoulias, D, Patthipati, VS, Pawar, S, Pazoki Toroudi, H, Pease, SA, Peden, AE, Pedersini, P, Peng, M, Pensato, U, Pepito, VCF, Peprah, EK, Peprah, P, Perdigão, J, Pereira, MO, Perianayagam, A, Perico, N, Pesudovs, K, Petermann-Rocha, FE, Petri, WA, Pham, HT, Philip, AK, Phillips, MR, Pigeolet, M, Pigott, DM, Pillay, JD, Piracha, ZZ, Pirouzpanah, S, Plass, D, Plotnikov, E, Poddighe, D, Polinder, S, Postma, MJ, Pourtaheri, N, Prada, SI, Pradhan, PMS, Prakash, V, Prasad, M, Prates, EJS, Priscilla, T, Pritchett, N, Puri, P, Puvvula, J, Qasim, NH, Qattea, I, Qazi, AS, Qian, G, Rabiee Rad, M, Radhakrishnan, RA, Radhakrishnan, V, Raeisi Shahraki, H, Rafferty, Q, Raggi, A, Raghav, PR, Rahim, MJ, Rahman, MM, Rahman, MHU, Rahman, M, Rahman, MA, Rahmani, S, Rahmanian, M, Rahmawaty, S, Rajaa, S, Ramadan, MM, Ramasamy, SK, Ramasubramani, P, Ramazanu, S, Rana, K, Ranabhat, CL, Rancic, N, Rane, A, Rao, CR, Rao, K, Rao, M, Rao, SJ, Rashidi, M-M, Rathnaiah Babu, G, Rauniyar, SK, Rawaf, DL, Rawaf, S, Razo, C, Reddy, MMRK, Redwan, EMM, Reifels, L, Reiner Jr, RC, Remuzzi, G, Renzaho, AMN, Reshmi, B, Reyes, LF, Rezaei, N, Rezaei Hachesu, P, Rezaeian, M, Rickard, J, Rodrigues, CF, Rodriguez, JAB, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Roshandel, G, Rotimi, K, Rout, HS, Roy, B, Roy, N, Roy, P, Rubagotti, E, S N, C, Saad, AMA, Saber-Ayad, MM, Sabour, S, Sacco, S, Sachdev, PS, Saddik, B, Saddler, A, Sadee, BA, Sadeghi, E, Sadeghi, M, Saeb, MR, Saeed, U, Safi, SZ, Sagar, R, Sagoe, D, Saif, Z, Sajid, MR, Sakshaug, JW, Salam, N, Salami, AA, Salaroli, LB, Saleh, MA, Salem, MR, Salem, MZY, Sallam, M, Samadzadeh, S, Samargandy, S, Samodra, YL, Samy, AM, Sanabria, J, Sanna, F, Santos, IS, Santric-Milicevic, MM, Sarasmita, MA, Sarikhani, Y, Sarmiento-Suárez, R, Sarode, GS, Sarode, SC, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sathyanarayan, A, Satpathy, M, Sawhney, M, Scarmeas, N, Schaarschmidt, BM, Schmidt, MI, Schneider, IJC, Schumacher, AE, Schwebel, DC, Schwendicke, F, Sedighi, M, Senapati, S, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, SG, Sethi, Y, Setoguchi, S, Seylani, A, Shadid, J, Shafie, M, Shah, H, Shah, NS, Shah, PA, Shahbandi, A, Shahid, S, Shahid, W, Shahwan, MJ, Shaikh, MA, Shakeri, A, Shalash, AS, Sham, S, Shamim, MA, Shamshirgaran, MA, Shamsi, MA, Shanawaz, M, Shankar, A, Shannawaz, M, Sharath, M, Sharifan, A, Sharifi-Rad, J, Sharma, M, Sharma, R, Sharma, S, Sharma, U, Sharma, V, Shastry, RP, Shavandi, A, Shayan, AM, Shayan, M, Shehabeldine, AME, Shetty, PH, Shibuya, K, Shifa, JE, Shiferaw, D, Shiferaw, WS, Shigematsu, M, Shiri, R, Shitaye, NA, Shittu, A, Shivakumar, KM, Shivarov, V, Shokati Eshkiki, Z, Shool, S, Shrestha, S, Shuval, K, Sibhat, MM, Siddig, EE, Sigfusdottir, ID, Silva, DAS, Silva, JP, Silva, LMLR, Silva, S, Simpson, CR, Singal, A, Singh, A, Singh, BB, Singh, H, Singh, JA, Singh, M, Singh, P, Skou, ST, Sleet, DA, Slepak, ELN, Solanki, R, Soliman, SSM, Song, S, Song, Y, Sorensen, RJD, Soriano, JB, Soyiri, IN, Spartalis, M, Sreeramareddy, CT, Stark, BA, Starodubova, AV, Stein, C, Stein, DJ, Steiner, C, Steiner, TJ, Steinmetz, JD, Steiropoulos, P, Stockfelt, L, Stokes, MA, Subedi, NS, Subramaniyan, V, Suemoto, CK, Suleman, M, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R, Sultana, A, Sundström, J, Swain, CK, Szarpak, L, Tabaee Damavandi, P, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R, Tabatabaei Malazy, O, Tabatabaeizadeh, S-A, Tabatabai, S, Tabche, C, Tabish, M, Tadakamadla, SK, Taheri Abkenar, Y, Taheri Soodejani, M, Taherkhani, A, Taiba, J, Talaat, IM, Talukder, A, Tampa, M, Tamuzi, JL, Tan, K-K, Tandukar, S, Tang, H, Tavakoli Oliaee, R, Tavangar, SM, Teimoori, M, Temsah, M-H, Teramoto, M, Thangaraju, P, Thankappan, KR, Thapar, R, Thayakaran, R, Thirunavukkarasu, S, Thomas, N, Thomas, NK, Thum, CCC, Tichopad, A, Ticoalu, JHV, Tillawi, T, Tiruye, TY, Tobe-Gai, R, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Torre, AE, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, MR, Tran, JT, Tran, MTN, Tran, NM, Tran, N-H, Trico, D, Tromans, SJ, Truyen, TTTT, Tsatsakis, A, Tsegay, GM, Tsermpini, EE, Tumurkhuu, M, Tyrovolas, S, Udoh, A, Umair, M, Umakanthan, S, Umar, TP, Undurraga, EA, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Unsworth, CA, Upadhyay, E, Urso, D, Usman, JS, Vahabi, SM, Vaithinathan, AG, Van den Eynde, J, Varga, O, Varma, RP, Vart, P, Vasankari, TJ, Vasic, M, Vaziri, S, Vellingiri, B, Venketasubramanian, N, Veroux, M, Verras, G-I, Vervoort, D, Villafañe, JH, Violante, FS, Vlassov, V, Vollset, SE, Volovat, SR, Vongpradith, A, Waheed, Y, Wang, C, Wang, F, Wang, N, Wang, S, Wang, Y, Wang, Y-P, Ward, P, Wassie, EG, Weaver, MR, Weerakoon, KG, Weintraub, RG, Weiss, DJ, Weldemariam, AH, Wells, KM, Wen, YF, Whisnant, JL, Whiteford, HA, Wiangkham, T, Wickramasinghe, DP, Wickramasinghe, ND, Wilandika, A, Wilkerson, C, Willeit, P, Wimo, A, Woldegebreal, DH, Wolf, AW, Wong, YJ, Woolf, AD, Wu, C, Wu, F, Wu, X, Wu, Z, Wulf Hanson, S, Xia, Y, Xiao, H, Xu, X, Xu, YY, Yadav, L, Yadollahpour, A, Yaghoubi, S, Yamagishi, K, Yang, L, Yano, Y, Yao, Y, Yaribeygi, H, Yazdanpanah, MH, Ye, P, Yehualashet, SS, Yesuf, SA, Yezli, S, Yiğit, A, Yiğit, V, Yigzaw, ZA, Yismaw, Y, Yon, DK, Yonemoto, N, Younis, MZ, Yu, C, Yu, Y, Yusuf, H, Zahid, MH, Zakham, F, Zaki, L, Zaki, N, Zaman, BA, Zamora, N, Zand, R, Zandieh, GGZ, Zar, HJ, Zarrintan, A, Zastrozhin, MS, Zhang, H, Zhang, N, Zhang, Y, Zhao, H, Zhong, C, Zhong, P, Zhou, J, Zhu, Z, Ziafati, M, Zielińska, M, Zimsen, SRM, Zoladl, M, Zumla, A, Zyoud, SH, Vos, T, and Murray, CJL
Published: 2024

5. Importance of valid, reliable, and responsive outcome measures for lumbar spinal stenosis.

Author: Anderson, DB, Mobbs, RJ, Smith, ZA, De Luca, K, Sabet, T, Van Gelder, JM, Anderson, DB, Mobbs, RJ, Smith, ZA, De Luca, K, Sabet, T, and Van Gelder, JM
Published: 2023

6. Assessing a child or adolescent with low back pain is different to assessing an adult with low back pain.

Author: Pate, JW, Joslin, R, Hurtubise, K, Anderson, DB, Pate, JW, Joslin, R, Hurtubise, K, and Anderson, DB
Abstract: In contrast to an assessment of an adult presenting with low back pain (LBP), clinicians should utilise different approaches when assessing children and adolescents presenting with LBP. Children are not 'little adults'. There are some unique pathologies that only occur in this age group: (i) serious pathologies include infection, fracture, child abuse and malignancy; (ii) growth-related pathologies include scoliosis, Scheuermann's disease, pars fracture and spondylolysis; and (iii) rheumatological conditions include juvenile idiopathic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. With changes in each child occurring physically, emotionally and socially, a clinician's knowledge of typical developmental milestones is essential to identify regression or delayed development. When listening to a child discuss their pain experience, a flexible structure should be implemented that gives the capacity to actively listen to a child's narrative (and that of their guardian) and to conduct an effective physical examination. This viewpoint also summarises the relationship between potential clinical diagnoses and key elements of a physical examination. Deciding on the type and timing of paediatric-specific physical examination tests requires unique child-centred considerations. Paediatric-specific outcome measures should be used but implemented pragmatically, with consideration regarding the time, complexity and pathology suspected. Systematic and rigorous approaches to both treatment planning and re-assessment are then proposed for the assessment of children and adolescents presenting with LBP.
Published: 2022

7. Gait assessment tools for degenerative cervical myelopathy: a systematic review.

Author: Choy, WJ, Chen, L, Quel De Oliveira, C, Verhagen, AP, Damodaran, O, Anderson, DB, Choy, WJ, Chen, L, Quel De Oliveira, C, Verhagen, AP, Damodaran, O, and Anderson, DB
Abstract: Background: Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is a common progressive neurological disorder which may affect one's activities of daily living or even result in paraplegia/tetraplegia if left untreated. Currently, there is lack of consensus of the gait assessment tools for DCM. This systematic review aims to (I) provide an appraisal of the psychometric properties of the available gait assessment tools for DCM, (II) to assess their methodological quality according to The Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement COSMIN risk of bias checklist and (III) to assess each measurement property result against externally validated criteria. Methods: Six electronic full-text databases [PubMed (via NLM® database], Medline (via OvidSP), CINAHL (via Ebsco), EMBASE (via Ovid), PsycINFO (via CSA) and Web of Science (via Thomson Reuters)] were systematically searched from inception to June 2020. The methodological quality of each study was analysed using the COSMIN risk of bias checklist. The measurement property result and methodological quality of each study were evaluated. Results: Twenty studies were included from 3,339 citations retrieved. Twelve assessment tools for assessing gait in DCM were identified. According to COSMIN criteria, only five studies (25%) included in this review were found to have "very good" methodological quality. For construct validity, five tools had "sufficient" quality. For reliability, two assessment tools [the Total modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association Score (Italian Translation) (mJOA-ITTotal) and the modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (Italian Translation) Motor dysfunction of the Lower Extremity (mJOA-ITMDLE)] were rated as "sufficient" for interobserver reliability while six assessment tools (the 10 second step test (10 sec ST), 30 minute walk test (30MWT), foot tapping test, mJOA-ITTotal, mJOA-ITMDLE and the Japanese Orthopaedic Association Cervical Myelopathy Evaluation Questionnaire) were rated as "suffi
Published: 2022

8. Evaluation of placebo fidelity and trial design methodology in placebo-controlled surgical trials of musculoskeletal conditions: a systematic review.

Author: Anderson, DB, Beard, DJ, Sabet, T, Eyles, JP, Harris, IA, Adie, S, Buchbinder, R, Maher, CG, Ferreira, ML, Anderson, DB, Beard, DJ, Sabet, T, Eyles, JP, Harris, IA, Adie, S, Buchbinder, R, Maher, CG, and Ferreira, ML
Abstract: The number of placebo surgical trials on musculoskeletal conditions is increasing, but little is known about the quality of their design and methods. This review aimed to (1) assess the level of placebo fidelity (ie, degree to which the placebo control mimicked the index procedure) in placebo trials of musculoskeletal surgery, (2) describe the trials' methodological features using the adapted Applying Surgical Placebo in Randomised Evaluations (ASPIRE) checklist, and (3) describe each trial's characteristics. We searched 4 electronic databases from inception until February 18, 2021, for randomised trials of surgery that included a placebo control for any musculoskeletal condition. Protocols and full text were used to assess placebo fidelity (categorised as minimal, low, or high fidelity). The adapted 26-item ASPIRE checklist was also completed on each trial. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021202131. A total of 30,697 studies were identified in the search, and 22 placebo-controlled surgical trials of 2045 patients included. Thirteen trials (59%) included a high-fidelity placebo control, 7 (32%) used low fidelity, and 2 (9%) minimal fidelity. According to the ASPIRE checklist, included trials had good reporting of the "rationale and ethics" (68% overall) and "design" sections (42%), but few provided enough information on the "conduct" (13%) and "interpretation and translation" (11%) of the placebo trials. Most trials sufficiently reported their rationale and ethics, but interpretation and translation are areas for improvement, including greater stakeholder involvement. Most trials used a high-fidelity placebo procedure suggesting an emphasis on blinding and controlling for nonspecific effects.
Published: 2022

9. How much change in symptoms do spinal surgeons expect following lumbar decompression and microdiscectomy?

Author: Anderson, DB, Stanford, R, Van Gelder, JM, Harris, IA, Eyles, J, Damodaran, O, Maher, CG, and Ferreira, ML
Subjects: Male, Neurology & Neurosurgery, Lumbar Vertebrae, Neurosurgeons, Spinal Stenosis, Treatment Outcome, Back Pain, Australia, Humans, Female, Decompression, Surgical, Neurosurgical Procedures, 1103 Clinical Sciences, 1109 Neurosciences
Abstract: The study aimed to determine how much change in neurogenic claudication spinal surgeons expect in patients following lumbar decompression for lumbar spine stenosis (LSS), and radicular leg pain following microdiscectomy. Secondary aims were to identify surgeons' preferences regarding surgical techniques for lumbar decompression, and their rating of the quality of current evidence for lumbar decompression. All Australian spine surgeons were invited, of whom 71 completed the survey (31% response rate). Only registered spinal surgeons were included. The online survey, administered using REDCap, included 4 sections: demographics and background; expected change in symptoms on a +/- 100% scale (-100% worst, 0% no change and 100% best possible); surgical preference; and rating of current evidence for lumbar decompression compared with other treatments. There were 71 complete responses, 76% were neurosurgeons (N = 54), predominantly male (96%; N = 68). On average, surgeons expected an 86% (median: 87%, inter-quartile range (IQR): 80%, 91%) improvement in neurogenic claudication following lumbar decompression for LSS and 89% (median: 91%, IQR: 85%, 95%) improvement in radicular pain following microdiscectomy. A multiple linear regression found no surgeon characteristics were associated with expected change following surgery. The preferred surgical technique for LSS was full laminectomy (58%; N = 41). Thirty-five percent of surgeons accurately rated the evidence supporting the superiority of lumbar decompression compared with non-surgical care for LSS as low quality. Spine surgeons expect large symptom improvements following lumbar decompression and microdiscectomy. Understanding of the current evidence was higher for lumbar decompression with fusion, than for decompression alone for LSS.
Published: 2021

10. The reliability of the microsoft kinect and ambulatory sensor-based motion tracking devices to measure shoulder range-of-motion: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Author: Beshara, P, Anderson, DB, Pelletier, M, Walsh, WR, Beshara, P, Anderson, DB, Pelletier, M, and Walsh, WR
Abstract: Advancements in motion sensing technology can potentially allow clinicians to make more accurate range-of-motion (ROM) measurements and informed decisions regarding patient manage-ment. The aim of this study was to systematically review and appraise the literature on the reliability of the Kinect, inertial sensors, smartphone applications and digital inclinometers/goniometers to measure shoulder ROM. Eleven databases were screened (MEDLINE, EMBASE, EMCARE, CINAHL, SPORTSDiscus, Compendex, IEEE Xplore, Web of Science, Proquest Science and Technology, Scopus, and PubMed). The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the consensus-based standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist. Reliability assessment used intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) and the criteria from Swinkels et al. (2005). Thirty-two studies were included. A total of 24 studies scored “adequate” and 2 scored “very good” for the reliability standards. Only one study scored “very good” and just over half of the studies (18/32) scored “adequate” for the measurement error standards. Good intra-rater reliability (ICC > 0.85) and inter-rater reliability (ICC > 0.80) was demonstrated with the Kinect, smartphone applications and digital inclinometers. Overall, the Kinect and ambulatory sensor-based human motion tracking devices demonstrate moderate–good levels of intra-and inter-rater reliability to measure shoulder ROM. Future reliability studies should focus on improving study design with larger sample sizes and recommended time intervals between repeated measurements.
Published: 2021

11. A critical appraisal of clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis.

Author: Anderson, DB, Luca, KD, Jensen, RK, Eyles, JP, Van Gelder, JM, Friedly, JL, Maher, CG, Ferreira, ML, Anderson, DB, Luca, KD, Jensen, RK, Eyles, JP, Van Gelder, JM, Friedly, JL, Maher, CG, and Ferreira, ML
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of the review was to appraise clinical practice guidelines and their recommendations for the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis. METHODS: PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched up until 25/01/2020 for clinical practice guidelines on the management of lumbar spinal stenosis with a systematic process to generate recommendations and were publicly available. RESULTS: Ten guidelines were included, with a total of 76 recommendations for the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis. Only 4 of the 10 guidelines were of satisfactory methodological quality according to the AGREE II instrument. Around three-quarters of recommendations (72.4%) were presented with poor evidence, with the remaining 21 presenting (27.6%) fair evidence. No recommendation presented good evidence. Recommendations were made on four types of interventions: surgery, injections, medications, and other nonsurgical treatments, with supporting evidence similar for all four treatment types. Positive recommendations were more common for injections (12/13=92.3%) and surgery (10/15=66%) than for nonsurgical treatments (6/21=28.6%) or medications (1/27=3.75%). CONCLUSIONS: Ten guidelines on the management of lumbar spinal stenosis were identified in the systematic review, but only four were of adequate methodological quality. While the evidence underpinning the various types of interventions was similar, guidelines tended to endorse surgery and injections but not nonsurgical interventions and medicines. These results support the need for greater rigor and inclusion of steps to minimize bias in the production of guidelines.
Published: 2020

12. WITHDRAWN: A critical appraisal of clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis

Author: Anderson, DB, primary, de Luca, K, additional, Jensen, RK, additional, Eyles, JP, additional, Van Gelder, JM, additional, Friedly, JL, additional, Maher, CG, additional, and Ferreira, ML, additional
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

13. SUcceSS, SUrgery for Spinal Stenosis: Protocol of a randomised, placebo-controlled trial

Author: Anderson, DB, Ferreira, ML, Harris, IA, Davis, GA, Stanford, R, Beard, D, Li, Q, Jan, S, Mobbs, RJ, Maher, CG, Yong, R, Zammit, T, Latimer, J, Buchbinder, R, Anderson, DB, Ferreira, ML, Harris, IA, Davis, GA, Stanford, R, Beard, D, Li, Q, Jan, S, Mobbs, RJ, Maher, CG, Yong, R, Zammit, T, Latimer, J, and Buchbinder, R
Abstract: © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Introduction: Central lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a common cause of pain, reduced function and quality of life in older adults. Current management of LSS includes surgery to decompress the spinal canal and alleviate symptoms. However, evidence supporting surgical decompression derives from unblinded randomised trials with high cross-over rates or cohort studies showing modest benefits. This protocol describes the design of the SUrgery for Spinal Stenosis (SUcceSS) trial-the first randomised placebo-controlled trial of decompressive surgery for symptomatic LSS. Methods and analysis: SUcceSS will be a prospectively registered, randomised placebo-controlled trial of decompressive spinal surgery. 160 eligible participants (80 participants/group) with symptomatic LSS will be randomised to either surgical spinal decompression or placebo surgical intervention. The placebo surgical intervention is identical to surgical decompression in all other ways with the exception of the removal of any bone or ligament. All participants and assessors will be blinded to treatment allocation. Outcomes will be assessed at baseline and at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months. The coprimary outcomes will be function measured with the Oswestry Disability Index and the proportion of participants who have meaningfully improved their walking capacity at 3 months postrandomisation. Secondary outcomes include back pain intensity, lower limb pain intensity, disability, quality of life, anxiety and depression, neurogenic claudication score, perceived recovery, treatment satisfaction, adverse events, reoperation rate and rehospitalisation rate. Those who decline to be randomised will be invited to participate in a parallel observational cohort. Data analysis will be blinded and by intention to treat. A trial-based cost-effectiveness analysis will determine the potential incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year gained. Ethics and dissemination: Ethics approval ha
Published: 2019

14. Barriers to participation in a placebo-surgical trial for lumbar spinal stenosis.

Author: Anderson, DB, Mobbs, RJ, Eyles, J, Meyer, SE, Machado, GC, Davis, GA, Harris, IA, Buchbinder, R, Ferreira, ML, Anderson, DB, Mobbs, RJ, Eyles, J, Meyer, SE, Machado, GC, Davis, GA, Harris, IA, Buchbinder, R, and Ferreira, ML
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Placebo-controlled trials are an important tool when assessing the efficacy of spinal surgical procedures. The most common spinal surgical procedure in older adults is decompression for lumbar spinal stenosis. Before conducting a placebo-surgical trial on decompression surgery, an investigation of patients' willingness to participate in a placebo-controlled trial of decompression surgery and barriers to participation were explored. MATERIALS: An online survey. METHODS: Descriptive analyses of demographic and clinical data, and participants' willingness to participate in a placebo-surgical trial. Logistic regression was used to examine potential predictors of willingness to participate. Two independent researchers performed a coded framework analysis of patients' barriers to participation. RESULTS: 68 patients were invited and 63 participants completed the survey (91.3% response, mean (SD) age 69.5 (10.9) years, 52% females), 71% suffered from moderate to very severe pain. Ten participants (15.9%) were willing to participate in a placebo-controlled trial. Being married was associated with decreased odds of participating (OR: 0.2; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.8; P = 0.03), while the main barriers were a lack of information about the procedure, reassurance of a positive outcome with participation, and concerns about the risks and benefits of placebo surgery. CONCLUSIONS: A minority of patients with lumbar spinal stenosis were willing to participate in a placebo-controlled trial of surgery. The identified barriers indicate that educating eligible patients about: the need for placebo-surgical trials, the personal risks and benefits of participation, and the importance and potential benefits of placebo trials to others, may be crucial to ensure adequate recruitment into the placebo-controlled surgical trial. Conclusions should be read cautiously however, given the small sample size present in this study.
Published: 2019

15. The role of wearable devices and objective gait analysis for the assessment and monitoring of patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: Systematic review

Author: Chakravorty, A, Mobbs, RJ, Anderson, DB, Rooke, K, Phan, K, Yoong, N, Maharaj, M, Choy, WJ, Chakravorty, A, Mobbs, RJ, Anderson, DB, Rooke, K, Phan, K, Yoong, N, Maharaj, M, and Choy, WJ
Abstract: © 2019 The Author(s). Background: The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of wearable devices for objective gait measurement of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis (LSS) patients, with a focus on relevant gait metrics. Methods: Systematic searches were conducted of five electronic databases to identify studies that assessed gait metrics by wearable or portable technology. Data was collected according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement guidelines. Results: Four articles were identified for inclusion in this review. The objectives, methodology and quality of the studies varied. No single gait metric was investigated in all four studies, making comparison difficult. The most relevant metrics reported included gait cycle, gait velocity, step length and cadence, which were reported in two studies. Two studies explored gait symmetry. Differences between LSS patients and normal healthy subjects are demonstrable using wearable technology. Conclusions: The measurements of gait cycle, cadence, step length, gait velocity, and number of steps with wearable devices can be used in the gait measurement of LSS patients for initial assessment, and objective outcomes following interventions. However, data and analysis are limited, and further studies are necessary to comment on reliability.
Published: 2019

16. Computerization of Corrosion Data

Author: Anderson, DB, primary
Published: 1990
Full Text: View/download PDF

17. Corrosion Evaluation Information Dissemination Via Computers

Author: Sturrock, CP, primary, Anderson, DB, additional, Krisher, AS, additional, and Lee, TS, additional
Published: 1990
Full Text: View/download PDF

18. Expert Systems and Materials Property Databases

Author: Anderson, DB, primary
Full Text: View/download PDF

19. Evaluation of Corrosion Data: A Review

Author: Anderson, DB, primary
Full Text: View/download PDF

20. Corrosion Data for Materials Performance Characterization

Author: Anderson, DB, primary and Laverty, GJ, additional
Full Text: View/download PDF

21. How members perceive district associations: A case study

Author: Schumacker Re, S.L. Anderson, and Anderson Db
Subjects: Nutrition and Dietetics, Psychology, Food Science
Published: 1990

22. Treatment of Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung With Methotrexate, Doxorubicin, Cyclophosphamide, and Lomustine

Author: Dunlap Wm, Laszlo J, Anderson Db, and Muscato Jj
Subjects: Adult, Male, Oncology, medicine.medical_specialty, Lung Neoplasms, Cyclophosphamide, medicine.medical_treatment, Antineoplastic Agents, Hospitals, Community, Small-cell carcinoma, Lomustine, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Doxorubicin, Carcinoma, Small Cell, Aged, Chemotherapy, business.industry, Cancer, Combination chemotherapy, General Medicine, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Radiation therapy, Methotrexate, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: Forty-four patients with undifferentiated small cell carcinoma of the lung (SCCL) were diagnosed and treated at community hospitals. Patients with limited disease were treated with surgical resection or primary radiation therapy (RT) followed by chemotherapy; those with extensive disease received chemotherapy followed by RT if there was not a complete primary response. The chemotherapy used was a combination of methotrexate, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and lomustine. Median survival for patients with both limited and extensive disease was 12 months, with a six-month survival of 89%. Half of the patients had recurrence in the lung. The toxicity was moderate and tolerable. We conclude that this combination chemotherapy plus radiation therapy carries acceptable toxicity and can be used in a community hospital to achieve response rates and survival of SCCL equivalent to that obtained in large cancer centers.
Published: 1981

23. Cephalopods in neuroscience:regulations, research and 3Rs

Author: Felix Christopher Mark, Ludovic Dickel, Giovanni Botta, Giovanna Ponte, Roger Villanueva, Carlo Di Cristo, Livia D'Angelo, Jane A. Smith, Camino Gestal, Rute R. da Fonseca, Nathan J. Tublitz, David D. Smith, Marcello Raspa, Paolo De Girolamo, Paul L.R. Andrews, Jennifer A. Basil, Tore S. Kristiansen, Anna Di Cosmo, Fulvio Maffucci, Michael J. Kuba, Daniela Melillo, Letizia Zullo, Ngaire Dennison, Anna Palumbo, Laure Bonnaud, Arianna Manciocco, António V. Sykes, David B. Anderson, Daniel Osorio, Kerry Perkins, Frank W. Grasso, Nadav Shashar, Graziano Fiorito, Alison G. Cole, Andrea Affuso, Fiorito, G, Affuso, A, Anderson, Db, Basil, J, Bonnaud, L, Botta, G, Cole, A, D'Angelo, Livia, DE GIROLAMO, Paolo, Dennison, N, Dickel, L, DI COSMO, Anna, Di Cristo, C, Gestal, C, Fonseca, R, Grasso, F, Kristiansen, T, Kuba, M, Maffucci, F, Manciocco, A, Mark, Fc, Melillo, D, Osorio, D, Palumbo, A, Perkins, K, Ponte, G, Raspa, M, Shashar, N, Smith, J, Smith, D, Sykes, A, Villanueva, R, Tublitz, N, Zullo, L, and Andrews, P.
Subjects: Animal Experimentation, Program evaluation, Cephalopods, media_common.quotation_subject, Directive2010/63/EU, Guidelines as Topic, Context (language use), Review Article, 3R, 3Rs, 03 medical and health sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, 0302 clinical medicine, Developmental Neuroscience, Animal welfare, Animals, media_common.cataloged_instance, European Union, Animal testing, European union, 030304 developmental biology, media_common, 0303 health sciences, Animal Welfare (journal), Neurosciences, Directive, Harm, Cephalopoda, Psychology, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Diversity (politics)
Abstract: 24 páginas, 4 tablas.-- Graziano Fiorito ... et al.-- This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited., Cephalopods have been utilised in neuroscience research for more than 100 years particularly because of their phenotypic plasticity, complex and centralised nervous system, tractability for studies of learning and cellular mechanisms of memory (e.g. long-term potentiation) and anatomical features facilitating physiological studies (e.g. squid giant axon and synapse). On 1 January 2013, research using any of the about 700 extant species of “live cephalopods” became regulated within the European Union by Directive 2010/63/EU on the “Protection of Animals used for Scientific Purposes”, giving cephalopods the same EU legal protection as previously afforded only to vertebrates. The Directive has a number of implications, particularly for neuroscience research. These include: (1) projects will need justification, authorisation from local competent authorities, and be subject to review including a harm-benefit assessment and adherence to the 3Rs principles (Replacement, Refinement and Reduction). (2) To support project evaluation and compliance with the new EU law, guidelines specific to cephalopods will need to be developed, covering capture, transport, handling, housing, care, maintenance, health monitoring, humane anaesthesia, analgesia and euthanasia. (3) Objective criteria need to be developed to identify signs of pain, suffering, distress and lasting harm particularly in the context of their induction by an experimental procedure. Despite diversity of views existing on some of these topics, this paper reviews the above topics and describes the approaches being taken by the cephalopod research community (represented by the authorship) to produce “guidelines” and the potential contribution of neuroscience research to cephalopod welfare, D.M. has been supported by POR Campania FSE 2007–2013, Project MODO-Model Organism.
Published: 2014

24. Should we screen retired contact sport athletes for early signs of degenerative cervical myelopathy?

Author: Anderson DB, Peek AL, Van Gelder JM, and Peek K
Abstract: Competing Interests: Competing interests: None of the authors had any conflicts that influenced this work. DA is chair of Myelopathy.org’s perioperative rehabilitation incubator. DA is a senior editor for PM&R and receives a payment for this role. KP has received funding from a FIFA research scholarship and Sports Medicine Australia grant. KP has been paid consulting fees from UEFA for work related to the creation and review of heading guidelines and is a paid injury spotter (with a focus on concussion) for FIFA-organised tournaments and has been provided with travel and accommodation expenses to present her research at the FIFA Medical Conference (2024) and Isokinetic Conference (2024) and has a non-paid role with the NSW Council for Sports Medicine Australia. JMVG and AP had nothing to declare.
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

25. Surgical interventions for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis: a systematic review with network meta-analysis.

Author: Chen L, Guan B, Anderson DB, Ferreira PH, Stanford R, Beckenkamp PR, Van Gelder JM, Bayartai ME, Radojčić MR, Fairbank JCT, Feng S, Zhou H, and Ferreira ML
Subjects: Humans, Laminectomy methods, Network Meta-Analysis, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Lumbar Vertebrae surgery, Spinal Stenosis surgery
Abstract: Background: Several surgical options for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) are available, but current guidelines do not recommend which one should be prioritized. Although previous network meta-analyses (NMAs) have been performed on this topic, they have major methodological problems and could not provide the convincing evidence and clinical practical information required., Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing at least two surgical interventions were included by searching AMED, CINAHL, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and MEDLINE (inception to August 2023). A frequentist random-effects NMA was performed for physical function and adverse events due to any reason. For physical function, three follow-up time points were included: short-term (< 6 months post-intervention), mid-term (≥ 6 months but < 12 months), and long-term (≥ 12 months). Laminectomy was the reference comparison intervention., Results: A total of 43 RCTs involving 5017 participants were included in the systematic review and 28 RCTs encompassing 14 types of surgical interventions were included in the NMA. For improving physical function (scale 0-100), endoscopic-assisted laminotomy (mean difference: - 8.61, 95% confidence interval: - 10.52 to - 6.69; moderate-quality evidence), laminectomy combined with Coflex (- 8.41, - 13.21 to - 3.61; moderate quality evidence), and X-stop (- 6.65, - 8.60 to - 4.71; low-quality evidence) had small effects at short-term follow-up; no statistical difference was observed at mid-term follow-up (very low- to low-quality evidence); at long-term follow-up, endoscopic-assisted laminotomy (- 7.02, - 12.95 to - 1.08; very low-quality evidence) and X-stop (- 10.04, - 18.16 to - 1.93; very low-quality evidence) had a small and moderate effect, respectively. Compared with laminectomy, endoscopic-assisted laminotomy was associated with fewer adverse events due to any reason (odds ratio: 0.27, 0.09 to 0.86; low-quality evidence)., Conclusions: For adults with degenerative LSS, endoscopic-assisted laminotomy may be the safest and most effective intervention in improving physical function. However, the available data were insufficient to indicate whether the effect was sustainable after 6 months., Trial Registration: PROSPERO (CRD42018094180)., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

26. Clinical assessment and management of lumbar spinal stenosis: clinical dilemmas and considerations for surgical referral.

Author: Anderson DB, Beard DJ, Rannou F, Hunter DJ, Suri P, Chen L, and Van Gelder JM
Subjects: Humans, Spinal Stenosis surgery, Spinal Stenosis therapy, Lumbar Vertebrae surgery, Referral and Consultation
Abstract: Lumbar spinal stenosis is the leading indication for spine surgery in older adults. Surgery is recommended in clinical guidelines if non-surgical treatments have been provided with insufficient benefit. The difficulty for clinicians is that the current number of randomised controlled trials is low, which creates uncertainty about which treatments to provide. For non-surgical clinicians this paucity of data leads to a clinical dilemma of whether to continue managing the patient or refer to a spine surgeon. This Viewpoint aims to provide an update on the assessment of lumbar spinal stenosis, treatment recommendations, indications for referral to a spine surgeon, and current clinical dilemmas facing non-surgical clinicians and spinal surgeons., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests DJB holds an National Institute for Health and Care Research Senior Investigator award. FR receives payment or honoraria from Pierre Fabre, Thuasne, Institut Biochimique SA, Expanscience, Genevrier, Pfizer, MSD, Grunenthal, and Fidia Farmaceutici SpA.; has received support for attending meetings from The French Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Osteoarthritis Research Society International, French Society of Rheumatology, AbbVie, and European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology; participates on a data safety monitoring board and advisory board of Pierre Fabre and Thuasne; and holds leadership positions with The French Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (president elect), Osteoarthritis Research Society International (treasurer), and the Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (associate editor). DJH provides consulting advice on scientific advisory boards for Pfizer, Lilly, Taiwan Liposome Company BioSciences, Novartis, Tissuegene, and Biobone; is the co-director of the Sydney Musculoskeletal Health Flagship; and is the editor of the osteoarthritis section for UpToDate and co-editor in chief of Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. All other authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.)
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

27. Improving Musculoskeletal Health by Incorporating Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion Approaches Into Research Practices.

Author: Comachio J, Purcell K, Brady B, Thiveos T, Strkljevic I, Shu C, Carvalho-E-Silva AP, Nikpour M, and Anderson DB
Subjects: Humans, Health Equity, Cultural Diversity, Biomedical Research, Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, Musculoskeletal Diseases therapy
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

28. Sarcopenia and the management of spinal disease in the elderly.

Author: Evans AR, Smith L, Bakhsheshian J, Anderson DB, Elliott JM, Shakir HJ, and Smith ZA
Abstract: Sarcopenia, generally defined by the loss of skeletal mass and function, may disproportionately affect elderly individuals and heavily influence spinal disease. Muscle atrophy is associated with myriad clinical problems, including thoracic kyphosis, increased sagittal vertical axis (SVA), spinal implant failures, and postoperative complications. As such, the aim of this narrative review is to synthesize pertinent literature detailing the intersection between sarcopenia and the impact of sarcopenia on the management of spine disease. Specifically, we focus on the domains of etiology, diagnosis and assessment, impact on the cervical and lumbar spine, spinal augmentation procedures, neoplastic disease, whiplash injury, and recovery/prevention. A narrative review was conducted by searching the PubMed and Google Scholar databases from inception to July 12, 2024, for any cohort studies, systematic reviews, or randomized controlled trials. Case studies and conference abstracts were excluded. Diagnosis of sarcopenia relies on the assessment of muscle strength and quantity/quality. Strength may be assessed using clinical tools such as gait speed, timed up and go (TUG) test, or hand grip strength, whereas muscle quantity/quality may be assessed via computed tomography (CT scan), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA scan). Sarcopenia has a generally negative impact on the clinical course of those undergoing cervical and lumbar surgery, and may be predictive of mortality in those with neoplastic spinal disease. In addition, severe acceleration-deceleration (whiplash) injuries may result in cervical extensor muscle atrophy. Intervention and recovery measures include nutrition or exercise therapy, although the evidence for nutritional intervention is lacking. Sarcopenia is a widely prevalent pathology in the advanced-age population, in which the diagnostic criteria, impact on spinal pathology, and recovery/prevention measures remain understudied. However, further understanding of this therapeutically challenging pathology is paramount, as surgical outcome may be heavily influenced by sarcopenia status., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to American Aging Association.)
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

29. What is normal age-related thigh muscle composition among 45- to 84-year-old adults from the UK Biobank study.

Author: Anderson DB, Beach AJ, Chen L, Feng HJ, McKay MJ, Smith ZA, Weber KA 2nd, Wesselink EO, and Elliott JM
Abstract: A loss of skeletal muscle mass and an increase in intramuscular fat are known to occur as we enter middle and older age, but the expected changes or normative values have remained unknown. The primary reason for this is that imaging studies are difficult and expensive to conduct, and consequently, the sample sizes have remained small. The development of the UK Biobank which provides access to a large magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data set of more than 50,000 participants provides an opportunity to finally address this question of normative values for each age group. The study's primary aim was to determine the age-related changes in thigh muscle composition (e.g., thigh fat-free muscle volume and intramuscular fat) between the ages of 45 and 84 years. The second aim was to analyse associations between thigh fat-free muscle volume and intramuscular fat with lifestyle behaviours (smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity), leg pain, and bone mineral density. Fifty thousand three hundred thirty-two participants were included in the study. Total fat-free thigh muscle declined between the ages of 45 and 84 years, while intramuscular fat of the thigh continued to increase. The changes were stable between these age groups. The mean volume of fat-free muscle ranged from 11.16 (SD: 1.40) to 13.26 L (SD: 1.85) in adult males and 7.60 (SD: 0.97) to 8.80 L (SD 1.29) in females between the ages of 45 and 84 years. For intramuscular fat, the change among women was from 6.94% (SD: 1.59) in the 45 to 54 years age bracket to 8.83% (SD: 1.92) in the 75 to 84 age bracket, while for men, it was 5.83% (SD: 1.30) in the 45 to 54 age bracket to 7.85% (SD 1.89) in the 75 to 84 age bracket. The total fat-free muscle volume and intramuscular fat percentage provided can be used for the purpose of reference standards or normative values for adults in the age groups provided. Fat-free muscle and intramuscular fat were found to be associated with a range of health, activity, and leg pain outcomes, and these should be investigated in a follow-up longitudinal imaging study., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

30. Reliability of a Smartphone App to Objectively Monitor Performance Outcomes in Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: Observational Study.

Author: Yanez Touzet A, Houhou T, Rahic Z, Kolias A, Yordanov S, Anderson DB, Laufer I, Li M, Grahovac G, Kotter MR, and Davies BM
Abstract: Background: Developing new clinical measures for degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is an AO Spine RECODE-DCM Research, an international and multi-stakeholder partnership, priority. Difficulties in detecting DCM and its changes cause diagnostic and treatment delays in clinical settings and heightened costs in clinical trials due to elevated recruitment targets. Digital outcome measures can tackle these challenges due to their ability to measure disease remotely, repeatedly, and more economically., Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the reliability of the MoveMed battery of performance outcome measures., Methods: A prospective observational study in decentralized secondary care was performed in England, United Kingdom. The primary outcome was to determine the test-retest reliability of the MoveMed performance outcomes using the intraclass correlation (ICC) of agreement . The secondary outcome was to determine the measurement error of the MoveMed performance outcomes using both the SE of the mean (SEM) of agreement and the smallest detectable change (SDC) of agreement . Criteria from the Consensus-Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) manual were used to determine adequate reliability (ie, ICC of agreement ≥0.7) and risk of bias. Disease stability was controlled using 2 minimum clinically important difference (MCID) thresholds obtained from the literature on the patient-derived modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (p-mJOA) score, namely, MCID ≤1 point and MCID ≤2 points., Results: In total, 7 adults aged 59.5 (SD 12.4) years who live with DCM and possess an approved smartphone participated in the study. All tests demonstrated moderate to excellent test-retest coefficients and low measurement errors. In the MCID ≤1 group, ICC of agreement values were 0.84-0.94 in the fast tap test, 0.89-0.95 in the hold test, 0.95 in the typing test, and 0.98 in the stand and walk test. SEM of agreement values were ±1 tap, ±1%-3% stability score points, ±0.06 keys per second, and ±10 steps per minute, respectively. SDC of agreement values were ±3 taps, ±4%-7% stability score points, ±0.2 keys per second, and ±27 steps per minute, respectively. In the MCID ≤2 group, ICC of agreement values were 0.61-0.91, 0.75-0.77, 0.98, and 0.62, respectively; SEM of agreement values were ±1 tap, ±2%-4% stability score points, ±0.06 keys per second, and ±10 steps per minute, respectively; and SDC of agreement values were ±3-7 taps, ±7%-10% stability score points, ±0.2 keys per second, and ±27 steps per minute, respectively. Furthermore, the fast tap, hold, and typing tests obtained sufficient ratings (ICC of agreement ≥0.7) in both MCID ≤1 and MCID ≤2 groups. No risk of bias factors from the COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist were recorded., Conclusions: The criteria from COSMIN provide "very good" quality evidence of the reliability of the MoveMed tests in an adult population living with DCM., (©Alvaro Yanez Touzet, Tatiana Houhou, Zerina Rahic, Angelos Kolias, Stefan Yordanov, David B Anderson, Ilya Laufer, Maggie Li, Gordan Grahovac, Mark RN Kotter, Benjamin M Davies, MoveMed Ltd. Originally published in JMIR Formative Research (https://formative.jmir.org), 24.05.2024.)
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

31. Epidemiological and clinical features, treatment status, and economic burden of traumatic spinal cord injury in China: a hospital-based retrospective study.

Author: Zhou H, Lou Y, Chen L, Kang Y, Liu L, Cai Z, Anderson DB, Wang W, Zhang C, Wang J, Ning G, Gao Y, He B, Ding W, Wang Y, Mei W, Song Y, Zhou Y, Xia M, Wang H, Zhao J, Yin G, Zhang T, Jing F, Zhu R, Meng B, Duan L, Zhang Z, Wu D, Cai Z, Huang L, Yin Z, Li K, Lu S, and Feng S
Abstract: Traumatic spinal cord injury is potentially catastrophic and can lead to permanent disability or even death. China has the largest population of patients with traumatic spinal cord injury. Previous studies of traumatic spinal cord injury in China have mostly been regional in scope; national-level studies have been rare. To the best of our knowledge, no national-level study of treatment status and economic burden has been performed. This retrospective study aimed to examine the epidemiological and clinical features, treatment status, and economic burden of traumatic spinal cord injury in China at the national level. We included 13,465 traumatic spinal cord injury patients who were injured between January 2013 and December 2018 and treated in 30 hospitals in 11 provinces/municipalities representing all geographical divisions of China. Patient epidemiological and clinical features, treatment status, and total and daily costs were recorded. Trends in the percentage of traumatic spinal cord injuries among all hospitalized patients and among patients hospitalized in the orthopedic department and cost of care were assessed by annual percentage change using the Joinpoint Regression Program. The percentage of traumatic spinal cord injuries among all hospitalized patients and among patients hospitalized in the orthopedic department did not significantly change overall (annual percentage change, -0.5% and 2.1%, respectively). A total of 10,053 (74.7%) patients underwent surgery. Only 2.8% of patients who underwent surgery did so within 24 hours of injury. A total of 2005 (14.9%) patients were treated with high-dose (≥ 500 mg) methylprednisolone sodium succinate/methylprednisolone (MPSS/MP); 615 (4.6%) received it within 8 hours. The total cost for acute traumatic spinal cord injury decreased over the study period (-4.7%), while daily cost did not significantly change (1.0% increase). Our findings indicate that public health initiatives should aim at improving hospitals' ability to complete early surgery within 24 hours, which is associated with improved sensorimotor recovery, increasing the awareness rate of clinical guidelines related to high-dose MPSS/MP to reduce the use of the treatment with insufficient evidence., Competing Interests: None
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

32. Development of a patient decision aid for children and adolescents following anterior cruciate ligament rupture: an international mixed-methods study.

Author: Gamble AR, McKay MJ, Anderson DB, Pappas E, Alvarez Cooper I, Macpherson S, Harris IA, Filbay SR, McCaffery K, Thompson R, Hoffmann TC, Maher CG, and Zadro JR
Subjects: Humans, Adolescent, Female, Male, Child, Patient Participation, Adult, Surveys and Questionnaires, Interviews as Topic, Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries surgery, Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction methods, Decision Support Techniques, Parents psychology
Abstract: Aim: To develop and user test an evidence-based patient decision aid for children and adolescents who are considering anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction., Design: Mixed-methods study describing the development of a patient decision aid., Setting: A draft decision aid was developed by a multidisciplinary steering group (including various types of health professionals and researchers, and consumers) informed by the best available evidence and existing patient decision aids., Participants: People who ruptured their ACL when they were under 18 years old (ie, adolescents), their parents, and health professionals who manage these patients. Participants were recruited through social media and the network outreach of the steering group., Primary and Secondary Outcomes: Semistructured interviews and questionnaires were used to gather feedback on the decision aid. The feedback was used to refine the decision aid and assess acceptability. An iterative cycle of interviews, refining the aid according to feedback and further interviews, was used. Interviews were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis., Results: We conducted 32 interviews; 16 health professionals (12 physiotherapists, 4 orthopaedic surgeons) and 16 people who ruptured their ACL when they were under 18 years old (7 were adolescents and 9 were adults at the time of the interview). Parents participated in 8 interviews. Most health professionals, patients and parents rated the aid's acceptability as good-to-excellent. Health professionals and patients agreed on most aspects of the decision aid, but some health professionals had differing views on non-surgical management, risk of harms, treatment protocols and evidence on benefits and harms., Conclusion: Our patient decision aid is an acceptable tool to help children and adolescents choose an appropriate management option following ACL rupture with their parents and health professionals. A clinical trial evaluating the potential benefit of this tool for children and adolescents considering ACL reconstruction is warranted., Competing Interests: Competing interests: TH, KM and RT are unpaid members of the International Patient Decision Aid Standards (IPDAS) Collaboration Steering Committee., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

33. Variability in the prevalence of depression among adults with chronic pain: UK Biobank analysis through clinical prediction models.

Author: Chen L, Ashton-James CE, Shi B, Radojčić MR, Anderson DB, Chen Y, Preen DB, Hopper JL, Li S, Bui M, Beckenkamp PR, Arden NK, Ferreira PH, Zhou H, Feng S, and Ferreira ML
Subjects: Adult, Humans, Middle Aged, Models, Statistical, Prevalence, Depression epidemiology, Biological Specimen Banks, UK Biobank, Prognosis, Chronic Pain epidemiology, Asthma
Abstract: Background: The prevalence of depression among people with chronic pain remains unclear due to the heterogeneity of study samples and definitions of depression. We aimed to identify sources of variation in the prevalence of depression among people with chronic pain and generate clinical prediction models to estimate the probability of depression among individuals with chronic pain., Methods: Participants were from the UK Biobank. The primary outcome was a "lifetime" history of depression. The model's performance was evaluated using discrimination (optimism-corrected C statistic) and calibration (calibration plot)., Results: Analyses included 24,405 patients with chronic pain (mean age 64.1 years). Among participants with chronic widespread pain, the prevalence of having a "lifetime" history of depression was 45.7% and varied (25.0-66.7%) depending on patient characteristics. The final clinical prediction model (optimism-corrected C statistic: 0.66; good calibration on the calibration plot) included age, BMI, smoking status, physical activity, socioeconomic status, gender, history of asthma, history of heart failure, and history of peripheral artery disease. Among participants with chronic regional pain, the prevalence of having a "lifetime" history of depression was 30.2% and varied (21.4-70.6%) depending on patient characteristics. The final clinical prediction model (optimism-corrected C statistic: 0.65; good calibration on the calibration plot) included age, gender, nature of pain, smoking status, regular opioid use, history of asthma, pain location that bothers you most, and BMI., Conclusions: There was substantial variability in the prevalence of depression among patients with chronic pain. Clinically relevant factors were selected to develop prediction models. Clinicians can use these models to assess patients' treatment needs. These predictors are convenient to collect during daily practice, making it easy for busy clinicians to use them., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

34. Low back pain-driven inpatient stays in the United States: a nationwide repeated cross-sectional analysis.

Author: Chen L, Sun Q, Chou R, Anderson DB, Shi B, Chen Y, Liu X, Feng S, Zhou H, and Ferreira ML
Subjects: Humans, United States epidemiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Constriction, Pathologic, Inpatients, Low Back Pain epidemiology, Fractures, Compression, Spinal Fractures, Spinal Stenosis
Abstract: Background: Low back pain (LBP)-driven inpatient stays are resource-intensive and costly, yet data on contemporary national trends are limited., Materials and Methods: This study used repeated cross-sectional analyses through a nationally representative sample (US National Inpatient Sample, 2016-2019). Outcomes included the rate of LBP-driven inpatient stays; the resource utilization (the proportion of receiving surgical treatments and hospital costs) and prognosis (hospital length of stay and the proportion of nonroutine discharge) among LBP-driven inpatient stays. LBP was classified as overall, nonspecific, and specific (i.e. cancer, cauda equina syndrome, vertebral infection, vertebral compression fracture, axial spondyloarthritis, radicular pain, and spinal canal stenosis). Analyses were further stratified by age, sex, and race/ethnicity., Results: 292 987 LBP-driven inpatient stays (weighted number: 1 464 690) were included, with 269 080 (91.8%) of these for specific LBP and 23 907 (8.2%) for nonspecific LBP. The rate of LBP-driven inpatient stays varied a lot across demographic groups and LBP subtypes (e.g. for overall LBP, highest for non-Hispanic White 180.4 vs. lowest for non-Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander 42.0 per 100 000 population). Between 2016 and 2019, the rate of nonspecific LBP-driven inpatient stays significantly decreased (relative change: 46.9%); however, substantial variations were found within subcategories of specific LBP-significant increases were found for vertebral infection (relative change: 17.2%), vertebral compression fracture (relative change: 13.4%), and spinal canal stenosis (relative change: 19.9%), while a significant decrease was found for radicular pain (relative change: 12.6%). The proportion of receiving surgical treatments also varied a lot (e.g. for overall LBP, highest for non-Hispanic White 74.4% vs. lowest for non-Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander 62.8%), and significantly decreased between 2016 and 2019 (e.g. for nonspecific LBP, relative change: 28.6%). Variations were also observed for other outcomes., Conclusions: In the US, the burden of LBP-driven inpatient stays (i.e. rates of LBP-driven inpatient stays, resource utilization, and prognosis among LBP-driven inpatient stays) is enormous. More research is needed to understand why the burden varies considerably according to the LBP subtype (i.e. nonspecific and specific LBP as well as subcategories of specific LBP) and the subpopulation concerned (i.e. stratified by age, sex, and race/ethnicity)., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

35. Trends in prevalence of fractures among adults in the United States, 1999-2020: a population-based study.

Author: Xu B, Radojčić MR, Anderson DB, Shi B, Yao L, Chen Y, Feng S, Lee JH, and Chen L
Subjects: Adult, United States epidemiology, Humans, Female, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, Prevalence, Wrist Fractures, Hip Fractures, Spinal Fractures epidemiology
Abstract: Background: Population data that examines recent national trends in the prevalence of fractures are lacking in the United States (US)., Materials and Methods: Analyses were based on 1999-2020 data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Primary outcomes included the prevalence of hip, wrist, and vertebral fractures among adults aged greater than or equal to 50 years. Changes in the prevalence over time were determined by joinpoint regression analysis. The authors also described the variation by fracture subtypes, sociodemographic characteristics, and their combination., Results: For adults aged greater than or equal to 50 years in NHANES 2017-March 2020, the authors estimated that there was 2.6 million Americans with hip fractures, 14.6 million Americans with wrist fractures, and 5.2 million Americans with vertebral fractures. The prevalence of wrist fractures significantly increased from 8.7% (7.4-9.9%) in 1999-2000 to 12.8% (11.6-14.1%) in 2017-March 2020 among adults aged greater than or equal to 50 years ( P for trend=0.04); significant increases were also observed in fractures that occurred at age less than 50 years, non-Hispanic White, high family income groups, and several combination subgroups (e.g. fractures occurred at age <50 years among women). The prevalence of vertebral fractures increased from 2.2% (1.7-2.8%) in 1999-2000 to 4.6% (3.7-5.5%) in 2017-March 2020 among adults aged greater than or equal to 50 years ( P for trend=0.02); significant increases were also observed in 50-64 years, women, non-Hispanic White, high family income groups and several combination subgroups (e.g. fractures that occurred at age <50 years among women). The authors did not observe significant trend changes in the prevalence of hip fractures among adults aged greater than or equal to 50 years between 1999 and 2020., Conclusion: The estimated prevalence of wrist and vertebral fractures significantly increased among US adults aged greater than or equal to 50 years from 1999 to 2020, although hip fractures did not significantly change., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

36. Management of mild degenerative cervical myelopathy and asymptomatic spinal cord compression: an international survey.

Author: Brannigan JFM, Davies BM, Mowforth OD, Yurac R, Kumar V, Dejaegher J, Zamorano JJ, Murphy RKJ, Tripathi M, Anderson DB, Harrop J, Molliqaj G, Wynne-Jones G, Arbatin JJF, Kato S, Ito M, Wilson J, Romelean R, Dea N, Graves D, Tessitore E, Martin AR, and Nouri A
Subjects: Humans, Cross-Sectional Studies, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cervical Vertebrae surgery, Spinal Cord Compression etiology, Spinal Cord Compression surgery, Spinal Cord Injuries complications, Spinal Cord Diseases diagnosis, Spinal Cord Diseases etiology, Spinal Cord Diseases surgery
Abstract: Study Design: Cross-sectional survey., Objective: Currently there is limited evidence and guidance on the management of mild degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) and asymptomatic spinal cord compression (ASCC). Anecdotal evidence suggest variance in clinical practice. The objectives of this study were to assess current practice and to quantify the variability in clinical practice., Methods: Spinal surgeons and some additional health professionals completed a web-based survey distributed by email to members of AO Spine and the Cervical Spine Research Society (CSRS) North American Society. Questions captured experience with DCM, frequency of DCM patient encounters, and standard of practice in the assessment of DCM. Further questions assessed the definition and management of mild DCM, and the management of ASCC., Results: A total of 699 respondents, mostly surgeons, completed the survey. Every world region was represented in the responses. Half (50.1%, n = 359) had greater than 10 years of professional experience with DCM. For mild DCM, standardised follow-up for non-operative patients was reported by 488 respondents (69.5%). Follow-up included a heterogeneous mix of investigations, most often at 6-month intervals (32.9%, n = 158). There was some inconsistency regarding which clinical features would cause a surgeon to counsel a patient towards surgery. Practice for ASCC aligned closely with mild DCM. Finally, there were some contradictory definitions of mild DCM provided in the form of free text., Conclusions: Professionals typically offer outpatient follow up for patients with mild DCM and/or asymptomatic ASCC. However, what this constitutes varies widely. Further research is needed to define best practice and support patient care., (© 2023. Crown.)
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

37. Evaluating tissue injury in cervical spondylotic myelopathy with spinal cord MRI: a systematic review.

Author: Khan AF, Mohammadi E, Haynes G, Hameed S, Rohan M, Anderson DB, Weber KA 2nd, Muhammad F, and Smith ZA
Subjects: Humans, Diffusion Tensor Imaging methods, Spinal Cord pathology, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cervical Vertebrae diagnostic imaging, Cervical Vertebrae pathology, Biomarkers, Spinal Cord Diseases diagnostic imaging, Spinal Cord Diseases etiology, Spinal Cord Diseases pathology, Spondylosis complications, Spondylosis diagnostic imaging, Spondylosis pathology
Abstract: Purpose: Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy (CSM) is a degenerative condition that leads to loss of cervical spinal cord (CSC) integrity. Various spinal cord Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) methods can identify and characterize the extent of this damage. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the diagnostic, biomarker, and predictive utilities of different spinal cord MRI methods in clinical research studies of CSM. The aim was to provide a comprehensive understanding of the progress in this direction for future studies and effective diagnosis and management of CSM., Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted on PubMed and EMBASE from 2010 to 2022 according to PRISMA guidelines. Studies with non-human subjects, less than 3T magnetic field strength, non-clinical design, or not quantitatively focusing on the structural integrity of CSC were excluded. The extracted data from each study included demographics, disease severity, MRI machine characteristics, quantitative metrics, and key findings in terms of diagnostic, biomarker, and predictive utilities of each MRI method. The risk of bias was performed using the guide from AHRQ. The quality of evidence was assessed separately for each type of utility for different MRI methods using GRADE., Results: Forty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria, utilizing diffusion-weighted imaging (DTI) (n = 39), magnetization transfer (MT) (n = 6), MR spectroscopy (n = 3), and myelin water imaging (n = 1), as well as a combination of MRI methods (n = 12). The metric fractional anisotropy (FA) showed the highest potential in all facets of utilities, followed by mean diffusivity. Other promising metrics included MT ratio and intracellular volume fraction, especially in multimodal studies. However, the level of evidence for these promising metrics was low due to a small number of studies. Some studies, mainly DTI, also reported the usefulness of spinal cord MRI in mild CSM., Conclusions: Spinal cord MRI methods can potentially facilitate the diagnosis and management of CSM by quantitatively interrogating the structural integrity of CSC. DTI is the most promising MRI method, and other techniques have also shown promise, especially in multimodal configurations. However, this field is in its early stages, and more studies are needed to establish the usefulness of spinal cord MRI in CSM., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

38. Challenges of conducting a randomised placebo-controlled trial of spinal surgery: the SUcceSS trial of lumbar spine decompression.

Author: Ho EK, Mobbs RJ, van Gelder JM, Harris IA, Davis G, Stanford R, Beard DJ, Maher CG, Prior J, Knox M, Anderson DB, Buchbinder R, and Ferreira ML
Subjects: Humans, Decompression, Lumbar Vertebrae surgery, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, COVID-19, Pandemics
Abstract: Although placebo-controlled trials are considered the gold standard for evaluating the efficacy of healthcare interventions, they can be perceived to be controversial and challenging to conduct for surgical treatments. The SUcceSS trial is the first placebo-controlled trial of lumbar decompression surgery for symptomatic lumbar canal stenosis. The SUcceSS trial has experienced common issues affecting the implementation of randomised placebo-controlled surgery trials, accentuated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Using the SUcceSS trial as an example, we discuss key challenges and mitigation strategies specific to the conduct of a randomised placebo-controlled surgical trial. Overall, the key lessons learned were (i) involving key stakeholders early and throughout the trial design phase may increase clinician and patient willingness to participate in a placebo-controlled trial of surgical interventions, (ii) additional resources (e.g. budget, staff time) are likely required to successfully operationalise trials of this nature, (iii) the level of placebo fidelity, timing of randomisation relative to intervention delivery, and nuances of the surgical procedure under investigation should be considered carefully. Findings are based on one example of a placebo-controlled surgical trial; however, researchers may benefit from employing or building from the strategies described and lessons learned when designing or implementing future trials of this nature., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

39. Toward Shared Decision-Making in Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study.

Author: Sangeorzan I, Antonacci G, Martin A, Grodzinski B, Zipser CM, Murphy RKJ, Andriopoulou P, Cook CE, Anderson DB, Guest J, Furlan JC, Kotter MRN, Boerger TF, Sadler I, Roberts EA, Wood H, Fraser C, Fehlings MG, Kumar V, Jung J, Milligan J, Nouri A, Martin AR, Blizzard T, Vialle LR, Tetreault L, Kalsi-Ryan S, MacDowall A, Martin-Moore E, Burwood M, Wood L, Lalkhen A, Ito M, Wilson N, Treanor C, Dugan S, and Davies BM
Abstract: Background: Health care decisions are a critical determinant in the evolution of chronic illness. In shared decision-making (SDM), patients and clinicians work collaboratively to reach evidence-based health decisions that align with individual circumstances, values, and preferences. This personalized approach to clinical care likely has substantial benefits in the oversight of degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM), a type of nontraumatic spinal cord injury. Its chronicity, heterogeneous clinical presentation, complex management, and variable disease course engenders an imperative for a patient-centric approach that accounts for each patient's unique needs and priorities. Inadequate patient knowledge about the condition and an incomplete understanding of the critical decision points that arise during the course of care currently hinder the fruitful participation of health care providers and patients in SDM. This study protocol presents the rationale for deploying SDM for DCM and delineates the groundwork required to achieve this., Objective: The study's primary outcome is the development of a comprehensive checklist to be implemented upon diagnosis that provides patients with essential information necessary to support their informed decision-making. This is known as a core information set (CIS). The secondary outcome is the creation of a detailed process map that provides a diagrammatic representation of the global care workflows and cognitive processes involved in DCM care. Characterizing the critical decision points along a patient's journey will allow for an effective exploration of SDM tools for routine clinical practice to enhance patient-centered care and improve clinical outcomes., Methods: Both CISs and process maps are coproduced iteratively through a collaborative process involving the input and consensus of key stakeholders. This will be facilitated by Myelopathy.org, a global DCM charity, through its Research Objectives and Common Data Elements for Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy community. To develop the CIS, a 3-round, web-based Delphi process will be used, starting with a baseline list of information items derived from a recent scoping review of educational materials in DCM, patient interviews, and a qualitative survey of professionals. A priori criteria for achieving consensus are specified. The process map will be developed iteratively using semistructured interviews with patients and professionals and validated by key stakeholders., Results: Recruitment for the Delphi consensus study began in April 2023. The pilot-testing of process map interview participants started simultaneously, with the formulation of an initial baseline map underway., Conclusions: This protocol marks the first attempt to provide a starting point for investigating SDM in DCM. The primary work centers on developing an educational tool for use in diagnosis to enable enhanced onward decision-making. The wider objective is to aid stakeholders in developing SDM tools by identifying critical decision junctures in DCM care. Through these approaches, we aim to provide an exhaustive launchpad for formulating SDM tools in the wider DCM community., International Registered Report Identifier (irrid): DERR1-10.2196/46809., (©Irina Sangeorzan, Grazia Antonacci, Anne Martin, Ben Grodzinski, Carl M Zipser, Rory K J Murphy, Panoraia Andriopoulou, Chad E Cook, David B Anderson, James Guest, Julio C Furlan, Mark R N Kotter, Timothy F Boerger, Iwan Sadler, Elizabeth A Roberts, Helen Wood, Christine Fraser, Michael G Fehlings, Vishal Kumar, Josephine Jung, James Milligan, Aria Nouri, Allan R Martin, Tammy Blizzard, Luiz Roberto Vialle, Lindsay Tetreault, Sukhvinder Kalsi-Ryan, Anna MacDowall, Esther Martin-Moore, Martin Burwood, Lianne Wood, Abdul Lalkhen, Manabu Ito, Nicky Wilson, Caroline Treanor, Sheila Dugan, Benjamin M Davies. Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols (https://www.researchprotocols.org), 09.10.2023.)
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

40. Global, regional and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

Author: Guan B, Anderson DB, Chen L, Feng S, and Zhou H
Subjects: Humans, Global Burden of Disease, Prevalence, Incidence, Global Health, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Spinal Cord Injuries epidemiology, Spinal Cord Injuries etiology, Brain Injuries, Traumatic epidemiology, Accidental Injuries
Abstract: Objectives: To evaluate the most up-to-date burden of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) and analyse their leading causes in different countries/territories., Design: An analysis of Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data., Setting: The epidemiological data were gathered from GBD Results Tool (1 January, 1990─31 December 2019) covering 21 GBD regions and 204 countries/ territories., Participants: Patients with TBI/SCI., Main Outcomes and Measures: Absolute numbers and age-standardised rates/estimates of incidence, prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) of TBI/SCI by location in 2019, with their percentage changes from 1990 to 2019. The leading causes (eg, falls) of TBI/SCI in 204 countries/territories., Results: Globally, in 2019, TBI had 27.16 million new cases, 48.99 million prevalent cases and 7.08 million YLDs. SCI had 0.91 million new cases, 20.64 million prevalent cases and 6.20 million YLDs. Global age-standardised incidence rates of TBI decreased significantly by -5.5% (95% uncertainty interval -8.9% to -3.0%) from 1990 to 2019, whereas SCI had no significant change (-6.1% (-17.3% to 1.5%)). Regionally, in 2019, Eastern Europe and High-income North America had the highest burden of TBI and SCI, respectively. Nationally, in 2019, Slovenia and Afghanistan had the highest age-standardised incidence rates of TBI and SCI, respectively. For TBI, falls were the leading cause in 74% (150/204) of countries/territories, followed by pedestrian road injuries (14%, 29/204), motor vehicle road injuries (5%, 11/204), and conflict and terrorism (2%, 4/204). For SCI, falls were the leading cause in 97% (198/204) of countries/territories, followed by conflict and terrorism (3%, 6/204)., Conclusions: Global age-standardised incidence rates of TBI have decreased significantly since 1990, whereas SCI had no significant change. The leading causes of TBI/SCI globally were falls, but variations did exist between countries/territories. Policy-makers should continue to prioritise interventions to reduce falls, but priorities may vary between countries/territories., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

41. Importance of valid, reliable, and responsive outcome measures for lumbar spinal stenosis.

Author: Anderson DB, Mobbs RJ, Smith ZA, De Luca K, Sabet T, and Van Gelder JM
Subjects: Humans, Treatment Outcome, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Reproducibility of Results, Lumbar Vertebrae surgery, Spinal Stenosis surgery
Abstract: Competing Interests: Declarations of Competing Interests The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

42. Aiding the prescriber: developing a machine learning approach to personalized risk modeling for chronic opioid therapy amongst US Army soldiers.

Author: Bjarnadóttir MV, Anderson DB, Agarwal R, and Nelson DA
Subjects: Humans, Drug Prescriptions, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Machine Learning, Analgesics, Opioid therapeutic use, Military Personnel
Abstract: The opioid epidemic is a major policy concern. The widespread availability of opioids, which is fueled by physician prescribing patterns, medication diversion, and the interaction with potential illicit opioid use, has been implicated as proximal cause for subsequent opioid dependence and mortality. Risk indicators related to chronic opioid therapy (COT) at the point of care may influence physicians' prescribing decisions, potentially reducing rates of dependency and abuse. In this paper, we investigate the performance of machine learning algorithms for predicting the risk of COT. Using data on over 12 million observations of active duty US Army soldiers, we apply machine learning models to predict the risk of COT in the initial months of prescription. We use the area under the curve (AUC) as an overall measure of model performance, and we focus on the positive predictive value (PPV), which reflects the models' ability to accurately target military members for intervention. Of the many models tested, AUC ranges between 0.83 and 0.87. When we focus on the top 1% of members at highest risk, we observe a PPV value of 8.4% and 20.3% for months 1 and 3, respectively. We further investigate the performance of sparse models that can be implemented in sparse data environments. We find that when the goal is to identify patients at the highest risk of chronic use, these sparse linear models achieve a performance similar to models trained on hundreds of variables. Our predictive models exhibit high accuracy and can alert prescribers to the risk of COT for the highest risk patients. Optimized sparse models identify a parsimonious set of factors to predict COT: initial supply of opioids, the supply of opioids in the month being studied, and the number of prescriptions for psychotropic medications. Future research should investigate the possible effects of these tools on prescriber behavior (e.g., the benefit of clinician nudging at the point of care in outpatient settings)., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

43. Identifying common core outcome domains from core outcome sets of musculoskeletal conditions: protocol for a systematic review.

Author: Sabet TS, Anderson DB, Stubbs PW, Buchbinder R, Terwee CB, Chiarotto A, Gagnier J, and Verhagen AP
Subjects: Humans, Systematic Reviews as Topic, Outcome Assessment, Health Care methods, Musculoskeletal Diseases therapy
Abstract: Background: Core outcome sets (COSs) aim to reduce outcome heterogeneity in clinical practice and research by suggesting a minimum number of agreed-upon outcomes in clinical trials. Most COSs in the musculoskeletal field are developed for specific conditions. We propose that there are likely to be common core domains within existing musculoskeletal COSs that may be used as a starting point in the development of future COSs. We aim to identify common core domains from existing COSs and to facilitate the development of new COSs for musculoskeletal conditions. As a secondary aim, we will assess the development quality of these COSs., Methods: A systematic review including musculoskeletal COSs. We will search Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) database, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane Methodology Register and International Consortium for Health Outcome Measurement (ICHOM). Studies will be included if related to the development of a COS in adults with musculoskeletal conditions and for any type of intervention. Quality will be assessed using the Core Outcome Set-Standards for Development (COS-STAD) recommendations. Data extracted will include scope of the COS, health condition, interventions and outcome domains. Primary outcomes will be all core domains recommended within each COS. We define a common core outcome domain as one present in at least 67% of all COSs. All findings will be summarized and presented using descriptive statistics., Discussion: This systematic review of COSs will describe the core domains recommended within each musculoskeletal COS. Common domains found may be used in the initial stages of development of future musculoskeletal COSs., Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO CRD42021239141., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

44. Emergency department presentations and associated hospital admissions for low back pain in Australia.

Author: Anderson DB, Chen L, Eyles JP, and Ferreira ML
Subjects: Australia, Emergency Service, Hospital, Hospitalization, Hospitals, Humans, Retrospective Studies, Low Back Pain epidemiology, Low Back Pain therapy
Abstract: Objective: To determine factors associated with hospital admissions from ED presentations for low back pain (LBP)., Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of 147 ED centres in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, between 2005 and 2014. Data were accessed from the NSW Emergency Department Data Collection to determine patients who attended ED and whether or not they were admitted to hospital., Results: There were 1 388 078 ED visits for LBP across 147 different ED centres between 2005 and 2014. Between 2005 and 2013, hospital admission rates from ED visits for LBP increased annually by 5.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.9-6.4) from 477 per 100 000 in 2005 to 730 per 100 000 in 2013. Patients who were under injured workers' insurance (i.e. workers compensation insurance) had significantly lower odds (odds ratio [OR] 0.42, 95% CI 0.40-0.43) of being admitted to hospital for LBP compared with those not on injured workers' insurance. Patients living in the highest socioeconomic areas were also more likely to be admitted to hospital from an ED visit, compared with those from the lowest socioeconomic areas (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.24-1.29)., Conclusion: Rates of hospitalisation following attendance to ED for LBP increased annually by 5% between 2005 and 2013. Hospital admission rates were lower among patients from the lowest socioeconomic areas or under injured workers' compensation insurance., (© 2022 The Authors. Emergency Medicine Australasia published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Australasian College for Emergency Medicine.)
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

45. Medications for Treating Low Back Pain in Adults. Evidence for the Use of Paracetamol, Opioids, Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatories, Muscle Relaxants, Antibiotics, and Antidepressants: An Overview for Musculoskeletal Clinicians.

Author: Anderson DB and Shaheed CA
Subjects: Acetaminophen therapeutic use, Adult, Analgesics, Opioid adverse effects, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal therapeutic use, Antidepressive Agents therapeutic use, Humans, Muscles, Acute Pain, Low Back Pain drug therapy
Abstract: Background: Because pharmacological therapies may play an important role in managing musculoskeletal pain, the appropriate use of medicines for common conditions like low back pain (LBP) is critical. New evidence on the effects and safety of paracetamol, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioid analgesics, muscle relaxants, antibiotics, and antidepressants for LBP warrants an updated overview for musculoskeletal clinicians on this topic., Clinical Question: How effective and safe are paracetamol, NSAIDs, opioid analgesics, muscle relaxants, antibiotics, and antidepressants compared with placebo for treating LBP?, Key Results: For acute LBP (<12 weeks), muscle relaxants and NSAIDs may be superior to placebo for reducing pain, but the effects of opioids, antibiotics, and antidepressants are unknown. Paracetamol provides no additional benefit for acute LBP. For chronic LBP (>12 weeks), NSAIDs, antidepressants, and opioids may be superior to placebo for reducing pain, but opioids have an established profile of harms. Antibiotics may also reduce pain for people with chronic LBP with Modic type 1 changes, although the risks may outweigh their benefits. The effects of paracetamol and muscle relaxants for chronic LBP were unclear., Clinical Application: NSAIDs may have a role in managing acute and chronic LBP, with cautious use in people who may be at greater risk of experiencing adverse events. Paracetamol, opioid analgesics, antibiotics, muscle relaxants, and antidepressants should only be prescribed following a discussion between the treating clinician and the patient, considering the risks and possible benefits, and after or in conjunction with recommended nonpharmacological strategies for improving LBP. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2022;52(7):425-431. Epub: 18 May 2022. doi:10.2519/jospt.2022.10788 .
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

46. Evaluation of placebo fidelity and trial design methodology in placebo-controlled surgical trials of musculoskeletal conditions: a systematic review.

Author: Anderson DB, Beard DJ, Sabet T, Eyles JP, Harris IA, Adie S, Buchbinder R, Maher CG, and Ferreira ML
Subjects: Humans, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Checklist
Abstract: Abstract: The number of placebo surgical trials on musculoskeletal conditions is increasing, but little is known about the quality of their design and methods. This review aimed to (1) assess the level of placebo fidelity (ie, degree to which the placebo control mimicked the index procedure) in placebo trials of musculoskeletal surgery, (2) describe the trials' methodological features using the adapted Applying Surgical Placebo in Randomised Evaluations (ASPIRE) checklist, and (3) describe each trial's characteristics. We searched 4 electronic databases from inception until February 18, 2021, for randomised trials of surgery that included a placebo control for any musculoskeletal condition. Protocols and full text were used to assess placebo fidelity (categorised as minimal, low, or high fidelity). The adapted 26-item ASPIRE checklist was also completed on each trial. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021202131. A total of 30,697 studies were identified in the search, and 22 placebo-controlled surgical trials of 2045 patients included. Thirteen trials (59%) included a high-fidelity placebo control, 7 (32%) used low fidelity, and 2 (9%) minimal fidelity. According to the ASPIRE checklist, included trials had good reporting of the "rationale and ethics" (68% overall) and "design" sections (42%), but few provided enough information on the "conduct" (13%) and "interpretation and translation" (11%) of the placebo trials. Most trials sufficiently reported their rationale and ethics, but interpretation and translation are areas for improvement, including greater stakeholder involvement. Most trials used a high-fidelity placebo procedure suggesting an emphasis on blinding and controlling for nonspecific effects., (Copyright © 2021 International Association for the Study of Pain.)
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

47. Assessing a child or adolescent with low back pain is different to assessing an adult with low back pain.

Author: Pate JW, Joslin R, Hurtubise K, and Anderson DB
Subjects: Adolescent, Child, Family, Humans, Physical Examination, Low Back Pain diagnosis, Low Back Pain therapy
Abstract: In contrast to an assessment of an adult presenting with low back pain (LBP), clinicians should utilise different approaches when assessing children and adolescents presenting with LBP. Children are not 'little adults'. There are some unique pathologies that only occur in this age group: (i) serious pathologies include infection, fracture, child abuse and malignancy; (ii) growth-related pathologies include scoliosis, Scheuermann's disease, pars fracture and spondylolysis; and (iii) rheumatological conditions include juvenile idiopathic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. With changes in each child occurring physically, emotionally and socially, a clinician's knowledge of typical developmental milestones is essential to identify regression or delayed development. When listening to a child discuss their pain experience, a flexible structure should be implemented that gives the capacity to actively listen to a child's narrative (and that of their guardian) and to conduct an effective physical examination. This viewpoint also summarises the relationship between potential clinical diagnoses and key elements of a physical examination. Deciding on the type and timing of paediatric-specific physical examination tests requires unique child-centred considerations. Paediatric-specific outcome measures should be used but implemented pragmatically, with consideration regarding the time, complexity and pathology suspected. Systematic and rigorous approaches to both treatment planning and re-assessment are then proposed for the assessment of children and adolescents presenting with LBP., (© 2022 The Authors. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Paediatrics and Child Health Division (The Royal Australasian College of Physicians).)
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

48. Gait assessment tools for degenerative cervical myelopathy: a systematic review.

Author: Choy WJ, Chen L, Quel De Oliveira C, Verhagen AP, Damodaran O, and Anderson DB
Abstract: Background: Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is a common progressive neurological disorder which may affect one's activities of daily living or even result in paraplegia/tetraplegia if left untreated. Currently, there is lack of consensus of the gait assessment tools for DCM. This systematic review aims to (I) provide an appraisal of the psychometric properties of the available gait assessment tools for DCM, (II) to assess their methodological quality according to The Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement COSMIN risk of bias checklist and (III) to assess each measurement property result against externally validated criteria., Methods: Six electronic full-text databases [PubMed (via NLM ® database], Medline (via OvidSP), CINAHL (via Ebsco), EMBASE (via Ovid), PsycINFO (via CSA) and Web of Science (via Thomson Reuters)] were systematically searched from inception to June 2020. The methodological quality of each study was analysed using the COSMIN risk of bias checklist. The measurement property result and methodological quality of each study were evaluated., Results: Twenty studies were included from 3,339 citations retrieved. Twelve assessment tools for assessing gait in DCM were identified. According to COSMIN criteria, only five studies (25%) included in this review were found to have "very good" methodological quality. For construct validity, five tools had "sufficient" quality. For reliability, two assessment tools [the Total modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association Score (Italian Translation) (mJOA-ITTotal) and the modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (Italian Translation) Motor dysfunction of the Lower Extremity (mJOA-ITMDLE)] were rated as "sufficient" for interobserver reliability while six assessment tools (the 10 second step test (10 sec ST), 30 minute walk test (30MWT), foot tapping test, mJOA-ITTotal, mJOA-ITMDLE and the Japanese Orthopaedic Association Cervical Myelopathy Evaluation Questionnaire) were rated as "sufficient" for test-retest reliability. The JOA (6 scores) received a "sufficient" rating for internal consistency. No assessment was available for responsiveness, as only the effect size was available., Discussion: Based upon current evidence, the mJOA in combination with an objective functional test (i.e., 30MWT) is recommended for clinicians assessing gait in DCM, although this may change with an increase in the number of studies completed. Given the importance of assessment tools possessing adequate measurement properties, a focus on studies in this area is warranted., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://jss.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/jss-21-109/coif). The series “Objective Monitoring and Wearable Technologies including Sensor-Based Accelerometers and Mobile Health Applications for the Spine Patient” was commissioned by the editorial office without any funding or sponsorship. WJC serves as an Assistant Managing Editor of Journal of Spine Surgery. The authors have no other conflicts of interest to declare., (2022 Journal of Spine Surgery. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

49. The Reliability of the Microsoft Kinect and Ambulatory Sensor-Based Motion Tracking Devices to Measure Shoulder Range-of-Motion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Author: Beshara P, Anderson DB, Pelletier M, and Walsh WR
Subjects: Humans, Range of Motion, Articular, Reproducibility of Results, Upper Extremity, Shoulder, Shoulder Joint
Abstract: Advancements in motion sensing technology can potentially allow clinicians to make more accurate range-of-motion (ROM) measurements and informed decisions regarding patient management. The aim of this study was to systematically review and appraise the literature on the reliability of the Kinect, inertial sensors, smartphone applications and digital inclinometers/goniometers to measure shoulder ROM. Eleven databases were screened (MEDLINE, EMBASE, EMCARE, CINAHL, SPORTSDiscus, Compendex, IEEE Xplore, Web of Science, Proquest Science and Technology, Scopus, and PubMed). The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the consensus-based standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist. Reliability assessment used intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) and the criteria from Swinkels et al. (2005). Thirty-two studies were included. A total of 24 studies scored "adequate" and 2 scored "very good" for the reliability standards. Only one study scored "very good" and just over half of the studies (18/32) scored "adequate" for the measurement error standards. Good intra-rater reliability (ICC > 0.85) and inter-rater reliability (ICC > 0.80) was demonstrated with the Kinect, smartphone applications and digital inclinometers. Overall, the Kinect and ambulatory sensor-based human motion tracking devices demonstrate moderate-good levels of intra- and inter-rater reliability to measure shoulder ROM. Future reliability studies should focus on improving study design with larger sample sizes and recommended time intervals between repeated measurements.
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

50. The influence of smoking and alcohol on bone healing: Systematic review and meta-analysis of non-pathological fractures.

Author: Xu B, Anderson DB, Park ES, Chen L, and Lee JH
Abstract: Background: We aimed to comprehensively evaluate the associations between (i) smoking, (ii) preoperative smoking cessation time, (iii) nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), (iv) vaping, and (v) alcohol consumption and non-pathological fracture healing in adult patients. We also assessed the impacts of preoperative smoking cessation time, NRT, and vaping on wound healing and wound complications after any sort of surgery., Methods: We searched the MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, and AMED electronic databases from their inceptions until August 9th, 2021. Primary outcomes included delayed union rate, nonunion rate, and time to union. A random effects model was used. (Protocol registration: PROSPERO-CRD42019131454)., Findings: One hundred and twenty-two studies with 417,767 patients were eligible for the systematic review and 71 of the studies with 39,920 patients were eligible for the meta-analysis. After non-pathological fracture treatment, the nonunion rate was significantly greater in the smoker group than in the non-smoker group (odds ratio [OR], 2·50, 95% confidence interval [1·73-3·61]); additionally, there was no significant difference in the nonunion rate (OR, 0·97 [0·40-2·38]) between the alcohol drinker group and the non-drinker group. The rate of wound infection after surgery was significantly reduced in the smoking cessation group (≥four weeks before surgery) compared to the continuous smoker group (OR, 0·37 [0·16-0·89])., Interpretation: Smoking is associated with higher rates of nonunion and deep surgical site infection after non-pathological fracture treatment. Smoking cessation (≥four weeks before surgery) is associated with a decreased rate of postoperative wound infection., Funding: The China Scholarship Council (no. 201809120013)., Competing Interests: None., (© 2021 The Author(s).)
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources

See catalog results

Searchworks

Select search scope, currently: Articles Catalog books, media & more in Jio Institute collections Articles journal articles & other e-resources

Search

Search Constraints

Refine your results

Search Limiters

Topic

Publication Year Range

Language

Publication Type

Journal

Region

Database

Publisher

141 results on '"Anderson DB"'

Search Results

Catalog

Select search scope, currently: Articles

Catalog

books, media & more in Jio Institute collections

Articles

journal articles & other e-resources