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Lepidopteran stemborers are among the most damaging agricultural pests worldwide, able to reduce crop yields by up to 40%. Sugarcane is the world's most prolific crop, and several stemborer species from the families Noctuidae, Tortricidae, Crambidae and Pyralidae attack sugarcane. Australia is currently free of the most damaging stemborers, but biosecurity efforts are hampered by the difficulty in morphologically distinguishing stemborer species. Here we assess the utility of DNA barcoding in identifying stemborer pest species. We review the current state of the COI barcode sequence library for sugarcane stemborers, assembling a dataset of 1297 sequences from 64 species. Sequences were from specimens collected and identified in this study, downloaded from BOLD or requested from other authors. We performed species delimitation analyses to assess species diversity and the effectiveness of barcoding in this group. Seven species exhibited < 0.03 K2P interspecific diversity, indicating that diagnostic barcoding will work well in most of the studied taxa. We identified 24 instances of identification errors in the online database, which has hampered unambiguous stemborer identification using barcodes. Instances of very high within-species diversity indicate that nuclear markers (e.g. 18S, 28S) and additional morphological data (genitalia dissection of all lineages) are needed to confirm species boundaries.

HF Radar Network Design for Remote Sensing of the South China Sea

The perception of an object as a single entity within a visual scene requires that its features are bound together and segregated from the background and/or other objects. Here, we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to assess the hypothesis that coherent percepts may arise from the synchronized high frequency (gamma) activity between neurons that code features of the same object. We also assessed the role of low frequency (alpha, beta) activity in object processing. The target stimulus (i.e. object) was a small patch of a concentric grating of 3. c/°, viewed eccentrically. The background stimulus was either a blank field or a concentric grating of 3. c/° periodicity, viewed centrally. With patterned backgrounds, the target stimulus emerged - through rotation about its own centre - as a circular subsection of the background. Data were acquired using a 275-channel whole-head MEG system and analyzed using Synthetic Aperture Magnetometry (SAM), which allows one to generate images of task-related cortical oscillatory power changes within specific frequency bands. Significant oscillatory activity across a broad range of frequencies was evident at the V1/V2 border, and subsequent analyses were based on a virtual electrode at this location. When the target was presented in isolation, we observed that: (i) contralateral stimulation yielded a sustained power increase in gamma activity; and (ii) both contra- and ipsilateral stimulation yielded near identical transient power changes in alpha (and beta) activity. When the target was presented against a patterned background, we observed that: (i) contralateral stimulation yielded an increase in high-gamma (> 55. Hz) power together with a decrease in low-gamma (40-55. Hz) power; and (ii) both contra- and ipsilateral stimulation yielded a transient decrease in alpha (and beta) activity, though the reduction tended to be greatest for contralateral stimulation. The opposing power changes across different regions of the gamma spectrum with 'figure/ground' stimulation suggest a possible dual role for gamma rhythms in visual object coding, and provide general support of the binding-by-synchronization hypothesis. As the power changes in alpha and beta activity were largely independent of the spatial location of the target, however, we conclude that their role in object processing may relate principally to changes in visual attention. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.

O movimento de elementos-traço nos solos está intimamente associado aos fatores que contribuem para sua retenção na fase sólida; dentre esses fatores, destaca-se a presença de ânions adsorvidos. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se o efeito do pré-tratamento do solo com P sobre a adsorção e dessorção de Cd, Cu e Pb em amostras dos horizontes A e B de dois solos: Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo ácrico típico (LVAw) e Latossolo Vermelho ácrico típico (LVw). O pré-tratamento com P consistiu na reação das amostras de solo, durante 72 h, com Ca(H2PO4)2.H2 O 10,75 mmol L-1 (relação solo:solução de 1:1,5). Para a adsorção dos metais, amostras de solo tratadas e não tratadas com P foram inicialmente pré-equilibradas com Ca(NO3)2 5 mmol L-1 (relação solo:solução 1:67, pH 5,5) e colocadas para reagir, individualmente, com Cu(NO3)2, Cd(NO3)2 ou Pb(NO3)2 na concentração de 0,45 mmol L-1 (relação solo:solução final 1:100). O pré-tratamento com P aumentou a adsorção de todos os metais, com maior incremento nas amostras dos horizontes B. O aumento da adsorção com o tratamento com P indica que a presença de P nesses solos contribui para reduzir a disponibilidade dos metais Cd, Cu e Pb. A quantidade adsorvida segue a seqüência Pb > Cu >> Cd. Com relação à fração de metal dessorvida (metal dessorvido/metal adsorvido ), esta foi menor nas amostras previamente tratadas com P para Pb, sendo a dessorção de Cu não influenciada pelo tratamento com P. The movement of trace elements in soils is closely related to factors that contribute to their retention in the solid phase, for instance adsorbed anions. In the present work, it was evaluated the effect of phosphorus (P) pre-treatment on adsorption and desorption of Cd, Cu, and Pb in A and B horizon samples of two Latosol (Oxisols): a Yellow-Red Latosol and a Dark-Red Latosol. The P pre-treatment consisted of reacting soils samples for 72 h with 10.75 mmol L-1 Ca(H2PO4)2.H2 O (soil:solution ratio of 1:1.5). For adsorbing the metals, samples of pre-treated and non pre-treated soil material were pre-equilibrated with 5 mmol L-1 Ca(NO3)2 (soil:solution ratio of 1:67; pH 5.5), and then reacted, individually, with 0.450 mmol L-1 Cu(NO3)2, Cd(NO3)2, or Pb(NO3 )2, (final soil:solution ratio of 1:100). Phosphorus pre-treatment increased the adsorption of all metals, particularly in B-horizon samples. The increased adsorption indicates that the presence of P in these soils may contribute to reduce Cd, Cu and Pb availability. The amount of metal adsorbed followed the sequence Pb > Cu >> Cd. Regarding the fraction of desorbed metal (desorbed metal/adsorbed metal), it was smaller in the previously P treated samples, except for Cu, whose desorption was not influenced by the pre-treatment with P.