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Sophie Lykkegaard Ravn,1,2 Henrik Bjarke Vaegter,3,4 Thomas Cardel,1 Tonny Elmose Andersen1 1Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; 2The Specialized Hospital for Polio and Accident Victims, Roedovre, Denmark; 3Pain Research Group, Pain Center South, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; 4Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Objectives: Posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) are highly prevalent in chronic pain patients and may affect pain symptomatology negatively, but there is still a great need to explore exactly how this occurs. Therefore, this study investigated differences in pain intensity, pain-related disability, and psychological distress between chronic pain patients not exposed to a trauma, patients exposed to a trauma with no PTSS, and patients exposed to a trauma with PTSS. Moreover, the moderating effects of PTSS on the associations between pain intensity and pain-related disability and psychological distress were investigated. Methods: In this cross-sectional cohort study, data were consecutively collected over the course of a year in patients with chronic non-malignant pain referred for multidisciplinary pain rehabilitation at a Danish university hospital pain center using questionnaires assessing pain, pain-related disability, PTSS, anxiety, and depression.Results: The final sample consisted of 682 chronic pain patients, who were divided into three subgroups (no trauma, 40.6%; trauma/no PTSS, 40.5%; trauma/PTSS, 18.9%). Chronic pain patients with PTSS reported significantly higher levels of pain intensity, pain-related disability, depression, and anxiety compared to chronic pain patients without a trauma and chronic pain patients without PTSS. Moreover, PTSS significantly moderated the associations between pain intensity and pain-related psychosocial disability, depression, and anxiety. Conclusion: These results highlight the importance of assessing PTSS in chronic pain patients and suggest that PTSS have a specific influence on the association between pain intensity and more psychosocial aspects of the pain condition. Keywords: chronic pain, posttraumatic stress symptoms, PTSS, PTSD, distress, pain-related disability

The authors discuss a study done in the Region of Southern Denmark in 2017 that examined lay people's understanding of medical expressions. Highlights include collection of demographic and social attributes of the participants, definition of pain by the International Association for the Study of Pain, and the impact of language on the perception of treatment with biologics.

A mosca-das-frutas apresenta ampla distribuição geográfica, sendo encontrada praticamente no mundo todo, causando prejuízos às espécies frutíferas de importância econômica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi conhecer a Tephritidae na região de Itumbiara e seus inimigos naturais. As pupas foram coletadas em frutas em estado de apodrecimento. Entre Tephritidae, Anastrepha fraterculus foi a espécie mais abundante. Entre os parasitóides, Doryctobracon areolatus foi a espécie mais comum. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Insecta; Hymenoptera; Tephritidae; parasitóides; mosca-das-frutas. The fruit flies show a huge geographic distribution, being found practically all over the word, bringing damages to the fruit trees that have an economic importance. The objective of this work was to know the Tephritidae in Itumbiara region and their natural enemies. The pupaes were collected of fruits decaying. Among the Tephritidae, Anastrepha fraterculus was the most abundant specie. Among the parasitoids, Doryctobracon areolatus was the most common specie. KEY-WORDS: Insecta; Hymenoptera; Tephritidae; parasitoids; fruit flies.

O estudo sobre os Coleoptera, associados a fezes bovinas, teve como objetivo fazer um levantamento das espécies em massas fecais bovinas em Itumbiara, Goiás, Brasil. Vinte placas fecais bovinas foram coletadas aleatoriamente, a cada mês, com oito dias de exposição, colocadas em recipientes plásticos e levadas ao laboratório. Os coleópteros foram extraídos usando o funil de Berlese. As espécies mais freqüentes foram: espécie 1 (Histeridae), Ataenius aequalis Harold (1880) (Scarabaeidae), Oxytelus sp. (Staphylinidae)

O objetivo do estudo foi reportar a primeira ocorrência do parasitóide Bentonia longicornis, em Itumbiara, GO. O material estudado foi coletado em áreas de pastagem e mata nativa, utilizando-se bacias amarelas com água, no período de janeiro a dezembro de 1998. Coletas semanais foram feitas usando-se 10 armadilhas amarelas com água, 5 colocadas nos pastos e 5 em vegetação nativa próxima. Estas armadilhas foram feitas com bacias amarelas medindo cerca de 30 cm de diâmetro e 12 cm de altura, e preenchidas com dois litros de água, 2 ml de detergente e 2 ml de formol. Durante o ano de 1998, 61 espécimes de B. longicornis foram coletados. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Insecta; Hymenoptera; Braconidae; Orgilinae; parasitóide. The objective of the study was to report the first occurrence of the parasitoid Bentonia longicornis in Itumbiara, GO. The material here studied was collected in areas of pasture and native wood in Itumbiara, GO, using yellow buckets of water in period of January until December of 1998. Weekly collections were done using 10 yellow water traps, 5 placed at the pastures and 5 in the nearby native vegetation. These traps were made of yellow buckets measuring about 30 cm in diameter, 12 cm in high and filled with 2 liters of trap water, 2 ml of detergent and 2 ml of formaldehyde. During the year 1998, 61 specimen of B. longicornis were collected. KEY-WORDS: Insecta; Hymenoptera; Braconidae; Orgilinae; parasitoid.

Introduction: Repetitive head impacts (RHI) in sports may represent a risk factor for long-term cognitive and neurological sequelae. Recent studies have identified an association between playing football at the top level and an elevated risk of cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative disease. However, these were conducted on men, and there is a knowledge gap regarding these risks in female athletes. This study aims to investigate the effect of head impacts on brain health in female former top-level football players., Methods and Analysis: This is a prospective cohort study, enroling female former football players and top-level athletes from sports without an inherent risk of RHI. All participants are born in 1980 or earlier. We plan to perform follow-up assessments at least three times over 20 years.The protocol includes neurocognitive assessments, self-reported neurocognitive outcomes, neurological examination, advanced brain MRI, and fluid biomarkers., Ethics and Dissemination: The study has been approved by the South-East Regional Ethics Committee for Medical Research in Norway (2023/178330) and the Norwegian Agency for Shared Services in Education and Research (SIKT). A Data Protection Impact Assessment was developed by the research group and approved by SIKT and the Norwegian School of Sport Sciences. We will disseminate the results through peer-reviewed publications, academic conference presentations and webinars. We will communicate with the public and key stakeholders in football worldwide to inform and promote the development and implementation of potential preventive measures based on our study findings., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2025. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ Group.)

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common comorbidity to chronic pain, among others due to potentially shared posttraumatic origin. There has been growing interest in this field in the past decades, also providing some important studies to support our understanding of this comorbidity and how to address it in clinical practice. However, there are still important questions, particularly regarding the potentially shared vulnerabilities, mutually maintaining mechanisms, and how to best treat this comorbidity. This article provides a brief and up-to-date review of what we argue to be some of the most important studies within the field of chronic pain and comorbid PTSD and will discuss some of the current challenges and ways forward., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

SARS-CoV-2 virus infects cells by engaging with ACE2 requiring protease TMPRSS2. ACE2 is highly expressed in kidneys. Predictors for severe disease are high age and male sex. We hypothesized that ACE2 and TMPRSS2 proteins are more abundant (1) in males and with increasing age in kidney and (2) in urine and extracellular vesicles (EVs) from male patients with COVID-19 and (3) SARS-CoV-2 is present in urine and EVs during infection. Kidney cortex samples from patients subjected to cancer nephrectomy (male/female; < 50 years/˃75 years, n = 24; ˃80 years, n = 15) were analyzed for ACE2 and TMPRSS2 protein levels. Urine from patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 infection was analyzed for ACE2 and TMPRSS2. uEVs were used for immunoblotting and SARS-CoV-2 mRNA and antigen detection. Tissue ACE2 and TMPRSS2 protein levels did not change with age. ACE2 was not more abundant in male kidneys in any age group. ACE2 protein was associated with proximal tubule apical membranes in cortex. TMPRSS2 was observed predominantly in the medulla. ACE2 was elevated significantly in uEVs and urine from patients with COVID-19 with no sex difference compared with urine from controls w/wo albuminuria. TMPRSS2 was elevated in uEVs from males compared to female. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 did not co-localize in uEVs/apical membranes. SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein and mRNA were not detected in urine. Higher kidney ACE2 protein abundance is unlikely to explain higher susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection in males. Kidney tubular cells appear not highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Loss of ACE2 into urine in COVID could impact susceptibility and angiotensin metabolism., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Purpose: While public databases like Transfermarkt provide valuable data for assessing the impact of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in professional footballers, they require robust verification methods due to accuracy concerns. We hypothesised that an artificial intelligence (AI)-powered framework could cross-check ACL tear-related information from large publicly available data sets with high specificity., Methods: The AI-powered framework uses Google Programmable Search Engine to search a curated, multilingual list of websites and OpenAI's GPT to translate search queries, appraise search results and analyse injury-related information in search result items (SRIs). Specificity was the chosen performance metric-the AI-powered framework's ability to accurately identify texts that do not mention an athlete suffering an ACL tear-with SRI as the evaluation unit. A database of ACL tears in male professional footballers from first- and second-tier leagues worldwide (1999-2024) was collected from Transfermarkt.com, and players were randomly selected for appraisal until enough SRIs were obtained to validate the framework's specificity. Player age at injury and time until return-to-play (RTP) were recorded and compared with Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) Elite Club Injury Study data., Results: Verification of 231 athletes yielded 1546 SRIs. Human analysis of the SRIs showed that 335 mentioned an ACL tear, corresponding to 83 athletes with ACL tears. Specificity and sensitivity of GPT in identifying mentions of ACL tears in a player were 99.3% and 88.4%, respectively. Mean age at rupture was 26.6 years (standard deviation: 4.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 25.6-27.6). Median RTP time was 225 days (interquartile range: 96, 95% CI: 209-251), which is comparable to reports using data from the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study., Conclusion: This study shows that an AI-powered framework can achieve high specificity in cross-checking ACL tear reports in male professional football from public databases, markedly reducing manual workload and enhancing the reliability of media-based sports medicine research., Level of Evidence: Level III., (© 2024 European Society of Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery and Arthroscopy.)

Objectives : Whiplash trauma is a worldwide significant public health issue, with post-collision chronic pain and physical and mental disability; the prevalence of whiplash trauma in the Japanese general population is estimated at 1.2% and in the Danish general population the whiplash condition has been reported to be 2.9%. Pre-collision welfare benefits and illness perceptions have been found to predict poor recovery after whiplash trauma. In this study, we examined whether illness perceptions measured shortly post-collision moderated the effect of welfare benefits five years before the collision on neck pain and neck-related disability one-year post-collision. Methods : Patients consulting emergency rooms or general practices with neck pain after acute whiplash trauma were invited to complete questionnaires during the week after the collision and at three and 12-months post-collision. Further, we obtained register data on the number of weeks on three types of welfare benefits (sick leave benefits, unemployment benefits, and social assistance benefits) for a five-year period before the collision. Multiple logistic regression was applied. Results : 740 patients were included. We did not find a significant moderating effect of illness perceptions on the association between pre-collision welfare benefits and chronic neck pain and related disability. However, there was a trend towards illness perceptions at baseline and at the three-month follow-up having a moderating effect on the relationship between long-term sick leave and neck pain one year after the whiplash collision. Conclusions: Regarding long-term sick leave, we might have overlooked a substantial moderating effect due to methodological matters and recommend a replication of this study on a larger sample, also focusing on other recovery outcomes.

Immunocompromised patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can have a longer duration of viral shedding and persistence of symptoms. The optimal treatment strategy for these patients remains to be established. This case describes a male in his late sixties with follicular lymphoma and persistent symptoms of infection with SARS-CoV-2 variant BA.2 who was treated with remdesivir five times over a period of six months. The clinical effect of remdesivir treatment decreased over time, and further viral sequencing revealed the emergence of mutations across the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Due to the lack of other treatment options, the patient was treated with a combination of remdesivir and molnupiravir for 10 days, and epcoritamab was discontinued, which led to the cessation of symptoms. This case illustrates the risk of a diminished effect of remdesivir with prolonged use and the need for treatment guidelines for immunocompromised patients with persistent COVID-19., Competing Interests: On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there are no competing interests., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The purpose of this study was to establish a porcine model of urinary tract infection (UTI) with gram-positive uropathogens. Ten female domestic pigs were experimentally inoculated with human UTI isolates of Enterococcus faecalis (n = 3), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (n = 3), or Staphylococcus aureus (n = 4) and followed with regular urine samples. Bladders and kidneys were aseptically removed at termination (5-7 days post infection) and assessed by gross pathology and bacterial enumeration. Enterococcus faecalis (n = 3 of 3) and S. aureus (n = 2 of 4) successfully colonized the pig bladders. Inoculation with S. saprophyticus never resulted in detectable bacteriuria. All infected pigs had cleared the infection spontaneously before termination. Surprisingly, three (of four) pigs inoculated with S. aureus led to spontaneous infection with opportunistic pathogens. Also, one pig colonized with E. faecalis resulted in spontaneous infection with E. coli. In conlusion, the pig supports experimental UTI with E. faecalis for up to 24 h but not prolonged infection. S. aureus and S. saprophyticus fails to cause UTI in pigs and other animals should be considered for studying these pathogens., (© 2024 The Author(s). APMIS published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Scandinavian Societies for Pathology, Medical Microbiology and Immunology.)

Aims: We examined the prevalence and incidence of mental health symptoms (MHS) in active professional male footballers over a 12-month period and investigated if MHS was associated with severe injuries or surgeries., Participants and Methods: Football Players Worldwide (FIFPRO) affiliated national unions invited active professional male football players to participate in the study. MHS was operationalised in symptoms of anxiety, disordered eating, depression, distress, sleep disturbance, alcohol misuse and drug misuse, all being assessed with validated questionnaires., Results: Of the 101 participants enrolled, the prevalence of distress was 53% and MHS was between 6% for drug misuse and 48% for alcohol misuse. The incidence of distress was 29% and MHS ranged from 1% for anxiety to 11% for sleep disturbance. At baseline, players suffering from injury/surgery were more likely to report depression (OR 1.35; 95%CI 1.10-1.70) and disordered eating (OR 1.22; 95%CI 1.02-1.47). At follow-up, players who suffered injury or surgery were inclined to report distress (OR 2.15; 95%CI 1.26-4.31) and drug misuse (OR 2.05; 95%CI 1.01-4.04)., Conclusion: There seems to be a greater prevalence of MHS in active professional male footballers than in the global population and other sports. After severe injury/surgery, the risk of developing MHS is increased, confirming that healthcare professionals should be aware of the mental health of injured players., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

This exploratory video analysis study aimed to review characteristics of potential head injury situations during a men's professional international football tournament. For 64 matches of the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022™ FIFA analysts used match footage to record all potential head injury situations. A potential head injury situation was defined as a player staying down for more than 5 s and/or requesting medical attention, and where the body impact location included the player's head. Characteristics were further recorded for match, player (i.e. player action including aerial duels), medical assessment, and outcome (e.g. substitution). Descriptive statistics are reported as well as Pearson's Chi-squared test (or Fisher's exact test) to explore potential head injury situations more likely to result in medical attention. In total, 149 potential head injury situations occurred in 56 matches (mean 2.33/match, range 0-6) involving 117 players. Eight matches resulted in no incidents. Aerial duels were the most frequent match characteristic leading to a potential head injury situation. Injury stoppage with on-pitch medical assessment occurred in 35 of the 149 potential head injury situations (23%), with pitch-side assessment also occurring in 15 situations (10%), resulting in four concussion substitutions. Players were more likely to require medical attention for potential head injuries sustained when the ball was loose (χ 2  = 6.88; p  = 0.038) when the injured player was jumping (FET p  = 0.044) and for head-to-head contact (FET p = <0.001). Further exploration of aerial duels during match play which do and do not lead to potential and actual head injuries is recommended.

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) can undergo extensive filamentation in the host during acute urinary tract infections (UTIs). It has been hypothesised that this morphological plasticity allows bacteria to avoid host immune responses such as macrophage engulfment. However, it is still unclear what properties of filaments are important in macrophage-bacteria interactions. The aim of this work was to investigate the contribution of bacterial biophysical parameters, such as cell size and shape, and physiological parameters, such as cell surface and the environment, to macrophage engulfment efficiency. Viable, reversible filaments of known lengths and volumes were produced in the UPEC strain UTI89 using a variety of methods, including exposure to cell-wall targeting antibiotics, genetic manipulation and isolation from an in vitro human bladder cell model. Quantification of the engulfment ability of macrophages using gentamicin-protection assays and fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that the ability of filaments to avoid macrophage engulfment is dependent on a combination of size (length and volume), shape, cell surface and external environmental factors. UTI89 filamentation and macrophage engulfment efficiency were also found to occur independently of the SOS-inducible filamentation genes, sulA and ymfM in both in vivo and in vitro models of infection. Compared to filaments formed via antibiotic inhibition of division, the infection-derived filaments were preferentially targeted by macrophages. With several strains of UPEC now resistant to current antibiotics, our work identifies the importance of bacterial physiological and morphological states during infection., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Peterson et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common disease with a significant risk of relapse. Deliberate bladder colonization with asymptomatic Escherichia coli is being explored as a potential strategy to fend off invading uropathogens thereby mitigating the risk symptomatic UTI. Currently, one major obstacle is the low success rates for achieving persistent bladder colonization with asymptomatic bacteria and experimental challenge studies are lacking. Here, we assessed the influence of an indwelling bladder catheter on the ability of asymptomatic E. coli to colonize the bladder and to assess the protective efficacy of such colonization against experimental urinary tract infection with uropathogenic E. coli., Methods: Pigs with or without indwelling bladder catheters were experimentally inoculated with the asymptomatic E. coli strain 83972 and subsequently challenged by inoculation with the uropathogenic E. coli isolate, UTI89. The animals were monitored with regular urine and blood samples and bladders and kidneys were harvested at termination., Results: All pigs with indwelling catheters were colonized by 83972 in response to inoculation, compared to pigs without catheters in which only one of eight animals were colonized. When removing the catheter, 83972 were spontaneously cleared. Colonization with 83972 prevented experimental infection in 50% of animals compared to controls that all became infected., Conclusions: The presence of indwelling bladder catheters strongly facilitates the colonization of 83972, indicating that individuals using catheters may be particularly suited for receiving this treatment. The research supports prophylactic colonization with 83972 as a potential strategy to reduce the risk of urinary tract infections., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America.)

The primary objective of this systematic review was to describe the number and type of heading descriptors used in all published studies which report on heading incidence in football. The secondary objective was to detail the data collection and reporting methods used in the included studies to present heading incidence data. Eligible studies were identified through searches of five electronic databases: Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science, using a combination of free-text keywords (inception to 12th September 2023). Manual searching of reference lists and retrieved systematic reviews was also performed. A descriptive overview and synthesis of the results is presented. From 1620 potentially eligible studies, 71 studies were included, with the following key findings: 1) only 61% of studies defined a header with even fewer (23%) providing an operational definition of a header within the methods; 2) important study and player demographic data including year and country were often not reported; 3) reported heading descriptors and their coding options varied greatly; 4) visual identification of headers was essential when inertial measurement units were used to collect heading incidence data; and 5) there was a lack of standardisation in the reporting methods used in heading incidence studies making comparison between studies challenging. To address these findings, the development of a standardised, internationally supported, operational definition of a header and related heading descriptors should be prioritised. Further recommendations include the development of minimum reporting criteria for heading incidence research.

Introduction: Chronic traumatic neck pain has a high prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). However, whether PTSS moderates treatment effects is unknown. This study investigated: 1) whether PTSS was associated with patient-reported outcomes and clinical test results at baseline; 2) whether PTSS moderated the effect of a multimodal physiotherapy intervention of exercise therapy and patient education; and 3) whether adherence to the intervention differed across PTSS groups., Methods: Secondary data analysis from a randomized controlled trial on chronic neck pain with 12-month follow-up was conducted. Patients were divided into three groups (NT = non-traumatic, LT = traumatic low PTSS, HT = traumatic high PTSS) based on self-reported onset of pain and the Impact of Event Scale. The baseline data were used to analyze the association of PTSS with patient demographics and scores of physical and mental health-related quality of life, depression, neck-related disability, kinesiophobia, and clinical tests. Baseline, 4-month and 12-month follow-up data were analyzed to investigate possible moderating effects on outcomes. Data on adherence were collected at four months., Results: 115 participants were included (NT n = 45; LT n = 46; HT n = 24). The HT group reported lower mental health scores and more depressive symptoms at baseline. PTSS did not significantly moderate the treatment effect on any outcomes. The HT group tended to have lower adherence to the multimodal physiotherapy intervention than the LT group., Conclusion: For patients with traumatic neck pain, high levels of PTSS are associated with poorer psychological outcomes but do not affect the outcomes of multimodal physiotherapy intervention.

Catheterisation of the urinary bladder is needed in many types of human disease models in pigs. Based on our extensive experience with the pig as an infection model, we here demonstrate an approach of catheterising domestic pigs (40 attempts) and Göttingen minipigs (10 attempts) using a blinded method, that is, without speculums or videoscopes to visualise the urethral opening. The procedure was tested on control animals and pigs with experimental Escherichia coli urinary tract infection (UTI) to assess the potential influence of this condition on procedural outcome. Lastly, we performed cystoscopy in three animals to visualise the route to the urethra and to localise potential anatomical obstacles. All domestic pigs were catheterised successfully in an average of 2 minutes and 23 seconds, and this was not influenced by UTI ( p   =  0.06) or bladder urine content at the time of catheterisation ( p  = 0.32). All Göttingen minipigs were successfully catheterised in an average of 4 minutes and 27 seconds. We conclude that blinded catheterisation is a fast and reliable approach that can be performed in pigs with or without UTI with minimal risk of trauma or contamination., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Optimal sampling, preservation, and culturing of SARS-CoV-2 from COVID-19 patients are critical for successful recovery of virus isolates and to accurately estimate contagiousness of the patient. In this study, we investigated the influence of the type of sampling media, storage time, freezing conditions, sterile filtration, and combinations of these to determine the optimal pre-analytic conditions for virus recovery and estimation of infectious viral load in COVID-19 patients. Further, we investigated the viral shedding kinetics and mucosal antibody response in 38 COVID-19 hospitalized patients. We found Universal Transport Medium (Copan) to be the most optimal medium for preservation of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. Our data showed that the probability of a positive viral culture was strongly correlated to Ct values, however some samples did not follow the general trend. We found a significant correlation between plaque forming units and levels of mucosal antibodies and found that high levels of mucosal antibodies correlated with reduced chance of isolating the virus. Our data reveals essential parameters to consider from specimen collection over storage to culturing technique for optimal chance of isolating SARS-CoV-2 and accurately estimating patient contagiousness., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Groin injuries represent a considerable problem in football. Although the Adductor Strengthening Programme reduced groin injury risk, players can still experience groin symptoms throughout the season. This study aimed to determine whether preseason Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) and a history of previous injury can identify individuals at risk of having a longer duration of groin problems the subsequent season, using an 'any physical complaint' definition of injury., Methods: Preseason HAGOS score and weekly groin problems were registered with the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Overuse questionnaire during one full season in 632 male semiprofessional adult players., Results: The prognostic model showed a decreased number of weeks with groin problems for each increase in HAGOS score for 'groin-related quality of life' (QOL) (IRR=0.99, p=0.003). A 10-point higher 'QOL' score predicted 10% fewer weeks of groin problems. Additionally, previous hip/groin injury was associated with a 74% increase in the number of weeks with symptoms (p<0.001)., Conclusion: The HAGOS questionnaire applied preseason can detect players at risk of getting more weeks with groin problems the following season. The 'QOL' subscale seems to be the superior subscale for estimating subsequent groin problem duration. While HAGOS appears promising in identifying players at risk, previous groin injury is the most robust indicator, showing a substantial 74% increase in weeks with symptoms., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Raman spectroscopy provides non-destructive, label-free quantitative studies of chemical compositions at the microscale as used on NASA's Perseverance rover on Mars. Such capabilities come at the cost of high requirements for instrumentation. Here we present a centimeter-scale miniaturization of a Raman spectrometer using cheap non-stabilized laser diodes, densely packed optics, and non-cooled small sensors. The performance is comparable with expensive bulky research-grade Raman systems. It has excellent sensitivity, low power consumption, perfect wavenumber, intensity calibration, and 7 cm -1 resolution within the 400-4000 cm -1 range using a built-in reference. High performance and versatility are demonstrated in use cases including quantification of methanol in beverages, in-vivo Raman measurements of human skin, fermentation monitoring, chemical Raman mapping at sub-micrometer resolution, quantitative SERS mapping of the anti-cancer drug methotrexate and in-vitro bacteria identification. We foresee that the miniaturization will allow realization of super-compact Raman spectrometers for integration in smartphones and medical devices, democratizing Raman technology., (© 2024. The Author(s).)