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14. A Heuristic Method for Determining the Necessary Time Duration of Electron Beam Tests ESD of Spacecraft Dielectrics

Author

Chinn, James, Kim, Wousik, and Andersen, Allen J

Abstract

Electrostatic discharge or ESD can pose a significant risk to spacecraft in many space environments. Laboratory electron beam facilities can be used to test the performance of candidate spacecraft dielectrics. However, limited resources necessitate accelerated testing. The aim of this work is the development of a criterion for determining when an ESD test has run for sufficient time to capture representative ESD behavior. Such a criterion has the potential of saving hours of personnel and facility time per test. A comparison of the distributions of ESD event magnitudes from consecutive segments of an ESD test can be used to determine when the test has reached a quasi-steady state. Once this quasi-steady state has been observed the test may be truncated without a significant reduction in test fidelity.

Published
2021

18. Comparison of Extreme Value Distributions for Electrostatic Discharge Magnitudes in Spacecraft Charging Tests

Author

Kim, Wousik, Xie, Julie, and Andersen, Allen J

Abstract

Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) induced by the accumulation of charge in the space environment is known to cause spacecraft anomalies and failures. While it is critical to estimate the worst-case expected ESD, sensitive radar instruments can be impacted by high rates of occurrence of very small ESD. To estimate the correct extreme behavior, it is important to select the correct extreme value distribution for extrapolation of test results limited in time and sensitivity. Quantile-quantile (Q-Q) analysis is used to compare electron beam-induced ESD test data to several statistical distributions used in the published literature. The best-fit distribution is shown to vary from between tests on different materials; however, it is clear that power law distributions are not good approximations for low amplitude events. Q-Q analysis is a convenient graphical method for evaluating multiple theoretical extreme-value distributions simultaneously.

Published
2020

20. High-Resistivity Measurement System for Spacecraft Dielectrics

Author

Chave, Robert, Kim, Wousik, Low, Nora, Nuss, Andrew, Chen, Nataly, and Andersen, Allen J

Abstract

Volume resistivity is a key material property needed for assessing the risk of electrostatic discharge (ESD) due to spacecraft charging. We have developed a volume resistivity test system capable of measuring volume resistivity ≥1019 Ω·cm in vacuum and at cryogenic temperatures. Key components of this new setup include a custom test fixture and very low noise battery voltage supply.

Published
2020

22. Editorial

Author

Tefferi, Mattewos, primary, Shen, Zijia, additional, Andersen, Allen, additional, Borghei, Moein, additional, Hegde, Sneha, additional, Zhang, Chenmeng, additional, Yuan, Zhikang, additional, and Tripathi, Ashok Narayan, additional

Published
2023
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23. Spacecraft Charging Test Considerations for Composite Materials

Author

Andersen, Allen, primary, Kim, Wousik, additional, Dennison, J. R., additional, Wood, Brian, additional, Schneider, Todd A., additional, Vaughn, Jason, additional, Wright, Kenneth H., additional, Green, Nelson W., additional, Suh, Eric, additional, Schwartz, Joel, additional, and Azad, Abdul-Majeed, additional

Published
2023
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29. Results of Radiation-Induced Conductivity Testing of Europa Clipper Dielectric Materials

Author

Andersen, Allen, Green, Nelson W., Thorbourn, Dennis, Zhu, Brian Xiaoyu, and Kim, Wousik

Abstract

To quickly survey the charging characteristics of a wide range of dielectric materials being considered for use by the Europa Clipper spacecraft, JPL has developed a modified charge storage method test setup capable of measuring the magnitude of radiation-induced conductivity (RIC) and dark conductivity for up to 34 samples in parallel. We present material properties from a test campaign consisting of 129 measurements of 67 dielectric materials. In these measurements, bounding values of the RIC constant and dark conductivity ranged from $1.4\times \cdot 10^{-20}$ to $3.5\times \cdot 10^{-16} \,\,\mathrm {s} / {\mathrm {rad}\cdot \Omega \cdot \mathrm {cm}}$ and $2.2\times 10^{-20}$ to $7.2\times 10^{-18} \,\,(\Omega \cdot \mathrm {cm})^{-1}$ , respectively, at 0 °C. For most of the materials tested, the data presented here are the first RIC and the first in-vacuum conductivity results published for these materials. The implementation of the new test system is discussed in a separate paper.

Published
2023
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30. Science goals and mission architecture of the Europa Lander mission concept

Author

Hand, Kevin P., Phillips, Cynthia B., Murray, Alison E., Garvin, James B., Maize, Earl H., Gibbs, Roger G., Reeves, Glenn, San Martin, A. Miguel, Tan-Wang, Grace H., Krajewski, Joel, Hurst, Kenneth, Crum, Ray, Kennedy, Brett A., McElrath, Timothy P., Gallon, John C., Sabahi, Dara, Thurman, Sam W., Goldstein, Barry, Estabrook, Polly, Lee, Steven W., Dooley, Jennifer A., Brinckerhoff, William B., Edgett, Kenneth S., German, Christopher R., Hoehler, Tori M., Hörst, Sarah M., Lunine, Jonathan I., Paranicas, Christopher, Nealson, Kenneth H., Smith, David E., Templeton, Alexis S., Russell, Michael J., Schmidt, Britney E., Christner, Brent C., Ehlmann, Bethany L., Hayes, Alexander, Rhoden, Alyssa, Willis, Peter, Yingst, R. Aileen, Craft, Kate, Cameron, Marissa E., Nordheim, Tom A., Pitesky, Jo, Scully, Jennifer, Hofgartner, Jason D., Sell, Steve W., Barltrop, Kevin J., Izraelevitz, Jacob, Brandon, Erik J., Seong, J., Jones, John-Paul, Pasalic, Jasmina, Billings, Keith J., Ruiz, John Paul, Bugga, Ratnakumar V., Graham, Dan, Arenas, L. A., Takeyama, Deidre, Drummond, Mai, Aghazarian, Hrand, Andersen, Allen J., Andersen, Kayla B., Anderson, E. W., Babuscia, Alessandra, Backes, Paul G., Bailey, Elizabeth S., Balentine, Daniel, Ballard, Christopher G., Berisford, Daniel F., Bhandari, Pradeep, Blackwood, Krys, Bolotin, Gary S., Bovre, Emilee A., Bowkett, Joseph, Boykins, Kobie T., Bramble, Michael S., Brice, Timothy M., Briggs, Paul, Brinkman, Alexander P., Brooks, Shawn M., Buffington, Brent B., Burns, Brandon, Cable, Morgan L., Campagnola,Stefano, Cangahuala, Laureano A., Carr, Gregory A., Casani, John R., Chahat, Nacer E., Chamberlain-Simon, Brendan K., Cheng, Yun-Ting, Chien, Steve A., Cook, B. T., Cooper, Moogega, Dinicola, Michael, Clement, Brian G., Dean, Zachary S., Cullimore, Emily A., Curtis, Aaron G., de la Croix, Jean-Pierre, Di Pasquale, Peter, Dodd, Emma M., Dubord, Luke A., Edlund, Jeffrey A., Ellyin, Raymond, Emanuel, Blair, Foster, Jeffrey T., Ganino, Anthony J., Garner, Gregory J., Gibson, Matt T., Gildner, Matt, Glazebrook, Kenneth J., Greco, Martin E., Green, W. M., Hatch, Sara J., Hetzel, Mark M., Hoey, William A., Hofmann, Amy E., Ionasescu, Rodica, Jain, Abhinandan, Jasper, Jay D., Johannesen, Jennie R., Johnson, Glenn K., Jun, Insoo, Katake, Anup B., Kim-Castet, So Young, Kim, David Inkyu, Kim, Wousik, Klonicki, Emily F., Kobeissi, Brad, Kobie, Bryan D., Kochocki, Joseph, Kokorowski, Michael, Kosberg, Jacob A., Kriechbaum, Kristopher, Kulkarni, Tejas P., Lam, Rebekah L., Landau, Damon F., Lattimore, Myra A., Laubach, Sharon L., Lawler, Christopher R., Lim, Grace, Li, Jui-Lin, Litwin, Todd E., Lo, Martin W., Logan, Cambria A., Maghasoudi, Elham, Mandrake, Lukas, Marchetti, Yuliya, Marteau, Eloise, Maxwell, Kimberly A., McNamee, John B., McIntyre, Ocean, Meacham, Michael, Melko, Joseph P., Mueller, Juergen, Muliere, David, Mysore, Aprameya, Nash, Jeremy, Ono, Masahiro, Parker, Jay M., Perkins, Rebecca C., Petropoulos, Anastassios E., Gaut, Aaron, Piette Gomez, Marie Y., Casillas, Raul Polit, Preudhomme, Michael, Pyrzak, Guy, Rapinchuk, Jacqueline, Ratliff, John Martin, Ray, T. L., Roberts, Eric T., Roffo, Kenneth, Roth, Duane C., Russino, Joseph A., Schmidt, Tyler M., Schoppers, Marcel J., Senent, Juan S., Serricchio, Fred, Sheldon, Douglas J., Shiraishi, Lori R., Shirvanian, James, Siegel, Katherine J., Singh, Gurjeet, Sirota, Allen R., Skulsky, Eli D., Stehly, Joseph S., Strange, Nathan J., Stevens, Sarah U., Sunada, Eric T., Tepsuporn, Scott P., Tosi, Luis Phillipe C., Trawny, Nikolas, Uchenik, Igor, Verma, Vandi, Volpe, Richard A., Wagner, Caleb T., Wang, D., Willson, Reg G., Wolff, John Luke, Wong, A. T., Zimmer, Aline K., Sukhatme, Kalyani G., Bago, Kevin A., Chen, Yang, Deardorff, Alyssa M., Kuch, Roger S., Lim, Christopher, Syvertson, Marguerite L., Arakaki, Genji A., Avila, Art, DeBruin, Kevin J., Frick, Andreas, Harris, Joby R., Heverly, Matthew C., Kawata, Jessie M., Kim‬, Sung-Kyun, Kipp, Devin M., Murphy, Juliana, Smith, Matthew W., Spaulding, Matthew D., Thakker, Rohan, Warner, Noah Z., Yahnker, Chris R., Young, M. E., Magner, Tom, Adams, Danica, Bedini, Peter, Mehr, Lauren, Sheldon, Colin, Vernon, Steven, Bailey, Vince, Briere, Marc, Butler, Michael, Davis, Amanda, Ensor, Susan, Gannon, Michele, Haapala-Chalk, Amanda, Hartka, Ted, Holdridge, Mark, Hong, Albert, Hunt, J., Iskow, Joe, Kahler, Faith, Murray, Kimberly, Napolillo, David, Norkus, Michael, Pfisterer, Rick, Porter, Jamie, Roth, David, Schwartz, Paul, Wolfarth, Lawrence, Cardiff, Eric, Davis, Anita, Grob, Eric W., Adam, Jason R., Betts, Erin, Norwood, Jason, Heller, M. M., Voskuilen, Tyler, Sakievich, Philip, Gray, L., Hansen, D. J., Irick, Kevin W., Hewson, John C., Lamb, Joshua, Stacy, S. C., Brotherton, Chris M., Tappan, Alexander S., Benally, Darryl, Thigpen, Hannah, Ortiz, Erick, Sandoval, Dan, Ison, Aaron M., Warren, M., Stromberg, Peter G., Thelen, Paul Mark, Blasy, B., Nandy, Prabal, Haddad, Alexandria W., Trujillo, Lynna B., Wiseley, T. H., Bell, S. A., Teske, Nicholas P., Post, C., Torres-Castro, Loraine, Grosso, Chris, Wasiolek, Maryla, Hand, Kevin P., Phillips, Cynthia B., Murray, Alison E., Garvin, James B., Maize, Earl H., Gibbs, Roger G., Reeves, Glenn, San Martin, A. Miguel, Tan-Wang, Grace H., Krajewski, Joel, Hurst, Kenneth, Crum, Ray, Kennedy, Brett A., McElrath, Timothy P., Gallon, John C., Sabahi, Dara, Thurman, Sam W., Goldstein, Barry, Estabrook, Polly, Lee, Steven W., Dooley, Jennifer A., Brinckerhoff, William B., Edgett, Kenneth S., German, Christopher R., Hoehler, Tori M., Hörst, Sarah M., Lunine, Jonathan I., Paranicas, Christopher, Nealson, Kenneth H., Smith, David E., Templeton, Alexis S., Russell, Michael J., Schmidt, Britney E., Christner, Brent C., Ehlmann, Bethany L., Hayes, Alexander, Rhoden, Alyssa, Willis, Peter, Yingst, R. Aileen, Craft, Kate, Cameron, Marissa E., Nordheim, Tom A., Pitesky, Jo, Scully, Jennifer, Hofgartner, Jason D., Sell, Steve W., Barltrop, Kevin J., Izraelevitz, Jacob, Brandon, Erik J., Seong, J., Jones, John-Paul, Pasalic, Jasmina, Billings, Keith J., Ruiz, John Paul, Bugga, Ratnakumar V., Graham, Dan, Arenas, L. A., Takeyama, Deidre, Drummond, Mai, Aghazarian, Hrand, Andersen, Allen J., Andersen, Kayla B., Anderson, E. W., Babuscia, Alessandra, Backes, Paul G., Bailey, Elizabeth S., Balentine, Daniel, Ballard, Christopher G., Berisford, Daniel F., Bhandari, Pradeep, Blackwood, Krys, Bolotin, Gary S., Bovre, Emilee A., Bowkett, Joseph, Boykins, Kobie T., Bramble, Michael S., Brice, Timothy M., Briggs, Paul, Brinkman, Alexander P., Brooks, Shawn M., Buffington, Brent B., Burns, Brandon, Cable, Morgan L., Campagnola,Stefano, Cangahuala, Laureano A., Carr, Gregory A., Casani, John R., Chahat, Nacer E., Chamberlain-Simon, Brendan K., Cheng, Yun-Ting, Chien, Steve A., Cook, B. T., Cooper, Moogega, Dinicola, Michael, Clement, Brian G., Dean, Zachary S., Cullimore, Emily A., Curtis, Aaron G., de la Croix, Jean-Pierre, Di Pasquale, Peter, Dodd, Emma M., Dubord, Luke A., Edlund, Jeffrey A., Ellyin, Raymond, Emanuel, Blair, Foster, Jeffrey T., Ganino, Anthony J., Garner, Gregory J., Gibson, Matt T., Gildner, Matt, Glazebrook, Kenneth J., Greco, Martin E., Green, W. M., Hatch, Sara J., Hetzel, Mark M., Hoey, William A., Hofmann, Amy E., Ionasescu, Rodica, Jain, Abhinandan, Jasper, Jay D., Johannesen, Jennie R., Johnson, Glenn K., Jun, Insoo, Katake, Anup B., Kim-Castet, So Young, Kim, David Inkyu, Kim, Wousik, Klonicki, Emily F., Kobeissi, Brad, Kobie, Bryan D., Kochocki, Joseph, Kokorowski, Michael, Kosberg, Jacob A., Kriechbaum, Kristopher, Kulkarni, Tejas P., Lam, Rebekah L., Landau, Damon F., Lattimore, Myra A., Laubach, Sharon L., Lawler, Christopher R., Lim, Grace, Li, Jui-Lin, Litwin, Todd E., Lo, Martin W., Logan, Cambria A., Maghasoudi, Elham, Mandrake, Lukas, Marchetti, Yuliya, Marteau, Eloise, Maxwell, Kimberly A., McNamee, John B., McIntyre, Ocean, Meacham, Michael, Melko, Joseph P., Mueller, Juergen, Muliere, David, Mysore, Aprameya, Nash, Jeremy, Ono, Masahiro, Parker, Jay M., Perkins, Rebecca C., Petropoulos, Anastassios E., Gaut, Aaron, Piette Gomez, Marie Y., Casillas, Raul Polit, Preudhomme, Michael, Pyrzak, Guy, Rapinchuk, Jacqueline, Ratliff, John Martin, Ray, T. L., Roberts, Eric T., Roffo, Kenneth, Roth, Duane C., Russino, Joseph A., Schmidt, Tyler M., Schoppers, Marcel J., Senent, Juan S., Serricchio, Fred, Sheldon, Douglas J., Shiraishi, Lori R., Shirvanian, James, Siegel, Katherine J., Singh, Gurjeet, Sirota, Allen R., Skulsky, Eli D., Stehly, Joseph S., Strange, Nathan J., Stevens, Sarah U., Sunada, Eric T., Tepsuporn, Scott P., Tosi, Luis Phillipe C., Trawny, Nikolas, Uchenik, Igor, Verma, Vandi, Volpe, Richard A., Wagner, Caleb T., Wang, D., Willson, Reg G., Wolff, John Luke, Wong, A. T., Zimmer, Aline K., Sukhatme, Kalyani G., Bago, Kevin A., Chen, Yang, Deardorff, Alyssa M., Kuch, Roger S., Lim, Christopher, Syvertson, Marguerite L., Arakaki, Genji A., Avila, Art, DeBruin, Kevin J., Frick, Andreas, Harris, Joby R., Heverly, Matthew C., Kawata, Jessie M., Kim‬, Sung-Kyun, Kipp, Devin M., Murphy, Juliana, Smith, Matthew W., Spaulding, Matthew D., Thakker, Rohan, Warner, Noah Z., Yahnker, Chris R., Young, M. E., Magner, Tom, Adams, Danica, Bedini, Peter, Mehr, Lauren, Sheldon, Colin, Vernon, Steven, Bailey, Vince, Briere, Marc, Butler, Michael, Davis, Amanda, Ensor, Susan, Gannon, Michele, Haapala-Chalk, Amanda, Hartka, Ted, Holdridge, Mark, Hong, Albert, Hunt, J., Iskow, Joe, Kahler, Faith, Murray, Kimberly, Napolillo, David, Norkus, Michael, Pfisterer, Rick, Porter, Jamie, Roth, David, Schwartz, Paul, Wolfarth, Lawrence, Cardiff, Eric, Davis, Anita, Grob, Eric W., Adam, Jason R., Betts, Erin, Norwood, Jason, Heller, M. M., Voskuilen, Tyler, Sakievich, Philip, Gray, L., Hansen, D. J., Irick, Kevin W., Hewson, John C., Lamb, Joshua, Stacy, S. C., Brotherton, Chris M., Tappan, Alexander S., Benally, Darryl, Thigpen, Hannah, Ortiz, Erick, Sandoval, Dan, Ison, Aaron M., Warren, M., Stromberg, Peter G., Thelen, Paul Mark, Blasy, B., Nandy, Prabal, Haddad, Alexandria W., Trujillo, Lynna B., Wiseley, T. H., Bell, S. A., Teske, Nicholas P., Post, C., Torres-Castro, Loraine, Grosso, Chris, and Wasiolek, Maryla

Abstract

© The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Hand, K., Phillips, C., Murray, A., Garvin, J., Maize, E., Gibbs, R., Reeves, G., San Martin, A., Tan-Wang, G., Krajewski, J., Hurst, K., Crum, R., Kennedy, B., McElrath, T., Gallon, J., Sabahi, D., Thurman, S., Goldstein, B., Estabrook, P., Lee, S. W., Dooley, J. A., Brinckerhoff, W. B., Edgett, K. S., German, C. R., Hoehler, T. M., Hörst, S. M., Lunine, J. I., Paranicas, C., Nealson, K., Smith, D. E., Templeton, A. S., Russell, M. J., Schmidt, B., Christner, B., Ehlmann, B., Hayes, A., Rhoden, A., Willis, P., Yingst, R. A., Craft, K., Cameron, M. E., Nordheim, T., Pitesky, J., Scully, J., Hofgartner, J., Sell, S. W., Barltrop, K. J., Izraelevitz, J., Brandon, E. J., Seong, J., Jones, J.-P., Pasalic, J., Billings, K. J., Ruiz, J. P., Bugga, R. V., Graham, D., Arenas, L. A., Takeyama, D., Drummond, M., Aghazarian, H., Andersen, A. J., Andersen, K. B., Anderson, E. W., Babuscia, A., Backes, P. G., Bailey, E. S., Balentine, D., Ballard, C. G., Berisford, D. F., Bhandari, P., Blackwood, K., Bolotin, G. S., Bovre, E. A., Bowkett, J., Boykins, K. T., Bramble, M. S., Brice, T. M., Briggs, P., Brinkman, A. P., Brooks, S. M., Buffington, B. B., Burns, B., Cable, M. L., Campagnola, S., Cangahuala, L. A., Carr, G. A., Casani, J. R., Chahat, N. E., Chamberlain-Simon, B. K., Cheng, Y., Chien, S. A., Cook, B. T., Cooper, M., DiNicola, M., Clement, B., Dean, Z., Cullimore, E. A., Curtis, A. G., Croix, J-P. de la, Pasquale, P. Di, Dodd, E. M., Dubord, L. A., Edlund, J. A., Ellyin, R., Emanuel, B., Foster, J. T., Ganino, A. J., Garner, G. J., Gibson, M. T., Gildner, M., Glazebrook, K. J., Greco, M. E., Green, W. M., Hatch, S. J., Hetzel, M. M., Hoey, W. A., Hofmann, A. E., Ionasescu, R., Jain, A., Jasper, J. D., Johannesen, J. R., Johnson, G. K., Jun, I., Katake, A. B., Kim-Castet, S. Y., Kim, D. I., Kim, W., Klonicki, E. F., Kobeis, Europa is a premier target for advancing both planetary science and astrobiology, as well as for opening a new window into the burgeoning field of comparative oceanography. The potentially habitable subsurface ocean of Europa may harbor life, and the globally young and comparatively thin ice shell of Europa may contain biosignatures that are readily accessible to a surface lander. Europa's icy shell also offers the opportunity to study tectonics and geologic cycles across a range of mechanisms and compositions. Here we detail the goals and mission architecture of the Europa Lander mission concept, as developed from 2015 through 2020. The science was developed by the 2016 Europa Lander Science Definition Team (SDT), and the mission architecture was developed by the preproject engineering team, in close collaboration with the SDT. In 2017 and 2018, the mission concept passed its mission concept review and delta-mission concept review, respectively. Since that time, the preproject has been advancing the technologies, and developing the hardware and software, needed to retire risks associated with technology, science, cost, and schedule., K.P.H., C.B.P., E.M., and all authors affiliated with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory carried out this research at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (grant No. 80NM0018D0004). J.I.L. was the David Baltimore Distinguished Visiting Scientist during the preparation of the SDT report. JPL/Caltech2021.

Published
2022

31. Electrostatic Discharge Tests of Carbon Composite Materials with Conductive Resin.

Author

Andersen, Allen, Wousik Kim, Feldman, Jason, Patz, Nick, Noyes, Mike, Bray, Matthew, and Likar, Justin

Abstract

Carbon fiber composite is an increasingly common spacecraft material due to its favorable mechanical, thermal, and Radio Frequency (RF) properties. Despite the intrinsically conductive nature of the carbon fibers, it has been shown that the dielectric resin that binds the laminate together can cover much of the surface of the finished structure and pose a serious electrostatic discharge (ESD) concern. Previously recommended ESD mitigations such as abrading off the surface resin or applying a static-dissipative coating to the surface of the structure may not be amenable to all spacecraft design needs, and can be difficult to implement. The ideal solution to the carbon composite ESD problem is a material made entirely of constituents conductive enough not to pose any risk of ESD. We present test results for two carbon composite materials with conductive resins, PMT-F6-CL100 and PMT-F6-BP1, that do not discharge under severe electron exposure at cryogenic temperatures, conditions under which a standard formulation PMT-F6 produced copious discharges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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33. Flowing Plasma Interaction with an Electric Sail Tether Element

Author

Schneider, Todd, Vaughn, Jason, Wright, Kenneth, Andersen, Allen, and Stone, Nobie

Subjects
Solar Physics, Spacecraft Propulsion And Power
Abstract

Electric sails are a relatively new concept for providing high speed propellant-less propulsion. Employing multiple tethers biased to high positive voltage levels (kV), electric sails are designed to gain momentum from the solar wind by repelling solar wind protons. To maximize the area of the sail that interacts with the solar wind, electric sails rely on the formation of a large plasma sheath around each small diameter tether. Motivated by interest in advancing the development of electric sails, a set of laboratory tests has been conducted to study the interaction of a drifting plasma with a sheath formed around a small diameter tether element biased at positive voltages. The laboratory test setup was created with Debye length scaling in mind to offer a path to extrapolate (via modeling) to full scale electric sail missions. Using an instrument known as a Differential Ion Flux Probe (DIFP) the interaction between a positively biased tether element and a drifting plasma has been measured for several scenarios. Clear evidence of the tether element sheath deflecting ions has been obtained. Maps of the flow angle downstream from the tether element have been made and they show the influence of the plasma sheath. Finally, electron current collection measurements have been made for a wide range of plasma conditions and tether element bias voltages. The electron collection data will have an impact on electric sail power requirements, as high voltage power supplies and electron guns will have to be sized to accommodate the electron currents collected by each tether.

Published
2017

34. Focus areas for data acquisition for potential domestic resources of 13 critical minerals in the conterminous United States and Puerto Rico — Antimony, barite, beryllium, chromium, fluorspar, hafnium, helium, magnesium, manganese, potash, uranium, vanadium, and zirconium

Author

Hammarstrom, Jane M., primary, Dicken, Connie L., additional, Woodruff, Laurel G., additional, Andersen, Allen K., additional, Brennan, Sean, additional, Day, Warren C., additional, Drenth, Benjamin J., additional, Foley, Nora K., additional, Hall, Susan, additional, Hofstra, Albert H., additional, McCafferty, Anne E., additional, Shah, Anjana K., additional, and Ponce, David A., additional

Published
2022
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37. Plasma Deflection Test Setup for E-Sail Propulsion Concept

Author

Andersen, Allen, Vaughn, Jason, Schneider, Todd, and Wright, Ken

Subjects
Spacecraft Propulsion And Power
Abstract

The Electronic Sail or E-Sail is a novel propulsion concept based on momentum exchange between fast solar wind protons and the plasma sheath of long positively charged conductors comprising the E-Sail. The effective sail area increases with decreasing plasma density allowing an E-Sail craft to continue to accelerate at predicted ranges well beyond the capabilities of existing electronic or chemical propulsion spacecraft. While negatively charged conductors in plasmas have been extensively studied and flown, the interaction between plasma and a positively charged conductor is not well studied. We present a plasma deflection test method using a differential ion flux probe (DIFP). The DIFP measures the angle and energy of incident ions. The plasma sheath around a charged body can measured by comparing the angular distribution of ions with and without a positively charged test body. These test results will be used to evaluate numerical calculations of expected thrust per unit length of conductor in the solar wind plasma. This work was supported by a NASA Space Technology Research Fellowship.

Published
2016

46. The Role of Recoverable and Irrecoverable Defects in DC Electrical Aging of Highly Disordered Insulating Materials

Author

Andersen, Allen

Subjects
Engineering Physics, Physics, Condensed Matter Physics
Abstract

Estimating the likelihood of electrostatic discharge (ESD) in highly discorded insulating materials (HDIM) during application lifetimes is critical in applications including spacecraft and high voltage dc power transmission. The focus of this work is a defect driven model of dielectric breakdown based on a dual-defect assumption. Traditional mean-field theory of breakdown effectively considers the average defect energy and density as the only defect mechanism. The dual-defect model considers high-energy (deep) chemical defects and low-energy (shallow) physical defects. Low-energy defects may have significant thermal recovery rate. Such recoverable defects provide a conceptual physical model for dc partial discharge (DCPD) transient non-shorting events. Dielectric breakdown tests on four common polymers, LDPE, PI, BOPP, and PEEK have been studied in the context of the proposed and existing models of breakdown, together with evaluation using standard empirical Weibull distributions. The resulting fits for voltage step-up to breakdown tests provide reasonable estimations of defect parameters. Static voltage endurance time data show excellent agreement with the dual-defect model. Quantile-quantile analysis demonstrates a strong correlation between DCPD and critical dielectric breakdown. During a typical breakdown test many DCPD are observed prior to the destructive breakdown. The relationship between DCPD and breakdown suggest the possibility for highly accelerated dielectric strength testing of candidate HDIM.

Published
2018

49. Wireless Antenna Detection of Electrostatic Discharge Events

Author

Andersen, Allen and Dennison, JR

Subjects
space environment effects, spacecraft charging, wireless antenna detection, electrostatic discharge (ESD), Engineering Physics, breakdown, WiFi, Physics, ComputerApplications_COMPUTERSINOTHERSYSTEMS, ESD, arcing, Condensed Matter Physics, standards, Antenna, Physics::Space Physics, Computer Science::Networking and Internet Architecture, Structures and Materials, polymers
Abstract

Wireless intraspacecraft communication technology is being developed for signal transfer on space missions to save weight and simplify the design. One consideration for this new technology is its interaction with space environmentinduced electrostatic discharges (ESDs). The short time scales of spacecraft ESD events result in broad frequency band signals that can interact with high-frequency wireless antennas. These interactions present a source of signal noise. However, they also present a possibility of in-flight wireless ESD monitoring. We present laboratory measurements of arcing on common spacecraft insulators using commercially available single-band 2.4-GHz and dual-band 2.4-/5.8-GHz Wi-Fi antennas. These wireless detections are shown to coincide with direct simultaneous measurements of discharge event currents. The amplitudes of the wireless signals are shown to provide a measure of the relative magnitude of the arcs, although the narrow frequency ranges of Wi-Fi antennas make absolute measures of the discharge intensity impractical. The wireless signals are shown to provide very accurate nanosecond timing of ESD events, which presents the potential of identifying arc location on a spacecraft with the use of time-of-flight detection from multiple antennas.

Published
2018

50. The Role of Recoverable and Non-Recoverable Defects in DC Electrical Aging of Highly Disordered Insulating Materials

Author

Andersen, Allen

Subjects
partial discharge, dielectric breakdown, Physics, electrostatic discharge, Condensed Matter Physics, polymers
Abstract

Electrical insulation under high voltage can eventually fail, causing critical damage to electronics. Such electrostatic discharge (ESD) is the primary source of anomalies or failures on spacecraft due to charged particles from the Sun or planetary radiation belts accumulating in spacecraft insulators. High-voltage direct current power distribution is another example of a growing industry that needs to estimate the operational lifetime of electrical insulation. My research compares laboratory tests of ESD events in common insulating materials to a physics-based model of breakdown. This model of breakdown is based on the approximation that there are two primary types of defects in structurally amorphous insulators. One of the two defect modes can switch on and off depending on the material temperature. This dual-defect model can be used to explain both ESD and less-destructive transient partial discharges. I show that the results of ESD tests agree reasonably well with the dual defect model. I also show that transient partial discharges, which are usually ignored during ESD tests, are closely related to the probability of catastrophic ESD occurring. Since many partial discharges are typically seen during one ESD test, this relationship suggests that the measurements of partial discharges could accelerate the testing needed to characterize the likelihood of ESD in insulating materials.

Published
2018
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