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The emission reductions mandated by International Maritime Regulations present an opportunity to implement full electric and hybrid vessels using large-scale battery energy storage systems (BESSs). lithium-ionion batteries (LIB), due to their high power and specific energy, which allows for scalability and adaptability to large transportation systems, are currently the most widely used electrochemical storage system. Hence, BESSs are the focus of this review proposing a comprehensive discussion on the commercial LIB chemistries that are currently available for marine applications and their potential role in ship services. This work outlines key elements that are necessary for designing a BESS for ships, including an overview of the regulatory framework for large-scale onboard LIB installations. The basic technical information about system integration has been summarized from various research projects, white papers, and test cases mentioned in available studies. The aim is to provide state-of-the-art information about the installation of BESSs on ships, in accordance with the latest applicable rules for ships. The goal of this study is to facilitate and promote the widespread use of batteries in the marine industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capacity loss over time is a critical issue for lithium-ion batteries powering battery electric vehicles (BEVs) because it affects vehicle range and performance. Driving cycles have a major impact on the ageing of these devices because they are subjected to high stresses in certain uses that cause degradation phenomena directly related to vehicle use. Calendar capacity also impacts the battery pack for most of its lifetime with a capacity degradation. The manuscript describes experimental tests on a lithium-ion battery for electric vehicles with up to 10% capacity loss in the WLTP CLASS 3B driving cycle. The lithium-ion battery considered consists of an LMO-NMC cathode and a graphite anode with a capacity of 63 Ah for automotive applications. An internal impedance variation was observed compared to the typical full charge/discharge profile. Incremental capacitance (IC) and differential voltage (DV) analysis were performed in different states of cell health. A lifetime model is described to compute the total capacity loss for cycling and calendar ageing exploiting real data under some different scenarios of vehicle usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Aeolian archipelago is made up of seven main islands situated in the Tyrrhenian sea (Sicily Italy). They represent a suitable scenario for the development of a sustainable energy production system, that could easily be reproduced on other Mediterranean Islands. The fact that these islands depend on the mainland for energy supplies and the high cost of bringing fuel in tanker boats are factors that should strongly encourage the use of renewable energy source technologies. Taking into account the European Commission guidelines, this paper sets out to evaluate potential energy production using photovoltaic and small scale wind power, in order to verify their contribution to overall estimated energy requirements. The estimate of energy productivity was preceded by a study concerning the management measures in force in the Aeolian Islands in order to formulate technical hypotheses in accordance with natural and cultural values protection. The homogeneity of climatic conditions on the seven islands and the similarity of their economies allowed to focus the analysis on the island of Salina. In this way, a whole year''s productivity was calculated, with particular attention to the period June – September, when the arrival of tourists brings about a surge in energy consumption. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Hydrogen has great potential as CO2-free “fuel” for fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) when produced by electrolysis from wind sources. The aim of this work is to build a new flexible simulation tool able to determine better technical and economic solutions in order to design a wind supplied hydrogen filling station for a FC mini-bus fleet in Messina. The simulation tool is written in Fortran and developed in TRNSYS environment started by Hydrogems library. The economic analysis has been based on Discounted cash flow method tanking into account operative and maintenance expenditures. The simulation shows how the hydrogen cost is strongly linked to the boundary conditions, such as the specific wind source available, the hydrogen demand and the basic electrolyzers management. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The implementation of a charging infrastructure network is the necessary prerequisite for the diffusion of Electric Vehicles (EVs). In this paper a methodology to calculate the required number of charging stations for EVs and to set their position in a road network is proposed. The aim is to planning the distribution of services area to host charging infrastructures. Using the demand (the flow of EVs) and the supply (the road network where they will be positioned) through a two-level model were the locations initially identified (first level) and thereafter the number of charging stations for each service area (second level) evaluated. The paper deals with the intersection of three main topics: the vehicle technologies (engine and battery pack specifications), the charging station characteristics and the EVs flow. After verifying the model and the solution procedure on a test road network, the methodology is applied in a high dimension case, considering the Italian highway network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports main criteria for design, realization and validation of a solar-powered hydrogen fueling station in a smart city application relevant to an on-site hydrogen production plant. The program has been developed by CNR-ITAE together with other industrial partners in the framework of the Italian research project called i-NEXT (innovation for greeN Energy and eXchange in Transportation). The i-NEXT hydrogen production plant is located in the Municipality of Capo d’Orlando, Sicily, it is fed by a microgrid able to receive energy from solar radiation by a 100 kW rooftop photovoltaic plant and connected with a battery energy storage of 300 kWh (composed by 16 sodium nickel chloride high temperature batteries). The plant is able to deliver hydrogen and electricity for an electric and hydrogen vehicles fleet. The hydrogen fueling station includes four subsystems: a hydrogen production system by electrolysis, a compression system, a high-pressure storage system and a hydrogen dispenser for automotive applications. It is able to generate in the hydrogen production subsystem through an alkaline electrolyzer of 30 kWh: 6.64 Nm 3 /h of H 2 with a gas purity of 99.995% (O 2 < 5 ppm and dew point < −60 °C). The compression subsystem has a three stage compressor with a rated gas flow rate of 5,2 Nm 3 /h and a delivery pressure of 360 bar. The compressed H 2 gas is stored in a high-pressure tanks of 350 L capacity allowing, in this way, a supply through a dispenser system of two automotive's tanks of 150 L @ 350 bar in less than 30 min. This paper reports the design and the development results coming from a first test campaign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]