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Background: Carbapenem resistance among Enterobacteriaceae is a serious clinical problem and the global spread of such resistant strains has hampered the treatment effort leaving with few choices of antibiotics like tigecycline and colistin. Methods: Therefore, we looked for the susceptibility pattern of tigecycline and colistin among carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) by Epsilometer (E) test at Sri Ramachandra University Hospital, Porur, Chennai, India. This study used the combined disc test with phenylboronic acid and EDTA; and modified Hodge test (MHT) to differentiate the carbapenemases. The minimum inhibitory concentration of tigecycline and colistin susceptibility was determined for CRE isolates by using the E-test strips ranging from 0.016-256 µg /ml. Results: A total of 238 extended spectrum beta lactamase producers from Family Enterobacteriaceae were included in the study. Among those, 37 isolates were MHT positive. On combined disc test, 14 were metallo beta lactamase positive, 4 were Klebseillae pneumoniae carbapenemase positive and only one isolate was found to be positive for both. Out of 51 CRE isolates, the number of tigecycline and colistin resistant were found to be in 30 and 3 respectively according to EUCAST criteria. Conclusion: Tigecycline may be effective but it needs to be monitored routinely. Colistin remains a reliable option for CRE infections. The increasing resistance of CRE to the available antibiotics like tigecycline and colistin is a threat to the therapeutic management of such patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An attempt has been made to use the enzyme technology for bioscouring of organic cotton textiles using sonication techniques to improve the enzyme activity and scouring performance. The process optimization of bioscouring of 100% organic cotton fabric with ultrasonic treatment have been done with selective specific mixed enzymatic system using the enzymes such as alkaline pectinase, protease, lipase and cellulase. The process variables such as enzyme concentration, temperature and reaction time are optimized to achieve the required water absorbency and pectin removal during bioscouring process by pectinolytic and proteolytic activity on the organic cotton fabrics. These process variables are selected based on the artificial neural network using MATLAB 7.0 software with and without ultrasonic effect and the output results in fabric physical properties such as fabric weight loss, water absorbency, wetting area, whiteness index, yellowness index, and brightness index. The best optimum bioscouring for organic cotton is achieved in terms of water absorbency (0.856s), whiteness index (54.36%), yellowness index (14.02) and brightness index (69.35%) using 8% alkaline pectinase, 3% protease, 0.8% lipase, 0.8% cellulase mixed enzyme, 55°C temperature, 60 min reaction time and 9.5 pH with 1.0% desirability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of dynamic elastic behavior is an objective evaluation of the stretch and recovery behavior of the elastic fabrics or tight fit garments. The analysis of this dynamics will help to reengineer new products for improving the stamina, speed and power of the sportsmen, as one particular type of garment doesn't serve the purpose of all kinds of sports events. The study is to analyze the effect of spandex input tension, spandex linear density and cotton yarn loop length on dynamic work recovery of cotton / spandex single jersey knitted fabric. The effect of different processing stages such as relaxation, heat setting, bleaching and compacting on dynamic work recovery of cotton / spandex single jersey knitted fabric has also been analyzed in this study. Effect of different stages of processing on DWR of the fabric has significant influence. The effect of spandex input tension and cotton yarn loop length on DWR of the fabric have been significant in any one direction. The effect of spandex linear density on DWR of the fabric has been significant at both wale and course directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elastic fabrics are mostly used for tight fit sportswear manufacturing because of easy body movement and quick energy recovery. These garments are normally used for short duration sports activities wherever the person requires unrestricted energy and power. Analysis of laundering effect on the functional activities of the fabrics or garments is necessary because all the elastic garments are not the use and throw products. Assessment of dynamic work recovery (DWR) and stress value for applied extension is necessary to study the energy loss or power gain by the sports person wearing the elastic garment. The present study is to analyze the effect of laundering on dynamic elastic behavior of the cotton and cotton / spandex fabrics. The laundering cycles such as no wash, first wash, second wash, fifth wash, tenth wash and twentieth wash were selected and the laundering effect was studied by comparing cotton / spandex knitted fabric with 100 % cotton fabric. It is concluded that the laundering effect doesn't influence the DWR and stress values at specific extension of the cotton and cotton / spandex knitted fabrics. This study will help to improve the laundering performance of the elastic fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An improved enzymatic cotton scouring process has been developed on the basis of a fast enzyme reaction to efficiently remove the pectin and wax compounds from the organic cotton fabrics. An attempt has been made to study the pectinolytic activity of degrading rate of pectin on the organic cotton fabric using alkaline pectinase enzyme with various process parameters such as enzyme concentration, temperature and reaction time. These process variables are selected based on the box-behnken design of experiment and the output of experiment results for weight loss, wax content and pectin degradation on the fabric. All the results are optimized with minimum error. The test results are also analyzed using design-expert software 8.0 to predict the optimum process parameters for achieving the required pectin degrading rate and then compared with actual trial results. The performance of alkaline pectinase enzyme during bioscouring process has also been assessed by Ruthenium Red dye test and FTIR results confirm the degradation of pectin on the bioscouring of organic cotton fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a pressure sensing device for analysing pressure comfort on elastic garments was designed and developed. The device was calibrated and tested on different compression garments for its reliability. This pressure comfort measurement device is used to measure the pressure between the human body and garments. The fabric resistance due to each and every body movement is noted to evaluate the effect of fabric compression on body muscles in order to assess the pressure comfort for sports persons. The new device proved that elastic garments certainly improve stamina and speed through its quick recovery and lower stress with higher elongation. There is a good correlation found between the pressure values given by the new sensing device and the Instron tester. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process optimization of bioscouring of 100% organic cotton fabric through enzyme technology with aerodynamic system have been studied with selective specific mixed enzymatic system using four enzymes namely alkaline pectinase, protease, lipase and cellulase. The process variables such as enzyme concentration, temperature and reaction time have optimized to achieve the required water absorbency and pectin removal during bioscouring process by pectinolytic and proteolytic activity on the organic cotton fabrics. These process variables are selected based on the artificial neural network (ANN) and output of experiment was resulted with fabric physic properties such as fabric weight loss, water absorbency, wetting area, whiteness index, yellowness index, and brightness index using MATLAB 7.0 software with minimum error and also studied with and without aerodynamic treatments. The test results have analyzed to predict the optimum process parameters to achieve the required bioscouring fabric properties and removal of pectin degrading rate and compared their results with actual trials. This study will be helpful to the organic cotton processors for the eco-friendly and sustainable textile wet processing using specific mixed enzymatic system in bioscouring processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, dimensional properties of viscose, modal and lyocell single jersey knitted fabrics with three level of loop lengths were studied under dry, wet and fully relaxation conditions. An attempt has been made to investigate the influence of different fiber types such as viscose, modal and lyocell fibers on the dimensional properties of single jersey knitted fabric. The three fibers were selected with similar fineness and fiber length as 1.5 d X 38 mm. The 14.8 tex staple spun yarn made with viscose, modal and lyocell fibers has been knitted with three level of loop lengths and the knitted fabrics is subjected to dry, wet and fully relaxed states. The effect of fiber type, loop length and relaxation treatments on the dimensional properties of single jersey knitted fabrics were statistically analyzed using an analysis of variance. The course and wale spacing values of lyocell fabrics found lower than that of viscose and modal knitted fabrics. Lyocell fabrics shows, higher areal density with decreasing loop length. It is also found that, ks value of the lyocell fabrics is increases proportionally with increase in the value of tightness factor, compare than viscose and modal fabrics. The fabrics made from lyocell shows maximum bursting strength and lower spirality as compared with viscose and modal fabrics, due to the structural characteristics of lyocell fibers. Single jersey knitted fabrics made with lyocell fibers shows better dimension properties compare than viscose and modal fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elastane fibres show rubber like behavior and are highly stretchable. Basically these fibres contain polyurethane bonds. Elastic fabrics are an important route to achieve comfort by freedom of movement for body fitted with sports and outdoor wear. Elastic garments used in athletics and sports may improve the athlete's performance in cycling, swimming and so on. A great deal of research is reported on elastane structure, yam formation and fabric production. Testing of elastane and its fabric has given new dimensions in terms of results. New attempts are being made to produce the yam with blends and subsequent conversion into woven and knits, in order to improve garment elastic bahaviour and productivity. This paper reports the elastane fibre characteristics, elastane yam production method, new attempts in yam production, commercial ways of fabric manufacturing techniques, fabric properties, new testing methods to test the elastic products and its application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knitted fabric properties especially the dimensional characteristics are mainly influenced by the constituent fibres, yarn properties, knitting machine variables, processing and finishing treatments. Spun viscose knitted fabric is also susceptible for dimensional stability problems. In this paper, an attempt has been made to investigate the influence of pre shrink resin treatment on the dimensional characteristics of spun viscose knitted fabric especially single jersey structure. The 40 Ne spun viscose yarn has been knitted and the knitted fabrics is bleached, dyed and pre shrink resin treated. The influences of pre shrink resin on the weft knitted fabrics has been studied on repeated home laundering up to 25 wash cycles and various parameters of the knitted fabric are measured and analyzed. Pre shrink resin treated knitted fabrics exhibit minimum spirality variations and dimension changes compare than grey, bleached and dyed fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The garment stretch and recovery characteristics due to body movements can be indirectly assessed by the dynamic elastic recovery (DER) value of the fabrics at different extension levels. In order to study DER of elastic fabrics, a comparative analysis was made between spandex-plated cotton fabric and spandex core cotton spun (SCCS) fabric. It was found that the spandex-plated cotton fabric has higher DER value than that of SCCS fabric. The results of this study show that this phenomenon is due to the residual energy of the elastane unraveled from these fabrics. The stress values of these fabrics have no significant effect at 95% confidence level. It is concluded that the spandex-plated cotton fabric is suitable than SCCS fabric, for the tight fit garments meant for the sports like Javelin, shot-put, and athletics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental consciousness is one of the major concerns for textile wet processing industry as the industry contributes much to industrial pollution problems facing the country. Such pollutants as such as lime, sodium sulfide, salt, solvents, synthetic pigments come mainly from desizing, scouring, bleaching and dyeing processes in textile wet processing. In order to overcome the hazards caused by the chemical effluents, use of enzymes as a viable alternative has been resorted to in preparatory dyeing operations such as desizing, scouring, and bleaching treatments. This review focuses on the use of microbial enzymes as an alternate technology to the conventional methods, and highlights the importance of these enzymes in minimizing the pollution load. Environmental pollution has been a major irritant to industrial development. Also in this paper we have discussed the advantages and limitations of bioprocessing techniques in the various textile wet processing such as desizing, scouring, bleaching, biopolishing, bio-singeing and bio-decoloration in the dyeing effluents for cellulosic and non-cellulosic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inter-fibre cohesion phenomenon is an important aspect to be considered, as it directly affects the yam strength/tenacity and indirectly affects the productivity in ring spinning. Also, inter-fibre cohesive forces influence the individual fibre mobility in yarn structure and the yarn mobility in fabric structure. This paper critically reviews the past and recent research works on the inter-fibre cohesion and provides scope for further research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical modification of polyester rotor spun yarns having different twist levels was carried out by partial alkaline hydrolysis using aqueous solution of caustic soda (NaOH) of different concentrations under different reaction conditions. The partial alkaline hydrolysis leads to the surface modification of polyester fibres in the rotor spun polyester staple yarn by treating the yarns with sodium hydroxide solution of various concentrations, time and temperatures. The changes in physical properties of treated yarns such as weight loss, strength loss, abrasion resistance, wicking behaviour, co-efficient of friction and flexural rigidity Were evaluated. The reduction on tensile strength is found to minimum with higher twist levels and at a fixed twist level, as the concentration of NaOH solution increases, the percentage of tensile strength loss also increases. Absorbency properties in terms of the wicking behaviour of the treated yarn shows are found to be increased as compared to the same for parent yarn. Due to the loss of mass from the fibre surface, the abrasion resistance of the hydrolysed yarn is found to be decreased as compared to the same for parent yarn. In general, the rotor polyester yarn treated with 10% aqueous solution of NaOH at 60°C seems to give better results in the physical properties as compared to the same treatment being done at 100°C under others are comparable conditions of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 3D specialty structured spacer fabric is a new emerging field for the new product developments, as their differential characteristics offer more extensive conditions for varied applications, such as automotive textiles, home textiles, sport textiles, medical textiles, and technical textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An instrument has been designed to measure the minimum twist of cohesion (MTC) of ring-spun yarn. The influence of spindle speed, traveller mass, and twist multiplier on the MTC has been studied using three-factor Box and Behnken factorial design. A very high coefficient of determination between the experimental values and the calculated values is obtained from the response-surface equation. The selected factors have significant contribution in determining, the fibre cohesion in yarn. The optimum value of MTC is observed at higher level of spindle speed, traveller mass, and twist multiplier within the experimental zone explored. Spindle speed has the greatest influence on MTC, followed by twist multiplier and the traveller mass with the current experimental set-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An instrument has been designed to determine the minimum twist of cohesion in yarns. The mechanical twist tester (based on untwist - retwist principle) has been used for finding out the initial twist per inch in the yarn. The number of turns that must be removed to break the yarn has been observed using the designed instrument. As it is useful in deciding the twist factor to be given to yarns, tests have been carried out on various types of treated and untreated yarns. It is observed that the treated yarns give better cohesion than untreated ones, Comparative studies on ring and compact yarns show that the compact yarn gives better cohesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work studies the effect of heat-setting and compacting temperature on dynamic elastic properties of spandex plaited cotton knitted fabric. The dynamic elastic recovery ratio (DERR) helps to analyze the combination of wale and course direction DER values, in order to avoid the directional effect during DER study. Heat-setting temperature has an influence on the DERR of the fabric, however, compacting temperature does not influence it. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the heat-setting temperature for different constructions of knitted fabrics in order to achieve better dynamic recovery of fabric in order to design a better stretch garment for the right end-use application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatment of knitted fabric with enzyme cellulase leads to various surface modifications. The dimensional properties of plain weft knitted fabrics made from 40s spun viscose yarn had been investigated and the various dimensional properties of the treated fabrics had been assessed and compared with untreated spun viscose weft knitted fabrics. The values of Kc, Kw, Ks and Loop shape factor were found. It is observed that there is an improvement in the spirality in the yarn stage for enzymatic treated fabric when compared with other fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the dimension and geometrical characteristics of warp knitted fabrics. The warp knitting is a modest but significant and ever growing industry. The tightness factor of knitted fabric is defined as the ratio of the fabric area covered by the yarn to the total fabric area. The areal density of a single guide bar fabric can be determined from the equation illustrated in this article. Geometry of warp knitted fabrics has received little attention compared to weft knitted fabrics. The formula applied for weft knits were also used for warp knits which are not applicable to warp knit. The warp knitted structure can be considered in two parts: the loop and the cross-link joining one to another. A complete knowledge of the geometry of the warp-knitted structure could be obtained only by considering all the forces acting on both and under lap.