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Simulium (Nevermannia) karavalliense sp. nov. (Fig. 1���3) Description. Female (n = 1). Body length 3.1 mm. Head. Nearly as wide as thorax. Frons grey, shiny, moderately covered with yellowish-white scale-like recumbent short hairs; frontal ratio 1.3:1.0:3.1; head ratio 1.0:5.7. Fronto-ocular area well developed, narrow, directed dorsolaterally. Clypeus yellowish-brown, densely covered with yellowish-white recumbent hairs interspersed with few to several dark longer hairs on each side. Labrum 0.75 times as long as clypeus. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, grey to white except scape, pedicle and base of first flagellomere dark yellow, proportional length of first and second flagellomeres 1.0:0.6. Maxillary palp composed of five palpomeres, dark brown, proportional length of third, fourth, and fifth palpomeres 1.0:1.2:2.5; third palpomere of moderate size (Fig. 1A); sensory vesicle ellipsoidal, long, 0.65 times length of third palpomere and with small opening. Maxillary lacinia with 11 inner and 15 outer teeth. Mandible with 30 inner and 10 outer teeth. Cibarium (Fig. 1B) medially forming sclerotized plate folded forward from posterior margin, with strongly sclerotized medial longitudinal ridge with well-sclerotized cup-like apex. Thorax. Scutum brownish-black except anterolateral calli ochreous, slightly shiny when illuminated at certain angle, densely covered with yellow scale-like recumbent hairs interspersed with several yellow medium-long to long hairs as well as dark brown long upright hairs on prescutellar area. Scutellum shiny, with dark brown short hairs. Postnotum brownish-yellow and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum dark brown to yellowish-brown, longer than deep, slightly shiny when illuminated at certain angle, and bare. Legs. Foreleg: coxa dark yellow; trochanter light brown except basal 1/2 of outer surface yellow; femur dark yellow except apical cap medium brown; tibia medium brown, with median large portion on outer surface grayish light brown; tarsus dark brown, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus slightly dilated, 5.8 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa yellowish brown except posterior surface dark brown; trochanter yellow to light brown; femur and tibia brown; tarsus brownish-black except basal 1/2 of basitarsus dark yellow. Hind leg: coxa yellowish-brown; trochanter dark yellow except anterior surface light brown; femur dark yellow with apical cap medium brown and basal tip light brown on anterior surface; tibia medium to dark brown except extreme base yellow, and medial large portion on outer surface grayish light brown; tarsus dark brown except basitarsus light to medium brown (though base dark brown) and basal 1/2 of second tarsomere grayish; basitarsus (Fig. 1C) narrow, nearly parallel-sided, 4.5 times as long as wide, and 0.63 and 0.83 times as wide as greatest width of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 1C) slightly shorter than width at base, and 0.51 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus. Pedisulcus (Fig. 1C) well defined. Claw (Fig. 1D) with large basal tooth 0.46 times as long as claw. Wing. Length 2.3 mm. Costa with dark brown spinules and hairs except basal portion covered with patch of yellow hairs. Subcosta fully haired. Hair tuft on stem vein light to dark brown. Basal portion of radius fully haired; R1 with dark spinules and hairs; R2 with hairs only. Basal cell absent. Halter. Clear white except margin and basal stem darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale ochreous to light brown, with fringe of whitish-yellow hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen dark brown to brownish-black except segments 2 and 7���9 light brown (though base of segment 2 ochreous), moderately covered with dark short to long hairs and yellow short hairs; tergites of segments 3���6 relatively narrow, those of segments 2 and 7���9 wide and all dull. Ventral surface of abdomen mostly pale ochreous; sternal plate on segment 7 developed medially. Terminalia. Sternite 8 (Fig. 1E) bare medially, covered numerous short hairs and with 10���12 long hairs on each side. Ovipositor valves triangular, thin, membranous and moderately covered with microsetae; inner margins convex, somewhat sclerotized, and slightly separated from each other. Genital fork (Fig. 1F) of usual inverted-Y form, with slender stem; arms of moderate width medially; lateral plate of each arm strongly sclerotized along dorsolateral margin, and with thin lobe directed medioposteriorly. Paraproct in ventral view (Fig. 1G) nearly pentagonal, with 4 or 5 sensilla on unpigmented anteromedial surface; paraproct in lateral view (Fig. 1H) somewhat produced ventrally, 0.66 times as long as wide, with 5���7 medium-long to long hairs on ventral and lateral surfaces. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 1H) short, rounded posteriorly, 0.45 times as long as wide. Spermatheca (Fig. 1I) ovoidal, 1.6 times as long as its greatest width, well sclerotized except small are at juncture with duct with hexagonal surface pattern and not well pigmented; internal setae absent; both accessory ducts slender, subequal in diameter to major one. FIG. 1. Female of Simulium (Nevermannia) karavalliense sp. n. A, 3 rd segment of right maxillary palp showing sensory vesicle (front view); B, cibarium (front view); C, basitarsus and 2 nd tarsomere of left hind leg showing calcipala and pedisulcus (outer view); D, tarsal claw; E, 8 th sternite, ovipositor valves (ventral view); F, genital fork (ventral view); G & H, right paraprocts and cerci (G, ventral view; H, lateral view); I, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.01 mm for D and I; 0.05 mm B, E, F, G and H; 0.1 mm for A and C. FIG. 2. Male of Simulium (Nevermannia) karavalliense sp. n. A, 3 rd segment of left maxillary palp showing small sensory vesicle (frontal view); B, basitarsus and 2 nd tarsomere of left hind leg showing calcipala and pedisulcus (outer view); C, coxites, styles, ventral plate and median sclerite (ventral view); D, ventral plate and median sclerite; E, ventral plate (end view); F, median sclerite (end view); G, left paramere and aedeagal membrane (end view); H, 10 th abdominal segment and cercus (right side and lateral view). Scale bars. 0.01 mm for (D���G); 0.05 mm for A, C and H; 0.1 mm for B. Male. Body length 3.4 mm. Head. wider than thorax. Upper eye yellowish brown, consisting of 14 vertical columns and 16 horizontal rows of large facets. Face brownish-black, grayish-white pruinose. Clypeus brownish black, whitish pruinose, densely covered with golden-yellow scale-like medium-long hairs (directed upward and lateral) interspersed with several dark brown simple longer hairs. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and 9 flagellomeres, dark brown except base of first flagellomere yellow; first flagellomere elongate, 1.75 times length of second one. Maxillary palp light to medium brown, proportional lengths of 3rd, 4th, and 5th segments 1.0:1.1:2.1; 3 rd segment (Fig. 2A) widened apically; sensory vesicle (Fig. 2A) ellipsoidal, small (0.25 times as long as 3 rd segment), and with medium-sized opening. Thorax. Scutum slightly darker than female and short hairs on scutum golden yellow. Legs. Color nearly as in female except following characteristics: fore coxa dark yellow to light brown, mid trochanter yellowish-brown except anterior surface pale, and basal 1/4 of hind second tarsomere grayish. Fore basitarsus slightly dilated, 7.2 times as long as its greatest width. Hind basitarsus (Fig. 2B) slender, spindle���shaped, 4.7 times as long as wide, and 0.6 and 0.7 times as wide as greatest width of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 2B) nearly as long as wide, and 0.39 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus. Pedisulcus (Fig. 2B) well defined. Wing. Length 2.6 mm; Costa with dark brown spinules as well as dark brown hairs except basal portion with patch of yellowish hairs. Subcosta bare. Hair tuft on stem vein dark brown. Basal portion of radius fully haired; R 1 with dark spinules and hairs and R 2 with hairs only. Basal cell absent. Halter. Yellowish brown except outer surface ochreous, basal stem darkened and apex yellowish-brown. Abdomen. Basal scale dark brown, with fringe of light to medium brown hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen dark brown except segment 2 light brown (though posterior 1/4 of dorsal surface brown), covered with dark brown short to long hairs; segments 2, 5���7 with shiny dorsolateral or lateral patches; ventral surface of segment 2 yellow, those of segments 3 and 4 yellow except sternites medium brown, and those of other segments medium to dark brown. Terminalia. Coxite in ventral view (Fig. 2C) nearly rectangular, 1.35 times as long as its greatest width. Style in ventral view (Fig. 2C) bent inward, nearly parallel-sided, rounded apically and with apical spine; style in medial view shorter than coxite (0.72 times as long as coxite), boot-shaped, with triangular apical lobe directed dorsomedially; Ventral plate in ventral view (Fig. 2C) with body transverse, 0.5 times as long as wide, without anterior margin produced medioanteriorly, posterior margin with setose median keel; basal arms of short, curved inward; ventral plate in lateral view (Fig. 2D) with ventral margin of body concave; ventral plate in caudal view (Fig. 2E) with body appearing as shallow inverted-V shape, having similar width, posteroventral margin roughly undulate, and densely covered with microsetae medially on posterior surface. Median sclerite (Fig. 2F) slender, with forked apex, and with base located in front of anterior margin of ventral plate. Parameres (Fig. 2G) large, each with small apical appendix directed forwardly, and with 1 distinct long and stout hook. Aedeagal membrane moderately setose, dorsal plate well defined, broadly produced ventrally with round apex, though constricted subbasally. Ventral surface of abdominal segment 10 (Fig. 2H) with 3���5 distinct hairs near each posterolateral margin. Cercus (Fig. 2H) small, rounded, encircled with 8���10 hairs. Pupa (n = 5). Body length 3.1���3.2 mm. Head. Integument light to dark yellow, densely covered with round tubercles, though frons with few to several tubercles; antennal sheath without any protuberances; face with pair of simple long trichomes with coiled apices, and frons with 2 simple long trichomes with uncoiled apices on each side (Fig. 3A), face with 1 simple very long trichome with coiled apex (Fig. 3B) on each side. Thorax. Integument light yellowish-brown, densely covered with small tubercles except anterodorsal surface sparsely covered with small tubercles; thorax with 2 simple very long trichomes with coiled apices mediodorsally (Fig. 3C), 1 simple very long trichome with coiled apex (Fig. 3D), 1 bifid medium-long trichome with coiled apex mediolaterally (Fig. 3E), and 3 simple trichomes (1 long with coiled apex, 1 medium-long with coiled apex, 1 medium-long with uncoiled apex) ventrolaterally (Fig. 3F). Gill (Fig. 3G) composed of 8 slender thread-like filaments, arranged as [(1 + 2) + (1 + 2)] + 2 filaments from dorsal to ventral, with short common basal stalk having somewhat swollen transparent organ ventrally at base; common basal stalk 0.57 times length of interspiracular trunk; both primary and secondary stalks of dorsal triplet medium-long, primary and secondary stalks of middle triplet short; length of primary and secondary stalks of middle triplet combined slightly shorter than stalk of ventral pair; stalk of ventral pair long, 0.8���0.9 times length of common basal stalk and 0.55���0.60 times length of interspiracular trunk; stalk of ventral pair 1.5���1.6 times as thick as primary stalk of middle triplet, and 1.2���1.3 times as thick as primary stalk of dorsal triplet; primary stalk of dorsal triplet lying against stalk of ventral pair at angle of 40���60 degrees or little more when viewed laterally; all filaments yellowish brown, gradually tapered toward apex; entire length of filaments (measured from base of gill to tips of filaments) based on one pupa as follows: 1.9���2.1 mm for dorsal triplet, 2.3���2.4 mm for middle triplet and 3.5���3.7 mm for ventral paired filaments; cuticle of all filaments with well-defined annular ridges and furrows, and densely covered with minute tubercles. Abdomen. Dorsally, segments 1���4 brownish and without distinct tubercles; segment 1 with 1 medium-long simple slender hair-like seta on each side; segment 2 with 1 short simple slender hair-like seta and 5 short somewhat spinous setae submedially on each side; segments 3 and 4 each with 4 hooked spines and 1 short somewhat spinous seta on each side; segments 5���8 each with spine-combs in transverse row on each side, and segments 6���9 each with comb-like groups of minute spines on each side; segment 9 with pair of cone-like terminal hooks (Fig. 3H). Ventrally, segment 4 with 1 simple hook and few simple slender short setae on each side; segment 5 with pair of bifid hooks submedially and few short simple slender setae on each side; segments 6 and 7 each with pair of bifid inner and simple outer hooks somewhat spaced from each other and few short simple slender setae on each side; segments 4���8 with comb-like groups of minute spines. Segment 9 without grapnel-shaped hooklets. Cocoon. Slipper-shaped, moderately woven, slightly extended ventrolaterally, anterior margin thickly woven; posterior 2/3 with floor roughly or moderately woven; individual threads visible; 3.4���3.6 mm long by 1.7��� 1.9 mm wide. FIG. 3. Pupa and larva of Simulium (Nevermannia) karavalliense sp. n. (A���H) pupa and (I���L) larva; A, frontal trichome; B, facial trichome, C���F, thoracic trichomes (C, mediodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F, ventrolateral), G, left gill filaments (outer view); H, terminal hooks (end view); I, head (dorsal view); J, right mandible (lateral view); K, hypostoma (ventral view); L, head capsule showing postgenal cleft and hypostoma (ventral view). Scale bars. 0.01 mm for J; 0.02 mm for A���G and I; 0.05 mm for K; 0.1 mm for L; 0.2 mm for H. Mature larva (n = 7). Body length 6.3���6.8 mm. Body creamy. Cephalic apotome whitish-yellow, though narrow area along posterior margin somewhat darkened; head spots moderately positive except anterior spot of posterolateral spots usually obscure. Lateral surface of head capsule whitish-yellow except eye-spot region whitish; eyebrow moderately positive; among spots in front of posterior margin, 2 relatively large spots moderately positive, and 2 small spots faintly positive; 1 or 2 small round spots below eye-spot region indistinct or faintly positive (Fig. I). Ventral surface of head capsule whitish-yellow to yellow except darkened area near posterior margin on each side of postgenal cleft; horizontal long spot and round spot on each side of postgenal cleft faintly or moderately positive. Antenna composed of 3 segments and apical sensillum, somewhat longer than stem of labral fan; proportional lengths of 1 st, 2 nd, and 3 rd segments 1.00:1.07:0.96. Labral fan with 35���37 main rays. Mandible (Fig. 3J) with 3 comb-teeth, of which 1 st tooth longest and 2 nd tooth as long as or slightly longer than 3 rd one; mandibular serration composed of 2 teeth (1 medium-sized and 1 small); major tooth at obtuse angle against mandible on apical side; supernumerary serration absent. Hypostoma (Fig. 3K) with row of 9 apical teeth; median tooth longer than others; lateral margin serrated; 6 hypostomal bristles per side lying parallel to lateral margin. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 3L) medium-size, somewhat flattened apically, 0.71���0.76 times as long as postgenal bridge. Cervical sclerites composed of 2 light to medium brown small oblong pieces, not fused to occiput, widely separated medially from each other. Thoracic cuticle bare. Abdominal cuticle almost bare except few posterior segments sparsely covered with colorless simple setae, and last segment densely covered with colorless simple setae on each side of anal sclerite. Rectal scales present. Rectal papillae compound, each of 3 lobes with 6���8 finger-like secondary lobules. Anal sclerite of usual X-form, with anterior arms 0.78���0.82 times as long as posterior ones, broadly sclerotized at base; accessory sclerites absent. Last abdominal segment with pair of large conical ventral papillae. Posterior circlet with 72���78 rows of up to 14���17 hooklets per row. Type specimens. Holotype (in alcohol): Female, reared from pupa, collected from a small stream (water temperature 24.3��C, exposed to the sun, altitude 229 m, 11��19���63.8��� N, 78��18���79.6��� E) moderately flowing through foot hills area, Karavalli village, Kolli hills, Namakkal district, Tamil Nadu state, India, 23. XI.2018. Paratypes (in alcohol): 3 females, 5 males, 8 pupae, 15 mature larvae, same data as the holotype; 1 male, 3 pupae, 5 larvae collect- ed from a stream at Nachiamman odai, Semmedu village, Kolli hills, altitude 1131 m, 11��19���06.7��� N, 78��20���89.5��� E, 23. XI.2018. Biological notes. The pupa and larva of this new species were collected from grass leaves trailing in water. Associated species were Hydropsyche (Caddisfly) and Baetis (Mayfly). Etymology. The species name karavalliense refers to the locality name, Karavalli, where this new species was collected Remarks. This new species is readily assigned to the ruficorne species-group of the subgenus Nevermannia, by having the male genitalia with ventral plate with a distinct median keel (Crosskey, 1969). This new species is characterized by the pupal gill with eight thread-like filaments, of which stalk of ventral pair long and 0.8���0.9 times length of common basal stalk. The arrangement and relative length of the pupal gill filaments of this new species are almost identical to those of S. (N.) glatthaari Takaoka and Davies, described from Sumatra, Indonesia (Takaoka and Davies, 1995). However, this new species is distinguished from S. (N.) glatthaari (those of S. (N.) glatthaari in parenthesis) in the female by the long sensory vesicle and 0.65 times length of 3 rd palpomere (0.47 times length of 3 rd palpomere) and tarsal claw with large basal tooth and 0.46 times as long as claw (0.35 times as long as claw), in the male by the coxite in ventral view, 1.35 times as long as its greatest width (1.46 times as its greatest width), in the pupa by the common basal stalk 0.57 times length of interspiracular trunk (0.38 times length of interspiracular trunk) and slipper-shaped cocoon (wall-pocket shaped cocoon), and in the larva by 6 hypostomal bristles lying parallel to lateral margin (7���9 hypostomal bristles lying parallel to lateral margin). This new species is morphologically similar to S. (N.) aureohirtum Puri (1932) described from India, by a combination of the triangular ovipositor valves of the females, plate-like ventral plate with median keel of the males, cuticle of all respiratory filaments with well-defined annular ridges and densely covered with minute tubercles of pupae and 6 hypostomal bristles lying parallel to lateral margin. However, this new species is distinguished from S. (N.) aureohirtum by the following characters (S. (N.) aureohirtum in parenthesis): scutum without any longitudinal vitta (scutum with a pair of sub-median longitudinal vittae) in the female, the hind basitarsus spindle���shaped, 0.6 times as, Published as part of Anbalagan, Sankarappan, Rekha, Kalimuthu, Vijayan, Suruliyandi, Balachandran, Chellapandian, Dinakaran, Sundaram & Krishnan, Muthukalingan, 2020, A new black fly species of Simulium (Nevermannia) (Simuliidae: Diptera) from the Southern Eastern Ghats, India, pp. 374-382 in Zootaxa 4768 (3) on pages 375-380, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4768.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/3784072, {"references":["Crosskey, R. W. (1969) A re-classification of the Simuliidae (Diptera) of Africa and its islands. Bulletin of British Museum (Natural History), London, Entomology, Supplement 14, 1 - 195.","Takaoka, H. & Davies, D. M. (1995) A new black fly species of Simulium (Nevermannia) from Sumatra, Indonesia. Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 23 (2), 127 - 131. https: // doi. org / 10.2149 / tmh 1973.23.127"]}

Simulium (Gomphostilbia) dinakarani sp. nov. (Figs. 1���3) (Zoobank Ref. No: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub: 88E6EA69-35D2-4DC8-85BA-E1C9EEBB0E55) Diagnosis. Female: scutum with 3 brownish-black longitudinal vittae, hind basitarsus 6.2 times as long as wide and Sternite 8 covered with 14���16 long hairs. Male: upper eye with 13 vertical columns and 16 horizontal rows of large facets, hind basitarsus spindle-shaped and 4.2 times as long as wide. Pupa: respiratory gill with 8 filaments and stalk of ventral pair 1.1���1.31 times as thick as primary stalk of middle triplet. Larva: 4 hypostomal bristles per side arrayed parallel to lateral margin and postgenal cleft 4.1 times as long as postgenal bridge. Description. Female. Body length 3.8 mm. Head. Slightly narrower than thorax. Frons brownish-black, densely covered with yellowish-white recumbent hairs interspersed; frontal ratio 2.6:1.0:2.9; frons:head ratio 1.0:2.7. Fronto-ocular area well developed, narrow, directed dorsolaterally. Clypeus yellowish-black, densely covered with yellowish-white recumbent hairs interspersed with few to several dark longer hairs on each side. Labrum 0.8 times length of clypeus. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, dark brown except scape and pedicel yellow and basal extreme of first flagellomere light brown. Maxillary palp composed of 5 segments, light brown except first and second segment ochreous and third segment medium brown, proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0:0.9:2.0; third segment (Fig. 1A) widened apically; sensory vesicle (Fig. 1A) medium-sized (0.48 times length of 3 rd segment), with large-sized opening. Maxillary lacinia with 33 inner teeth. Mandible with 12 inner teeth and no distinct outer teeth, though outer margin indented near apex and appearing to have few to several vestigial teeth. Cibarium (Fig. 1B) medially forming sclerotized plate folded forward from posterior margin, with moderately sclerotized medio-longitudinal ridge with bifid apex. Thorax. Scutum dark brown except anterolateral calli dark ochreous, with 3 brownish-black longitudinal vittae (1 narrow median and 2 lateral), median vitta united anteriorly to anterior calli, lateral vittae united posteriorly to prescutellar area; scutum shiny when illuminated at certain angles, densely covered with yellow scale-like recumbent shorthairs interspersed with dark brown long upright hairs on prescutellar area. Scutellum shiny, with dark brown short hairs. Postnotum shiny and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum medium to dark brown, longer than deep, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, densely covered with fine short hairs. Legs. Foreleg: coxa yellow; trochanter yellow except apical portion somewhat darkened; femur light brown; tibia brown; tarsus brownish black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus slightly dilated, 6.3 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa yellowish brown except posterior surface dark brown; trochanter yellow to light brown; femur and tibia brown; tarsus brownish-black except basal 1/2 of basitarsus dark yellow. Hindleg: coxa yellowish brown; trochanter yellow; femur medium brown with base yellow and apical cap dark brown; tibia (Fig. 1C) light to dark brown with basal 1/4 white, covered with brownish fine hairs on outer and posterior surfaces; tarsus brownish-black except basal 2/3 of basitarsus (though base light brown); basitarsus (Fig. 1D) narrow, nearly parallel-sided, 6.2 times as long as wide, and 0.62 and 0.55 times as wide as greatest width of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 1D) slightly shorter than width at base, and 0.41 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus. Pedisulcus (Fig. 1D) well defined. Claw (Fig. 1E) with large basal tooth 0.4 times as long as claw. Wing. Length 2.0 mm. Costa with dark-brown spinules and light-brown hairs except basal patch of yellow hairs. Subcosta haired except near apex bare. Hair tuft on base of radial vein dark brown. Basal portion of radius fully haired. Basal cell absent. Halter. Clear white except basal stem darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale dark yellow, with fringe of yellowish-white hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen medium to dark brown except segment 2 light brown with middle portion of tergite ochreous, moderately covered with dark short to long hairs; tergites of segments 2 and 6���9 shiny when illuminated at certain angles. Ventral surface of segments 2���4 creamy, those of other segments light to dark brown; sternite 7 undeveloped. Genitalia. Sternite 8 (Fig. 1F) well sclerotized and bare medially, covered with 14���16 long hairs on each side. Ovipositor valves tongue-like, thin, membranous, moderately covered with microsetae; inner margins convex, somewhat sclerotized, and slightly separated from each other. Genital fork (Fig. 1G) of usual inverted-Y form; stem slender and well sclerotized; arms of moderate width, lateral plate of each arm with thin lobe directed posteromedially and small stout projection directed anterodorsally. Paraproct in ventral view (Fig. 1H) concave anterolaterally, with 3 sensilla on anteromedial surface; paraproct in lateral view (Fig. 1I) much produced ventrally, 0.63 times as long as wide, with 6���8 medium-long to long hairs on ventral and lateral surfaces. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 1I) short, rounded posteriorly, 0.91 times as long as wide. Spermatheca (Fig. 1J) ellipsoidal, 1.7 times as long as its greatest width, well sclerotized except duct and small area near juncture with duct unsclerotized, and with hexagonal pattern on surface; internal setae absent; both accessory ducts slender, subequal in diameter to major one. Male. Body length 4.3 mm. Head somewhat wider than thorax. Upper eye yellowish brown, consisting of 13 vertical columns and 16 horizontal rows of large facets. Face grayish-black, grayish-white pruinose. Clypeus brownish black, whitish pruinose, densely covered with golden-yellow scale-like medium-long hairs (directed upward and lateral) interspersed with several dark brown simple longer hairs. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and 9 flagellomeres, yellow to brown; 1 st flagellomere elongate, 1.63 times as long as 2 nd one. Maxillary palp light to medium brown, with 5 segments, proportional lengths of 3 rd, 4 th, and 5 th segments 1.00:1.57:3.21; 3 rd segment (Fig. 2A) widened apically; sensory vesicle (Fig. 2A) ellipsoidal, small (0.27 times as long as 3 rd segment), and with small opening. Thorax. Scutum slightly darker than female and short hairs on scutum golden yellow. Foreleg: coxa yellow; trochanter yellow with some portions light brown; femur light brown except apical cap brown; tibia brown with median 2/3 light brown and covered with dark brown hairs; tarsus brown to dark brown; basitarsus moderately dilated 6.2 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa yellowish brown; trochanter yellow to brown; femur yellow except apical 1/4 brown; tibia medium brown to dark brown; tarsus dark brown to brownish-black except anterior surface of little less than basal 1/2 of basitarsus dark yellow to light brown. Hindleg: coxa dark yellow to brown; trochanter yellow; femur light brown except apical 1/2 dark brown; tibia (Fig. 2B) brown except basal and apical portion dark brown; tarsus medium to dark brown except basal 1/2 (or little less) of basitarsus whitish-yellow and little less than basal 1/3 of 2 nd tarsomere white; basitarsus (Fig. 2C) slender, spindle-shaped, 4.2 times as long as wide, and 0.68 and 0.77 times as wide as greatest width of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 2C) nearly as long as wide, and 0.32 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus. Pedisulcus (Fig. 2C) well defined. Wing. Length 2.4 mm. Costa with dark brown spinules as well as dark brown hairs except basal portion with patch of yellowish hairs. Subcosta bare. Hair tuft on stem vein dark brown. Basal portion of radius fully haired; R1with dark spinules and hairs and R2 with hairs only. Basal cell absent. Halter. Yellowish brown except outer surface ochreous, basal stem darkened and apex white. Abdomen. Basal scale dark brown, with fringe of light to medium brown hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen dark brown except segment 2 light brown (though posterior 1/4 of dorsal surface brown), covered with dark brown short to long hairs; segments 2, 5���7 with shiny dorsolateral or lateral patches; ventral surface of segment 2 yellow, those of segments 3 and 4 yellow except sternites medium brown, and those of other segments medium to dark brown. Genitalia. Coxite in ventral view (Fig. 2D) nearly rectangle, 1.5 times as long as its greatest width. Style in ventral view (Fig. 2D) slightly bent inward, slightly tapered from base to apex, sharped apically and with apical spine; style in medial view (Fig. 2E) longer than coxite (0.75 times as long as coxite), gently bent inward, nearly parallel-sided, with apical spine; style in ventro-lateral view (Fig. 2F) very slightly tapered toward apical 3/4, with rounded apex. Ventral plate in ventral view (Fig. 2D) with body broad, 0.81 times as long as wide, tapered posteriorly, with anterior margin produced antero-medially, and posterior margin concave medially, densely covered with microsetae on ventral surface; basal arms of long, directed forward, then convergent apically; ventral plate in lateral view (Fig. 2G) moderately produced ventrally; ventral plate in end view (Fig. 2H) body and ventrally-produced median process nearly equilateral triangular. Median sclerite (Fig. 2G) thin, plate-like, wide. Paramere (Fig. 2I) of moderate size, with 3 distinct long, stout hooks plus several smaller ones. Aedeagal membrane moderately setose, slightly sclerotized at base but dorsal plate not well defined. Ventral surface of abdominal segment 10 without distinct hairs near posterior margin. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 2J) small, rounded, with 3���5 hairs. Pupa (n =7). Body length 3.1���3.3 mm. Head. Integument dark yellow, moderately covered with small round tubercles; antennal sheath with protuberance; face with pair of simple very long trichomes with uncoiled apices, and frons with 3 pairs of simple very long trichomes with coiled or uncoiled apices; 2 frontal trichomes on each side arising close together, subequal in length to one another and slightly longer than facial one. Thorax. Integument yellow, covered with round tubercles, with 3 simple very long dorsomedial trichomes with coiled apices, 1 simple very long anterolateral trichome with coiled apices, 1 simple very long mediolateral trichome with uncoiled apex, and 3 simple ventrolateral trichome with uncoiled apices (1 medium-long and 2 short) on each side. Gill (Fig. 3A) composed of 8 slender thread-like filaments, arranged as [(1 + 2) + (1 + 2)] + 2 filaments from dorsal to ventral, with short common basal stalk having somewhat swollen transparent organ ventrally at base; common basal stalk 0.41 times length of interspiracular trunk; dorsal and middle triplet sharing short common stalk; primary stalks of dorsal slightly shorter than middle triplet, but the secondary stalk of dorsal triplet medium-long; primary stalk of middle triplet shorter than stalk of ventral pair, but the secondary stalk of middle triplet long; stalk of ventral pair medium-long, 0.8���0.9 times length of common basal stalk and 0.38���0.40 times length of interspiracular trunk; stalk of ventral pair 1.1���1.31 times as thick as primary stalk of middle triplet, and 1.05 times as thick as primary stalk of dorsal triplet; primary stalk of dorsal triplet lying against stalk of ventral pair at angle of 80���90 degrees or little more when viewed laterally; all filaments yellowish brown, gradually tapered toward apex; entire length of filaments (measured from base of gill to tips of filaments) based on one pupa as follows: 1.9���2.1 mm for dorsal triplet, 2.1���2.3 mm for middle triplet and 3.2���3.4 mm for ventral paired filaments; cuticle of all filaments with welldefined annular ridges and furrows though gradually becoming indistinct from middle to apex, densely covered with minute tubercles. Abdomen. Dorsally, segments 1 and 2 brownish yellow and with tubercles; segment 1 with 1 simple slender medium-long hair-like seta on each side; segment 2 with 1 simple medium-long and 3 short hair like setae on each side; segments 3 and 4 each with 4 hooked spines and 1 short hair like seta on each side; segment 5 lacking spine���combs and 1 short hair-like seta on each side; segments 6���9 each with spine-combs in transverse row (though those on segment 9 slightly smaller than those on segment 8) and comb-like groups of minute spines on each side; segment 9 with pair of triangular flat terminal hooks, of which outer margin slightly longer than inner margin and not crenulated (Fig. 3B). Cocoon. Wall-pocket-shaped, thinly and moderately woven, anterior margin somewhat thickly woven, with dorsal portion slightly produced anteriorly when viewed dorsally; posterior 1/2 with floor roughly or moderately woven; individual threads visible; 3.5 mm long by 2.8 mm wide. Mature larva (n =12). Body length 5.3���5.6 mm. Body creamy to colored with markings as follows: thoracic segment 1 encircled with ochreous broad transverse band (not continuous ventrally), proleg grayish, thoracic segments 2 and 3 grayish dorsally and each with distinct ochreous wide areas ventrally, abdominal segments 1���4 each encircled with yellowish brown broad band, abdominal segments 5���8 almost entirely covered by yellowish brown transverse broad band on dorsal and dorsolateral surfaces; abdominal segments 5 and 6 each with W-shaped broad transverse grayish-brown band on dorsolateral surfaces of posterior 1/2 of each segment; abdominal segment 7 and 8 with transverse yellowish brown band on ventral surface; Cephalic apotome yellowish brown, and sparsely covered with simple minute setae; head spots indistinct. Lateral surface of head capsule yellowish brown except eye-spot region yellow, and very sparsely covered with simple minute setae; spots indistinct. Ventral surface of head capsule yellowish brown except somewhat darkened area near posterior margin on each side of postgenal cleft, and very sparsely covered with simple minute setae. Antenna composed of 3 articles and apical sensillum, 1.2 times longer than stem of labral fan; proportional lengths of 1 st, 2 nd, and 3 rd segments 1.0:1.1:09.1.30. Labral fan with 34 main rays. Mandible (Fig. 3C) with 3 comb-teeth decreasing in length from 1 st to 3 rd; mandibular serrations composed of 2 teeth (1 medium-sized and 1 small); major tooth at acute angle against mandible on apical side; supernumerary serrations absent. Hypostoma (Fig. 3D) with row of 9 apical teeth; median and each corner tooth prominent (though median tooth slightly longer than corner teeth) and much longer than 3 intermediate teeth on each side; lateral margin smooth; 4 hypostomal bristles per side arrayed parallel to lateral margin. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 3E) arrow-headshaped, 4.1 times as long as postgenal bridge. Cervical sclerite composed of 2 very pale small pieces, not fused to occiput, moderately separated medially from each other. Thoracic cuticle finely covered with minute dark spinules. Abdominal cuticle almost bare except few posterior segments sparsely to moderately covered with simple minute setae dorsally and dorsolaterally and last segment densely covered with colorless simple setae on each side of anal sclerite. Rectal scales absent. Rectal papilla compound, each of 3 lobes with 5 finger-like secondary lobules. Anal sclerite of usual X-form, with anterior arms little shorter (0.75 times as long as posterior arms) than posterior ones, broadly sclerotized at base; accessory sclerite absent. Last abdominal segment expanded ventrolaterally forming double bulges on each side, visible as large conical ventral papilla when viewed from side. Posterior circlet with 56 rows of hooklets with up to 14���16 hooklets per row. Etymology. The species is name dinakarani is in honor of Professor S. Dinakaran, Department of Zoology, The Madura College, Madurai, who contributed many works on aquatic insects from India. Type series. Holotype, Female (preserved in ethanol), reared from a pupa, collected from a fast-flowing stream (width 5���12 m, depth 5���20 cm, bedrock stream, water temperature 19.7��C, exposed to the sun, altitude 1186 m, 10��26���90.73������N/ 77��61���15.78������E), stream at Moolayar, Palani hills of Southern Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India, 10-II-2017, by S. Anbalagan & S. Vijayan; Paratype, 6 females, 8 males, 20 pupae and 30 mature larvae, same data as the holotype, holotype and paratypes deposited in deposited in CRAE (No: SGB005). Habitat. The pupae and larvae of this new species were collected from leaves and grasses trailing in the water. The associated species were Teloganodes kodai, Hydropsyche sp., Published as part of Anbalagan, Sankarappan, Vijayan, Suruliyandi, Balachandran, Chellapandian, Thiyonila, Berchmans & Surya, Aathmanathan, 2020, Two new species of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) (Diptera: Simuliidae) from South India, pp. 57-72 in Zootaxa 4742 (1) on pages 58-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3674463

Two new black fly species, Simulium (Gomphostilbia) dinakarani sp. nov. and Simulium (Gomphostilbia) krishnani sp. nov. are described based on reared adult, pupal and larval specimens collected from the Western Ghats of India. These two new species are placed in the Simulium batoense species-group of the subgenus Gomphostilbia Enderlein. The morphological characters of two new species are compared with other related species of batoense species-group in India. The COI gene has successfully differentiated these two new species from its allies, S. (G.) panagudiense and S. (G.) takaokai of the batoense species group and the phylogenetic analysis by using COI gene sequences supporting its morphological classification.

Simulium (Gomphostilbia) krishnani sp. nov. (Figs 4–6) (Zoobank Ref. No: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub: 88E6EA69-35D2-4DC8-85BA-E1C9EEBB0E55) Diagnosis. Female: scutum with 3 brownish-black longitudinal vittae, hind basitarsus 7.64 times as long as wide, the subbasal tooth 0.68 times as long as tarsal claw and spermatheca 1.28 times as long as its greatest width. Male: small sensory vesicle (0.21 times as long as 3 rd segment) and hind basitarsus 4.4 times as long as wide. Pupa: respiratory gill with 8 filaments and stalk of ventral pair 0.94–0.95 times as thick as primary stalk of middle triplet. Larva: labral fan with 28 main rays, postgenal cleft 3.0 times as long as postgenal bridge and posterior circlet with 64 rows of hooklets. Description. Female. Body length 1.8 mm. Head. Narrower than width of thorax. Frons black, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, thinly yellowish pruinose, with several stout dark hairs along lateral and lower margins; frontal ratio 1.3:1.0:1.5; frons-head ratio 1.0:2.61. Fronto-ocular area well developed, narrow, directed dorsolaterally. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and 9 flagellomeres, brown except scape, pedicel and basal 0.5 of 1 st flagellomere yellow. Clypeus grayish-black, slightly shiny when illuminated at certain angles, densely covered with yellow hairs interspersed with several dark longer hairs on each side. Labrum 0.7 times as long as clypeus. Maxillary palp composed of 5 segments; proportional lengths of 3 rd, 4 th and 5 th segments 1.0:0.8:1.2; 3 rd segment (Fig. 4A) moderately enlarged; sensory vesicle (Fig. 4A) medium-sized (0.35 times as long as 3 rd segment), with medium-sized round opening. Maxillary lacinia with 6 inner and 12 outer teeth. Mandible with 24 inner teeth and lacking outer teeth though outer margin with several very low round ridges at some distance from apex. Cibarium (Fig. 4B) medially forming sclerotized plate folded forward from posterior margin, with moderately sclerotized mediolongitudinal ridge. Thorax. Scutum dark brown except anterolateral calli dark ochreous, with 3 brownish-black longitudinal vittae (1 narrow median and 2 lateral), median vitta united anteriorly to anterior calli, lateral vittae united posteriorly to prescutellar area; scutum shiny when illuminated at certain angles, densely covered with yellow scale-like recumbent shorthairs interspersed with dark brown long upright hairs on prescutellar area. Scutellum shiny, with dark brown short hairs. Postnotum shiny and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum medium to dark brown, longer than deep, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, densely covered with fine short hairs. Legs. Foreleg: coxa yellow; trochanter yellow except apical portion somewhat darkened; femur light brown; tibia brown; tarsus brownish black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus slightly dilated, 5.3 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa yellowish brown except posterior surface dark brown; trochanter yellow to light brown; femur and tibia brown; tarsus brownish-black except basal 1/2 of basitarsus dark yellow. Hind leg: coxa yellowish brown; trochanter yellow; femur medium brown with base yellow and apical cap dark brown; tibia light to dark brown with basal 1/6 white, covered with brownish fine hairs on outer and posterior surfaces; tarsus brownish-black except basal 2/3 of basitarsus (though base light brown); basitarsus (Fig. 4C) narrow, nearly parallel-sided, 7.64 times as long as wide, and 0.54 and 0.46 times as wide as greatest width of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 4C) slightly shorter than width at base, and 0.55 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus. Pedisulcus (Fig. 4C) well defined. Claw (Fig. 4D) with large basal tooth 0.68 times as long as claw. Wing. Length 2.2 mm. Costa with dark spinules and hairs except hairs on basal portion yellow. Subcosta with dark hairs except near apex bare. Hair tuft on stem vein dark brown. Basal section of vein R fully haired; R 1 with dark spinules and hairs; R 2 with hairs only. Basal cell absent. Haltere. White except basal stem darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale ochreous, with fringe of whitish-yellow hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen medium brown to dark brownish except basal 1/2 of segment 2 yellow, moderately covered with yellow fine short hairs and dark short to long hairs; tergites of segments 2 and 6–9 shiny when illuminated at certain angles. Ventral surface of segments 2 and 3 entirely whitish-yellow, and those of other segments light to dark brown; sternal plate on segment 7 undeveloped. Genitalia. Sternite 8 (Fig. 4E) well sclerotized and bare medially, covered with 8–10 long hairs on each side. Ovipositor valves triangular, thin, membranous, moderately covered with microsetae; inner margins convex, somewhat sclerotized, and slightly separated from each other. Genital fork (Fig. 4F) of usual inverted-Y forms; stem slender and well sclerotized; arms of moderate width, lateral plate of each arm with thin lobe directed posteromedially. Paraproct in ventral view (Fig. 4G) concave anterolaterally, with 3 sensilla on anteromedial surface; paraproct in lateral view (Fig. 4H) somewhat produced ventrally, 0.62 times as long as wide, with 8–10 medium-long to long hairs on lateral and ventral surfaces. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 4H) short, rounded posteriorly, 0.8 times as long as its greatest width. Spermatheca (Fig. 4I) ellipsoidal, 1.28 times as long as its greatest width, well sclerotized except duct and small area near juncture with duct unsclerotized, and with hexagonal pattern on surface; internal setae absent; both accessory ducts slender, subequal in diameter to major one. Male. Body length 2.3 mm. Head, somewhat wider than thorax. Upper eye yellowish brown, consisting of 13 vertical columns and 14 horizontal rows of large facets. Face brownish black, grayish-white pruinose. Clypeus black, whitish pruinose, densely covered with golden-yellow scale-like medium-long hairs (directed upward and lateral) interspersed with several dark brown simple longer hairs. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and 9 flagellomeres, yellow to brown; 1 st flagellomere elongate, 1.67 times as long as 2nd one. Maxillary palp light to medium brown, with 5 segments, proportional lengths of 3 rd, 4 th, and 5 th segments 1.00:0.6:1.1; 3 rd segment (Fig. 5A) widened apically; sensory vesicle (Fig. 5A) ellipsoidal, small (0.21 times as long as 3 rd segment), and with small opening. Thorax. Scutum slightly darker than female and short hairs on scutum golden yellow. Legs. Foreleg: coxa yellow; trochanter yellow with some portions light brown; femur light brown except apical cap brown; tibia brown with median 2/3 light brown and covered with dark brown hairs; tarsus brown to dark brown; basitarsus moderately dilated 6.0 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa yellowish brown; trochanter yellow to brown; femur yellow except apical 1/4 brown; tibia medium brown to dark brown; tarsus dark brown to brownish-black except anterior surface of little less than basal 1/2 of basitarsus dark yellow to light brown. Hindleg: coxa dark yellow to brown; trochanter yellow; femur light brown except apical 1/2 dark brown; tibia brown except subbasal and apical portion dark brown; tarsus medium to dark brown except basal 1/2 (or little less) of basitarsus whitish-yellow and little less than basal 1/3 of 2nd tarsomere white; basitarsus (Fig. 5B) slender, spindle-shaped, 4.4 times as long as wide, and 0.4 and 0.6 times as wide as greatest width of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 5B) nearly as long as wide, and 0.3 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus. Pedisulcus (Fig. 5B) well defined. Wing. Length 1.84 mm. Costa with dark brown spinules as well as dark brown hairs except basal portion with patch of yellowish hairs. Subcosta bare. Hair tuft on stem vein dark brown. Basal portion of radius fully haired; R1with dark spinules and hairs and R2with hairs only. Basal cell absent. Halter. Yellowish brown except outer surface ochreous, basal stem darkened and apex white. Abdomen. Basal scale dark brown, with fringe of light to medium brown hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen dark brown except segment 2 light brown (though posterior 1/4 of dorsal surface brown), covered with dark brown short to long hairs; segments 2, 5–7 with shiny dorsolateral or lateral patches; ventral surface of segment 2 yellow, those of segments 3 and 4 yellow except sternites medium brown, and those of other segments medium to dark brown. Genitalia. Coxite in ventral view (Fig. 5C) quadrate, 1.1 times as long as its greatest width. Style in ventral view (Fig. 5C) greatly bent inward, slightly tapered from base to apex, pointed apically and with apical spine; style in medial view longer than coxite (0.8 times as long as coxite), gently bent inward, nearly parallel-sided, with apical spine; style in ventro-lateral view (Fig. 5D) greatly tapered toward middle, then parallel-sided, with rounded apex. Ventral plate in ventral view (Fig. 5E) with body broad, 0.6 times as long as wide, narrowed posteriorly, with anterior margin concave, and posterior margin rounded, densely covered with microsetae on ventral surface; basal arms of long, directed forward, then divergent apically; ventral plate in lateral view moderately produced ventrally; ventral plate in end view (Fig. 5F) body and ventrally-produced median process nearly equilateral triangular. Median sclerite (Fig. 5E) thin, plate-like, wide. Paramere (Fig. 5G) of moderate size, with 3 distinct long and stout hooks and several smaller ones. Aedeagal membrane moderately setose, slightly sclerotized at base but dorsal plate not well defined. Ventral surface of abdominal segment 10 without distinct hairs near posterior margin. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 5H) small, rounded, with 5–7 hairs. Pupa (n =6). Body length 3.0– 3.1 mm. Head. Integument dark yellow, moderately covered with small round tubercles; antennal sheath with protuberance; face with pair of simple very long trichomes with uncoiled apices, and frons with 3 pairs of simple very long trichomes with coiled or uncoiled apices; 3 frontal trichomes on each side arising close together, subequal in length to one another and slightly longer than facial one. Thorax. Integument yellow, covered with round tubercles, with 3 simple very long dorsomedial trichomes with coiled apices, 1 simple very long anterolateral trichome with coiled apices, 1 simple very long mediolateral trichome with uncoiled apex, and 3 simple ventrolateral trichome with ucoiled apices (1 medium-long and 2 short) on each side. Gill (Fig. 6A) composed of 8 slender thread-like filaments, arranged as [(1 + 2) + (1 + 2)] + 2 filaments from dorsal to ventral, with short common basal stalk having somewhat swollen transparent organ ventrally at base; common basal stalk 0.3 times length of interspiracular trunk; both primary and secondary stalks of dorsal triplet short, primary and secondary stalks of middle triplet medium-long; length of secondary stalk of middle triplet slightly longer than stalk of ventral pair; stalk of ventral pair medium-long, 2.4 times length of common basal stalk and 0.8 times length of interspiracular trunk; stalk of ventral pair 0.94–0.95 times as thick as primary stalk of middle triplet, and 0.86–0.89 times as thick as primary stalk of dorsal triplet; primary stalk of dorsal triplet lying against stalk of ventral pair at angle of 80–90 degrees or little more when viewed laterally; all filaments yellowish brown, gradually tapered toward apex; entire length of filaments (measured from base of gill to tips of filaments) based on one pupa as follows: 1.4–1.5 mm for dorsal triplet, 1.3–1.5 mm for middle triplet and 1.6–1.7 mm for ventral paired filaments; cuticle of all filaments with well-defined annular ridges and furrows though gradually becoming indistinct from middle to apex, densely covered with minute tubercles. Abdomen. Dorsally, segments 1 and 2 brownish yellow and with tubercles; segment 1 with 1 simple slender medium-long hair-like seta on each side; segment 2 with 1 simple medium-long and 3 short hair like setae on each side; segments 3 and 4 each with 4 hooked spines and 1 short hair like seta on each side; segment 5 lacking spine–combs and 1 short hair like seta on each side; segments 6–9 each with spine-combs in transverse row (though those on segment 9 slightly smaller than those on segment 8 and comb-like groups of minute spines on each side; segment 9 with pair of triangular flat terminal hooks, of which outer margin slightly longer than inner margin and not crenulated (Fig. 6B). Cocoon. Wall-pocket-shaped, thinly and moderately woven, anterior margin somewhat thickly woven, with dorsal portion slightly produced anteriorly when viewed dorsally; posterior 1/2 with floor roughly or moderately woven; individual threads visible; 3.5 mm long by 2.1 mm wide. Mature larva (n =13). Body length 3.9–4.1 mm. Body creamy to color markings as follows: thoracic segment 1 encircled with ochreous broad transverse band (though disconnected ventrally), proleg grayish, thoracic segments 2 and 3 grayish dorsally and each with distinct ochreous wide areas ventrally, abdominal segments 1–4 each encircled with yellowish brown broad band, abdominal segments 5–8 almost entirely covered by yellowish brown transverse broad band on dorsal and dorsolateral surfaces; abdominal segments 5 and 6 each with W-shaped broad transverse grayish-brown band on dorsolateral surfaces of posterior 1/2 of each segment; abdominal segment 7 and 8 with transverse yellowish brown band on ventral surface; Cephalic apotome yellowish brown, and sparsely covered with simple minute setae; head spots indistinct. Lateral surface of head capsule yellowish brown except eye-spot region yellow, and very sparsely covered with simple minute setae; spots indistinct. Ventral surface of head capsule yellowish brown except somewhat darkened area near posterior margin on each side of postgenal cleft, and very sparsely covered with simple minute setae. Antenna composed of 3 segments and apical sensillum, 1.1 times longer than stem of labral fan; proportional lengths of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd segments 1.00:1.40:1.03. Labral fan with 28 main rays. Mandible (Fig. 6C) with 3 comb-teeth same length from 1 st to 3 rd; mandibular serrations composed of 2 teeth (1 medium-sized and 1 small); major tooth at acute angle against mandible on apical side; supernumerary serrations absent. Hypostoma (Fig. 6D) with row of 9 apical teeth; median and each corner tooth not prominent (though median tooth slightly longer than corner teeth) and longer than 3 intermediate teeth on each side; lateral margin smooth; 4 hypostomal bristles per side lying parallel to lateral margin. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 6E) arrow-headshaped, 3.04 times as long as postgenal bridge. Cervical sclerite composed of 2 very pale small pieces, not fused to occiput, moderately separated medially from each other. Thoracic cuticle finely covered with minute dark spinules. Abdominal cuticle almost bare except few posterior segments sparsely to moderately covered with simple minute setae dorsally and dorsolaterally and last segment densely covered with colorless simple setae on each side of anal sclerite. Rectal scales absent. Rectal papilla compound, each of 3 lobes with 5 finger-like secondary lobules. Anal sclerite of usual X-form, with anterior arms little shorter (0.86 times as long as posterior arms) than posterior ones, broadly sclerotized at base; accessory sclerite absent. Last abdominal segment expanded ventrolaterally forming double bulges on each side, visible as large conical ventral papilla when viewed from side. Posterior circlet with 64 rows of hooklets with up to 15–18 hooklets per row. Etymology. The species is name krishnani is in honor of Professor M. Krishnan, Vice Chancellor of Madurai Kamaraj University, who contributed many works in the field of Entomology of India Type series. Holotype, Female (preserved in ethanol), reared from a pupa, collected from a fast-flowing stream (width 3–5 m, depth 5–30 cm, diversified substrates stream, water temperature 23.0°C, exposed to the sun, altitude 527 m, 14º58′36″N, 74º46′40″E), Balur stream of Central Western Ghats, Kumta taluk, Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka state, India, 20-XI-2016, by S. Anbalagan & S. Vijayan; Paratype, 2 females, 2 males, 8 pupae, 24 mature larvae, same data as the holotype, holotype and paratypes deposited in CRAE (No: SGB004). Habitat. The larvae and pupae of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) krishnani sp. nov. are abundantly found in snacks cover, polythene sheet and leaf litter submerged in water.

Simulium (Gomphostilbia) kumbakkaraiense sp. n. (Fig. 2–4) Female. Body length 2.5–2.6 mm. Head. Slightly narrower than thorax. Frons brownish black, densely covered with yellowish-white recumbent hairs interspersed; frontal ratio 2.0:1.0:1.2; frons:head ratio 1.0:3.3. Fronto-ocular area well developed, narrow, directed dorsolaterally. Clypeus brownish black, densely covered with yellowishwhite recumbent hairs interspersed with few to several dark longer hairs on each side. Labrum 0.7 times as long as clypeus. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, dark brown except scape and pedicel yellow and basal extreme of first flagellomere light brown. Maxillary palp composed of five segments, light brown except first and second segment ochreous and third segment medium brown, proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0:1.2:2.0; third segment (Fig. 2A) of moderate size; sensory vesicle (Fig. 2A) elongate, 0.4 times as long as third segment and with medium-sized opening. Maxillary lacinia with 13 inner and 26 outer teeth. Mandible with 16 inner teeth and 13 outer teeth at some distance from apex. Cibarium (Fig. 2B) medially forming sclerotized plate folded forward from posterior margin, with moderately sclerotized mediolongitudinal ridge. Thorax. Scutum dark brown except anterolateral calli dark ochreous, with 3 brownish-black longitudinal vittae (1 narrow median and 2 lateral), median vitta united anteriorly to anterior calli, lateral vittae united posteriorly to prescutellar area; scutum shiny when illuminated at certain angles, densely covered with yellow scale-like recumbent shorthairs interspersed with dark brown long upright hairs on prescutellar area. Scutellum shiny, with dark brown short hairs. Postnotum shiny and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum medium to dark brown, longer than deep, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, densely covered with fine short hairs. Legs. Foreleg: coxa yellow; trochanter yellow except apical portion somewhat darkened; femur light brown; tibia brown; tarsus brownish black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus slightly dilated, 5.0 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa yellowish brown except posterior surface dark brown; trochanter yellow to light brown; femur and tibia brown; tarsus brownish-black except basal 1/2 of basitarsus dark yellow. Hindleg: coxa yellowish brown; trochanter yellow; femur medium brown with base yellow and apical cap dark brown; tibia (Fig. 2C) light to dark brown with basal 1/4 white, covered with brownish fine hairs on outer and posterior surfaces; tarsus brownishblack except basal 2/3 of basitarsus (though base light brown); basitarsus (Fig. 2D) narrow, nearly parallel-sided, 5.3 times as long as wide, and 0.8 and 0.6 times as wide as greatest width of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 2D) slightly shorter than width at base, and 0.4 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus. Pedisulcus (Fig. 2D) well defined. Claw (Fig. 2E) with large basal tooth 0.4 times as long as claw. Wing. Length 2.4–2.5 mm. Costa with dark-brown spinules and light-brown hairs except basal patch of yellow hairs. Subcosta haired except near apex bare. Hair tuft on base of radial vein dark brown. Basal portion of radius fully haired. Basal cell absent. Halter. Clear white except basal stem darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale dark yellow, with fringe of yellowish-white hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen medium to dark brown except segment 2 light brown with middle portion of tergite ochreous, moderately covered with dark short to long hairs; tergites of segments 2 and 6–9 shiny when illuminated at certain angles. Ventral surface of segments 2–4 creamy, those of other segments light to dark brown; sternite 7 undeveloped. Terminalia. Sternite 8 (Fig. 2F) well sclerotized and bare medially, covered with 10–13 long hairs on each side. Ovipositor valves tongue-like, thin, membranous, moderately covered with microsetae; inner margins convex, somewhat sclerotized, and slightly separated from each other. Genital fork (Fig. 2G) of usual inverted-Y form; stem slender and well sclerotized; arms of moderate width, lateral plate of each arm with thin lobe directed posteromedially and small stout projection directed anterodorsally. Paraproct in ventral view (Fig. 2H) concave anterolaterally, with 3 sensilla on anteromedial surface; paraproct in lateral view (Fig. 2I) much produced ventrally, 0.6 times as long as wide, with 19–21 medium-long to long hairs on ventral and lateral surfaces. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 2I) short, rounded posteriorly, 0.4 times as long as wide. Spermatheca (Fig. 2J) ellipsoidal, 2.3 times as long as its greatest width, well sclerotized except duct and small area near juncture with duct unsclerotized, and with hexagonal pattern on surface; internal setae absent; both accessory ducts slender, subequal in diameter to major one. Male. Body length 2.7–2.8 mm. Head, somewhat wider than thorax. Upper eye yellowish brown, consisting of 13 vertical columns and 13 or 14 horizontal rows of large facets. Face brownish black, grayish-white pruinose. Clypeus brownish black, whitish pruinose, densely covered with golden-yellow scale-like medium-long hairs (directed upward and lateral) interspersed with several dark brown simple longer hairs. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and 9 flagellomeres, yellow to brown; 1 st flagellomere elongate, 1.3 times as long as 2 nd one. Maxillary palp light to medium brown, with 5 segments, proportional lengths of 3rd, 4th, and 5th segments 1.0:0.9:1.5; 3 rd segment (Fig. 3A) widened apically; sensory vesicle (Fig. 3A) ellipsoidal, small (0.25 times as long as 3 rd segment), and with small opening. Thorax. Scutum slightly darker than female and short hairs on scutum golden yellow. Legs. Foreleg: coxa yellow; trochanter yellow with some portions light brown; femur light brown except apical cap brown; tibia brown with median 2/3 light brown and covered with dark brown hairs; tarsus brown to dark brown; basitarsus moderately dilated 6.0 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa yellowish brown; trochanter yellow to brown; femur yellow except apical 1/4 brown; tibia medium brown to dark brown; tarsus dark brown to brownish-black except anterior surface of little less than basal 1/2 of basitarsus dark yellow to light brown. Hindleg: coxa dark yellow to brown; trochanter yellow; femur light brown except apical 1/2 dark brown; tibia (Fig. 3B) brown except basal and apical portion dark brown; tarsus medium to dark brown except basal 1/2 (or little less) of basitarsus whitish-yellow and little less than basal 1/3 of 2nd tarsomere white; basitarsus (Fig. 3C) slender, spindle-shaped, 4.9 times as long as wide, and 0.6 and 0.7 times as wide as greatest width of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 3C) nearly as long as wide, and 0.5 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus. Pedisulcus (Fig. 3C) well defined. Wing. Length 2.1–2.3 mm. Costa with dark brown spinules as well as dark brown hairs except basal portion with patch of yellowish hairs. Subcosta bare. Hair tuft on stem vein dark brown. Basal portion of radius fully haired; R 1 with dark spinules and hairs and R 2 with hairs only. Basal cell absent. Halter. Yellowish brown except outer surface ochreous, basal stem darkened and apex white. Abdomen. Basal scale dark brown, with fringe of light to medium brown hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen dark brown except segment 2 light brown (though posterior 1/4 of dorsal surface brown), covered with dark brown short to long hairs; segments 2, 5–7 with shiny dorsolateral or lateral patches; ventral surface of segment 2 yellow, those of segments 3 and 4 yellow except sternites medium brown, and those of other segments medium to dark brown. Genitalia. Coxite in ventral view (Fig. 3D) nearly rectangle, 1.1 times as long as its greatest width. Style in ventral view (Fig. 3D) slightly bent inward, slightly tapered from base to apex, sharped apically and with apical spine; style in medial view (Fig. 3E) longer than coxite (0.8 times as long as coxite), gently bent inward, nearly parallel-sided, with apical spine; style in ventro-lateral view (Fig. 3F) very slightly tapered toward apical 3/4, with rounded apex. Ventral plate in ventral view (Fig. 3G) with body broad, 0.6 times as long as wide, slightly widened posteriorly, with anterior margin concave, and posterior margin rounded, densely covered with microsetae on ventral surface; basal arms of long, directed forward, then convergent apically; ventral plate in lateral view (Fig. 3H) moderately produced ventrally; ventral plate in end view (Fig. 3I) body and ventrally-produced median process nearly equilateral triangular. Median sclerite (Fig. 3H) thin, plate-like, wide. Paramere (Fig. 3J) of moderate size, with 3 distinct long, stout hooks plus several smaller ones. Aedeagal membrane moderately setose, slightly sclerotized at base but dorsal plate not well defined. Ventral surface of abdominal segment 10 without distinct hairs near posterior margin. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 3K) small, rounded, with 9 or 10 hairs. Pupa. Body length 3.0– 3.1 mm. Head. Integument dark yellow, moderately covered with small round tubercles; antennal sheath with protuberance; face with pair of simple very long trichomes with uncoiled apices, and frons with 3 pairs of simple very long trichomes with coiled or uncoiled apices; 2 frontal trichomes on each side arising close together, subequal in length to one another and slightly longer than facial one. Thorax. Integument yellow, covered with round tubercles, with 3 simple very long dorsomedial trichomes with coiled apices, 1 simple very long anterolateral trichome with coiled apices, 1 simple very long mediolateral trichome with uncoiled apex, and 3 simple ventrolateral trichome with uncoiled apices (1 medium-long and 2 short) on each side. Gill (Fig. 4A) composed of 8 slender thread-like filaments, arranged as [(1 + 2) + (1 + 2)] + 2 filaments from dorsal to ventral, with short basal stalk having somewhat swollen transparent organ ventrally at base; common basal stalk 1.0 times length of interspiracular trunk; dorsal and middle triplet sharing medium-long common stalk; primary stalks of dorsal and middle triplets short, but secondary stalks of both triplet medium-long; length of primary and secondary stalks of middle triplet combined longer than stalk of ventral pair; stalk of ventral pair short, 0.25–0.3 times length of common basal stalk and 0.2 times length of interspiracular trunk; stalk of ventral pair 0.8 times as thick as primary stalk of middle triplet, and 0.7 times as thick as primary stalk of dorsal triplet; primary stalk of dorsal triplet lying against stalk of ventral pair at angle of 40–60 degrees or little more when viewed laterally; all filaments yellowish brown, gradually tapered toward apex; entire length of filaments (measured from base of gill to tips of filaments) based on one pupa as follows: 1.4 or 1.5 mm for dorsal triplet, 1.3–1.5 mm for middle triplet and 1.6 or 1.7 mm for ventral paired filaments; cuticle of all filaments with well-defined annular ridges and furrows though gradually becoming indistinct from middle to apex, densely covered with minute tubercles. Abdomen. Dorsally, segments 1 and 2 brownish yellow and with tubercles; segment 1 with 1 simple slender medium-long hair-like seta on each side; segment 2 with 1 simple medium-long and 3 short hair like setae on each side; segments 3 and 4 each with 4 hooked spines and 1 short hair like seta on each side; segment 5 lacking spine–combs and 1 short hair-like seta on each side; segments 6–9 each with spine-combs in transverse row (though those on segment 9 slightly smaller than those on segment 8) and comb-like groups of minute spines on each side; segment 9 with pair of triangular flat terminal hooks, of which outer margin slightly longer than inner margin and not crenulated (Fig. 4B). Cocoon. Wall-pocket-shaped, thinly and moderately woven, anterior margin somewhat thickly woven, with dorsal portion slightly produced anteriorly when viewed dorsally; posterior 1/2 with floor roughly or moderately woven; individual threads visible; 3.5 mm long by 2.2 mm wide. Mature larva. Body length 4.9–5.2 mm. Body creamy to colored with markings as follows: thoracic segment 1 encircled with ochreous broad transverse band (not continuous ventrally), proleg grayish, thoracic segments 2 and 3 grayish dorsally and each with distinct ochreous wide areas ventrally, abdominal segments 1–4 each encircled with yellowish brown broad band, abdominal segments 5–8 almost entirely covered by yellowish brown transverse broad band on dorsal and dorsolateral surfaces; abdominal segments 5 and 6 each with W-shaped broad transverse grayish-brown band on dorsolateral surfaces of posterior 1/2 of each segment; abdominal segment 7 and 8 with transverse yellowish brown band on ventral surface; Cephalic apotome yellowish brown, and sparsely covered with simple minute setae; head spots indistinct. Lateral surface of head capsule yellowish brown except eye-spot region yellow, and very sparsely covered with simple minute setae; spots indistinct. Ventral surface of head capsule yellowish brown except somewhat darkened area near posterior margin on each side of postgenal cleft, and very sparsely covered with simple minute setae. Antenna composed of 3 articles and apical sensillum, 1.1 times longer than stem of labral fan; proportional lengths of 1 st, 2 nd, and 3 rd segments 1.0:1.2:1.2. Labral fan with 29 main rays. Mandible (Fig. 4C) with 3 comb-teeth decreasing in length from 1st to 3rd; mandibular serrations composed of 2 teeth (1 medium-sized and 1 small); major tooth at acute angle against mandible on apical side; supernumerary serrations absent. Hypostoma (Fig. 4D) with row of 9 apical teeth; median and each corner tooth prominent (though median tooth slightly longer than corner teeth) and much longer than 3 intermediate teeth on each side; lateral margin smooth; 4 hypostomal bristles per side arrayed parallel to lateral margin. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 4E) arrow-head-shaped, 1.5 times as long as postgenal bridge. Cervical sclerite composed of 2 very pale small pieces, not fused to occiput, moderately separated medially from each other. Thoracic cuticle finely covered with minute dark spinules. Abdominal cuticle almost bare except few posterior segments sparsely to moderately covered with simple minute setae dorsally and dorsolaterally and last segment densely covered with colorless simple setae on each side of anal sclerite. Rectal scales absent. Rectal papilla compound, each of 3 lobes with 5 finger-like secondary lobules. Anal sclerite of usual X-form, with anterior arms little shorter (0.8 times as long as posterior arms) than posterior ones, broadly sclerotized at base; accessory sclerite absent. Last abdominal segment expanded ventrolaterally forming double bulges on each side, visible as large conical ventral papilla when viewed from side. Posterior circlet with 66 rows of hooklets with up to 11–13 hooklets per row. Type series. Holotype (in alcohol): Female, reared from pupa, 10°18'30.3'' N, 77°52'95.8'' E, altitude 402 m, Kumbakkarai Falls, Periyakulam taluk, Theni district, Tamil Nadu State, India, 11-II-2017, Colls. S. Anbalagan & S. Vijayan; Paratypes (in alcohol): two females, one male, 21 pupae, seven mature larvae; same data as for holotype. (All deposited in Department of Zoology, Government Arts College, Melur, Catalogue number: WP003) Etymology. The species name kumbakkaraiense refers to the stream name, Kumbakkarai Falls, where this new species was collected. Biological notes. The pupae and larvae of this new species were collected from leaf litter and woody debris catchments area in stream. It is a fast-flowing stream, characterized by width 5–8 m, depth 5–20 cm, water velocity 0.2m /sec, diversified substrates, water temperature 23.2°C, exposed to the sun, pH 6.4 and conductivity 121.2 µS/ cm. Associated insects were mayflies (Dudgeodes and Baetis) and caddisfly (Hydropsyche sp.). Remarks. Since the above diagnostic characters are possessed by S. (G.) kumbakkaraiense sp. n., we assign it to the subgenus Gomphostilbia. Further, the new species is placed in the Simulium batoense species-group of this subgenus by possession of antenna with nine flagellomeres, bare pleural membrane, dark hair tuft on the base of the radius, dark tibiae of the female and male, and slender male hind basitarsus, eight gill filaments and in the pupa grapnel-like hooklets (Takaoka, 2012). S. (G.) kumbakkaraiense sp. n. is morphologically similar to S. (G.) kottoorense recently described from Tamil Nadu, south India (Anbalagan et al. 2015a) in sharing the following characters: scutum with three brownish-black longitudinal vittae and tarsal claw with large basal tooth in the female, coxite 1.1 times as long as its greatest width in the male, the respiratory gill with 8 slender thread-like filaments in the pupa and wall-pocket-shaped cocoon and 4 hypostomal bristles per side lying parallel to lateral margin in the larva. However, the new species is distinguished from S. (G.) kottoorense in the female by the hind basitarsus 5.3 times as long as wide and sternite 8 covered with 10–13 long hairs on each side, in the male by the upper eye large facets with 13 vertical columns and 13 or 14 horizontal rows and spindle-shaped hind basitarsi, in the pupa by the gill with short common basal stalk, and in the larva by the postgenal cleft arrow-head-shaped, 1.5 times as long as postgenal bridge.

Adult black flies (Simuliidae) are medically important insects and they are the sole vector of Onchocerca volvulus. Immature black flies are major components of aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages in streams and play a vital role in nutrient dynamics. In this study, we examined effect of hierarchical dynamics (spatio-temporal pattern) on the distribution of immature black flies in South Indian streams. The sampling was done in streams of Western Ghats, South India. A total of 16 species belong to two subgenera: Simulium (10 species) and Gowmphostilbia (6 species) of Simulium were observed. Alpha diversity indices were analyzed, which indicate the abundance and species richness between sampling sites. Non-parametric analysis recognized the key environmental variables including latitude and stream order. Subsequently, the monsoon influences the larval assemblages and its association was high in leaf litter as revealed through statistical analyses. Although the members of the immature black fly assemblage with different environmental factors, they are very closely related to spatial and temporal organization and secondarily with other factors prevailing in streams.

Prosopistoma coorgum Balachandran and Anbalagan, new species (Figs. 2���4) Type series. Holotype (deposited in ethanol): 1 mature nymph, INDIA, Kaveri River, Kushalnagar, Coorg district, Karnataka state, 18-I- 2015, 829 m (12��44���.80��� N, 75��96���.97���E), collected by S. Anbalagan & C. Balachandran. Paratypes (deposited in ethanol): 1 mature nymph on slide and 8 mature nymphs, same data as holotype; 4 nymphs, India, Kaveri River, Madikeri, Coorg district, Karnataka state, 19-I-2015, 1020 m (12��42���N, 75��73���E) (Coll. S. Anbalagan & C. Balachandran, Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Catalogue number: PS012). Description. Mature Nymph (Fig. 2). Body length 3.4���3.8 mm, excluding caudal filaments. Head yellow dorsally with a U-shape brown marking encompassing median ocellus. Epicranial sutures evident, passing through anterior margin of lateral ocelli, and between compound eyes and antennal bases, continuing to lateral margin of head. Carapace (Figs. 2 A, 2C) general coloration medium brown, light yellowish brown around edges of carapace along flange, width 1.1 times longer than length measured along median suture; four distinctive orange markings present on each side of the midline: one on lateral region and three close to the mid line; proportional lengths of anterior, middle and posterior markings 1.00:.0.44:0.16. Cuticle of carapace finely punctuated. Distal end of carapace concave over exhalent notch (Figs. 2 A, 2C). Head. Width 4.5 times longer than length. Antennae (Fig. 3 A) composed of 6 segments, slightly longer than distance from antennal base to anterior margin of head; segment (scape) usually retracts into head capsule, making it invisible; segment III the longest, about 2.4���3.2 times the combined length of segments IV���VI. Labrum (Fig. 3 B) protrudes apicomedially with surface punctated, approximately 2.9 times wider at its midpoint than long, anterior margin fringed with dense fine setae. Left and right mandibles similar. Outer canine of mandibles (Fig. 3 C) slightly longer than inner canine with three apical teeth, outer tooth small and outer margin serrated near apex with 2���3 small short spines, inner tooth larger with margin serrated near apex with 3 small spines; inner canine (Fig. 3 D) with two apical teeth, inner tooth a little larger, outer margin smooth; inner margin serrated near apex with 2���3 spines; two long serrated bristles arising from base of inner canine; a single stout seta present lateromedially on each mandible. Maxillae (Fig. 3 E) crowned by rigid canine and three subequal dentisetae; three long feathered setae with stout bristles arising from base of apical canine and dentisetae on galea-lacinia. A single unserrated bristle arising about two-thirds of way down the sclerotized section of galea-lacinia. Maxillary palpi (Fig. 3 E) 3- segmented, segments II the longest, length ratio of maxillary palp segments from basal one to apical: 3.3:4.8:1. Labium composed of pre and postmentum (Fig. 3 F & G); prementum trapezoid, cutting edge with fine teeth; scalelike structures present along basal margin of postmentum. Labial palpi (Fig. 3 F) 3-segmented, length ratio of labial palpus segments from basal one to apical 2:2.5:1. Legs (Figs. 4 A). Dorsal margin of fore femur with 8���10 simple, short setae; ventral margin of fore tibia with 6���8 pectinate setae (Fig. 4 A). Mid and hind tibia each with one pair of stout distal setae, one pectinate seta, and a smooth seta (Fig. 4 B). Ventral and basal half surface of all femora with dense scale-like structures (Fig. 4 A); mid and hind femora with scale-like covering along the dorsal and ventral surface. All claws slender and smooth without denticles. Abdomen. Abdominal gills as in figures 4C���F. Gill I with long lamellate with bifurcate upper portion, lower portion divided into ribbons, many of which branch dichotomously (Fig. 4 C); gill II leaf-like and cleft (Fig. 4 D), covering the gills III���V (Figs. 4 E & F), gill VI tiny, unbranched. Posterolateral projections of abdominal segments VII���IX broad, apex pointed (Fig. 2 A). The three caudal filaments are short and retractile as in all Prosopistomatidae. Imago. Unknown. Etymology. The species is named after the place of collection, Coorg. Habitat. P. coorgum sp. n. nymphs were associated with boulders and pebbles, and they coexist with nymphs of Choroterpes Eaton, 1881, Thalerosphyrus Eaton, 1881 and Platybaetis Muller-Liebenau, 1980., Published as part of Balachandran, Chellapandian, Anbalagan, Sankarappan, Kannan, Mani, Dinakaran, Sundaram & Krishnan, Muthukalingan, 2016, A new species of Prosopistoma Latreille, 1833 (Ephemeroptera: Prosopistomatidae) from South India, pp. 289-294 in Zootaxa 4178 (2) on pages 290-294, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4178.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/259752

Simulium (Gomphostilbia) cauveryense Anbalagan sp.n. (Figs. 1���3) Description. Female. Body length 2.4 mm. Head. Narrower than width of thorax. Frons gray, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, thinly yellowish pruinose, with several stout dark hairs along lateral and lower margins; frontal ratio 1.5:1.0:2.0; frons-head ratio 1.0: 4.9. Fronto-ocular area well developed, narrow, directed dorso-laterally. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and 9 flagellomeres, brown except scape, pedicel and basal 1 / 2 of 1 st flagellomere yellow. Clypeus grayish-black, slightly shiny when illuminated at certain angles, densely covered with yellow hairs interspersed with several dark longer hairs on each side. Labrum 0.66 times as long as clypeus. Maxillary palp composed of 5 segments; proportional lengths of 3 rd, 4 th and 5 th segments 1.0: 1.2: 2.1; 3 rd segment (Fig. 1 A) moderately enlarged; sensory vesicle (Fig. 1 A) medium-sized (0.39 times as long as 3 rd segment), with medium-sized round opening. Maxillary lacinia with 9 inner and 11 outer teeth. Mandible with 14 or 16 inner teeth and lacking outer teeth though outer margin with several very low round ridges at some distance from apex. Cibarium (Fig. 1 B) medially forming sclerotized plate folded forward from posterior margin, with moderately sclerotized mediolongitudinal ridge. Thorax. Scutum dark brown except anterolateral calli dark ochreous, with 3 brownish-black longitudinal vittae (1 narrow median and 2 submedian), median vitta united anteriorly to anterior margin, submedian vittae united posteriorly to brownish-black prescutellar area; scutum shiny when illuminated at certain angles, densely covered with yellow scale-like recumbent short hairs interspersed with dark brown long upright hairs on prescutellar area. Scutellum shiny, covered yellow fine short hairs and dark brown long upright hairs. Postnotum dark brown, shiny when illuminated at certain angles and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum medium to dark brown, longer than deep, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, moderately covered with fine short hairs. Legs. Foreleg: coxa yellow; trochanter yellow except apical portion somewhat darkened; femur light brown (though somewhat darkened toward apex, and extreme apex yellowish); tibia white except apical 1 / 4 brownish-black, with whitish sheen on outer surface of basal 3 / 4; tarsus black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus moderately dilated, 6.4 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa medium brown except posterior surface brownish-black; trochanter yellow except apical portion dark brown; femur light to medium brown with base and extreme apical tip yellowish; tibia medium to dark brown with basal 1 / 3 or little more whitish-yellow, covered with whitish fine hairs on basal 2 / 3 and white sheen on posterior surface of basal 2 / 3 when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus brownish-black except basal 1 / 2 of basitarsus dark yellow. Hind leg: coxa light to medium brown; trochanter yellow to light brown; femur light brown with base yellow and apical cap dark brown (though extreme apical tip yellowish); tibia (Fig. 1 C) light to dark brown with basal 1 / 2 white to yellowish-white, covered with whitish fine hairs on outer and posterior surfaces of basal 3 / 4 and white sheen on posterior surface of basal 3 / 4 when illuminated at certain angle of light; tarsus brownish-black except basal 2 / 3 of basitarsus (though base light brown) and little less than basal 1 / 2 of 2 nd tarsomere white; basitarsus (Fig. 1 D) narrow, nearly parallel-sided, 6.71 times as long as wide, and 0.54 and 0.39 times as wide as greatest width of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 1 D) slightly shorter than width at base, and 0.46 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus. Pedisulcus (Fig. 1 D) well defined. Claw (Fig. 1 E) with large basal tooth 0.63 times as long as claw. Wing. Length 1.75 mm. Costa with dark spinules and hairs except hairs on basal portion yellow. Subcosta with dark hairs except near apex bare. Hair tuft on stem vein dark brown. Basal section of vein R fully haired; R 1 with dark spinules and hairs; R 2 with hairs only. Basal cell absent. Haltere. White except basal stem darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale ochreous, with fringe of whitish-yellow hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen medium brown to dark brownish except basal 1 / 2 of segment 2 yellow, moderately covered with yellow fine short hairs and dark short to long hairs; tergites of segments 2 and 6���9 shiny when illuminated at certain angles. Ventral surface of segments 2 and 3 entirely whitish-yellow, and those of other segments light to dark brown; sternal plate on segment 7 undeveloped. Genitalia. Sternite 8 (Fig. 1 F) well sclerotized and bare medially, covered with 11���13 long hairs on each side. Ovipositor valves tongue-like, thin, membranous, moderately covered with microsetae interspersed with 6 or 7 short hairs; inner margins concave, somewhat sclerotized, and slightly separated from each other. Genital fork (Fig. 1 G) of usual inverted-Y forms; stem slender and well sclerotized; arms of moderate width, lateral plate of each arm with thin lobe directed posteromedially and small stout projection directed anterodorsally. Paraproct in ventral view (Fig. 1 H) concave anterolaterally, with 3 sensilla on anteromedial surface; paraproct in lateral view (Fig. 1 I) somewhat produced ventrally, 0.45 times as long as wide, with about 14 medium-long to long hairs on lateral and ventral surfaces. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 1 I) short, rounded posteriorly, 0.41 times as long as its greatest width. Spermatheca (Fig. 1 J) ellipsoidal, 1.65 times as long as its greatest width, well sclerotized except duct and small area near juncture with duct unsclerotized, and with many fissures on surface; internal setae absent; both accessory ducts slender, subequal in diameter to major one. Male. Body length 2.7 mm. Head. 0.97 times wider than thorax. Upper eye yellowish brown, consisting of 13 vertical columns and 15 horizontal rows of large facets. Face brownish black, grayish-white pruinose. Clypeus grayish black, whitish pruinose, densely covered with golden-yellow scale-like medium-long hairs (directed upward and lateral) interspersed with several dark brown simple longer hairs. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and 9 flagellomeres, yellow to brown; 1 st flagellomere elongate, 1.67 times as long as 2 nd one. Maxillary palp light to medium brown, with 5 segments, proportional lengths of 3 rd, 4 th, and 5 th segments 1.0: 1.3: 2.5; 3 rd segment (Fig. 2 A) widened apically; sensory vesicle (Fig. 2 A) globular, small (0.23 times as long as 3 rd segment), and with small opening. Thorax. Nearly as in females except scutum slightly darker than that of female and short hairs on scutum golden yellow. Legs. Foreleg: coxa yellow; trochanter yellow with some portions light brown; femur light brown except apical cap brown; tibia brown with median 2 / 3 light brown and covered with dark brown hairs; tarsus brown to dark brown; basitarsus moderately dilated 6.6 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa yellowish brown; trochanter yellow to brown; femur yellow except apical 1 / 4 brown; tibia medium brown to dark brown; tarsus dark brown to brownish-black except anterior surface of little less than basal 1 / 2 of basitarsus dark yellow to light brown. Hind leg: coxa dark yellow to brown; trochanter yellow; femur light brown except apical 1 / 2 dark brown; tibia (Fig. 2 B) brown except base and apical cap dark brown; tarsus medium to dark brown except basal 1 / 2 (or little less) of basitarsus whitish-yellow and little less than basal 1 / 3 of 2 nd tarsomere white; basitarsus (Fig. 2 C) enlarged, spindle-shaped, 4.18 times as long as wide, and 0.69 and 0.79 times as wide as greatest width of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 2 C) nearly as long as wide, and 0.38 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus. Pedisulcus (Fig. 2 C) well defined. Wing. Length 1.55���1.61 mm. Costa with dark brown spinules as well as dark brown hairs except basal portion with patch of yellowish hairs. Subcosta with dark hairs except near apex bare. Hair tuft on stem vein dark brown. Basal portion of radius fully haired; R 1 with dark spinules and hairs and R 2 with hairs only. Basal cell absent. Haltere. Yellow except outer surface ochreous, basal stem darkened and apex brown. Abdomen. Basal scale dark brown, with fringe of light to medium brown hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen dark brown except segment 2 light brown (though posterior 1 / 4 of dorsal surface brown), covered with dark brown short to long hairs; segments 2 and 5���7 each with shiny dorsolateral or lateral patches; ventral surface of segment 2 yellow, those of segments 3 and 4 yellow except sternites medium brown, and those of other segments medium to dark brown. Genitalia. Coxite in ventral view (Fig. 2 D) nearly rectangle, 1.26 times as long as its greatest width. Style in ventral view (Fig. 2 D) bent inward, slightly tapered from base toward middle, then nearly parallel-sided, rounded apically and with apical spine; style in medial view (Fig. 2 E) nearly subequal to coxite, gently bent inward, nearly parallel-sided, with apical spine; style in ventro-lateral view (Fig. 2 F) very slightly tapered toward apical 3 / 4, with rounded apex. Ventral plate in ventral view (Fig. 2 G) with body transverse, 0.58 times as long as wide, slightly widened posteriorly, with anterior margin produced anteromedially, and posterior margin convex medially, densely covered with microsetae on ventral surface; basal arms of moderate length, directed forward, then slightly convergent apically; ventral plate in lateral view (Fig. 2 H) moderately produced ventrally; ventral plate in end view (Fig. 2 I) concave ventrally, densely covered with microsetae on posterior surface. Median sclerite (Fig. 2 H) thin, plate-like, wide. Paramere (Fig. 2 J) of moderate size, with 4 distinct long and stout hooks and several smaller ones. Aedeagal membrane moderately setose, slightly sclerotized at base but dorsal plate not well defined. Ventral surface of abdominal segment 10 without distinct hairs near posterior margin. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 2 K) small, rounded, with 16 or 17 hairs. FIGURE 1. Female of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) cauveryense sp. n. A, 3 rd segment of right maxillary palp showing sensory vesicle (front view); B, cibarium (front view); C, left hind tibia (outer view); D, basitarsus and 2 nd tarsomere of left hind leg showing calcipala and pedisulcus (outer view); E, tarsal claw; F, 8 th sternite, ovipositor valves (ventral view); G, genital fork (ventral view); H & I, right paraprocts and cerci (H, ventral view; I, lateral view); J, spermatheca (lateral view). Pupa. Body length 2.4���2.5 mm. Head. Integument dark yellow, sparsely covered with small round tubercles; antennal sheath with protuberance; face with pair of simple very long trichomes with uncoiled apices, and frons with 3 pairs of simple very long trichomes with coiled or uncoiled apices; 3 frontal trichomes on each side arising close together, subequal in length to one another and slightly longer than facial one. Thorax. Integument yellow, moderately covered with round tubercles, with 3 simple very long dorsomedial trichomes with uncoiled apices, 2 simple very long anterolateral trichome with coiled apices, 1 simple very long mediolateral trichome with uncoiled apex, and 3 simple ventrolateral trichome with uncoiled apices (1 medium-long and 2 short) on each side. Gill (Fig. 3 A) composed of 10 short slender filaments, arranged as [(2 + 3)+(1 + 2)]+ 2 or {[2 +(2 + 1)]+(1 + 2)}+ 2 filaments from dorsal to ventral, with very short common basal stalk having somewhat swollen transparent basal fenestra ventrally at base; common basal stalk 0.43 times length of interspiracular trunk; both dorsal and ventral stalks short, length of primary stalks of dorsal filaments combined slightly nearly subequal to stalk of ventral pair; stalk of ventral pair short, 1.6���1.7 times length of common basal stalk and 0.69���0.71 times length of interspiracular trunk; stalk of ventral pair 0.48���0.51 times as thick as primary stalk of dorsal pair, 0.39���0.41 times as thick as primary stalk of first dorsal triplet, and 0.39���0.42 times as thick as primary stalk of second dorsal triplet; primary stalk of dorsal pair lying against stalk of ventral pair at angle of 180 degree or little more when viewed laterally; all filaments yellowish brown, decrease their thickness toward apex; entire length of filaments (measured from base of gill to tips of filaments) based on one pupa as follows: 0.45���0.52 mm for dorsal pair, 0.35���0.40 mm for first dorsal triplet, 0.33���0.40 mm for second dorsal triplet and 0.60���0.65 mm for ventral paired filaments; cuticle of all filaments with indefinite annular ridges and furrows from base to apex, densely covered with minute tubercles. Abdomen. Dorsally, segments 1 and 2 brownish yellow pigmented with tubercles; segment 1 with 1 simple slender mediumlong hair-like seta on each side; segment 2 with 1 simple medium-long and 3 short hair like setae on each side; segments 3 and 4 each with 4 hooked spines and 1 short hair like seta on each side; segment 5 lacking spine���combs and 1 short hair like seta on each side; segments 6���9 each with spine-combs in transverse row (though those on segment 9 slightly smaller than those on segment 8) and comb-like groups of minute spines on each side; segment 9 with pair of triangular flat terminal hooks, of which outer margin slightly longer than inner margin and not crenulated (Fig. 3 B). Ventrally, segment 4 with 1 simple hook and few simple slender very short setae on each side; segment 5 with pair of bifid hooks submedially and few very short simple slender setae on each side; segments 4���8 each with comb-like groups of minute spines. Each side of segment 9 with 3 grapnel-shaped hooklets. Cocoon. Shoe-shaped, thinly and moderately woven, anterior margin somewhat thickly woven, with dorsal portion slightly produced anteriorly when viewed dorsally; posterior 1 / 2 with floor roughly or moderately woven; individual threads visible; 3.6 mm long by 1.6 mm wide. Mature larva. Body length 4.3���4.5 mm. Body creamy to color markings as follows: ventral surface of thoracic segment 1 encircled with ochreous broad transverse band (though disconnected ventrally), proleg grayish, thoracic segments 2 and 3 grayish dorsally and each with distinct ochreous wide areas ventrally, abdominal segments 1���4 each encircled with yellowish brown broad band, abdominal segments 5���8 almost entirely covered by yellowish brown transverse broad band on dorsal and dorsolateral surfaces; abdominal segments 5 and 6 each with W-shaped broad transverse band on dorsolateral surfaces of posterior 1 / 2 of each segment; abdominal segment 7 and 8 with transverse yellowish brown band on ventral surface; Cephalic apotome yellowish brown, and sparsely covered with simple minute setae; head spots indistinct. Lateral surface of head capsule yellowish brown except eye-spot region yellow, and very sparsely covered with simple minute setae; spots indistinct. Ventral surface of head capsule yellowish brown except somewhat darkened area near posterior margin on each side of postgenal cleft, and very sparsely covered with simple minute setae. Antenna composed of 3 segments and apical sensillum, 1.25 times longer than stem of labral fan; proportional lengths of 1 st, 2 nd, and 3 rd segments 1.00: 0.9: 1.4. Labral fan with 25 main rays. Mandible (Fig. 3 C) with 3 comb-teeth decreasing in length from 1 st to 3 rd; mandibular serrations composed of 2 teeth (1 medium-sized and 1 small); major tooth at acute angle against mandible on apical side; supernumerary serrations absent. Hypostoma (Fig. 3 D) with row of 9 apical teeth; median and each corner tooth prominent (though median tooth slightly longer than corner teeth) and much longer than 3 intermediate teeth on each side; lateral margin smooth; 4 hypostomal bristles per side lying parallel to lateral margin. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 3 E) lanceolate, 2.71 times as long as postgenal bridge. Cervical sclerite composed of 2 very pale small pieces, not fused to occiput, moderately separated medially from each other. Thoracic cuticle finely covered with minute dark spinules. Abdominal cuticle almost bare except few posterior segments sparsely to moderately covered with simple minute setae dorsally and dorsolaterally and last segment densely covered with colorless simple setae on each side of anal sclerite. Rectal scales absent. Rectal papilla compound, each of 3 lobes with 5 finger-like secondary lobules. Anal sclerite of usual X-form, with anterior arms little shorter (0.92 times as long as posterior arms) than posterior ones, broadly sclerotized at base; accessory sclerite absent. Last abdominal segment expanded ventrolaterally forming double bulges on each side, visible as large conical ventral papilla when viewed from side. Posterior circlet with 62 rows of hooklets with up to 12���14 hooklets per row. FIGURE 2. Male of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) cauveryense sp. n. A, 3 rd segment of left maxillary palp showing small sensory vesicle (frontal view); B, left hind tibia (outer view); C, basitarsus and 2 nd tarsomere of left hind leg showing calcipala and pedisulcus (outer view); D, coxites, styles, ventral plate and median sclerite (ventral view); E & F, left styles (E, medial view; F, ventrolateral view); G, ventral plate (ventral view); H, ventral plate and median sclerite; I, ventral plate (end view); J, left paramere and aedeagal membrane (end view); K, 10 th abdominal segment and cercus (right side and lateral view). Type specimens. Holotype, ♂, INDIA: Kushalanagar, Kodagu district, Karnataka state, 6 -II- 2015, 829 m (12 �� 44 ���. 80 ��� N, 75 �� 96 ���. 97 ���E), S. Anbalagan & C. Balachandran. Paratypes, same data as holotype: 2 ♀, 4 ♂, 3 pupae, 9 mature larvae (Coll. S. Anbalagan, Bharathidasan University), 8 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀, 15 pupae, 121 larvae (Coll. S. Anbalagan, BDU, catalogue number: BL0018). Biological notes. The larvae and pupae of this new species were collected from polythene cover, wooden materials and boulders submerged in water. Associated species were S. (G.) palmatum Puri (1932) and S. (S.) latistriatum Senior-White (1922). Etymology. The species name cauveryense is the name of Cauvery River, South India. Remarks. S. (G.) cauveryense, new species, is morphologically similar to S. (G.) peteri recently described from Kerala, south India (Anbalagan et al. 2014) in sharing the medium-sized sensory vesicle (Fig. 1 A), scutum with three brownish-black longitudinal vittae and tarsal claw with large basal tooth (Fig. 1 E) in the female, moderate length of basal arms of ventral plate (Fig. 2 G) basal arms of moderate length in the male and the short primary stalk of gill (Fig. 3 A) in the pupa. However, this new species is distinguished from S. (G.) peteri in the female by the arms of the genital fork which are nearly parallel (Fig. 1 G), in the male by the upper eye large facets with 13 vertical columns and 15 horizontal rows and spindle-shaped hind basitarsi (Fig. 2, Published as part of Anbalagan, Sankarappan, Balachandran, Chellapandian, Prasanna, Vimalanathan Arun, Kannan, Mani, Dinakaran, Sundaram & Krishnan, Muthukalingan, 2015, A new species of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) (Diptera: Simuliidae) from South India, with keys to Indian members of the subgenus Gomphostilbia, pp. 555-563 in Zootaxa 3974 (4) on pages 556-561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3974.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/245429, {"references":["Puri, I. M. (1932) Studies on Indian Simuliidae. Part V. Species and varieties of the striatum series. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 20 (2), 515 - 533.","Senior-White, R. A. (1922) Notes on Indian Diptera. 1. Diptera from the Khasia Hills. 2. Tabanidae in the collection of the forest zoologist. 3. New species of Diptera from the Indian Region. Memoirs Department of Agriculture in India, Entomology Series, 7, 83 - 170.","Anbalagan, S., Arunprasanna, V., Dinakaran, S. & Krishnan, M. (2014) Two new species of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) (Diptera: Simuliidae) from peninsular India with keys to peninsular Indian members of the genus Simulium. Zootaxa, 3861 (5), 451 - 465.","Takaoka, H. & Davies, D. M. (1995) The Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of West Malaysia. Kyushu University Press, Fukuoka, viii + 175 pp."]}

Simulium (Gomphostilbia) peteri Anbalagan sp. nov. (Figs. 1���3) Type series. Holotype, ♂, INDIA: Kalthuruthy, Kollam district, Kerala state, 26 -XI- 2013, 195 m (08�� 57 ���. 54 ��� N, 77 ��06���. 53 ���E), S. Anbalagan (Coll. S. Anbalagan, Bharathidasan University (BDU)). Paratypes, same data as holotype: 8 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀, 15 pupae, 121 larvae (Coll. S. Anbalagan, BDU). 4 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀ (Department of Environmental Biotechnology, BDU, Catalogue number: BL0014). FIGURE 1. Female of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) peteri sp. nov. A, 3 rd segment of right maxillary palp showing sensory vesicle (front view); B, left hind tibia (outer view); C, basitarsus and 2 nd tarsomere of left hind leg showing calcipala and pedisulcus (outer view); D, tarsal claw; E, 8 th sternite, ovipositor valves (ventral view); F, genital fork (ventral view); G, right paraproct and cerci (lateral view); H, spermatheca (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.01 mm for D; 0.02 mm for A and G���H; 0.1 mm for B, C and E. Diagnosis. Female: Head narrower than width of thorax; antenna composed of scape, pedicel and 9 flagellomeres; scutum with 3 brownish-black longitudinal vittae; hind tibia light to dark brown with basal 1 / 4 white; tarsal claw with large basal tooth; sternite 8 covered with 7 or 9 long hairs and few short fine hairs on each side. Male: upper eye consisting of 12 vertical columns and 12 horizontal rows of large facets; subcosta with 3���5 dark brown hairs; segments 2���7 each with shiny dorsolateral or lateral patches; ventral plate with anterior margin straight or flat surface, and posterior margin convex medially. Pupa: gill composed of 8 slender thread-like filaments, arranged as [(1 + 2) or 3 +(1 + 2) or 3]+ 2 filaments from dorsal to ventral, with short common basal stalk; cocoon wall pocket-shaped, thinly and moderately woven, widely extended ventrolaterally. Larva: labral fan with 32 main rays; hypostoma with row of 9 apical teeth and 5 hypostomal bristles per side lying parallel to lateral margin; posterior circlet with 80 rows of up to 16 hooklets per row. Description. Female. Body length 1.8mm. Head. Narrower than width of thorax. Frons nearly black, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, thinly yellowish pruinose with several stout dark hairs along lateral and lower margins; frontal ratio 1.62:1.00: 2.13; frons-head ratio 1.00: 4.54. Fronto-ocular area well developed, narrow, directed dorso-laterally. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and 9 flagellomeres, brown except scape, pedicel and basal 1 / 2 of 1 st flagellomere yellow. Clypeus grayish white, shiny, thinly whitish pruinose with dark stout hairs. Labrum 0.48 times as long as clypeus. Maxillary palp composed of 5 segments; proportional lengths of 3 rd, 4 th and 5 th segments 1.00: 1.35: 2.94; 3 rd segment (Fig. 1 A) moderately enlarged; sensory vesicle (Fig. 1 A) mediumsized (0.32 times as long as 3 rd segment), with medium-sized round opening. Maxillary lacinia with 8 inner and 14 outer teeth. Mandible with 21 inner and 9 outer teeth. Cibarium bare. Thorax. Scutum dark brown except anterolateral calli dark ochreous, with 3 brownish-black longitudinal vittae (1 narrow median and 2 lateral), median vitta united anteriorly to anterior calli, lateral vittae united posteriorly to brownish-black prescutellar area; scutum shiny when illuminated at certain angles, densely covered with yellow scale-like recumbent short hairs interspersed with dark brown long upright hairs on prescutellar area. Scutellum shiny, with dark brown long upright hairs. Postnotum shiny and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum medium to dark brown, longer than deep, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, densely covered with fine short hairs. Legs. Foreleg: coxa yellow; trochanter yellow except apical portion somewhat darkened; femur light brown except apical 1 / 2 of brownish black; tibia brown; tarsus brownish black with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus slightly dilated, 6.3 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa yellowish brown except posterior surface dark brown; trochanter yellow; femur and tibia brown; tarsus brownish-black except basal 1 / 2 of basitarsus dark yellow. Hind leg: coxa yellowish brown; trochanter yellow; femur medium brown with base yellow and apical cap dark brown; tibia (Fig. 1 B) light to dark brown with basal 1 / 4 white, covered with brownish fine hairs on outer and posterior surfaces; tarsus brownishblack except basal 2 / 3 of basitarsus (though base light brown); basitarsus (Fig. 1 C) narrow, nearly parallel-sided, 6.14 times as long as wide, and 0.64 and 0.58 times as wide as greatest width of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 1 C) slightly shorter than width at base, and 0.58 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus. Pedisulcus (Fig. 1 C) well defined. Claw (Fig. 1 D) with large basal tooth 0.57 times as long as claw. Wing. Length 1.6 mm. Costa with dark spinules and hairs except hairs on basal portion yellow. Subcosta with dark hairs except near apex bare. Hair tuft on stem vein dark brown. Basal section of vein R fully haired; R 1 with dark spinules and hairs; R 2 with hairs only. Basal cell absent. Haltere. Light brown except apical white. Abdomen. Base of each segment dark brown, basal scale dark brown, with fringe of dark brown hairs, dorsal surface of abdomen brown to brownish black except basal 1 / 2 of segment 2 yellow, moderately covered with brown short to long hairs; tergites of segment 2 and 6���8 shiny when illuminated at certain angles. Ventral surface of segments 2 and 3 whitish-yellow except lateral side brownish yellow, and those of other segments light to dark brown; sternal plate on segment 7 undeveloped. Genitalia. Sternite 8 (Fig. 1 E) well sclerotized and bare medially, covered with 7���9 long hairs and few short fine hairs on each side. Ovipositor valves tongue-like, thin, membranous, moderately covered with microsetae interspersed with two short hairs; inner margins slightly concave, somewhat sclerotized, and slightly separated from each other. Genital fork (Fig. 1 F) of usual inverted-Y forms; stem slender and well sclerotized; arms of moderate width, lateral plate of each arm with thin lobe directed medioposteriorly and small stout projection directed anterodorsally. Paraproct concave, with 2 or 3 sensilla on anteromedial surface; paraproct in lateral view (Fig. 1 G) somewhat produced ventrally, 0.63 times as long as wide, with about 15 medium-long to long hairs on lateral and ventral surfaces. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 1 G) short, rounded posteriorly, 0.39 times as long as its greatest width. Spermatheca (Fig. 1 H) ellipsoidal, 1.73 times as long as its greatest width, well sclerotized except duct and small area near juncture with duct unsclerotized, and with many fissures on surface; internal setae absent; both accessory ducts slender, subequal diameter to major one. Male. Body length 2.2 mm. Head. 0.93 times wider than thorax. Upper eye medium brown, consisting of 12 vertical columns and 12 horizontal rows of large facets. Face brownish black, grayish-white pruinose. Clypeus black, whitish pruinose, densely covered with golden-yellow scale-like medium-long hairs (directed upward and lateral) interspersed with several dark brown simple longer hairs. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and 9 flagellomeres, yellow to brown; 1 st flagellomere elongate, 1.75 times as long as 2 nd one. Maxillary palp light to medium brown, with 5 segments, proportional lengths of 3 rd, 4 th, and 5 th segments 1.00: 1.10: 2.63; 3 rd segment (Fig. 2 A) widened apically; sensory vesicle (Fig. 2 A) globular, small (0.18 times as long as 3 rd segment), and with small opening. Thorax. Scutum slightly darker than female and short hairs on scutum golden yellow. Legs. Foreleg: coxa yellow; trochanter yellow with some portions light brown; femur light brown; tibia brown with median 2 / 3 light brown and covered with dark brown hairs; tarsus brown to dark brown; basitarsus moderately dilated, 6.91��� 6.98 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa yellowish brown; trochanter yellow to brown; femur yellow except apical 1 / 4 brown; tibia medium brown to dark brown; tarsus dark brown to brownish-black except anterior surface of little less than basal 1 / 2 of basitarsus dark yellow to light brown. Hind leg: coxa dark yellow to light brown; trochanter yellow; femur light brown except apical 1 / 2 dark brown; tibia (Fig. 2 B) brown except basal and apical dark brown; tarsus medium to dark brown except basal 1 / 2 (or little less) of basitarsus whitish-yellow and little less than basal 1 / 3 of 2 nd tarsomere white; basitarsus (Fig. 2 C) slender, parallel-sided, 6.4���6.6 times as long as wide, and 0.51���0.53 and 0.47���0.49 times as wide as greatest width of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 2 C) nearly as long as wide, and 0.42 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus. Pedisulcus (Fig. 2 C) well defined. Wing. Length 1.4mm. Costa with dark brown spinules as well as dark brown hairs except basal portion with patch of yellowish hairs. Subcosta with 3���5 dark brown hairs. Hair tuft on stem vein dark brown. Basal portion of radius fully haired; R 1 with dark spinules and hairs and R 2 with hairs only. Basal cell absent. Haltere. Yellowish brown except outer surface ochreous, basal stem darkened and apical white. Abdomen. Basal scale dark brown, with fringe of light to medium brown hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen dark brown except segment 2 yellow (though posterior 1 / 4 of dorsal surface medium brown), covered with dark brown short to long hairs; segments 2���7 each with shiny dorsolateral or lateral patches; ventral surface of segment 2 yellow, those of segments 3 and 4 yellow except sternites medium brown, and those of other segments medium to dark brown. Genitalia. Coxite in ventral view (Fig. 2 D) nearly rectangular, 1.42 times as long as its greatest width. Style in ventral view (Fig. 2 D) bent inward, slightly tapered from base toward middle, then slightly widened, tapered to round apex and with apical spine; style in medial view 0.86 times as long as coxite, gently bent inward, nearly parallel-sided from base to apical 3 / 4, then tapered to apex, and with apical spine; style in ventrolateral view (Fig. 2 E) very slightly tapered toward apical 3 / 4, with rounded apex. Ventral plate in ventral view (Fig. 2 F) with body transverse, 0.52 times as long as wide, nearly parallel-sided, with anterior margin produced straight or flat surface, and posterior margin convex medially, densely covered with microsetae on ventral surface; basal arms of moderate length, directed forward, then slightly convergent apically; ventral plate in end view (Fig. 2 G) concave ventrally, densely covered with microsetae on posterior surface. Median sclerite thin, plate-like, wide. Paramere of moderate size, with 4 distinct long and stout hooks and several smaller ones. Aedeagal membrane moderately setose, slightly sclerotized at base but dorsal plate not well defined. Ventral surface of abdominal segment 10 with distinct hairs near posterior margin. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 2 H) small, rounded, with 7 or 9 hairs. FIGURE 2. Male of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) peteri sp. nov. A, 3 rd segment of left maxillary palp showing small sensory vesicle (frontal view); B, left hind tibia (outer view); C, basitarsus and 2 nd tarsomere of left hind leg showing calcipala and pedisulcus (outer view); D, coxites, styles, ventral plate and median sclerite (ventral view); E, right style with coxite (ventrolateral view); F & G, ventral plate (F, ventral view and G, end view); H, 10 th abdominal segment and cercus (right side and lateral view). Scale bars. 0.05 mm for D; H for 0.01 mm; 0.02 mm for A and E���G; 0.1 mm for B and C. Pupa. Body length 2.5���2.8 mm. Head. Integument dark yellow, moderately covered with small round tubercles; antennal sheath without any protuberances; face with pair of simple very long trichomes with uncoiled apices, and frons with 2 pairs of simple very long trichomes with coiled or uncoiled apices; 3 frontal trichomes on each side arising close together, subequal in length to one another and slightly longer than facial one. Thorax. Integument yellow, moderately covered with round tubercles, with 4 simple very long dorsomedial trichomes with coiled or uncoiled apices, 1 simple very long anterolateral trichome with uncoiled apex, 1 simple small mediolateral trichome with uncoiled apex, and 1 simple ventrolateral trichomes with uncoiled apex. Gill (Fig. 3 A) composed of 8 slender thread-like filaments, arranged in [(1 + 2) or 3 +(1 + 2) or 3]+ 2 filaments from dorsal to ventral, with short common basal stalk having somewhat swollen transparent organ ventrally at base; common basal stalk 0.34���0.36 times length of interspiracular trunk; dorsal and middle triplets sharing short stalk; dorsal and middle triplets each composed of 1 individual and 2 paired filaments with short primary stalk and very short to short secondary stalk or 3 filaments arising at same level from short to medium-long primary stalk; ventral paired filaments with medium-long stalk which is 1.20���1.25 times as long as common basal stalk and 0.37���0.41 times as long as interspiracular trunk; stalk of ventral pair 1.08���1.12 times as thick as primary stalk of middle triplet, 1.17���1.19 times as thick as primary stalk of dorsal triplet, and 0.68���0.74 times as thick as common stalk of middle and dorsal triplets; primary stalk of dorsal triplet lying against stalk of lower pair at angle of 60���90 degrees when viewed laterally; all filaments yellowish brown, gradually tapered toward apex; 6 filaments of dorsal and middle triplets subequal in length (2.0��� 2.3 mm long including their own stalks and basal common stalk) and thickness to one another; 2 filaments of ventral pair subequal in length (2.7 ���3.0 mm long including their own stalk and common basal stalk) and thickness to each other, and 1.10���1.25 times as thick as those of 6 other filaments when compared basally; cuticle of all filaments with well-defined annular ridges and furrows though becoming less marked apically, densely covered with minute tubercles. Abdomen. Dorsally, segments 1 and 2 pigmented with tubercles; segment 1 with 1 simple slender medium-long hair-like seta on each side; segment 2 and 3 with 1 simple slender medium-long hair-like seta; segments 3 and 4 with 4 hooked spines and 1 short hair like seta on each side; segment 5 lacking spine���combs; segments 6���9 each with spine-combs in transverse row (though those on segment 9 slightly smaller than those on segment 8) and comb-like groups of minute spines on each side; segment 9 with pair of triangular flat terminal hooks of which outer margin is 3.0��� 3.5 times as long as inner margin and crenulated (Fig. 3 B). Ventrally, segments 4 and 5 with 1 simple hook and few simple slender very short setae on each side; segments 6 and 8 with pair of bifid inner and simple outer hooks somewhat spaced from each other and few very short simple slender setae on each side; segments 4���8 with comb-like groups of minute spines. Each side of segment 9 with 3 grapnel-shaped hooklets. Cocoon. Wall pocket-shaped, thinly and moderately woven, widely extended ventrolaterally; anterior margin somewhat thickly woven, with dorsal portion not or slightly produced anteriorly when viewed dorsally; posterior 1 / 2 with floor roughly or moderately woven; individual threads visible; 3.5 ���4.0 mm long by 2.4���2.6 mm wide. Mature larva. Body length 4.3���4.9 mm. Body creamy to dark ochreous except proleg grayish, ventral surface of thoracic segments 2 and 3 grayish or ochreous, and abdominal segments 1���4 almost entirely light grayish; body with grayish black markings, i.e., thoracic segment 1 encircled with broad transverse band (though disconnected ventrally), abdominal segments 5 and 6 each with W-shaped broad transverse band on dorsolateral surfaces of posterior 1 / 2 of each segment, abdominal segments 7 and 8 each with broad transverse band almost entirely covering dorsal and dorsolateral surfaces, and dorsolateral spots on abdominal segment 7 and 8 with transverse band on ventral surface. Cephalic apotome yellowish brown, and moderately covered with simple minute setae; head spots indistinct or very faintly positive. Lateral surface of head capsule yellowish brown except eye-spot region whitish, and very sparsely covered with simple minute setae; spots indistinct. Ventral surface of head capsule yellowish brown except somewhat darkened area near posterior margin on each side of postgenal cleft, and very sparsely covered with simple minute setae. Antenna composed of 3 segments and apical sensillum, somewhat longer than stem of labral fan; proportional lengths of 1 st, 2 nd, and 3 rd segments 1.00: 0.58: 0.89. Labral fan with 32 main rays. Mandible (Fig. 3 C) with 3 comb-teeth decreasing in length from 1 st to 3 rd; mandibular serration composed of 2 teeth (1 medium-sized and 1 small); major tooth at acute angle against mandible on apical side; supernumerary serrations absent. Hypostoma (Fig. 3 D) with row of 9 apical teeth; median and each corner tooth prominent (though median tooth slightly longer than corner teeth) and much longer than 3 intermediate teeth on each side; lateral margin smooth; 5 hypostomal bristles per side lying parallel to lateral margin. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 3 E) lanceolate, 2.6 times as long as postgenal bridge. Cervical sclerite composed of 2 very pale small pieces, not fused to occiput, widely separated medially from each other. Thoracic cuticle bare. Abdominal cuticle almost bare except few posterior segments sparsely to moderately covered with simple minute setae dorsally and dorsolaterally and last segment densely covered with colorless simple setae on each side of anal sclerite. Rectal scales absent. Rectal papilla compound, each of 3 lobes with 5 finger-like secondary lobules. Anal sclerite of usual X-form, with anterior arms as long as or little longer than posterior ones, broadly sclerotized at base; accessory sclerite absent. Last abdominal segment expanded ventrolaterally forming double bulges on each side, visible as large conical ventral papilla when viewed from side. Posterior circlet with 80 rows of up to 16 hooklets per row. Etymology. The species name peteri is in honor of Professor Peter H. Adler, Department of Entomology, Clemson University, USA, who greatly contributed many works on black flies. Habitat. S. (G.) peteri sp.n. larvae and pupae are mainly found on leaf litter. Teloganodes (Ephemeroptera: Teloganodidae) and Hydropsyche (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) are associated with this species. Affinities. S. (G.) peteri is assigned to the subgenus Gomphostilbia by having a bare pleural membrane and haired katepisternum in the female and male and is placed in the batoense species group by having a dark hair tuft on the stem vein, dark brown male and female tibiae, slender and parallel-sided male hind basitarsus. The characters of the antenna, scutum, hind basitarsus, tarsal claw, genital fork, respiratory filaments and hypostoma of S. (G.) pattoni and S. (G.) bucolicum are similar to those of the new species. It is distinguished from, Published as part of Anbalagan, Sankarappan, Prasanna, Vimalanathan Arun, Dinakaran, Sundaram & Krishnan, Muthukalingan, 2014, Two new species of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Peninsular India with keys to Peninsular Indian members of the genus Simulium, pp. 451-465 in Zootaxa 3861 (5) on pages 452-458, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3861.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/230182

Keys to Simulium species reported from Peninsular India Key to 13 Simulium species belonging to three subgenera (Simulium, Gomphostilbia and Nevermannia) reported in peninsular India (Anbalagan et al. 2011) are given below. Adult females 1. Katepisternum haired (Gomphostilbia)..................................................................... 2 - Katepisternum bare.................................................................................... 4 2. Tarsal claw with a small basal tooth............................................................. S. (G.) pattoni - Tarsal claw with a large basal tooth....................................................................... 3 3. Sensory vesicle 0.32 times as long as maxillary palpal segment 3, with medium-sized round opening.. S. (G.) peteri sp. nov. - Sensory vesicle 0.41 times as long as maxillary palpal segment 3, with small-sized round opening.. S. (G.) takaokai sp. nov. 4. Claw with a large basal tooth (Nevermannia)................................................. S. (N.) aureohirtum - Claw with or without a small basal tooth (Simulium s. str.)..................................................... 5 5. Claw with a small basal tooth.......................................................................... … 6 - Claw simple, without any tooth........................................................................... 7 6. Mid femur yellow.......................................................................... S. (S.) gurneyae - Mid femur dark brown.................................................................... S. (S.) nilgiricum 7. Scutum without any longitudinal vittae........................................................ S. (S.) nodosum - Scutum with longitudinal vittae.......................................................................... 8 8. Posterior margin of sternite 8 greatly depressed medially forming inverted U-shape; ovipositor valve with a distinct lobe pro- duced ventrally along inner margin........................................................................ 9 - Posterior margin of sternite 8 gently depressed medially not forming any shape; ovipositor valve without any lobe produced ventrally along inner margin............................................................................ 11 9. Basal portion of radial vein fully haired........................................................ S. (S.) grisescens - Basal portion of radial vein bare......................................................................... 10 10. Hind tibia black with base yellowish........................................................ S. (S.) lineothorax - Hind tibia yellow on basal 1 / 3 to 2 / 3, becoming dark brown to black on the rest......................... S. (S.) striatum 11. Ovipositor valves widely separated from each other, with unsclerotized inner margins, which are concave................ ..................................................................................... S. (S.) novolineatum - Ovipostior valves close together, with somewhat sclerotized inner margins, which are nearly straight and parallel-sided.... 12 12. Medioposterior corner of ovipositor valve round.................................................. S. (S.) gravelyi Medioposterior corner of ovipositor valve angular................................................ S. (S.) palniense Adult males 1. Katepisternum haired (Gomphostilbia)..................................................................... 2 - Katepisternum bare.................................................................................... 4 2. Upper eye long facets with 17 vertical columns.................................................... S. (G.) pattoni - Upper eye long facets with 12 vertical columns.............................................................. 3 3. Fore basitarsus 6.9 times as long as its greatest width......................................... S. (G.) peteri sp. nov. - Fore basitarsus 5.3 times as long as its greatest width....................................... S. (G.) takaokai sp. nov. 4. Basal portion of radial vein haired (Nevermannia)............................................. S. (N.) aureohirtum - Basal portion of radial vein bare (Simulium s. str.)............................................................ 5 5. Hind basitarsus slender, parallel-sided......................................................... S. (S.) nodosum - Hind basitarsus somewhat to moderately enlarged, not parallel-sided............................................. 6 6. Scutum with longitudinal vittae.......................................................................... 7 - Scutum without longitudinal vittae........................................................................ 8 7. Hind femur yellowish on basal 1 / 3, gradually becoming dark on rest.............................. S. (S.) novolineatum - Hind femur black with base yellow.......................................................... S. (S.) lineothorax 8. Scutum with golden hairs............................................................................... 9 - Scutum with copper-colored hairs........................................................................ 11 9. Ventral plate without teeth on posterolateral margins............................................... S. (S.) gravelyi - Ventral plate with teeth on posterlateral margins............................................................ 10 10. Mid tibia brownish black................................................................... S. (S.) nilgiricum - Mid tibia yellowish gray, gradually darkened apically............................................. S. (S.) gurneyae 11. Ventral plate with teeth on posterolateral margins................................................ S. (S.) palniense - Ventral plate without teeth on posterolateral margins........................................................ 12 12. Hind femur yellowish gray on basal 1 / 3, gradually becoming darker apically........................... S. (S.) striatum - Hind femur black, with base yellow........................................................... S. (S.) grisescens Pupae 1. Grapnel-like hooklets present on the last abdominal segment (Gomphostilbia)..................................... 2 - Grapnel-like hooklets absent on the last abdominal segment.................................................... 4 2. Gill with medium-long common basal stalk............................................... S. (G.) takaokai sp. nov. - Gill with short common basal stalk........................................................................ 3 3. Gill with eight filaments of almost same thickness.................................................. S. (G.) pattoni - Gill with eight filaments, of which 2 filaments of ventral pair somewhat thicker than others........... S. (G.) peteri sp. nov. 4. Cocoon with anterodorsal projection (Nevermannia)........................................... S. (N.) aureohirtum - Cocoon without anterodorsal projection (Simulium s. str.)...................................................... 5 5. Gill with 3 inflated filaments................................................................. S. (S.) nodosum - Gill with 6, 8 or 10 slender filaments...................................................................... 6 6. Gill with 6 filaments................................................................................... 7 - Gill with 8 or 10 filaments............................................................................. 10 7. Cocoon wall-pocket-shaped............................................................................. 8 - Cocoon shoe-shaped................................................................................... 9 8. Two filaments of ventral pair much thinner than those of middle pair; cocoon with anterodorsal margin not produced anteriorly beyond apex of ventrolateral margin........................................................... S. (S.) gurneyae - Two filaments of ventral pair as thick as those of middle pair; cocoon with anterodorsal margin much produced anteriorly beyond apex of ventrolateral margin.......................................................... S. (S.) nilgiricum 9. Dorsal surface of abdominal segment 7 with spine-combs.......................................... S. (S.) palniense - Dorsal surface of abdominal segment 7 without spine-comb......................................... S. (S.) gravelyi 10. Gill with 8 filaments; cocoon with anterolateral window on each side............................. S. (S.) novolineatum - Gill with 10 filaments; cocoon shoe-shaped................................................................ 11 11. Cocoon loosely and elaborately woven, comparatively more so near anterior end where large interspaces between strands are formed in a pretty pattern................................................... S. (S.) lineothorax & S. (S.) striatum - Cocoon not elaborately woven, with anterior end having a few irregular interspaces in web.............. S. (S.) grisescens

Simulium (Gomphostilbia) takaokai Anbalagan sp. nov. (Figs. 4���6) Type series. Holotype, ♂, INDIA: Kulathupuzha, Kollam district, Kerala state, 01-I- 2014, 127 m (08�� 54 ���. 11 ��� N, 77 ��03���. 29 ���E), S. Anbalagan (Coll. S. Anbalagan, BDU). Paratypes, same data as holotype: 12 ♂♂, 14 ♀♀, 15 pupae, 85 larvae (Coll. S. Anbalagan, BDU). 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ (Department of Environmental Biotechnology, BDU, Catalogue number: BL0015). FIGURE 4. Female of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) takaokai sp. nov. A, 3 rd segment of right maxillary palp showing sensory vesicle (front view); B, right hind tibia (outer view); C, basitarsus and 2 nd tarsomere of left hind leg showing calcipala and pedisulcus (outer view); D, tarsal claw; E, 8 th sternite, ovipositor valves (ventral view); F, genital fork; G, right paraprocts and cerci (lateral view). Scale bars. 0.01 mm for A and D���G; 0.05 mm for B and C. Diagnosis. Female: scutum with 3 brownish-black longitudinal vittae; hind tibia light to dark brown with basal 1 / 4 white; tarsal claw with large basal tooth; sternite 8 covered with 11 or 12 long hairs and few short fine hairs on each side. Male: upper eye consisting of 12 vertical columns and 10 horizontal rows of large facets; segments 2 and 5���7 each with shiny dorsolateral or lateral patches; ventral plate with anterior margin somewhat produced anteromedially, and posterior margin convex medially. Pupa: gill composed of 8 slender thread-like filaments, arranged as [(1 + 2)+(1 + 2)]+ 2 filaments from dorsal to ventral, with medium-long common basal stalk; cocoon wall pocket-shaped, thinly and moderately woven, widely extended ventrolaterally. Larva: labral fan with 38 main rays; mandible with 4 comb-teeth decreasing in length from 1 st to 4 th except 3 rd tooth somewhat equal to 1 st tooth; hypostoma with row of 9 apical teeth and 4 hypostomal bristles per side lying parallel to lateral margin; posterior circlet with 53���55 rows of up to 8���12 hooklets per row. FIGURE 5. Male of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) takaokai sp. nov. A, 3 rd segment of left maxillary palp showing small sensory vesicle (frontal view); B, left hind tibia (outer view); C, basitarsus and 2 nd tarsomere of left hind leg showing calcipala and pedisulcus (outer view); D, coxites, styles, ventral plate and median sclerite (ventral view); E, right style with coxite (ventrolateral view); F & G, ventral plate (F, ventral view and G, end view). Scale bars. 0.01 mm for E���G; 0.02 mm for A; 0.05 mm for B���D. Description. Female. Body length 1.9 mm. Head. Narrower than width of thorax. Frons grey, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, thinly pale yellowish pruinose with several stout dark hairs along lateral and lower margins; frontal ratio 1.50:1.00: 1.89; frons-head ratio 1.00: 3.16. Fronto-ocular area well developed, narrow, directed dorsolaterally. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and 9 flagellomeres, brown except scape, pedicel and basal 1 / 2 of 1 st flagellomere yellow. Clypeus grayish white, shiny, thinly whitish pruinose with dark stout hairs. Labrum 0.51 times as long as clypeus. Maxillary palp composed of 5 segments; proportional lengths of 3 rd, 4 th and 5 th segments 1.00: 1.51: 2.96; 3 rd segment (Fig. 4 A) moderately enlarged; sensory vesicle (Fig. 4 A) mediumsized (0.41 times as long as 3 rd segment), with small round opening. Maxillary lacinia with 8 inner and 12 outer teeth. Mandible with 16 inner and 7 outer teeth. Cibarium bare. Thorax. Scutum dark brown except anterolateral calli dark ochreous, with 3 brownish-black longitudinal vittae (1 narrow median and 2 lateral), median vitta united anteriorly to anterior calli, lateral vittae united posteriorly to brownish-black prescutellar area; scutum shiny when illuminated at certain angles, densely covered with yellow scale-like recumbent short hairs. Scutellum shiny, with dark brown long upright hairs. Postnotum shiny and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum medium to dark brown, longer than deep, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, densely covered with fine short hairs. Legs. Foreleg: coxa yellow; trochanter yellow except apical portion somewhat darkened; femur yellowish brown except base of posterior part brownish black; tibia brown; tarsus brownish black with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus slightly dilated, 4.16 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa yellowish brown except posterior surface dark brown; trochanter yellow; femur yellowish brown and tibia brown; tarsus brownish-black except basal 1 / 2 of basitarsus dark yellow. Hind leg: coxa yellowish brown except posterior surface dark brown; trochanter yellow; femur medium brown with base yellow and apical cap dark brown; tibia (Fig. 4 B) light to dark brown with basal 1 / 4 white, covered with brownish fine hairs on outer and posterior surfaces; tarsus dark brown to brownishblack except basal 2 / 3 of basitarsus (though base light brown); basitarsus (Fig. 4 C) narrow, nearly parallel-sided, 7.1 times as long as wide, and 0.56 and 0.47 times as wide as greatest width of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 4 C) slightly shorter than width at base, and 0.44 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus. Pedisulcus (Fig. 1 C) well defined. Claw (Fig. 4 D) with large basal tooth 0.4 times as long as claw. Wing. Length 1.75 mm. Costa with dark spinules and hairs except hairs on basal portion yellow. Subcosta with dark hairs except near apex bare. Hair tuft on stem vein dark brown. Basal section of vein R fully haired; R 1 with dark spinules and hairs; R 2 with hairs only. Basal cell absent. Haltere. Light to medium brown. Abdomen. Base of each segment dark brown, basal scale dark brown, with fringe of dark brown hairs, dorsal surface of abdomen brown to brownish black except basal 1 / 2 of segment 2 yellow, moderately covered with brown short to long hairs; tergites of segment 2 and 6���8 shiny when illuminated at certain angles. Ventral surface of segments 2 and 3 whitish-yellow except lateral side brownish yellow, and those of other segments light to dark brown; sternal plate on segment 7 undeveloped. Genitalia. Sternite 8 (Fig. 4 E) well sclerotized and bare medially, covered with 11���12 long hairs and few short fine hairs on each side. Ovipositor valves tongue-like, thin, membranous, moderately covered with microsetae interspersed with three short hairs; inner margins slightly concave, somewhat sclerotized, and slightly separated from each other. Genital fork (Fig. 4 F) of usual inverted-Y form; stem slender and well sclerotized; arms of moderate width, lateral plate of each arm with thin lobe directed medioposteriorly and small projection directed anterodorsally. Paraproct in ventral view concave, with 2 or 3 sensilla on anteromedial surface; paraproct in lateral view (Fig. 4 G) somewhat produced ventrally, 0.75 times as long as wide, with about 17 medium-long to long hairs on lateral and ventral surfaces. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 4 G) short, rounded posteriorly, 0.55 times as long as its greatest width. Spermatheca similar in shape to that of S. (G.) peteri sp. nov. (Fig. 1 H), 1.64 times as long as its greatest width, well sclerotized except duct and small area near juncture with duct unsclerotized, and with many fissures on surface; internal setae absent; both accessory ducts slender, subequal diameter to major one. Male. Body length 1.8 mm. Head. 0.92 times wider than thorax. Upper eye medium brown, consisting of 12 vertical columns and 10 horizontal rows of large facets. Face grayish black, yellowish-white pruinose. Clypeus black, whitish pruinose, densely covered with pale yellow scale-like medium-long hairs (directed upward and lateral) interspersed with several dark brown simple longer hairs. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and 9 flagellomeres, yellow to brown; 1 st flagellomere elongate, 1.66 times as long as 2 nd one. Maxillary palp light to medium brown, with 5 segments, proportional lengths of 3 rd, 4 th, and 5 th segments 1.00: 1.19: 2.42; 3 rd segment (Fig. 2 A) widened apically; sensory vesicle (Fig. 5 A) globular, small (0.26 times length of 3 rd segment), and with large opening. Thorax. Scutum slightly darker than female and short hairs on scutum golden yellow. Legs. Foreleg: coxa brown; trochanter yellow with outer surface light brown; femur light brown; tibia brown with median 2 / 3 pale yellow and covered with dark brown hairs; tarsus brown to dark brown; basitarsus moderately dilated, 5.27��� 5.43 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa yellow except base brown; trochanter yellow to brown; femur yellow except apical 1 / 4 brown; tibia medium brown to dark brown; tarsus brown to dark brown except anterior surface of little less than basal 1 / 2 of basitarsus pale yellow to light brown. Hind leg: coxa brown; trochanter yellow; femur light to dark brown except base yellow; tibia (Fig. 5 B) light brown except basal and apical dark brown; tarsus medium to dark brown except basal 1 / 2 (or little less) of basitarsus whitish-yellow and little less than basal 1 / 3 of 2 nd tarsomere white; basitarsus (Fig. 5 C) slender, parallel-sided, 6.33���6.42 times as long as wide, and 0.55���0.58 and 0.49���0.51 times as wide as greatest width of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 5 C) nearly as long as wide, and 0.46 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus. Pedisulcus (Fig. 5 C) well defined. Wing. Length 1.5 mm. Costa with dark brown spinules as well as dark brown hairs except basal portion with patch of yellowish hairs. Subcosta with very sparsely dark brown hairs. Hair tuft on stem vein dark brown. Basal portion of radius fully haired; R 1 with dark spinules and hairs and R 2 with hairs only. Basal cell absent. Haltere. Yellowish brown except outer surface ochreous and basal stem darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale dark brown, with fringe of light to medium brown hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen dark brown except segment 2 yellow (though posterior 1 / 4 of dorsal surface medium brown), covered with dark brown short to long hairs; segments 2 and 5���7 each with shiny dorsolateral or lateral patches; ventral surface of segment 2 yellow, those of segments 3 and 4 yellow except sternites medium brown, and those of other segments medium to dark brown. Genitalia. Coxite in ventral view (Fig. 5 D) nearly rectangular, 1.42 times as long as its greatest width. Style in ventral view (Fig. 5 D) bent inward, slightly tapered from base toward middle, then slightly widened, tapered to round apex and with apical spine; style in medial view 0.86 times as long as coxite, gently bent inward, nearly parallel-sided from base to apical 3 / 4, then tapered to apex, and with apical spine; style in ventrolateral view (Fig. 5 E) very slightly tapered toward apical 3 / 4, with rounded apex. Ventral plate in ventral view (Fig. 5 F) with body transverse, 0.91 times as long as wide, nearly parallel-sided, with anterior margin somewhat produced anteromedially, and posterior margin convex medially, densely covered with microsetae on ventral surface; basal arms of moderate length, directed forward, then slightly convergent apically; ventral plate in end view (Fig. 5 G) concave ventrally, densely covered with microsetae on posterior surface. Median sclerite thin, plate-like, wide. Paramere of moderate size, with 4 distinct long and stout hooks and several smaller ones. Aedeagal membrane moderately setose, slightly sclerotized at base but dorsal plate not well defined. Cercus in lateral view small, rounded, with 7 or 8 hairs. Pupa. Body length 1.9���2.1 mm. Head. Integument dark yellow, moderately covered with small round tubercles; antennal sheath with protuberances; face with pair of simple long trichomes with uncoiled apices, and frons with 2 pairs of simple very long trichomes with coiled or uncoiled apices; 3 frontal trichomes on each side arising close together, subequal in length to one another and 1.6 times longer than facial one. Thorax. Integument yellow, moderately covered with round tubercles, with 2 long (1 simple and 1 bifurcate) anterolateral trichome with uncoiled apices, 1 simple small mediolateral trichome with uncoiled apex, and 1 simple ventrolateral trichomes with uncoiled apex. Gill (Fig. 6 A) composed of 8 slender thread-like filaments, arranged as [(1 + 2)+(1 + 2)]+ 2 filaments from dorsal to ventral, with medium-long common basal stalk having somewhat swollen transparent organ ventrally at base; common basal stalk medium sized (0.89���0.92 times length of interspiracular trunk); dorsal and middle triplet sharing medium-long common stalk; both primary and secondary stalks of dorsal triplet medium-long, primary stalk of middle triplet long, but secondary stalk short; length of primary and secondary stalks of middle triplet combined longer than stalk of ventral pair; stalk of ventral pair medium-long, 1.25���1.32 times length of common basal stalk and 0.92���0.95 times length of interspiracular trunk; stalk of ventral pair 0.88���0.91 times as thick as primary stalk of middle triplet, and 1.15���1.18 times as thick as primary stalk of dorsal triplet; primary stalk of dorsal triplet lying against stalk of ventral pair at angle of 40���60 degrees or little more when viewed laterally; all filaments yellowish brown, gradually tapered toward apex; entire length of filaments (measured from base of gill to tips of filaments) based on one pupa as follows: 1.7���1.8 mm for dorsal triplet, 1.9���2.4 mm for middle triplet and 1.5���1.6 mm for ventral paired filaments; cuticle of all filaments with welldefined annular ridges and furrows though gradually becoming indistinct from middle to apex, densely covered with minute tubercles. Abdomen. Dorsally, segments 1���7 pigmented with small to large tubercles; segment 1 with 1 simple slender medium-long hair-like seta on each side; segment 2 and 3 with 1 simple slender medium-long hair-like seta; segments 3 and 4 with 4 hooked spines and 1 short hair like seta on each side; segment 5 lacking spine-combs; segments 6���9 each with spine-combs in transverse row (though those on segment 9 slightly smaller than those on segment 8) and comb-like groups of minute spines on each side; segment 9 with pair of triangular flat terminal hooks of which outer margin is 3.0��� 3.1 times as long as inner margin and crenulated (Fig. 6 B). Ventrally, segments 4 with 1 simple hook and 1 simple very short setae on each side; segment 5 with a pair of bifid inner and simple outer hooks somewhat spaced from each other and 1 simple slender very short setae on each side; segments 6 and 7 with pair of bifid inner and simple outer hooks somewhat spaced from each other on each side; segment 8 with 1 bifid inner and simple outer hook somewhat spaced from each other; segments 4���7 with comb-like groups of minute spines; segment 9 with 3 grapnel-shaped hooklets on each side. Cocoon. Wall pocket-shaped, thinly and moderately woven, widely extended ventrolaterally; anterior margin somewhat thickly woven, with dorsal portion slightly produced anteriorly when viewed dorsally; posterior 1 / 2 with floor roughly or moderately woven; individual threads visible; 2.5���2.6 mm long by 1.8���1.9 mm wide. Mature larva. Body length 3.8���4.1 mm. Body creamy to dark ochreous except proleg grayish, ventral surface of thoracic segments 2 and 3 grayish or ochreous, and abdominal segments 1���4 almost entirely light grayish; body with grayish black markings, i.e., thoracic segment 1 encircled with broad transverse band (though disconnected ventrally), abdominal segments 5���8 with dorsolateral spots in transverse row of dorsal surfaces of posterior 1 / 2 of each segment. Cephalic apotome yellowish brown, and very sparsely covered with simple minute setae; head spots indistinct or very faintly positive. Lateral surface of head capsule yellowish brown except eye-spot region yellowish white, and very sparsely covered with simple minute seta; spots indistinct. Ventral surface of head capsule yellowish brown except somewhat darkened area near posterior margin on each side of postgenal cleft, and very sparsely covered with simple minute setae. Antenna composed of 3 segments and apical sensillum, 1.2 times longer than stem of labral fan; proportional lengths of 1 st, 2 nd, and 3 rd segments 1.00: 0.85: 0.83. Labral fan with 38 main rays. Mandible (Fig. 6 C) with 4 comb-teeth decreasing in length from 1 st to 4 thexcept 3 rd tooth somewhat equal to 1 st tooth; mandibular serration composed of 2 teeth (1 long and 1 small); major tooth at acute angle against mandible on apical side; supernumerary serrations absent. Hypostoma (Fig. 6 D) with row of 9 apical teeth; median and each corner tooth prominent (though median tooth slightly longer than corner teeth) and much longer than 3 intermediate teeth on each side; lateral margin smooth though 2 teeth present apcially; 4 hypostomal bristles per side lying parallel to the lateral margin. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 6 E) lanceolate, 1.77 times as long as postgenal bridge. Cervical sclerite composed of 2 dark small pieces, not fused to occiput, widely separated medially from each other. Thoracic cuticle bare. Abdominal cuticle almost bare except few posterior segments sparsely to moderately covered with simple minute setae dorsally and dorsolaterally and last segment moderately covered with colorless simple setae on each side of anal sclerite. Rectal scales absent. Rectal papilla compound, each of 3 lobes with 5 finger-like secondary lobules. Anal sclerite of usual X-form, with anterior arms 1.43 times as long as posterior ones, broadly sclerotized at base; accessory sclerite present. Last abdominal segment expanded ventrolaterally forming double bulges on each side, visible as large conical ventral papilla when viewed from side. Posterior circlet with 53���55 rows of up to 8���12 hooklets per row. Etymology. The species name takaokai is in honor of Professor Hiroyuki Takaoka, Institute of Biological sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, who greatly contributed to the taxonomy of Oriental black flies. Habitat. S. (G.) takaokai sp.nov. larvae and pupae are found on stream substrates (boulders, pebbles, leaf litter and woody debris) but they mainly were associated with the aquatic weed of Eichhornia crassipes. Affinities. S. (G.) takaokai sp. nov. is assigned to the subgenus Gomphostilbia by having a bare pleural membrane and haired katepisternum in the female and male and is placed in the batoense species group by having a dark hair tuft on the stem vein, dark brown male and female tibiae, slender and parallel-sided male hind basitarsus. The characters of the sensory vesicle, longitudinal vittae on the scutum and hind basitarsus of S. (G.) takaokai indicate a close relationship with S. (G.) pattoni, S. (G.) bucolicum and S. (G.) fidum but the new species can be distinguished by the female genitalia, smaller number of male upper-eye large facets, pupal gill with a medium-long common basal stalk and larval hypostoma with 4 bristles on each side., Published as part of Anbalagan, Sankarappan, Prasanna, Vimalanathan Arun, Dinakaran, Sundaram & Krishnan, Muthukalingan, 2014, Two new species of Simulium (Gomphostilbia) (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Peninsular India with keys to Peninsular Indian members of the genus Simulium, pp. 451-465 in Zootaxa 3861 (5) on pages 458-463, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3861.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/230182

Gryllotalpa krishnani Arun Prasanna et al., new species (Fig. 1 & 2, Table 1) Holotype: 3 Adult Body: 27mm length, stout and long, pilose, brown or yellowish brown. Head: 3.5mm long, consistent blackish brown, covered with numerous fine setae. Antenna brown, scape and pedicel washed with yellowish brown; Eyes black, a small eclipse-shaped white spot at the base of each eye; ocelli large; clypeus short from pale yellow; labrum long, its length more than twice that that of clypeus, brown, middle dark with margin and apex area dark, margin covered with short setae. Palpi, washed with brown and tip yellow, right slightly longer than left. Pronotum: length 9mm and width 6mm brown, dark brown at anterior, covered with numerous fine setae, 1.5 times longer than broad, anterior margin concave and posterior margin convex, inferior margin of lateral lobes long transverse; anterior margin golden; patterned medially, a pair of stripe-shaped punctuations with golden margin anteriorly and medially, behind them a groove linked by two golden punctuations; remainder dark brown. Legs: Fore legs 8mm long- anterior femora 4.5mm long and yellow with numerous setae; fore tibia 4mm long, brown and tarsus 2mm long, yellow; inner part of trochanter armed with four processes, the anterior one dark, angular-shaped and longer than other processes; apex of fore femur with a rough and angular sclerite laterally; ventro-internal margin at base with an oval shaped, apically blended process; anterior tibiae with internal tympanum slit-shaped, tibial dactyls short and stout. Middle legs 12mm long, femur yellow, tibia yellowish brown and tarsus brown. Hind legs: 17mm length, brown, posterior tibiae with 6 internal pre-apical spines. Tegmen: Nearly oval when flattened, brown with main veins dark brown; dorsal field lightest in harp area; lateral field brown dorsally and light along lower margin. Harp broad at base. Fore wing: 9mm length, cell c 1 coneshaped, c 2 1 / 5 size of c 1; behind each of c 1 and c 2 with one conspicuously cell, equal size of c 2; radius undivided distally and apart from subcosta; the apical field short and longitudinal veins, only 1 / 4 length of tegmen; one to five crossveins between each longitudinal vein of this field. Stridulatory file (Figs. 9, 9e): straight, 4 mm length, 1mm width, armed with 52 teeth, teeth intensive at inner part; left tegmen over right. Hind wings: caudate, slightly surpassing tip of abdomen, 2.1 mm long, 2.3 times longer than fore wing Abdomen: terga washed with brown and blackish brown at lateral and base of each segment; sterna yellowish brown; two lateral black marking on segment II-IX. Genitalia: sclerotic, colored from light brown to brown. Transverse sclerite thick and strong, M shaped, inside apex arrowed and triangle, end of outside part broad and foot shaped; epiphallus upright, shaped as rhombus in front view, top side oblique and outcurved downward to median on both sides, then slightly loosen downward to bottom, median deeply curved and angular form of bottom; ectophallus paramere broad and somewhat rectangular, internal process of paramere, upward pointed and transparent scaly like structures at tip. Cerci, 4 mm long, brown, pilose, 2.3 times smaller than fore wing. �� Adult Body: 30mm length, stout and long, pilose, brown or blackish brown. Head: 3.9mm long, consistent blackish brown and patterned medially. Antenna yellowish brown, scape and pedicel washed with yellowish brown; Eyes black and dark brown, a small eclipse shaped white spot at the base of each eye; ocelli large; clypeus short from pale yellow to brown; labrum long, its length more than twice that that of clypeus, brown, middle dark with margin and apex area dark, margin covered with short setae. Palpi, washed with brown and tip yellow, right slightly longer than left. Pronotum: length 8mm and width 5mm brown, dark brown at anterior, covered with numerous fine setae, 1.6 times longer than broad, anterior margin concave and posterior margin convex, inferior margin of lateral lobes long transverse; anterior margin golden; patterned medially, a pair of stripe-shaped punctuations with golden margin anteriorly and medially, behind them a groove linked by two golden punctuations; remainder dark brown. Legs: Anterior femora long and yellow with numerous setae, fore tibia brown and tarsus yellow. Inner part of trochanter armed with three processes, the anterior one dark, angular-shaped and longer than other processes, beyond the ventral margin of trochanter; between middle and posterior processes brown and small sclerite. Apex of fore femur with a rough and angular sclerite laterally; ventro-internal margin at base with an oval shaped, apical process; anterior tibiae with internal tympanum slit-shaped, tibial dactyls short and stout. Middle femur yellow; tibia yellowish brown and tarsus brown. Hind legs: 24 mm length, brown, posterior tibiae with eleven internal preapical spines. FIGURE 1 A���D. Gryllotalpa krishnani sp. nov. Male adult: A. whole body, dorsal view; B. head, front view; C. fore wing, left; D. stridulatory file, left tegmen. FIGURE 2 A���E. Gryllotalpa krishnani sp. nov. Genitalia, A. in dorsal view; B. in ventral view; C. epiphallus, front view; D. bottom of epiphallus; E. tip of inner paramere of ectophallus. Tegmen: Nearly oval when flattened, brown with main veins dark brown; dorsal field lightest in harp area; lateral field brown dorsally and light along lower margin. Harp broad at base. Fore wing: 11 mm length, cell c 1 cone-shaped, c 2 1 / 5 size of c 1; behind each of c 1 and c 2 with one conspicuously larger cell, double size of c 2; radius undivided distally and apart from subcosta; the apical field short and longitudinal veins, only 1 / 4 length of tegmen; one to five crossveins between each longitudinal vein of this field. Stridulatory file: straight, 6 mm length, 1.5 mm width; left tegmen over right. Hind wings: characters as in male, 16 mm long, 1.5 times longer than fore wing Abdomen: terga washed with brown and blackish brown at lateral and base of each segment; sterna yellowish brown and sterna IX and X brown; other details of coloration and marks as in male adult; genital extension brown, subgenital plate yellowish brown, trapezoidal with apical notch; cerci, 10 mm length, brown, pilose, nearly equal to fore wing length Mature nymph Body length: 13-15mm. Head: brown, patterned medially; clypeus pale yellow to light brown; blackish brow spots present posterior to median ocellus; antennae length 6mm, yellowish brown, basal segments light yellowish brown; labrum is expanded and angle laterally, length of labrum slightly more than 1 / 2 the total width; mandibles heavily sclerotized and apex hook-shaped; maxillary and labial palp washed brown except apex, hypopharynx yellowish brown; Maxillary palpi thick, each 4 -segmented, 10 mm long and densely covered with setae, relative lengths of 4 segments from base to apex 0.5: 1: 1: 1.5; labial palpi each 3 -segmented, 8 mm long, relative lengths of 3 segments from base to apex 0.5: 1: 1, three segments of palpi covered with fine setae, outer margin of maxilla, labium yellow covered with fine setae. Thorax: pronotum length 5 mm and width 2.5 mm brown, dark brown at anterior, covered with numerous fine setae, one time longer than broad, anterior margin concave and posterior margin convex, inferior margin of lateral lobes long transverse; anterior margin golden; patterned medially, a dark brown spot present in-between posterior and inferior medial margin; meso and metanotum brown, washed with blackish brown on lateral and posterior margin; pleura washed with blackish brown, sterna yellow. Legs: fore legs 5 mm length dark yellow covered with numerous short setae anterior tibiae with not well developed slit-shaped internal tympanum, tibial dactyls long and stout; middle legs 6 mm length yellow covered with long and short setae and posterior tibiae with four pre-apical spines; hind legs light brown Middle femur yellow; tibia yellowish brown and tarsus brown. Hind legs: 9 mm length, light brown, femora with a median dark brownish marking, posterior tibiae with 4 internal pre-apical spines. Abdomen: terga washed with brown and blackish brown at lateral and base of each segment; sterna yellowish brown, male with dark brown on segment IV and V, female with sterna washed with dark brown on segment IV; cerci, 5 mm length light brown with numerous long setae at base. Morphometric analysis Morphometric studies (Table 1) of males, females and nymphs of G. krishnani showed typical traits of the genus Gryllotalpa as described in the literature (Ma and Zhang, 2010), except for some minor differences in some measurements and ratios, which confirms inter-specific variability previously reported. The morphometrics of G. krishnani can be compared with other mole cricket species in India (Table 1)., Published as part of Prasanna, Vimalanathan Arun, Anbalagan, Sankarappan, Dinakaran, Jeyaraj Pandiarajan Sundaram & Krishnan, Muthukalingan, 2012, A new species of the mole cricket genus Gryllotalpa (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae; Gryllotalpinae) from India, pp. 41-46 in Zootaxa 3597 on pages 42-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209606, {"references":["Ma, L. & Zhang, Y. (2010). A new species of Mole Cricket Genus Gryllotalpa (Orthoptera, Gryllotalpidae) from China. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 136 (3 + 4), 303 - 306."]}

Prasanna, Vimalanathan Arun, Anbalagan, Sankarappan, Dinakaran, Jeyaraj Pandiarajan Sundaram, Krishnan, Muthukalingan (2012): A new species of the mole cricket genus Gryllotalpa (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae; Gryllotalpinae) from India. Zootaxa 3597: 41-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.209606