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The human mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD) is crucial for higher cognitive functions, while the fine anatomical organization of the MD and the function of each subregion remain elusive. In this study, using high-resolution data provided by the Human Connectome Project, an anatomical connectivity-based method was adopted to unveil the topographic organization of the MD. Four fine-grained subregions were identified in each hemisphere, including the medial (MDm), central (MDc), dorsal (MDd), and lateral (MDl), which recapitulated previous cytoarchitectonic boundaries from histological studies. The subsequent connectivity analysis of the subregions also demonstrated distinct anatomical and functional connectivity patterns, especially with the prefrontal cortex. To further evaluate the function of MD subregions, partial least squares analysis was performed to examine the relationship between different prefrontal-subregion connectivity and behavioral measures in 1012 subjects. The results showed subregion-specific involvement in a range of cognitive functions. Specifically, the MDm predominantly subserved emotional-cognition domains, while the MDl was involved in multiple cognitive functions especially cognitive flexibility and inhibition. The MDc and MDd were correlated with fluid intelligence, processing speed, and emotional cognition. In conclusion, our work provides new insights into the anatomical and functional organization of the MD and highlights the various roles of the prefrontal-thalamic circuitry in human cognition.

Reports from recent years provide compelling evidence about the structure and the existence of functional topography in the cerebellum. However, most of them focused on the motor functions of the cerebellum. Recent studies suggest the involvement of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum in the context of neurodegenerative and cognitive disorders. The pathophysiology of these diseases is not sufficiently understood, and recent studies indicate that it could also affect additional subregions of the cerebellum. Anatomical and clinical studies, combined with neuroimaging, provide new ways of thinking about the organisation and functioning of the cerebellum. This review summarises knowledge about the topography and functions of the cerebellum, and focuses on its anatomical and functional contributions to the development of neurological diseases.

Astragalus cicer L. is a plurannual grassy plant of Fabaceae family which is widespread on the territory of central Russia and is used in folk medicine for treatment of different diseases. The article presents the results of anatomical organization of vegetative organs of Astragalus cicer L. The revealed features of anatomical organization of stem and leaf may be used for Astragalus cicer L. raw materials diagnosis

The leaf anatomy of species of the genus Rosa: R. donetzica, R. kokanica, R. roxburhii, R. rugosa, R. spinosissima was studied. It was found that the plants R. donetzica and R. kokanica have very low drought tolerance by the anatomical structure. The plants of species R. rugosin and R. spinosissima have most xeromorphy features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD) is crucial for higher cognitive functions, while the fine anatomical organization of the MD and the function of each subregion remain elusive. In this study, using high-resolution data provided by the Human Connectome Project, an anatomical connectivity-based method was adopted to unveil the topographic organization of the MD. Four fine-grained subregions were identified in each hemisphere, including the medial (MDm), central (MDc), dorsal (MDd), and lateral (MDl), which recapitulated previous cytoarchitectonic boundaries from histological studies. The subsequent connectivity analysis of the subregions also demonstrated distinct anatomical and functional connectivity patterns, especially with the prefrontal cortex. To further evaluate the function of MD subregions, partial least squares analysis was performed to examine the relationship between different prefrontal-subregion connectivity and behavioral measures in 1012 subjects. The results showed subregion-specific involvement in a range of cognitive functions. Specifically, the MDm predominantly subserved emotional-cognition domains, while the MDl was involved in multiple cognitive functions especially cognitive flexibility and inhibition. The MDc and MDd were correlated with fluid intelligence, processing speed, and emotional cognition. In conclusion, our work provides new insights into the anatomical and functional organization of the MD and highlights the various roles of the prefrontal-thalamic circuitry in human cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]