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1. Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions

Author

Chuan-Chao Wang, Sabine Reinhold, Alexey Kalmykov, Antje Wissgott, Guido Brandt, Choongwon Jeong, Olivia Cheronet, Matthew Ferry, Eadaoin Harney, Denise Keating, Swapan Mallick, Nadin Rohland, Kristin Stewardson, Anatoly R. Kantorovich, Vladimir E. Maslov, Vladimira G. Petrenko, Vladimir R. Erlikh, Biaslan Ch. Atabiev, Rabadan G. Magomedov, Philipp L. Kohl, Kurt W. Alt, Sandra L. Pichler, Claudia Gerling, Harald Meller, Benik Vardanyan, Larisa Yeganyan, Alexey D. Rezepkin, Dirk Mariaschk, Natalia Berezina, Julia Gresky, Katharina Fuchs, Corina Knipper, Stephan Schiffels, Elena Balanovska, Oleg Balanovsky, Iain Mathieson, Thomas Higham, Yakov B. Berezin, Alexandra Buzhilova, Viktor Trifonov, Ron Pinhasi, Andrej B. Belinskij, David Reich, Svend Hansen, Johannes Krause, and Wolfgang Haak

Subjects
Science
Abstract

The Caucasus mountain range has impacted on the culture and genetics of the wider region. Here, the authors generate genome-wide SNP data for 45 Eneolithic and Bronze Age individuals across the Caucasus, and find distinct genetic clusters between mountain and steppe zones as well as occasional gene-flow.

Published
2019
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2. Emergence of human-adapted Salmonella enterica is linked to the Neolithization process

Author

Gunnar U. Neumann, Noah Steuri, Luis Roger Esquivel-Gomez, Alexander Herbig, Cosimo Posth, Kirsten I. Bos, Maria A. Spyrou, Marianne Ramstein, Monica Zavattaro, Jessica Beckett, Aleksandr Khokhlov, Philipp W. Stockhammer, Matthias Meyer, Maria Giuseppina Gradoli, Susanna Sabin, Stefania Vai, Ron Hübler, Wolfgang Haak, Alessandro Riga, Johannes Krause, Denise Kühnert, Antje Wissgott, Aditya Kumar Lankapalli, Felix M. Key, Anatoly R. Kantorovich, Yılmaz Selim Erdal, Albert Hafner, David Caramelli, Robin Skeates, Anja Furtwängler, Åshild J. Vågene, Sandra Lösch, Mark Achtman, Rezeda I. Tukhbatova, Marta Burri, Sabine Reinhold, Andrey B. Belinsky, Zhemin Zhou, Sarah Nagel, Vladimir E. Maslov, Svend Hansen, Nabil-Fareed Alikhan, Inga Siebke, Alexey Kalmykov, and Andrey A. Chizhevsky

Subjects
parallel evolution, 930 History of ancient world (to ca. 499), 940 History of Europe, phoN, Human pathogen, Bacterial genome size, hunter-gatherers, Genome, Article, epidemiologic transition, Prehistory, 03 medical and health sciences, pastoralists, Animals, forager, Humans, ancient DNA, farmer, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Host specific, 030304 developmental biology, animal husbandry, 0303 health sciences, Genetic diversity, Ecology, biology, 030306 microbiology, pathogen emergence, Salmonella enterica, ancient Eurasian super branch, Agriculture, zoonosis, biology.organism_classification, domesticated animals, 950 History of Asia, Evolutionary biology, 570 Life sciences, Host adaptation, Neolithic revolution, ancient infectious disease convergent evolution, Genome, Bacterial
Abstract

It has been hypothesized that the Neolithic transition towards an agricultural and pastoralist economy facilitated the emergence of human adapted pathogens. Here, we recovered eight Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica genomes from human skeletons of transitional foragers, pastoralists, and agro-pastoralists in western Eurasia that were up to 6,500 years old. Despite the high genetic diversity of S. enterica all ancient bacterial genomes clustered in a single previously uncharacterized branch that contains S. enterica adapted to multiple mammalian species. All ancient bacterial genomes from prehistoric (agro-)pastoralists fall within a part of this branch that also includes the human-specific S. enterica Paratyphi C, illustrating the evolution of a human pathogen over a period of five thousand years. Bacterial genomic comparisons suggest that the earlier ancient strains were not host specific, differed in pathogenic potential, and experienced convergent pseudogenization that accompanied their downstream host adaptation. These observations support the concept that the emergence of human adapted S. enterica is linked to human cultural transformations.

Published
2020
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3. Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions

Author

Alexandra P. Buzhilova, Benik Vardanyan, Harald Meller, Johannes Krause, Kristin Stewardson, Natalia Berezina, Katharina Fuchs, Sabine Reinhold, Andrej Belinskij, Julia Gresky, Eadaoin Harney, Iain Mathieson, Stephan Schiffels, Guido Brandt, Elena Balanovska, Antje Wissgott, Alexey D. Rezepkin, Choongwon Jeong, Denise Keating, Viktor Trifonov, Ron Pinhasi, Olivia Cheronet, Wolfgang Haak, Chuan-Chao Wang, Anatoly R. Kantorovich, Vladimir E. Maslov, Corina Knipper, Oleg Balanovsky, Vladimir R. Erlikh, Swapan Mallick, Thomas Higham, Kurt W. Alt, Matthew Ferry, Rabadan G. Magomedov, Nadin Rohland, Alexey Kalmykov, Claudia Gerling, Philipp L. Kohl, Sandra Pichler, David Reich, Yakov B. Berezin, Larisa Yeganyan, Dirk Mariaschk, Svend Hansen, Vladimira G. Petrenko, and Biaslan Ch. Atabiev

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Population genetics, Steppe, Science, Pastoralism, General Physics and Astronomy, Evolutionary biology, 02 engineering and technology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, Prehistory, 03 medical and health sciences, Bronze Age, Transect, lcsh:Science, 2. Zero hunger, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Genomics, General Chemistry, Chalcolithic, 15. Life on land, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 030104 developmental biology, Geography, Archaeology, Anthropology, Human genome, lcsh:Q, 0210 nano-technology, Mountain range
Abstract

Archaeogenetic studies have described the formation of Eurasian ‘steppe ancestry’ as a mixture of Eastern and Caucasus hunter-gatherers. However, it remains unclear when and where this ancestry arose and whether it was related to a horizon of cultural innovations in the 4th millennium BCE that subsequently facilitated the advance of pastoral societies in Eurasia. Here we generated genome-wide SNP data from 45 prehistoric individuals along a 3000-year temporal transect in the North Caucasus. We observe a genetic separation between the groups of the Caucasus and those of the adjacent steppe. The northern Caucasus groups are genetically similar to contemporaneous populations south of it, suggesting human movement across the mountain range during the Bronze Age. The steppe groups from Yamnaya and subsequent pastoralist cultures show evidence for previously undetected farmer-related ancestry from different contact zones, while Steppe Maykop individuals harbour additional Upper Palaeolithic Siberian and Native American related ancestry., The Caucasus mountain range has impacted on the culture and genetics of the wider region. Here, the authors generate genome-wide SNP data for 45 Eneolithic and Bronze Age individuals across the Caucasus, and find distinct genetic clusters between mountain and steppe zones as well as occasional gene-flow.

Published
2019
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4. Ten millennia of hepatitis B virus evolution

Author

Oleg Balanovsky, Lourdes Marquez-Morfin, Magdalena Zoledziewska, Susannah J. Salter, Cody E. Parker, Kirsten I. Bos, Kathrin Nägele, Domingo C. Salazar-García, Kerttu Majander, Vittorio Mazzarello, Cosimo Posth, Kurt W. Alt, Elmira Khussainova, Silvia Teresita Hernández Godoy, Richard Mortimer, Ayshin Ghalichi, Alexander Herbig, Lars Fehren-Schmitz, Leyla B. Djansugurova, Dmitry A. Stashenkov, Raiko Krauß, Mikhail S. Chaplygin, Tiago Ferraz, Patrick Semal, Eva Rosenstock, Michal Kostka, Yavor Boyadzhiev, Harald Meller, Petr Limburský, Mario Küßner, Tara Ingman, Maïté Rivollat, Eva Fernández-Domínguez, Rodrigo Barquera, Robin Skeates, Kamen Boyadzhiev, Denise Kühnert, Mirjana Roksandic, Adam Ben Rohrlach, Alexandra P. Buzhilova, Alissa Mittnik, Yadira Chinique de Armas, Johannes Krause, Marie-France Deguilloux, Aleksandr Khokhlov, Rezeda I. Tukhbatova, Elizabeth Popescu, Lucy C. Salazar, Andrey A. Chizhevsky, Christopher Read, Hubert Steiner, Melanie Van Twest, Eveline Altena, Diana Iraíz Hernández-Zaragoza, Lyazzat Musralina, Megan Michel, Íñigo García-Martínez de Lagrán, Anatoly R. Kantorovich, Katrien Van de Vijver, Alžbeta Danielisová, Rachel Clarke, Duncan Sayer, Bastien Llamas, Nikolaj Makarov, Alejandro Romero, Luka Papac, Alessandra Sperduti, Vladimir E. Maslov, Rafael Garrido-Pena, Gunnar U. Neumann, Arman Z. Beisenov, Zainolla Samashev, Guido Alberto Gnecchi-Ruscone, Päivi Onkamo, Eduardo Carmona Ballestero, Javier Jimenez-Echevarria, Valery Khartanovich, Manuel Rojo-Guerra, Fredrik Hallgren, Eirini Skourtanioti, Natalia Shishlina, Luca Lai, Petr Velemínský, Antti Sajantila, Peter C. Ramsl, Claudia Sagona, Susanne Friederich, Miroslav Dobeš, Marcel Keller, Francesco Cucca, Sabine Reinhold, Florian van Bömmel, Luc Amkreutz, Vittoria Schimmenti, Raphaela Stahl, Douglas Baird, Marina K. Karapetian, Kurt Rademaker, Stephan Schiffels, Sacha Kacki, Evelyn K. Guevara, Michael Francken, Christina Warinner, Kay Prüfer, Karen Giffin, Felix M. Key, Joscha Gretzinger, Alexey Kalmykov, Svetlana Shnaider, Sandra Penske, Antje Wissgott, Tiffiny A. Tung, Biaslan Ch. Atabiev, Philippe Lefranc, Elizabeth A. Nelson, Peter de Knijff, Vladimir Slavchev, Jessica Pearson, Yılmaz Selim Erdal, Louise Loe, Jan Nováček, Micaela Alvarez Calmet, José I. Royo-Guillén, Richard L. Burger, Kristiina Mannermaa, K. Aslıhan Yener, Maria Pfefferkorn, Vyacheslav Moiseyev, Svend Hansen, Didier Binder, Michal Ernée, Maria A. Spyrou, Michal Feldman, Vladimir V. Kufterin, Murat Akar, Héctor Arcusa-Magallón, Andrej B. Belinskiy, Egor Kitov, Franziska Aron, Ron Hübler, Vanessa Villalba-Mouco, Sophie Beckett, Jessica Beckett, Arthur Kocher, Michael Schultz, Elena Batieva, Pilar Utrilla, Cristina Tejedor-Rodríguez, Kristin von Heyking, Masnav Navruzbekov, Michaela Langová, Maria Paz Miguel de Ibáñez, Stéphane Rottier, Maria V. Dobrovolskaya, Sandra Lösch, Emma D. Zilivinskaya, Dmitry V. Vasilev, Gabriel García Atiénzar, Marcello A. Mannino, Wolfgang Haak, Philipp W. Stockhammer, Sylvie Saintot, Alice Lyons, Ken Massy, Elena Kaverzneva, Susanna Sabin, Carmen Alonso-Fernández, Anna F. Kochkina, Marieke Sophia van de Loosdrecht, Stefanie Eisenmann, Max Planck Society, European Commission, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Russian Foundation for Basic Research, German Research Foundation, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Wenner-Gren Foundation, Ministry of Education and Science (Kazakhstan), Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Prehistoria, Arqueología, Historia Antigua, Filología Griega y Filología Latina, Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad de Alicante. Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Arqueología y Patrimonio Histórico, Prehistoria y Protohistoria, Grupo de Inmunología, Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Ingman, Tara, Kocher, A., Papac, L., Barquera, R., Key, FM., Spyrou, MA., Hubler, R., Rohrlach, AB., Aron, F., Stahl, R., Wissgott, A., van Bommel, F., Pfefferkorn, M., Mittnik, A., Villalba-Mouco, V., Neumann, GU., Rivollat, M., van de Loosdrecht, MS., Majander, K., Tukhbatova, RI., Musralina, L., Ghalichi, A., Penske, S., Sabin, S., Michel, M., Gretzinger, J., Nelson, EA., Ferraz, T., Nagele, K., Parker, C., Keller, M., Guevara, EK., Feldman, M., Eisenmann, S., Skourtanioti, E., Giffin, K., Gnecchi-Ruscone, GA., Friederich, S., Schimmenti, V., Khartanovich, V., Karapetian, MK., Chaplygin, MS., Kufterin, VV., Khokhlov, AA., Chizhevsky, AA., Stashenkov, DA., Kochkina, AF., Tejedor-Rodriguez, C., de Lagran, IGM., Arcusa-Magallon, H., Garrido-Pena, R., Royo-Guillen, JI., Novacek, J., Rottier, S., Kacki, S., Saintot, S., Kaverzneva, E., Belinskiy, AB., Veleminsky, P., Limbursky, P., Kostka, M., Loe, L., Popescu, E., Clarke, R., Lyons, A., Mortimer, R., Sajantila, A., de Armas, YC., Godoy, STH., Hernandez-Zaragoza, DI., Pearson, J., Binder, D., Lefranc, P., Kantorovich, AR., Maslov, VE., Lai, L., Zoledziewska, M., Beckett, JF., Langova, M., Atienzar, GG., Ibanez, MPD, Romero, A., Sperduti, A., Beckett, S., Salter, SJ., Zilivinskaya, ED., Vasil, DV., von Heyking, K., Burger, RL., Salazar, LC., Amkreutz, L., Navruzbekov, M., Rosenstock, E., Alonso-Fernandez, C., Slavchev, V., Kalmykov, AA., Atabiev, BC., Batieva, E, Calmet, MA., Llamas, B., Schultz, M., Krauss, R., Jimenez-Echevarria, J., Francken, M., Shnaider, S., de Knijff, P., Altena, E., Van de Vijver, K., Fehren-Schmitz, L., Tung, TA., Losch, S., Dobrovolskaya, M., Makarov, N., Read, C., Van Twest, M., Sagona, C., Ramsl, PC., Akar, M., Yener, KA., Ballestero, EC., Cucca, F., Mazzarello, V., Utrilla, P., Rademaker, K., Fernandez-Dominguez, E., Baird, D., Semal, P., Marquez-Morfin, L, Roksandic, M., Steiner, H., Salazar-Garcia, DC., Shishlina, N. Erdal, YS., Hallgren, F., Boyadzhiev, Y., Boyadzhiev, K., Kussner, M., Sayer, D., Onkamo, P., Skeates, R., Rojo-Guerra, M., Buzhilova, A., Khussainova, E., Djansugurova, LB., Beisenov, AZ., Samashev, Z., Massy, K., Mannino, M., Moiseyev, V., Mannermaa, K., Balanovsky, O., Deguilloux, MF., Reinhold, S., Hansen, S., Kitov, EP., Dobes, M., Ernee, M., Meller, H., Prufer, Kay., Warinner, C., Schiffels, S., Stockhammer, PW., Bos, K., Posth, C., Herbig, A., Haak, W., Krause, J., Kuhnert, D., and Koç University Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations (ANAMED) / Koç Üniversitesi Anadolu Medeniyetleri Araştırma Merkezi (ANAMED)

Subjects
Phylogeographic history, Hepatitis B/history, 01 natural sciences, The Republic, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, German, Communicable Diseases, Emerging/history, Agency (sociology), Science and technology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, History, Ancient, Phylogeny, media_common, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Ancient DNA, European research, virus diseases, Genomics, Hepatitis B, 3. Good health, Europe, language, ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, Christian ministry, Paleogenomic analyses, Asian Continental Ancestry Group, 010506 paleontology, Hepatitis B virus, Asia, Hepatitis B virus/classification, European Continental Ancestry Group, Library science, Biología Celular, White People, Marie curie, Evolution, Molecular, 03 medical and health sciences, American Natives, Asian People, Political science, Genomic data, media_common.cataloged_instance, Humans, Slovak, European union, American Indian or Alaska Native, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Genetic Variation, Paleontology, Prehistoria, A300, language.human_language, digestive system diseases, American natives, Americas, Asian continental ancestry group, Communicable diseases, Emerging, European continental ancestry group, Evolution, molecular, Genetic variation
Abstract

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been infecting humans for millennia and remains a global health problem, but its past diversity and dispersal routes are largely unknown. We generated HBV genomic data from 137 Eurasians and Native Americans dated between ~10,500 and ~400 years ago. We date the most recent common ancestor of all HBV lineages to between ~20,000 and 12,000 years ago, with the virus present in European and South American hunter-gatherers during the early Holocene. After the European Neolithic transition, Mesolithic HBV strains were replaced by a lineage likely disseminated by early farmers that prevailed throughout western Eurasia for ~4000 years, declining around the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. The only remnant of this prehistoric HBV diversity is the rare genotype G, which appears to have reemerged during the HIV pandemic., The research was funded by the Max Planck Society, the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (771234–PALEoRIDER, to W.H.; 805268–CoDisEASe to K. Bos; 834616–ARCHCAUCASUS to S.H.), the Slovak Academy of Sciences and the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme and Marie Curie Actions under the Programme SASPRO (1340/03/03 to P.C.R.), the ERA.NET RUS Plus–S&T programm of the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (277–BIOARCCAUCASUS to S.Re. and S.H.), the Werner Siemens Stiftung (“Paleobiochemistry”, to CW), the Award Praemium Academiae of the Czech Academy of Sciences (to M.E.), the Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences (RVO 67985912, to M.Dobe.), the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (19-09-00354a, to M.K.K. and V.V.K.; 19-78-10053 to SSh), the German Research Foundation (DFG-HA-5407/4-1–INTERACT to W.H. and RE2688/2 to S.Re.), the French National Research Agency (ANR-17-FRAL-0010–INTERACT, to M.F.D., M.Ri., S.Ro., S.Sai., D.Bi., and P.Le.), the Wenner-Gren Dissertation Fieldwork Grant (9558 to S.Sab.), and the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (AP08856654 to L.B.D., L.M., and E.Kh. and AP08857177 to A.Z.B.).

Published
2021
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5. Diet and subsistence in Bronze Age pastoral communities from the southern Russian steppes and the North Caucasus

Author

Anatoly R. Kantorovich, Svend Hansen, Claudia Gerling, Sabine Reinhold, Alexey Kalmykov, A. Belinskiy, Vladimira G. Petrenko, Julia Gresky, N. Berezina, Sandra Pichler, Kurt W. Alt, Corina Knipper, Vladimir E. Maslov, Alexandra P. Buzhilova, and Sergey V. Lyakhov

Subjects
Composite Particles, Steppe, Social Sciences, Plant Science, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Grassland, law.invention, Russia, Isotopes, law, Medicine and Health Sciences, 0601 history and archaeology, Radiocarbon dating, 5th millennium BC, History, Ancient, Carbon Isotopes, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, 060102 archaeology, Ecology, Physics, Stable Isotopes, Agriculture, 06 humanities and the arts, Radioactive Carbon Dating, Trophic Interactions, Archaeology, Community Ecology, Physical Sciences, Medicine, Collagen, Research Article, 010506 paleontology, Atoms, Science, Research and Analysis Methods, Bone and Bones, Bronze Age, Plant-Animal Interactions, Humans, Herbivory, Domestication, Particle Physics, Chemical Characterization, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nutrition, Isotope Analysis, geography, Bone preservation, Nitrogen Isotopes, Plant Ecology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Biology and Life Sciences, Proteins, Plant-Herbivore Interactions, Arid, Diet, Archaeological Dating, Collagens
Abstract

The flanks of the Caucasus Mountains and the steppe landscape to their north offered highly productive grasslands for Bronze Age herders and their flocks of sheep, goat, and cattle. While the archaeological evidence points to a largely pastoral lifestyle, knowledge regarding the general composition of human diets and their variation across landscapes and during the different phases of the Bronze Age is still restricted. Human and animal skeletal remains from the burial mounds that dominate the archaeological landscape and their stable isotope compositions are major sources of dietary information. Here, we present stable carbon and nitrogen isotope data of bone collagen of 105 human and 50 animal individuals from the 5th millennium BC to the Sarmatian period, with a strong focus on the Bronze Age and its cultural units including Maykop, Yamnaya, Novotitorovskaya, North Caucasian, Catacomb, post-Catacomb and late Bronze Age groups. The samples comprise all inhumations with sufficient bone preservation from five burial mound sites and a flat grave cemetery as well as subsamples from three further sites. They represent the Caucasus Mountains in the south, the piedmont zone and Kuban steppe with humid steppe and forest vegetation to its north, and more arid regions in the Caspian steppe. The stable isotope compositions of the bone collagen of humans and animals varied across the study area and reflect regional diversity in environmental conditions and diets. The data agree with meat, milk, and/or dairy products from domesticated herbivores, especially from sheep and goats having contributed substantially to human diets, as it is common for a largely pastoral economy. This observation is also in correspondence with the faunal remains observed in the graves and offerings of animals in the mound shells. In addition, foodstuffs with elevated carbon and nitrogen isotope values, such as meat of unweaned animals, fish, or plants, also contributed to human diets, especially among communities living in the more arid landscapes. The regional distinction of the animal and human data with few outliers points to mobility radii that were largely concentrated within the environmental zones in which the respective sites are located. In general, dietary variation among the cultural entities as well as regarding age, sex and archaeologically indicated social status is only weakly reflected. There is, however, some indication for a dietary shift during the Early Bronze Age Maykop period.

Published
2020

6. The genetic prehistory of the Greater Caucasus

Author

Philipp L. Kohl, Sandra Pichler, Sabine Reinhold, David Reich, Thomas Higham, Corina Knipper, Svend Hansen, Anatoly R. Kantorovich, Ron Pinhasi, Chuan-Chao Wang, Kurt W. Alt, Julia Gresky, Alexandra P. Buzhilova, Katharina Fuchs, Oleg Balanovsky, Vladimir R. Erlikh, Matthew Ferry, Benik Vardanyan, Wolfgang Haak, Natalia Berezina, Johannes Krause, Choongwon Jeong, Vladimira G. Petrenko, Harald Meller, Antje Wissgott, Guido Brandt, Alexey D. Rezepkin, Denise Keating, Alexey Kalmykov, Rabadan G. Magomedov, Eadaoin Harney, Iain Mathieson, Nadin Rohland, Larisa Yeganyan, Dirk Mariaschk, Yakov B. Berezin, Claudia Gerling, Andrej Belinskij, Biaslan Ch. Atabiev, Vladimir E. Maslov, Swapan Mallick, Kristin Stewardson, Stephan Schiffels, Elena Balanovska, Viktor Trifonov, and Olivia Cheronet

Subjects
Prehistory, Snp data, Geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Steppe, Ecology, Native american, Pastoralism, Biological dispersal
Abstract

Archaeogenetic studies have described the formation of Eurasian ‘steppe ancestry’ as a mixture of Eastern and Caucasus hunter-gatherers. However, it remains unclear when and where this ancestry arose and whether it was related to a horizon of cultural innovations in the 4thmillennium BCE that subsequently facilitated the advance of pastoral societies likely linked to the dispersal of Indo-European languages. To address this, we generated genome-wide SNP data from 45 prehistoric individuals along a 3000-year temporal transect in the North Caucasus. We observe a genetic separation between the groups of the Caucasus and those of the adjacent steppe. The Caucasus groups are genetically similar to contemporaneous populations south of it, suggesting that – unlike today – the Caucasus acted as a bridge rather than an insurmountable barrier to human movement. The steppe groups from Yamnaya and subsequent pastoralist cultures show evidence for previously undetected farmer-related ancestry from different contact zones, while Steppe Maykop individuals harbour additional Upper Palaeolithic Siberian and Native American related ancestry.

Published
2018
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7. Contextualising Innovation

Author

Sabine Reinhold, Julia Gresky, Natalia Berezina, Anatoly R. Kantorovich, Corina Knipper, Vladimir E. Maslov, Vladimira G. Petrenko, Kurt W. Alt, and Andrey B. Belinsky

Published
2017
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8. Diet and subsistence in Bronze Age pastoral communities from the southern Russian steppes and the North Caucasus.

Author

Corina Knipper, Sabine Reinhold, Julia Gresky, Nataliya Berezina, Claudia Gerling, Sandra L Pichler, Alexandra P Buzhilova, Anatoly R Kantorovich, Vladimir E Maslov, Vladimira G Petrenko, Sergey V Lyakhov, Alexey A Kalmykov, Andrey B Belinskiy, Svend Hansen, and Kurt W Alt

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

The flanks of the Caucasus Mountains and the steppe landscape to their north offered highly productive grasslands for Bronze Age herders and their flocks of sheep, goat, and cattle. While the archaeological evidence points to a largely pastoral lifestyle, knowledge regarding the general composition of human diets and their variation across landscapes and during the different phases of the Bronze Age is still restricted. Human and animal skeletal remains from the burial mounds that dominate the archaeological landscape and their stable isotope compositions are major sources of dietary information. Here, we present stable carbon and nitrogen isotope data of bone collagen of 105 human and 50 animal individuals from the 5th millennium BC to the Sarmatian period, with a strong focus on the Bronze Age and its cultural units including Maykop, Yamnaya, Novotitorovskaya, North Caucasian, Catacomb, post-Catacomb and late Bronze Age groups. The samples comprise all inhumations with sufficient bone preservation from five burial mound sites and a flat grave cemetery as well as subsamples from three further sites. They represent the Caucasus Mountains in the south, the piedmont zone and Kuban steppe with humid steppe and forest vegetation to its north, and more arid regions in the Caspian steppe. The stable isotope compositions of the bone collagen of humans and animals varied across the study area and reflect regional diversity in environmental conditions and diets. The data agree with meat, milk, and/or dairy products from domesticated herbivores, especially from sheep and goats having contributed substantially to human diets, as it is common for a largely pastoral economy. This observation is also in correspondence with the faunal remains observed in the graves and offerings of animals in the mound shells. In addition, foodstuffs with elevated carbon and nitrogen isotope values, such as meat of unweaned animals, fish, or plants, also contributed to human diets, especially among communities living in the more arid landscapes. The regional distinction of the animal and human data with few outliers points to mobility radii that were largely concentrated within the environmental zones in which the respective sites are located. In general, dietary variation among the cultural entities as well as regarding age, sex and archaeologically indicated social status is only weakly reflected. There is, however, some indication for a dietary shift during the Early Bronze Age Maykop period.

Published
2020
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