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Analyzing the effects of interventions from a theoretical and statistical perspective that allows understanding these dynamic relationships of obesity etiology can be a more efficient and innovative way of understanding the phenomenon's complexity. Thus, we aimed to analyze the pattern of cardiovascular risk factors between-participants, and the effects within-participants of a multidisciplinary intervention on cardiovascular risk factors in overweight children. This is a randomized clinical trial, and 41 participated in this study. A multicomponent intervention (physical activities, nutritional and psychological counseling) was performed for 10 weeks. Anthropometric and hemodynamics measurements, lipid and glucose profile, cardiorespiratory fitness, and left ventricular mass were evaluated. A network analysis was done. Considering patterns in the network at baseline, WC, WHR, BMI, and Fat were the main variables for cardiovascular risks. Group was the most critical variable in the within-participant network. Participating in a multicomponent intervention and decreasing body fat promoted beneficial cardiovascular factors.

Objective: to analyse the relationship between physical activity (PA) environment at schools and obesity in children, the light of complex systems. Methods: this is a cross sectional study involved 1.200 children (8.1 ± 1.0 years old and 50% boys) from eight public schools from socially vulnerable neighbourhoods of Petrolina, Brazil. Weight and height measurements were assessed to calculate the Body Mass Index (BMI) and classified as normal weight and overweight. To assess the PA environment at the school, a questionnaire about the structural and organizational environment of the school was applied through a face-to-face interview with the school´s manager was conducted. The association between the PA environment at school and obesity was tested using a Machine Learning technique (Network Analysis) performed on the Jasp software. Results: positive associations between BMI and Physical Education classes (0.847), physical education teacher (0.349), break duration (0.564) and indoor sports court (0.662) were observed. Negative associations were seen with sex (-0.212) age (- 0.387), extracurricular PA (-0.492) and playground (-0.557). Additionally, the centrality indicators highlighted extracurricular PA (1.789) as the variables with the highest betweenness values, and BMI with the highest closeness (2.239) and strength (1.230) values. Conclusion: Extracurricular PA and the presence of playgrounds at school´s environment are associated with a healthier weight status low-income children.

Our aim was to identify and analyze national guides with recommendations for physical activity for early childhood in the countries of the American continent. A scoping review was carried out on the websites of the national education, sport, and/or health agencies of the 36 American countries, on the Google website, and through contact with professionals. The synthesis was developed from the exploration of the material, looking for approaches and recommendations in the domains “benefits”, “dose”, “types and examples”, “practice guidelines” and “sedentary behavior”. From 21 documents initially assessed, four composed the synthesis (Canada, Chile, United States and Uruguay). All included guides converged on recommendations about the importance of physical activity for weight control and healthy growth and development (e.g., benefits domain); the importance of children being physically active at various times of the day, highlighting the provision of “joyful, safe, supervised, and age appropriate physical activity” and “participation in structured-play activities” (e.g., types and examples domain); support for the provision of “fun, safe, supervised, and age appropriate physical activity” (e.g., types and examples domain) and the support from parents or caregivers to stimulate activities that encourage responsibility and autonomy (e.g., practice orientation domain). Finally, considering that strategies to promote physical activity involve addressing individual and contextual factors, it is important that future national guides for physical activity involve recommendations in domains that are determinants of physical activity in this age group, such as support from primary caregivers and the built environment, in its access and possibilities.

This paper describes the process of establishing physical activity recommendations for children up to five years old included in the Physical Activity Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. The development of these recommendations was based on the guidelines proposed by the World Health Organization in 2019. Theoretical support was gathered by using the following strategies: scoping review conducted to update the body of knowledge about the correlates and determinants of physical activity in children 0-5 years old; 2-synthesis of the existing national physical activity guidelines; 3-online interviews with parents and teachers aiming to identify their degree of difficulty in understanding the recommendations contained in the World Health Organization Physical Activity guidelines and to identify barriers and strategies for improving the involvement of children in physical activities; and, 4-public consultation. All actions were developed in the period from May to December 2020, by a working group composed of researchers with expertise in this field and representatives of the Ministry of Health. As a result, a total of 35 recommendations were included in the Brazilian guidelines, 10 of which were related to benefits, four to the dose, seven to the types of activities, seven to the strategies for improving practice, and seven others related to the reduction of sedentary behavior. When relevant and possible, these recommendations were differentiated for children from birth to one year of age, 1-2 years, and 3-5 years. The main message is that any physical activity is better than none and that sedentary behavior should be reduced.

The objective of this study is to analyze the association between combinations of adherence to movement behaviour recommendations and fundamental movement skills (FMS) in preschoolers. This is a cross-sectional study. Participants of the study were 212 preschool children (M = 3.97 years old; 51.4% male), who provided objectively assessed physical activity (PA) data (Actigraph wGT3X), and completed FMS assessments (TGMD-2). Sleep time and screen time were parent-reported through face-to-face interview. Associations between the combination of two or three movement behaviours and FMS were analyzed using structural equation modeling (Mplus; 8.0; p < 0.05). Positive and significant associations were found between adherence to screen + sleep recommendations and locomotor skills (β = 0.23; p = 0.027); and between adherence to PA + screen + sleep recommendations with object control skills (β = 0.28; p = 0.014). Negative and significant associations were found between screen + sleep with object control skills (β = − 0.28; p = 0.007). The adherence to the 24-h movement behaviour recommendations explained locomotor and object control skills variability by 5% and 7%, respectively. Conclusion: The adherence to the combined movement behaviour recommendations may be a more important influence on FMS in preschoolers compared to any single movement behaviour in isolation.

Preschool children spend a large part of their day at school, and a large part of that time they spend in sedentary behaviour (SB). Although SB negatively affects regions of the brain responsible for cognition, it is believed that the type of SB performed can favour executive functions' performance. The present study aimed to analyse the association between SB inside and outside preschools and EF tasks in preschool children. Thus, 73 pre-school children (60.3% girls) were evaluated, with a mean age of 55.0 ± 9.1 months. The SB and physical activity (PA) were objectively assessed using accelerometers. The executive function (EF) was assessed using the Go / No Go paradigm by Early Years Toolbox – YET, and for the purposes of analysis, the inverse efficiency of Go and No Go accuracy were considered. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated [weight/height² (kg/m2)]. The preschool secretary provided the children's sex and age. To assess possible associations between EF and SB, with sex, age, BMI and PA as covariates, a structural equation model, using multivariate linear regression analysis, was conducted. A significant and positive association between SB in weekend days and IE of Go (b = 0.61; p Conclusion: the model presented in this study showed that SB on weekend days showed a significant and adverse association with children´s IE, suggesting that excessive SB on these days may be harmful to EF in early child.

BACKGROUND: Little is known on how relocations of time spent in different movement behaviours during pre-school hours could relate to preschooler’s fundamental movement skills (FMS), a key predictor of later physical activity (PA). Thus, the aim of this study was to examine whether the school-time composition was associated with FMS; and to investigate predicted differences in FMS when a fixed duration of time was reallocated from one activity behaviour to another in preschool children. METHODS: A cross-sectional representative data of an intervention study with Brazilian low-income preschoolers. Two hundred and four preschoolers of both sexes (4.5±0.8 years-old; 101boys) provided 10 hours of school-time objectively assessed PA and sedentary behaviour (SB) data (Actigraph wGT3X), and FMS assessments (TGMD-2). Association of school-time composition of movement behaviuors with FMS and its reallocations during school-time was explored using compositional analysis in R (version 1.40-1), robCompositions (version 0.92-7), and lmtest (version 0.9-35) packages. RESULTS: The isotemporal reallocation showed that for manipulative skills, an increasing pattern was observed (0.14, 0.28, and 0.42-units) when reallocating 5, 10 and 15 minutes, respectively, from light PA to SB. CONCLUSIONS: The current study highlights that school-time composition is a significant predictor of FMS. Moreover, a modest increase in SB, at the expense of LPA, during the school-time may elicit a positive change in manipulative skills.

Background The importance of movement behaviors for health is well known, although few studies have examined the adherence to movement guidelines in low-income preschoolers from a middle-income country, as Brazil. This study reports the proportion of preschoolers meeting the 24-hour movement guidelines and investigates its associations with demographic correlates in Brazilian low-income preschoolers. Methods Two hundred and seventy preschoolers (132 boys, means age = 3.97 ± 0.80) provided physical activity (PA) data (Actigraph wGT3X). Sleep duration, screen time, and social correlates were parent-reported. Preschoolers were classified as compliant/not compliant with the 24-hour movement guidelines. Relationships between compliance with movement behaviors guidelines and demographic correlates were calculated using a network analysis (Mplus 8.0; Rstudio). Results Preschoolers were active (273.52 ± 62.08 minutes/day of total PA), though moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) time was below the guideline (58.68 ± 22.51 minutes/day); spent more than the recommended 60 minutes/day on screen time (169.91 ± 97.07 minutes/day); and slept less than 10 hours per night (9.44 ± 1.12 hours/day). Only 3% of the sample complied with the guidelines. PA showed the highest compliance (43%), compared to sleep duration (35%) and screen time (15%). Male sex was related to adherence to MVPA recommendations, while female sex, with adherence to total PA recommendations. Child's primary caregiver was the most important centrality indicator in the network. Conclusion Only 3% of the assessed preschoolers are compliant with the 24-hour movement behaviors guidelines. Strategies to promote adherence to movement behaviors among low-income preschoolers should consider child's primary caregivers to support movement behaviors.

Adherence to healthy behaviours promotes several health benefits in preschool children, including executive function (EF). Recently, the predictive power of the 24-hour movement behaviour (24 h MB) composition on health outcomes has been evidenced; however, its relationship with EF in preschoolers is unknown. Thus, the present study had two objectives: (1) to analyse the associations between the 24 h MB composition and EF of preschoolers; and (2) to investigate the theoretical changes in EF when time in different movement behaviours is reallocated. This cross-sectional study was carried out with 123 preschoolers (3-5 years old) of low socioeconomic status. Physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour were assessed using an accelerometer for 7 days, sleep time was obtained through interviews with parents, and EF was measured using the Early Tool Box battery. To verify the association between 24 h MB and EF, compositional data analysis was used, and for time reallocation, compositional isotemporal substitution analysis was utilized. It was observed that the 24 h MB composition was positively associated with EF (

Background: The relationship between moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and fundamental motor skill (FMS) is inconsistent in early childhood, due to its complex and nonlinear characteristics. This study aimed to analyze the nonlinear relationships between MVPA, FMS, body mass index (BMI), sex, and age in preschoolers. Methods: This cross-sectional study with preschoolers (n = 204; 4.0 [0.8] y old; 99 boys), provided objective physical activity data, FMS assessments, and BMI. The associations between MVPA, FMS, BMI, sex, and age were explored using the network analysis (RStudio and qgraph). Results: Boys were more motor competent than girls in all FMS skills, while girls were more active than boys during the weekend. Older children were less active than their younger peers during these days. MVPA is weak and differently related to each FMS, and the leap skill emerged with the highest betweenness and strength values in the network. Conclusions: For the assessed preschoolers, when considering BMI, age, and sex, the relationships between MVPA and FMS are inconsistent, and leap emerged as the main variable. During early childhood, these variables are connected as part of a complex system in which each skill has a dynamic role within the emerging pattern.

O estudo objetivou verificar a concordância do percentual de gordura com o índice de adiposidade corporal (IAC) comparando com os diferentes indicadores antropométricos, e estabelecer pontos de corte para obesidade baseado no IAC de um grupo de brasileiros estratificados por sexo e faixa etária. Participaram do estudo 1.147 adultos sedentários, sendo 451 homens (27,6 ± 10,4 anos) e 696 mulheres (27,6 ± 10,4 anos). Foram analisados o percentual de gordura corporal (%G) e os indicadores antropométricos massa corporal total, índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência da cintura (CC) e do quadril (CQ). Os dados foram processados no SPSS versão 13.0 e Statatm versão 9.1. Para ambos os sexos e em todas as faixas etárias foi observado maior correlação do %G com o IMC e CC e correlação significativa do %G com todos os índices, sendo maior e positiva para o sexo feminino versus (vs) o masculino: IMC (0,64 vs 0,58); RCQ (0,38 vs 0,34); CC (0,65 vs 0,54); IAC (0,46 vs 0,40). Conclui-se que existem correlações significativas entre o %G aferido por dobras cutâneas e indicadores antropométricos CC, IMC, IAC e RCQ, e foi estabelecido pontos de corte para a adiposidade por meio do novo IAC e dos outros indicadores antropométricos para ambos os sexos.

O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar os índices de crescimento estatural e estado nutricional de escolares da rede municipal de ensino de Acopiara, no sul do estado do Ceará. Participaram do estudo 622 escolares, dos quais 323 do sexo masculino e 299 do feminino com faixa etária entre 06 e 14 anos matriculados em escolas públicas do referido município. Para a avaliação do crescimento físico e estado nutricional este estudo adotou as variáveis massa corporal, estatura e os índices estatura para idade e IMC para idade de acordo com a World Health Organization (2007). Em relação à estatura para idade, percebeu-se conforme o esperado, que a maioria dos indivíduos independente da idade indicou estatura adequada. Entretanto, verificou-se um percentual elevado de indivíduos, sobretudo no grupo masculino, com baixa estatura para idade. Quanto ao IMC para idade verificou-se novamente conforme o esperado, que a maioria dos indivíduos independente da idade indicou IMC adequado. Porém, verificou-se um percentual significativamente elevado de indivíduos, tanto no grupo masculino como feminino com classificação do estado nutricional alusivo à magreza e magreza acentuada. Estes resultados indicam que as crianças e adolescentes podem estar sofrendo uma carência nutricional e por consequência estão sujeitas a prejuízo no desenvolvimento psicomotor além de menor aproveitamento escolar.