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Introduction Renal Doppler resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) values are potentially more sensitive at detecting renal abnormalities when compared to standard laboratory indices in patients with HIV/AIDS. To the best of our knowledge, there are no published research articles on renal Doppler indices and their correlation with laboratory indices of HIV sero-positive adult individuals. This study aimed to assess the renal function of HIV-sero-positive adults using RI and PI, and correlating these indices against laboratory values. Methods A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2019 to April 2020. A purposive sampling method was employed and included 396 HIV sero-positive adult individuals. Sampling for the renal RI and PI was performed at the level of the inter-lober arteries, in between the medullary pyramids. An RI value above 0.70 and a PI value above 1.56 were consider abnormal. Serum creatine and urea together with evidence of proteinuria were recorded at the time of scanning. Results Forty-three (10.9%) men had an abnormal RI, 32 (8.1%) had abnormal PI, five (2.5%) had abnormal creatinine, two (1%) abnormal urea and eight (4.1%) with proteinuria. In women, 29 (7.3%) had abnormal RI, 22 (5.6%) abnormal PI, four (2%) abnormal creatinine and urea and six (3%) had proteinuria. There was a statistically significant weak positive correlation between RI and PI and serum creatinine and urea (r > 0.2, P Conclusion The proportion of patients with abnormal RI and PI was higher than the proportion of participants with abnormal serum urea, creatinine and proteinuria. Renal Doppler indices could be used be used in the early assessment of renal function in HIV sero-positive adults individuals. Implications for practice Serum creatinine and urea are routinely used to evaluate renal function in patients with HIV/AIDS. Findings from this initial study show that RI and PI could be used detecting early renal abnormalities when compared to standard laboratory values.

(HSG) is a special radiological procedure that is used to assess the patency and the structure of the uterus and Fallopian tubes. The main role of HSG is the study of the Fallopian tubes in infertility. Discomfort, anxiety, and pain that might result of the procedure and may vary depending on the individual’s perception. The patient’s perception of a procedure plays an important role in its acceptance. The study aims at evaluating the perception of patients undergoing HSG examination in Kano metropolis. The study design was prospective and cross-sectional conducted in the Radiology Departments of four hospitals in the Kano metropolis from December 2018 to probability sampling method was employed in the study. An ethical clearance to conduct the study was obtained from the Human Research and Ethics Committee of the Kano State Ministry of Health. A structured questionnaire was used as an instrument for data collection. The questionnaire was validated by experienced sing pilot study the reliability of the measuring tool was tested and the Chronbach reliability coefficient was found to be 0.79. Two hundred and fifty six questionnaires were administered to the selected respondents. An informed consent was obtained from all the selected respondents. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0. Out of the 256 (100%) administered questionnaires, 237 (92.6%) were returned, and 226 (88.3%) were properly filled. In 189 (83.63%) respondents, infertility was found to be be the indication for the procedure. 82 (36.3%) of the respondents believed the procedure was for diagnostic purpose, 78 (34.5%) for therapeutic and 28.3% for diagnostic and therapeutic. Patients undergoing HSG in Kano metropolis had a negative perception towards the procedure.

The normal size of a kidney is variable and is affected by both physiologic and pathological conditions. Since renal size is affected by various factors, it is necessary to establish population specific normative values. Ultrasonography has shown its usefulness as an essential tool in the evaluation of renal size. The study aimed at reviewing published articles in the evaluation of renal size and identifying gaps in order to make recommendation for further studies. All articles included in this review are prospective in design with the smallest sample size used being 100 participants and the largest 4,035 participants. The age of the participants ranged from 13 to 80 years. The overall mean renal size reported in this review ranged from 63±18.1 cm3 to 164.3±38 cm3 for the right kidney and 69.1±25.1 cm3 to 183.3±48.9 cm3 for the left kidney. Six of the reviewed articles reported a statistical significant difference between male and female mean renal size (p0.05). However, the remaining seven articles did not compare the mean renal size between male and female participants. Seven out of the articles reported a significant positive correlation between kidney dimensions and BMI, while other eight articles did not check the association between kidney dimensions and anthropometric parameters. This review showed only one article out of fifteen used a probability sampling method and only two articles used larger sample size. Eight of the reviewed articles did not perform creatinine clearance test before recruitment of their participants.

Context: Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) remains a major challenge globally. HIVassociated nephropathy is the third most common cause of endstage renal failure and more prevalent among AfricanAmericans with HIV compared with other races. Aims: This study evaluated sonographic renal changes in drugdependent and drugnaive patients with HIV/AIDS in Kano, Nigeria.Materials and Methods: A prospective and comparative study involving 190 each of drugdependent and drugnaive patients were conducted. Renal sonography was performed using digital ultrasonic diagnostic imaging system, equipped with a 3.5 MHz curvilinear transducer. Statistical analysis used: An independent ttest and Mann–Whitney Utest were used to compare the renal volume and mean rank of the renal parenchymal echogenicity between drugdependent and drugnaive patients. Statistical significance was considered at P

Context: Quality control (QC) tests for computed tomography (CT) scanners are primarily concerned with the maintenance of CT scanner at the optimum operational conditions for providing the required diagnostic information at the least possible exposure to ionising radiation. Aims: The study was aimed at evaluating a CT number for water, field uniformity, image noise and contrast resolutions in Kano metropolis using phantom and assuring optimum operational condition of the equipment. Materials and Methods: A prospective, crosssectional design was employed. Four scanners tagged CT scanner I–IV were included in the study. CT number for water, field uniformity, noise, as well as highcontrast resolution (HCR) and lowcontrast resolution were tested using head CT water phantom. Results: CT scanner I, III and IV have passed a CT number for water and field uniformity tests (0.3, −0.48 and − 1.36), but scanner II failed the test (−4.38). However, the entire scanners failed noise (4.5, 8.75, 4.90 and 4.93); while only scanner III passed the HCR QC test (bars were countable at the 3rd bar pattern), scanners I, II and IV failed HCR test (bars were countable at 5th, 6th and 4th bar patterns). All the studied scanners failed lowcontrast resolution test (margins appear sharp at the 4th hole) in scanners I, II and IV and the hole was not demonstrated in the phantom image of scanner III. Conclusion: Majority of the CT scanners in Kano metropolis passed the tests for the CT number for water and field uniformity but revealed some inadequate levels of noise, HCR and lowcontrast resolution tests.