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1. Antibody-Mediated Rejection in Heart Transplantation: Case Presentation with a Review of Current International Guidelines

Author

Octavio E. Pajaro, Dawn E. Jaroszewski, Robert L. Scott, Anantharam V. Kalya, Henry D. Tazelaar, and Francisco A. Arabia

Subjects
Surgery, RD1-811
Abstract

Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) (humoral rejection) of cardiac allografts remains difficult to diagnose and treat. Interest in AMR of cardiac allografts has increased over the last decade as it has become apparent that untreated humoral rejection threatens graft and patient survival. An international and multidisciplinary consensus group has formulated guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of AMR and established that identification of circulating or donor-specific antibodies is not required and that asymptomatic AMR, that is, biopsy-proven AMR without cardiac dysfunction is a real entity with worsened prognosis. Strict criteria for the diagnosis of cardiac AMR have not been firmly established, although the diagnosis relies heavily on tissue pathological findings. Therapy remains largely empirical. We review an unfortunate experience with one of our patients and summarize recommended criteria for the diagnosis of AMR and potential treatment schemes with a focus on current limitations and the need for future research and innovation.

Published
2011
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2. Data driven weak universal consistency

Author

Santhanam, N., Anantharam, V., and Szpankowski, W.

Subjects
Computer Science - Information Theory, 68T05, 94A15, 94A29, I.2.6, G.3, E.4
Abstract

Many current applications in data science need rich model classes to adequately represent the statistics that may be driving the observations. But rich model classes may be too complex to admit estimators that converge to the truth with convergence rates that can be uniformly bounded over the entire collection of probability distributions comprising the model class, i.e. it may be impossible to guarantee uniform consistency of such estimators as the sample size increases. In such cases, it is conventional to settle for estimators with guarantees on convergence rate where the performance can be bounded in a model-dependent way, i.e. pointwise consistent estimators. But this viewpoint has the serious drawback that estimator performance is a function of the unknown model within the model class that is being estimated, and is therefore unknown. Even if an estimator is consistent, how well it is doing at any given time may not be clear, no matter what the sample size of the observations. Departing from the classical uniform/pointwise consistency dichotomy that leads to this impasse, a new analysis framework is explored by studying rich model classes that may only admit pointwise consistency guarantees, yet all the information about the unknown model driving the observations that is needed to gauge estimator accuracy can be inferred from the sample at hand. We expect that this data-derived estimation framework will be broadly applicable to a wide range of estimation problems by providing a methodology to deal with much richer model classes. In this paper we analyze the lossless compression problem in detail in this novel data-derived framework., Comment: Published in JMLR 2022

Published
2014

3. Exact emulation of a priority queue with a switch and delay lines

Author

Sarwate, A D and Anantharam, V

Subjects
erasure control coding, error control coding, networking, optical networking, priority queues, queueing, switching
Abstract

All-optical packet switched networking is hampered by the problem of realizing viable queues for optical packets. Packets can be buffered in delay lines, but delay lines do not functionally emulate queues from an input-output point of view. In this paper we consider the problem of exact emulation of a priority queue of size K using a switching system comprised of a switch of size (M + 1) x (M + 1), which has one distinguished input for external arrivals, one distinguished output for external departures, and fixed-length delay lines of lengths L-1, L-2, ..., L-M connecting the other inputs and outputs in pairs. We measure the complexity of such an emulation by M + 1. We prove that M >= [log(K - 1)] and present a construction Sigma(M)(m=1) L-m = K = O(root K). We also sketch an idea for an all-optical packet switched communication network architecture based on approximate emulation of priority queues of finite size using switches and delay lines, with erasure control coding at the packet level.

Published
2006

25. Differential effects of ethanol on electrical properties of various potassium channels expressed in oocytes

Author

Anantharam, V, Bayley, H, Wilson, A, and Treistman, SN

Abstract

The effects of ethanol on a number of electrophysiological parameters were examined in 10 different voltage-gated potassium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. None of the channels examined was highly sensitive to ethanol, but there was significant variability among the channels tested at concentrations of ethanol of 200 mM and greater. The response to ethanol was not determined exclusively by membership in a genetic subfamily. In addition, the relative sensitivity among different channels could vary independently for different electrical parameters. For example, current amplitude in DRK1 was insensitive to ethanol, even at concentrations as high as 600 mM, whereas this was one of the more sensitive channels with respect to the kinetics of current inactivation. The opposite situation was true for ShA1. Therefore, ethanol at high concentrations may selectively perturb discrete regions of channel proteins. This is supported by the finding that removal of 318 amino acids from the cytoplasmic carboxyl terminus of DRK1 results in a channel whose current amplitude shows greater sensitivity to ethanol than does DRK1. Thus, the effects of ethanol on the channel may not be limited to interactions at the lipid-protein interface.

Published
2016

27. Comparison of Novacor and HeartMate Vented Electric Left Ventricular Assist Devices in a Single Institution

Author

Anantharam V. Kalya, Monica L. McDonald, John Crouch, Alfred J. Tector, Carla J. Bartoszewski, Jeffery D. Hosenpud, Francis X Downey, and Alfred J. Anderson

Subjects
Male, Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Allosensitization, medicine.medical_treatment, law.invention, Blood product, law, Artificial heart, Humans, Medicine, Single institution, Stroke, Heart transplantation, Transplantation, business.industry, Panel reactive antibody, Equipment Design, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Survival Analysis, Surgery, Ventricular assist device, Equipment Failure, Female, Heart-Assist Devices, Cardiomyopathies, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business
Abstract

We compared the survival outcomes, left ventricular assist device (LVAD)-related hospitalization, stroke, infection, panel reactive antibody, and blood product use data among 13 Novacor and 51 HeartMate system recipients. Stroke was significantly higher in Novacor patients, as was blood product use at the time of heart transplantation, likely due to long-term anti-coagulation, while the LVAD-related hospitalization and infections did not differ between the 2 groups. A positive panel reactive antibody was seen more among the HeartMate patients, but did not have a significant clinical impact and may not represent a true allosensitization.

Published
2005

32. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

Author

Klionsky, DJ, Abdalla, FC, Abeliovich, H, Abraham, RT, Acevedo-Arozena, A, Adeli, K, Agholme, L, Agnello, M, Agostinis, P, Aguirre-Ghiso, JA, Ahn, HJ, Ait-Mohamed, O, Ait-Si-Ali, S, Akematsu, T, Akira, S, Al-Younes, HM, Al-Zeer, MA, Albert, ML, Albin, RL, Alegre-Abarrategui, J, Aleo, MF, Alirezaei, M, Almasan, A, Almonte-Becerril, M, Amano, A, Amaravadi, R, Amarnath, S, Amer, AO, Andrieu-Abadie, N, Anantharam, V, Ann, DK, Anoopkumar-Dukie, S, Aoki, H, Apostolova, N, Arancia, G, Aris, JP, Asanuma, K, Asare, NYO, Ashida, H, Askanas, V, Askew, DS, Auberger, P, Baba, M, Backues, SK, Baehrecke, EH, Bahr, BA, Bai, XY, Bailly, Y, Baiocchi, R, Baldini, G, Balduini, W, Ballabio, A, Bamber, BA, Bampton, ETW, Bánhegyi, G, Bartholomew, CR, Bassham, DC, Bast, RC, Batoko, H, Bay, BH, Beau, I, Béchet, DM, Begley, TJ, Behl, C, Behrends, C, Bekri, S, Bellaire, B, Bendall, LJ, Benetti, L, Berliocchi, L, Bernardi, H, Bernassola, F, Besteiro, S, Bhatia-Kissova, I, Bi, X, Biard-Piechaczyk, M, Blum, JS, Boise, LH, Bonaldo, P, Boone, DL, Bornhauser, BC, Bortoluci, KR, Bossis, I, Bost, F, Bourquin, JP, Boya, P, Boyer-Guittaut, M, Bozhkov, PV, Brady, NR, Brancolini, C, Brech, A, and Brenman, JE

Abstract

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field. © 2012 Landes Bioscience.

Published
2012

33. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

Author

Klionsky, D, Abdalla, F, Abeliovich, H, Abraham, R, Acevedo Arozena, A, Adeli, K, Agholme, L, Agnello, M, Agostinis, P, Aguirre Ghiso, J, Ahn, H, Ait Mohamed, O, Ait Si Ali, S, Akematsu, T, Akira, S, Al Younes, H, Al Zeer, M, Albert, M, Albin, R, Alegre Abarrategui, J, Aleo, M, Alirezaei, M, Almasan, A, Almonte Becerril, M, Amano, A, Amaravadi, R, Amarnath, S, Amer, A, Andrieu Abadie, N, Anantharam, V, Ann, D, Anoopkumar Dukie, S, Aoki, H, Apostolova, N, Arancia, G, Aris, J, Asanuma, K, Asare, N, Ashida, H, Askanas, V, Askew, D, Auberger, P, Baba, M, Ciriolo, Mr, and [et, Al]

Subjects
Models, Autophagy, Animals, Humans, Biological Assay, Models, Biological, Settore BIO/10, Biological
Published
2012

34. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

Author

Klionsky, D.J. Abdalla, F.C. Abeliovich, H. Abraham, R.T. Acevedo-Arozena, A. Adeli, K. Agholme, L. Agnello, M. Agostinis, P. Aguirre-Ghiso, J.A. Ahn, H.J. Ait-Mohamed, O. Ait-Si-Ali, S. Akematsu, T. Akira, S. Al-Younes, H.M. Al-Zeer, M.A. Albert, M.L. Albin, R.L. Alegre-Abarrategui, J. Aleo, M.F. Alirezaei, M. Almasan, A. Almonte-Becerril, M. Amano, A. Amaravadi, R. Amarnath, S. Amer, A.O. Andrieu-Abadie, N. Anantharam, V. Ann, D.K. Anoopkumar-Dukie, S. Aoki, H. Apostolova, N. Arancia, G. Aris, J.P. Asanuma, K. Asare, N.Y.O. Ashida, H. Askanas, V. Askew, D.S. Auberger, P. Baba, M. Backues, S.K. Baehrecke, E.H. Bahr, B.A. Bai, X.-Y. Bailly, Y. Baiocchi, R. Baldini, G. Balduini, W. Ballabio, A. Bamber, B.A. Bampton, E.T.W. Bánhegyi, G. Bartholomew, C.R. Bassham, D.C. Bast Jr., R.C. Batoko, H. Bay, B.-H. Beau, I. Béchet, D.M. Begley, T.J. Behl, C. Behrends, C. Bekri, S. Bellaire, B. Bendall, L.J. Benetti, L. Berliocchi, L. Bernardi, H. Bernassola, F. Besteiro, S. Bhatia-Kissova, I. Bi, X. Biard-Piechaczyk, M. Blum, J.S. Boise, L.H. Bonaldo, P. Boone, D.L. Bornhauser, B.C. Bortoluci, K.R. Bossis, I. Bost, F. Bourquin, J.-P. Boya, P. Boyer-Guittaut, M. Bozhkov, P.V. Brady, N.R. Brancolini, C. Brech, A. Brenman, J.E. Brennand, A. Bresnick, E.H. Brest, P. Bridges, D. Bristol, M.L. Brookes, P.S. Brown, E.J. Brumell, J.H. Brunetti-Pierri, N. Brunk, U.T. Bulman, D.E. Bultman, S.J. Bultynck, G. Burbulla, L.F. Bursch, W. Butchar, J.P. Buzgariu, W. Bydlowski, S.P. Cadwell, K. Cahová, M. Cai, D. Cai, J. Cai, Q. Calabretta, B. Calvo-Garrido, J. Camougrand, N. Campanella, M. Campos-Salinas, J. Candi, E. Cao, L. Caplan, A.B. Carding, S.R. Cardoso, S.M. Carew, J.S. Carlin, C.R. Carmignac, V. Carneiro, L.A.M. Carra, S. Caruso, R.A. Casari, G. Casas, C. Castino, R. Cebollero, E. Cecconi, F. Celli, J. Chaachouay, H. Chae, H.-J. Chai, C.-Y. Chan, D.C. Chan, E.Y. Chang, R.C.-C. Che, C.-M. Chen, C.-C. Chen, G.-C. Chen, G.-Q. Chen, M. Chen, Q. Chen, S.S.-L. Chen, W. Chen, X. Chen, X. Chen, X. Chen, Y.-G. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, Y.-J. Chen, Z. Cheng, A. Cheng, C.H.K. Cheng, Y. Cheong, H. Cheong, J.-H. Cherry, S. Chess-Williams, R. Cheung, Z.H. Chevet, E. Chiang, H.-L. Chiarelli, R. Chiba, T. Chin, L.-S. Chiou, S.-H. Chisari, F.V. Cho, C.H. Cho, D.-H. Choi, A.M.K. Choi, D. Choi, K.S. Choi, M.E. Chouaib, S. Choubey, D. Choubey, V. Chu, C.T. Chuang, T.-H. Chueh, S.-H. Chun, T. Chwae, Y.-J. Chye, M.-L. Ciarcia, R. Ciriolo, M.R. Clague, M.J. Clark, R.S.B. Clarke, P.G.H. Clarke, R. Codogno, P. Coller, H.A. Colombo, M.I. Comincini, S. Condello, M. Condorelli, F. Cookson, M.R. Coombs, G.H. Coppens, I. Corbalan, R. Cossart, P. Costelli, P. Costes, S. Coto-Montes, A. Couve, E. Coxon, F.P. Cregg, J.M. Crespo, J.L. Cronjé, M.J. Cuervo, A.M. Cullen, J.J. Czaja, M.J. D'Amelio, M. Darfeuille-Michaud, A. Davids, L.M. Davies, F.E. De Felici, M. De Groot, J.F. De Haan, C.A.M. De Martino, L. De Milito, A. De Tata, V. Debnath, J. Degterev, A. Dehay, B. Delbridge, L.M.D. Demarchi, F. Deng, Y.Z. Dengjel, J. Dent, P. Denton, D. Deretic, V. Desai, S.D. Devenish, R.J. Di Gioacchino, M. Di Paolo, G. Di Pietro, C. Díaz-Araya, G. Díaz-Laviada, I. Diaz-Meco, M.T. Diaz-Nido, J. Dikic, I. Dinesh-Kumar, S.P. Ding, W.-X. Distelhorst, C.W. Diwan, A. Djavaheri-Mergny, M. Dokudovskaya, S. Dong, Z. Dorsey, F.C. Dosenko, V. Dowling, J.J. Doxsey, S. Dreux, M. Drew, M.E. Duan, Q. Duchosal, M.A. Duff, K. Dugail, I. Durbeej, M. Duszenko, M. Edelstein, C.L. Edinger, A.L. Egea, G. Eichinger, L. Eissa, N.T. Ekmekcioglu, S. El-Deiry, W.S. Elazar, Z. Elgendy, M. Ellerby, L.M. Er Eng, K. Engelbrecht, A.-M. Engelender, S. Erenpreisa, J. Escalante, R. Esclatine, A. Eskelinen, E.-L. Espert, L. Espina, V. Fan, H. Fan, J. Fan, Q.-W. Fan, Z. Fang, S. Fang, Y. Fanto, M. Fanzani, A. Farkas, T. Farré, J.-C. Faure, M. Fechheimer, M. Feng, C.G. Feng, J. Feng, Q. Feng, Y. Fésüs, L. Feuer, R. Figueiredo-Pereira, M.E. Fimia, G.M. Fingar, D.C. Finkbeiner, S. Finkel, T. Finley, K.D. Fiorito, F. Fisher, E.A. Fisher, P.B. Flajolet, M. Florez-McClure, M.L. Florio, S. Fon, E.A. Fornai, F. Fortunato, F. Fotedar, R. Fowler, D.H. Fox, H.S. Franco, R. Frankel, L.B. Fransen, M. Fuentes, J.M. Fueyo, J. Fujii, J. Fujisaki, K. Fujita, E. Fukuda, M. Furukawa, R.H. Gaestel, M. Gailly, P. Gajewska, M. Galliot, B. Galy, V. Ganesh, S. Ganetzky, B. Ganley, I.G. Gao, F.-B. Gao, G.F. Gao, J. Garcia, L. Garcia-Manero, G. Garcia-Marcos, M. Garmyn, M. Gartel, A.L. Gatti, E. Gautel, M. Gawriluk, T.R. Gegg, M.E. Geng, J. Germain, M. Gestwicki, J.E. Gewirtz, D.A. Ghavami, S. Ghosh, P. Giammarioli, A.M. Giatromanolaki, A.N. Gibson, S.B. Gilkerson, R.W. Ginger, M.L. Ginsberg, H.N. Golab, J. Goligorsky, M.S. Golstein, P. Gomez-Manzano, C. Goncu, E. Gongora, C. Gonzalez, C.D. Gonzalez, R. González-Estévez, C. González-Polo, R.A. Gonzalez-Rey, E. Gorbunov, N.V. Gorski, S. Goruppi, S. Gottlieb, R.A. Gozuacik, D. Granato, G.E. Grant, G.D. Green, K.N. Gregorc, A. Gros, F. Grose, C. Grunt, T.W. Gual, P. Guan, J.-L. Guan, K.-L. Guichard, S.M. Gukovskaya, A.S. Gukovsky, I. Gunst, J. Gustafsson, A.B. Halayko, A.J. Hale, A.N. Halonen, S.K. Hamasaki, M. Han, F. Han, T. Hancock, M.K. Hansen, M. Harada, H. Harada, M. Hardt, S.E. Harper, J.W. Harris, A.L. Harris, J. Harris, S.D. Hashimoto, M. Haspel, J.A. Hayashi, S.-I. Hazelhurst, L.A. He, C. He, Y.-W. Hébert, M.-J. Heidenreich, K.A. Helfrich, M.H. Helgason, G.V. Henske, E.P. Herman, B. Herman, P.K. Hetz, C. Hilfiker, S. Hill, J.A. Hocking, L.J. Hofman, P. Hofmann, T.G. Höhfeld, J. Holyoake, T.L. Hong, M.-H. Hood, D.A. Hotamisligil, G.S. Houwerzijl, E.J. Høyer-Hansen, M. Hu, B. Hu, C.-A.A. Hu, H.-M. Hua, Y. Huang, C. Huang, J. Huang, S. Huang, W.-P. Huber, T.B. Huh, W.-K. Hung, T.-H. Hupp, T.R. Hur, G.M. Hurley, J.B. Hussain, S.N.A. Hussey, P.J. Hwang, J.J. Hwang, S. Ichihara, A. Ilkhanizadeh, S. Inoki, K. Into, T. Iovane, V. Iovanna, J.L. Ip, N.Y. Isaka, Y. Ishida, H. Isidoro, C. Isobe, K.-I. Iwasaki, A. Izquierdo, M. Izumi, Y. Jaakkola, P.M. Jäättelä, M. Jackson, G.R. Jackson, W.T. Janji, B. Jendrach, M. Jeon, J.-H. Jeung, E.-B. Jiang, H. Jiang, H. Jiang, J.X. Jiang, M. Jiang, Q. Jiang, X. Jiménez, A. Jin, M. Jin, S. Joe, C.O. Johansen, T. Johnson, D.E. Johnson, G.V.W. Jones, N.L. Joseph, B. Joseph, S.K. Joubert, A.M. Juhász, G. Juillerat-Jeanneret, L. Jung, C.H. Jung, Y.-K. Kaarniranta, K. Kaasik, A. Kabuta, T. Kadowaki, M. Kagedal, K. Kamada, Y. Kaminskyy, V.O. Kampinga, H.H. Kanamori, H. Kang, C. Kang, K.B. Il Kang, K. Kang, R. Kang, Y.-A. Kanki, T. Kanneganti, T.-D. Kanno, H. Kanthasamy, A.G. Kanthasamy, A. Karantza, V. Kaushal, G.P. Kaushik, S. Kawazoe, Y. Ke, P.-Y. Kehrl, J.H. Kelekar, A. Kerkhoff, C. Kessel, D.H. Khalil, H. Kiel, J.A.K.W. Kiger, A.A. Kihara, A. Kim, D.R. Kim, D.-H. Kim, D.-H. Kim, E.-K. Kim, H.-R. Kim, J.-S. Kim, J.H. Kim, J.C. Kim, J.K. Kim, P.K. Kim, S.W. Kim, Y.-S. Kim, Y. Kimchi, A. Kimmelman, A.C. King, J.S. Kinsella, T.J. Kirkin, V. Kirshenbaum, L.A. Kitamoto, K. Kitazato, K. Klein, L. Klimecki, W.T. Klucken, J. Knecht, E. Ko, B.C.B. Koch, J.C. Koga, H. Koh, J.-Y. Koh, Y.H. Koike, M. Komatsu, M. Kominami, E. Kong, H.J. Kong, W.-J. Korolchuk, V.I. Kotake, Y. Koukourakis, M.I. Kouri Flores, J.B. Kovács, A.L. Kraft, C. Krainc, D. Krämer, H. Kretz-Remy, C. Krichevsky, A.M. Kroemer, G. Krüger, R. Krut, O. Ktistakis, N.T. Kuan, C.-Y. Kucharczyk, R. Kumar, A. Kumar, R. Kumar, S. Kundu, M. Kung, H.-J. Kurz, T. Kwon, H.J. La Spada, A.R. Lafont, F. Lamark, T. Landry, J. Lane, J.D. Lapaquette, P. Laporte, J.F. László, L. Lavandero, S. Lavoie, J.N. Layfield, R. Lazo, P.A. Le, W. Le Cam, L. Ledbetter, D.J. Lee, A.J.X. Lee, B.-W. Lee, G.M. Lee, J. Lee, J.-H. Lee, M. Lee, M.-S. Lee, S.H. Leeuwenburgh, C. Legembre, P. Legouis, R. Lehmann, M. Lei, H.-Y. Lei, Q.-Y. Leib, D.A. Leiro, J. Lemasters, J.J. Lemoine, A. Lesniak, M.S. Lev, D. Levenson, V.V. Levine, B. Levy, E. Li, F. Li, J.-L. Li, L. Li, S. Li, W. Li, X.-J. Li, Y.-B. Li, Y.-P. Liang, C. Liang, Q. Liao, Y.-F. Liberski, P.P. Lieberman, A. Lim, H.J. Lim, K.-L. Lim, K. Lin, C.-F. Lin, F.-C. Lin, J. Lin, J.D. Lin, K. Lin, W.-W. Lin, W.-C. Lin, Y.-L. Linden, R. Lingor, P. Lippincott-Schwartz, J. Lisanti, M.P. Liton, P.B. Liu, B. Liu, C.-F. Liu, K. Liu, L. Liu, Q.A. Liu, W. Liu, Y.-C. Liu, Y. Lockshin, R.A. Lok, C.-N. Lonial, S. Loos, B. Lopez-Berestein, G. López-Otín, C. Lossi, L. Lotze, M.T. Lõw, P. Lu, B. Lu, B. Lu, B. Lu, Z. Luciano, F. Lukacs, N.W. Lund, A.H. Lynch-Day, M.A. Ma, Y. Macian, F. MacKeigan, J.P. Macleod, K.F. Madeo, F. Maiuri, L. Maiuri, M.C. Malagoli, D. Malicdan, M.C.V. Malorni, W. Man, N. Mandelkow, E.-M. Manon, S. Manov, I. Mao, K. Mao, X. Mao, Z. Marambaud, P. Marazziti, D. Marcel, Y.L. Marchbank, K. Marchetti, P. Marciniak, S.J. Marcondes, M. Mardi, M. Marfe, G. Mariño, G. Markaki, M. Marten, M.R. Martin, S.J. Martinand-Mari, C. Martinet, W. Martinez-Vicente, M. Masini, M. Matarrese, P. Matsuo, S. Matteoni, R. Mayer, A. Mazure, N.M. McConkey, D.J. McConnell, M.J. McDermott, C. McDonald, C. McInerney, G.M. McKenna, S.L. McLaughlin, B. McLean, P.J. McMaster, C.R. McQuibban, G.A. Meijer, A.J. Meisler, M.H. Meléndez, A. Melia, T.J. Melino, G. Mena, M.A. Menendez, J.A. Menna-Barreto, R.F.S. Menon, M.B. Menzies, F.M. Mercer, C.A. Merighi, A. Merry, D.E. Meschini, S. Meyer, C.G. Meyer, T.F. Miao, C.-Y. Miao, J.-Y. Michels, P.A.M. Michiels, C. Mijaljica, D. Milojkovic, A. Minucci, S. Miracco, C. Miranti, C.K. Mitroulis, I. Miyazawa, K. Mizushima, N. Mograbi, B. Mohseni, S. Molero, X. Mollereau, B. Mollinedo, F. Momoi, T. Monastyrska, I. Monick, M.M. Monteiro, M.J. Moore, M.N. Mora, R. Moreau, K. Moreira, P.I. Moriyasu, Y. Moscat, J. Mostowy, S. Mottram, J.C. Motyl, T. Moussa, C.E.-H. Müller, S. Muller, S. Münger, K. Münz, C. Murphy, L.O. Murphy, M.E. Musarò, A. Mysorekar, I. Nagata, E. Nagata, K. Nahimana, A. Nair, U. Nakagawa, T. Nakahira, K. Nakano, H. Nakatogawa, H. Nanjundan, M. Naqvi, N.I. Narendra, D.P. Narita, M. Navarro, M. Nawrocki, S.T. 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Abstract

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field. © 2012 Landes Bioscience.

Published
2012

35. Antibody-Mediated Rejection in Heart Transplantation: Case Presentation with a Review of Current International Guidelines

Author

Pajaro, Octavio E., Jaroszewski, Dawn E., Scott, Robert L., Kalya, Anantharam V., Tazelaar, Henry D., and Arabia, Francisco A.

Subjects
Article Subject
Abstract

Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) (humoral rejection) of cardiac allografts remains difficult to diagnose and treat. Interest in AMR of cardiac allografts has increased over the last decade as it has become apparent that untreated humoral rejection threatens graft and patient survival. An international and multidisciplinary consensus group has formulated guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of AMR and established that identification of circulating or donor-specific antibodies is not required and that asymptomatic AMR, that is, biopsy-proven AMR without cardiac dysfunction is a real entity with worsened prognosis. Strict criteria for the diagnosis of cardiac AMR have not been firmly established, although the diagnosis relies heavily on tissue pathological findings. Therapy remains largely empirical. We review an unfortunate experience with one of our patients and summarize recommended criteria for the diagnosis of AMR and potential treatment schemes with a focus on current limitations and the need for future research and innovation.

Published
2011
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36. Fyn Kinase Regulates Microglial Neuroinflammatory Responses in Cell Culture and Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease

Author

Panicker, N., primary, Saminathan, H., additional, Jin, H., additional, Neal, M., additional, Harischandra, D. S., additional, Gordon, R., additional, Kanthasamy, K., additional, Lawana, V., additional, Sarkar, S., additional, Luo, J., additional, Anantharam, V., additional, Kanthasamy, A. G., additional, and Kanthasamy, A., additional

Published
2015
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41. Use of Luminex Antibody Testing and Virtual Crossmatching To Enhance Donor Heart Availability for Sensitized Heart Transplant Candidates: A Single Center Experience

Author

Scott, Robert L., primary, Kasper, Diane L., additional, Valdez, Riccardo, additional, Arabia, Francisco A., additional, Bachtel, Carol S., additional, DeValeria, Patrick A., additional, Steidley, D. Eric, additional, Lanza, Louis A., additional, Jaroszewski, Dawn E., additional, Gopalan, Radha S., additional, Kalya, Anantharam V., additional, Stoll, Scott T., additional, Pajaro, Octavio E., additional, and Attig, Stacie M., additional

Published
2011
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