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Glycyrrhizin, a natural compound that is substantially present in Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Gg) root. Monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) inhibitor is used for the treatment of several important neuropsychological diseases like Parkinson’s disease. Gg is known to possess psychoactive properties which relates to its MAO inhibitory potential. This study sought to determine the MAO inhibition property of glycyrrhizin from Gg root extract. The Aqueous extract containing glycyrrhizin was isolated from the root of Gg and characterized using TLC, HPLC, and LC-MS techniques. In silico docking was conducted using Extra precision Glide 2018, Schrödinger docking suite. In addition, the pharmacokinetic properties of the compounds were predicted using SwissADME. The binding energies of the glycyrrhizin correlated well with their in vitro MAO inhibitory potential. Glycyrrhizin exhibited potent inhibitory activity towards MAOB whereas, an aqueous extract of Gg root inhibits both A and B forms of MAO enzyme. Further, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation showed that liquiritigenin and methoxyglabridin showed higher stability than other inhibitor compounds from the Gg root extract. These observations suggest that the phytochemicals from the Gg root extract have potent MAO inhibition properties, which can be exploited for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma Catecholamine content decrement in the brain may cause neurobehavioural disorders. MAO may degrade catecholamines in the brain. MAO inhibitors enhance the catecholamine levels. Glycyrrhiza glabra L. extract and their phytoconstituents exhibit MAO inhibiting properties. Glycyrrhizin can be used to treat Catecholamine mediated neurodegenerative disorders.

Terminalia arjuna is well known for its health benefits. It is used as a traditional medicine to cure many disease conditions. In the present study, the authors have evaluated the cardioprotective potential of T. arjuna extract (TAE) against isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiac stress in male Wistar albino rats. TAE 50 and 75 mg/kg body weight significantly (p

Motion sickness (MS) occurs due to contradicting vestibular and visual inputs to the brain causing nausea and vomiting. Antidopaminergic drugs being effective in reducing MS create a path for effective therapy against MS by regulating dopamine levels. We aimed to evaluate the role of the striatum and brainstem dopamine and dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) in MS and the efficacy of menthol (MNT) to modulate dopamine and DRD2 in vitro and in vivo for possible amelioration of MS. Evaluation of efficacy of MNT to inhibit dopamine release from PC12 cells and anti-MS efficacy in BALB/c mice model was performed. Dopamine, DRD2 expression in PC12 cells, mice striatum, and brainstem were detected using HPLC-ECD, RT-PCR, and Western blot analysis, respectively. DRD2 expression increased in calcium ionophore-treated PC12 cells compared with control cells. Pretreatment with 50 μg/ml menthol decreased dopamine and DRD2 expression. Similarly, dopamine and DRD2 levels in mice striatum and brainstem of MS group (rotation induced) increased significantly compared with control group NC (no rotation). Pretreatment with menthol at 50 mg/kg concentration (rotation induced) showed decreased dopamine and DRD2 expression, thus indicating ameliorative effect on MS. Hence, we suggest that increased striatum and brainstem dopamine and DRD2 levels might lead to MS symptoms, and menthol could be used as a potent herbal alternative medicine for MS. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Antidopaminergic drugs being effective in reducing motion sickness (MS) creates a path for effective therapy against MS by regulating dopamine levels. Increased striatum and brainstem dopamine and Dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) levels might lead to the MS symptoms induced by rotation stimulation in mice model. Menthol showed a prophylactic effect on rotation-induced MS by reducing striatal and brainstem dopamine levels, DRD2 mRNA, and protein expression. Menthol could be used as an herbal alternative to antidopaminergics to minimize the associated adverse effects.

Motion sickness (MS) is the visceral discomfort caused due to contradicting visual and vestibular inputs to the brain leading to nausea and vomiting. Sensory conflict theory which proves histamine elevations as the primary reason for MS provides a path for an effective pharmaco-therapy. We aimed to evaluate the anti-MS effect of hesperidin (HSP) by modulating histamine and histamine receptor H1 (HRH1) expression. The inhibitory effect of HSP on histamine release was studied in KU812 cells treated with 10 µM calcium ionophore. The in vivo anti-MS effect of HSP was evaluated in Balb/c mice. Thirty six mice were divided into six groups namely, normal control (NC, no rotation), hesperidin at 80 mg/kg body weight control (HSP80, no rotation), motion sickness (MS, rotation induced), dimenhydrinate (Standard drug) at 20 mg/kg body weight + rotation (STD + MS), hesperidin at 40 mg/kg body weight + rotation (HSP40 + MS) and hesperidin at 80 mg/kg body weight + rotation (HSP80 + MS). Hypothalamus and brainstem samples were analysed for histamine levels and HRH1 expression by RT-PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis. Calcium ionophore treated KU812 cells significantly increased histamine release when compared to control cells. Pre-treatment with HSP inhibited histamine, HRH1 mRNA and protein expression. Histamine, HRH1 mRNA and protein expression in hypothalamus and brainstem samples of MS group increased significantly when compared to the NC group. Pre-treatment with HSP significantly reduced histamine, HRH1 mRNA and protein expression. Thus, indicating that HSP has a potent anti- MS effect by decreasing the elevated levels of histamine, HRH1 mRNA and protein expression in hypothalamus and brainstem regions.

Depression is a term that has been used to describe a variety of ailments, ranging from minor to incapacitating. Clinically significant depression, termed as major depression, is a serious condition characterized not only by depressed mood but also by a cluster of somatic, cognitive, and motivational symptoms. Significant research efforts are aimed to understand the neurobiological as well as psychiatric disorders, and the evaluation of treatment of these disorders is still based solely on the assessment of symptoms. In order to identify the biological markers for depression, we have focused on gathering information on different factors responsible for depression including stress, genetic variations, neurotransmitters, and cytokines and chemokines previously suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of depression. The present review illustrates the potential of biomarker profiling for psychiatric disorders, when conducted in large collections. The review highlighted the biomarker signatures for depression, warranting further investigation.

Background:Increased physical activities elevate reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to dysfunction and integrity of cells thus inducing oxidative stress which intern may affect overall physical performance. Polyphenols are well known for their excellent antioxidant potency. In this study, the effect of selected polyphenols with established health benefits viz., catachin, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid and quercetin was investigated with respect to swimming performance in rats. Methods: The animals were force fed with aqueous mixture of polyphenols at 25 mg/rat/day and subjected to swimming exercise until exhaustion. Results: Rats fed with poly phenols showed a significant increase in swimming time, and the activities of Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine pyruvic kinase (CPK) were lowered. Polyphenols increased the concentration of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glycogen in muscle lowered the activities of and. Polyphenols increased the concentration of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and glycogen in muscle and reduced MDA levels in the liver, muscle and blood but increased DNA and RNA concentration in muscle. Conclusion: The results clearly demonstrated combination of polyphenols used enhanced the swimming performance of the rats.

Aegle marmelos L. Corr (Rutaceae) is an important Indian Ayurvedic medicinal plant used for the treatment of various ailments. However, little information is available on the anti-fatigue properties of its fruit.Evaluation of the physical endurance and exercise-induced oxidative stress modulating properties of A. marmelos fruit in mice.Radical scavenging activity of the fruit hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using in vitro systems. The extract was further evaluated for its endurance-enhancing properties at three oral doses (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg b.wt) in BALB/c mice for 21 d using a swimming test.The extract exhibited significant scavenging activity against DPPH (IC₅₀, 351 ± 37 µg/ml) and ABTS radicals (IC₅₀, 228 ± 25 µg/ml), respectively, with the polyphenol content of 95 µg/mg extract. It also inhibited AAPH radical-induced oxidation of biomolecules such as BSA protein (63%), plasmid DNA (81%) and lipids (80.5%). Administration of extract resulted in an increase in the duration of swimming time to exhaustion by 23.4 and 47.5% for medium and higher doses, respectively. The extract significantly normalized the fatigue-related biochemical parameters and also down-regulated the swim stress-induced over-expression of heat shock protein-70 and up-regulated the skeletal muscle metabolic regulators (GLUT-4 and AMPK1-α) by 2- and 3-fold, respectively, at the higher dose in muscle tissues.Our study demonstrates the anti-fatigue properties of A. marmelos fruit, most probably manifested by delaying the accumulation of serum lactic acid, increasing the fat utilization and up-regulating the skeletal muscle metabolic regulators.

) radicals react together and form neurotoxicperoxynitrite anion (ONOO ) which is a short-lived oxidantspecies (Xie et al., 2002). ONOO is also a potent nitrating agentwhich is capable of attacking and modifying proteins, lipids, DNAas wellasdepletingantioxidantdefences.Ithasbeenreportedthatthe interaction of proteins with ONOO oxidizes tryptophan,cysteine, methionine and can nitrate tyrosine residues to form 3-nitro-L-tyrosine (3-NT) and protein carbonyl groups thus blockingtyrosine phosphorylation, modifying protein conformation andenhancing proteolysis/fragmentation (Kelm et al., 1997). ONOOformation also induces cell damage by oxidative and apoptoticstimuli and has been implicated in several pathological conditionssuch as diabetic nephropathy, cardiac arrest, neurodegenerative,neuromuscular disorders, hypoxia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,Alzheimers and Parkinsons disorders and in aging (Torreilles et al.,1999; Szabo´ et al., 2007). In an earlier study Sharma and Ebadi(2003) had demonstrated the SIN-1 induced formation of alpha-synuclein in SK-N-SH dopaminergic neurons, which is the markerobserved in Parkinson’s and Alzheimers. In another study Pal et al.(2004) described that SIN-1 induces neuronal death by liberationof intracellular zinc as well as overactivation of potassiumchannels. Ashki et al. (2008) had reported that SIN-1 inducesreversible conduction deficits within axons of the spinal cordwhich mimics reversible and non-reversible neurologic deficitsfollowing neurotrauma.Cyperus rotundus (CR) locally known as ‘musta’, belongs tocyperaceaefamilyandisawelldocumentedtraditionalmedicinalherb. It grows naturally throughout tropical, sub-tropical andtemperate regions and is widespread in India. The bioactivechemical constituents of this herb are essential oils, oligomericflavonoids, terpenoids, sesquiterpenes, sitosterol, cyperene,cyperol, valencene, nootkatene, ascorbic acid and polyphenols(Sonwa and Ko¨nig, 2001; Tsoyi et al., 2011). The herb is widelyused as an analgesic, nervinetonic,nootropic,sedative,antispas-modic, antimalarial, to relieve diarrhea, and stomach disorders

Background : Increased physical activities elevate reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to dysfunction and integrity of cells thus inducing oxidative stress which intern may affect overall physical performance. Polyphenols are well known for their excellent antioxidant potency. In this study, the effect of selected polyphenols with established health benefits viz., catachin, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid and quercetin was investigated with respect to swimming performance in rats. Methods : The animals were force fed with aqueous mixture of polyphenols at 25 mg/rat/day and subjected to swimming exercise until exhaustion. Results : Rats fed with poly phenols showed a significant increase in swimming time, and the activities of Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine pyruvic kinase (CPK) were lowered. Polyphenols increased the concentration of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glycogen in muscle lowered the activities of and. Polyphenols increased the concentration of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and glycogen in muscle and reduced MDA levels in the liver, muscle and blood but increased DNA and RNA concentration in muscle. Conclusion : The results clearly demonstrated combination of polyphenols used enhanced the swimming performance of the rats. Keywords : Polyphenols, Exercise capacity, ROS, ATP, Catachin, Chlorogenic acid, Ellagic acid and Quercetin