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Crestal bone preservation around the dental implant for aesthetic and functional success is widely researched and documented over a decade. Several etiological factors were put forth for crestal bone loss; of which biofilm plays a major role. Biofilm is formed by the colonization of wide spectra of bacteria inhabited around dental implants. Bacterial adherence affects the regulators of bone growth and an early intervention preserves the peri-implant bone. Primary modes of therapy stated in early literature were either prevention or treatment of infection caused by biofilm. This narrative review overviews the microbiome during different stages of peri-implant health, the mechanism of bone destruction, and the expression of the biomarkers at each stage. Microbial contamination and the associated biomarkers varied depending on the stage of peri-implant infection. The comprehensive review helps in formulating a research plan, both in diagnostics and treatment aspects in improving peri-implant health.

Summary: Channel coding is the most significant part of every communication system. Future wireless systems will require extraordinary performance codes employing a low‐complication encoding process and decoding to accommodate scenarios ranging from effective throughput with low code rates for extended messages to high dependability for brief information messages with low code rates. The existence of digital transmission techniques that can communicate error‐free over a noisy channel is established by Shannon's channel theorem. Channel coding, however, increases communication dependability at the cost of higher computational costs and structured redundancy. The primary goals of the fifth‐generation cellular network (5G) are enhanced dependability, reduced redundancy, and decreased latency. Two promising communication systems for achieving this goal are LDPC codes and polar codes. The 3GPP, which established the 5G communication system, is reviewed in this paper, along with the encoding/decoding procedure and communication dependability. The encoding/decoding process will be evaluated using the three most studied communication channels: the Binary Erasure Channel (BEC), AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise), and the BSC (Binary Symmetric Channel). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: The pectoral nerve block types I and II are novel techniques to provide analgesia for modified radical mastectomy (MRM) surgeries performed under general anesthesia. The primary objective of this study was to compare the duration of effective analgesia, and the secondary objectives were to evaluate the total amount of rescue analgesics in 24 h, hemodynamic changes, and postoperative adverse effects. Methods: This prospective, randomized, double-blind study was conducted on a total of 80 women with breast cancer belonging to American Society of Anesthesiologist class I and II scheduled for MRM, which were randomly allocated into two groups – Group R (n = 40) received 0.25% ropivacaine 29 ml + NS 1 ml and Group RD (n = 40) received 0.25% ropivacaine 29 ml + dexamethasone (4 mg) 1 ml. Ten milliliters of the study drug was used in Pecs I and the rest 20 ml in Pecs II block posttumor resection. Results: The duration of analgesia was statistically significantly longer in RD (778.75 ± 55.12 min) compared to Group R (412.63 ± 21.69 min) (P < 0.05). Pain scores were significantly less in Group RD. The mean dose of acetaminophen required was significantly less in Group RD (2362.50 ± 375.32 mg) than in Group R (3525.00 ± 298.50 mg) (P < 0.05). The incidence of adverse events was similar in both groups. Conclusion: The addition of dexamethasone with ropivacaine in the Pecs block can be used for prolonging the effective duration of analgesia and decreasing postoperative analgesic consumption with comparable hemodynamic and side effect profiles.

Introduction: This study aimed to explore the relationship between craniofacial anthropometric measurements and personality traits among medical students. Understanding these associations could provide novel insights into how physical characteristics relate to psychological dimensions. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College, DMIMS, Wardha, India, involving 295 participants (130 males, 165 females) aged 18–30 years. Craniofacial measurements, including forehead length, bizygomatic width, and cephalic index, were obtained using calibrated instruments. Personality traits were assessed using the Big Five Personality Test. Data analysis included Pearson’s correlation and regression models, with p

Statement of the Problem: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an underdiagnosed and potentially serious disorder that is accentuated by edentulism. The overclosure of the mandible and a potential upper airway collapse during sleep creates challenges in treating edentulous sleep apneic patients. Purpose: To evaluate complete dentures and mandibular advancement devices as potential oral appliances in the management of sleep apnea in completely edentulous patients. Materials and Method: The study design was a systematic review with meta-analysis. The search criteria complied with the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and the keywords in population, intervention, control, and outcomes (PICO) format was systematically searched for relevant research articles published till August 2021 in an electronic database (PubMed, Cochrane, Science Direct, Ovid). Randomized controlled trials and cohort studies were included that compared the effectiveness of oral appliances on apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), airway space, and quality of sleep in edentulous sleep apneic patients. Results: 1785 articles were derived from the initial search and based on inclusion criteria, 10 articles were systematically filtered for qualitative analysis and assessed for risk of bias using the Cochrane risk of bias tool and ROBINS-I tool. Out of the 10 articles, 5 articles were taken for quantitative analysis. The use of a mandibular advancement device (MAD) showed a decrease in AHI score, but the available data was heterogeneous to conduct a meta-analysis. The mean difference of AHI for the random effect model between the non complete denture and complete denture wearers at sleep was -0.49[95% CI (-1.47,0.48)] events per hour, but the change was non-significant (p>.05). Conclusion: The complete dentures as an oral appliance had reduced apneic episodes in completely edentulous sleep apneic patients, but the effectiveness cannot be solely attributed to the prosthesis in the treatment of OSA. MAD showed greater improvement in reducing AHI, however, the level of evidence was inadequate to provide a conclusive statement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background There is a continuous growth of interest in the development of nano-drug delivery systems that could combine therapy and diagnosis of cancer. Results Novel multifunctional superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs, chemically Fe3O4) conjugated with carboxymethyl sagocellulose (CMSC), and 5-fluorouracil (Fe3O4-CMSC-5FU) were synthesized. The conjugated nanoparticles have the magnetic properties of the SPIONs, which allows the nanoparticles to be localized at the target area by applying an external magnetic field. SPIONs generate heat upon exposure to laser lights, resulting in a photothermic effect. The drug-loading efficiency of 5-FU into the SPIONs-CMSC conjugated nanoparticles was 70 to 84% w/w which could release the drug at intracellular pH (5.4) of cancer cells and resist drug release at pH 7.2. In vivo studies using mice models confirmed the nanoparticles could efficiently deliver 5-FU only to the cancer cells and the anticancer effect was enhanced by laser-induced hyperthermia. Conclusions The combination of targeted delivery of 5-FU with photothermal therapy (PTT) looks promising for selective killing of cancer cells. Furthermore, SPIONs are an excellent contrasting agent for use in computerized tomography (CT) imaging for determining the tumor location and monitoring the progress of the therapy. The focus of this work was the oncological application of multifunctional Fe3O4-CMSC-5FU nanoparticle conjugates, with an emphasis on therapeutic, diagnostic and prognostic purposes.

Evaluation was conducted to check the bio-efficacy of different doses of cypermethrin 10% + indoxacarb 10% SC against fall armyworm and stem borer infesting maize. Results revealed that cypermethrin 10% + indoxacarb 10% SC EC @ 2500 g a.i./ha recorded significantly least larval population (1.21 larvae/plant) and percent plant damage (6.45%) followed by lower dose of cypermethrin 10% + indoxacarb 10% SC @ 1562.5, 1250 and 1000 g a.i./ha. However, the highest larval population and percent leaf damage was recorded in the untreated control. All the chemical treatments were found numerically inferior but statistically on par with untreated control with respect to number of natural enemies such as spiders and coccinellids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of the Problem: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an underdiagnosed and potentially serious disorder that is accentuated by edentulism. The overclosure of the mandible and a potential upper airway collapse during sleep creates challenges in treating edentulous sleep apneic patients.Purpose: To evaluate complete dentures and mandibular advancement devices as potential oral appliances in the management of sleep apnea in completely edentulous patients.Materials and Method: The study design was a systematic review with meta-analysis. The search criteria complied with the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and the keywords in population, intervention, control, and outcomes (PICO) format was systematically searched for relevant research articles published till August 2021 in an electronic database (PubMed, Cochrane, Science Direct, Ovid). Randomized controlled trials and cohort studies were included that compared the effectiveness of oral appliances on apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), airway space, and quality of sleep in edentulous sleep apneic patients.Results: 1785 articles were derived from the initial search and based on inclusion criteria, 10 articles were systematically filtered for qualitative analysis and assessed for risk of bias using the Cochrane risk of bias tool and ROBINS-I tool. Out of the 10 articles, 5 articles were taken for quantitative analysis. The use of a mandibular advancement device (MAD) showed a decrease in AHI score, but the available data was heterogeneous to conduct a meta-analysis. The mean difference of AHI for the random effect model between the non-complete denture and complete denture wearers at sleep was -0.49[95% CI (-1.47,0.48)] events per hour, but the change was non-significant (p>.05).Conclusion: The complete dentures as an oral appliance had reduced apneic episodes in completely edentulous sleep apneic patients, but the effectiveness cannot be solely attributed to the prosthesis in the treatment of OSA. MAD showed greater improvement in reducing AHI, however, the level of evidence was inadequate to provide a conclusive statement.

Polymyositis (PM) is an uncommon inflammatory myopathy that affects striated muscles. It causes weakness of the limb girdles, neck, and pharyngeal muscles. We are presenting a case of PM which manifested after intrauterine death (IUD). The patient was referred to our hospital for breathing difficulty, 4 days after delivery of a dead fetus. Initially, she was treated in line of puerperal sepsis and peripartum cardiomyopathy. Patient's cardiopulmonary functions improved but she had persistent high-grade fever. Gross muscle weakness was found on day 5 of admission, involving all four limbs, predominantly in proximal muscles and she had dark colored urine. Laboratory tests revealed myoglobinuria, high serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels, and high lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. Polymyositis diagnosed on the basis of high CPK levels, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of cervical spine, electromyography (EMG), and muscle biopsy findings. We question, whether the PM could be pathogenically related to the pregnancy? Literature review of the previously reported cases of PM/dermatomyositis and our case report suggests that pregnancy can trigger the new onset of PM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of abutment material, alveolar bone density, and occlusal forces on stress distribution around maxillary anterior implants. Materials and Methods: An in-vitro study was conducted. The maxillary anterior implant was modeled using a three-dimensional finite element model in D2 and D3 bones with three different abutment materials: titanium, zirconia, and poly-ether-ether ketone (PEEK). Von Mises stress was evaluated after the application of vertical and oblique loads of 100 N, 175 N, and 250 N. Statistical analysis was done by Friedman-Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Kruskal-Wallis test. The probability value 0.05). Statistically insignificant stress values were seen greater in PEEK than titanium or zirconia abutment ( P > 0.05). A statistically significant difference was observed between 100 N and 175 N of load ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: PEEK, zirconia, and titanium as abutment material in the anterior region showed similar properties. The stress on the bone was proportionately increased during the vertical and oblique loads suggesting the influence of mechanical load in crestal bone loss rather than the type of abutment material.

Statement of the Problem: Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), a potential osteoinductive agent, was systematically reviewed for merits and demerits when used as a bone additive that was intervened during the surgical phase of dental implant placement; and suitable drug carriers that could withstand the functional load and deliver BMP at its lowest concentration. Purpose: To identify the carriers and concentration of BMP acceptable during surgical phase of implant placement and evaluate its efficacy in bone gain and osseointegration. Materials and Method: The study design was systematic review. Literature search as per PICO format was carried out within a time range from 2000 to July 2021. The review followed PRISMA guidelines and registered with the PROSPERO (CRD42020171667). The focus question included the population with an intra-oral implant placed in both animal and human models that were intervened with BMP-2 as an external additive biomaterial during the surgical phase. 2631 articles selected from the initial search were systematically filtered and yielded 16 articles that were qualitatively analysed. Results: The inter-rater reliability and level of agreement were 93.71%, κ(Kappa)>0.81 respectively. Results revealed the collagen carrier was commonly used for BMP delivery but lacked the property to withstand functional load and sustained release. BMP concentration varied in the range of 0.215µg to 0.8mg and the study revealed significantly indifferent outcome with low dose compared to the highest dose. BMP supplement showed better osseointegration in comparison with non-supplemented sites during the early period (within 6 months). Conclusion: BMP at lower concentrations and with appropriate carriers, collagen sponge, hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate (HA/TCP) with a bio ceramic bulking agent, and poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) reinforced with gelatin/HA/TCP accelerated bone growth during the initial stages of healing. Further long-term clinical trials for dental implant, analysing the sustained release of BMP with biodegradable and load-bearing carriers should be considered.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of abutment material, alveolar bone density, and occlusal forces on stress distribution around maxillary anterior implants. Materials and Methods: An in-vitro study was conducted. The maxillary anterior implant was modeled using a three-dimensional finite element model in D2 and D3 bones with three different abutment materials: titanium, zirconia, and poly-ether-ether ketone (PEEK). Von Mises stress was evaluated after the application of vertical and oblique loads of 100 N, 175 N, and 250 N. Statistical analysis was done by Friedman–Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Mann–Whitney U test, and Kruskal–Wallis test. The probability value 0.05). Statistically insignificant stress values were seen greater in PEEK than titanium or zirconia abutment (P > 0.05). A statistically significant difference was observed between 100 N and 175 N of load (P < 0.05). Conclusion: PEEK, zirconia, and titanium as abutment material in the anterior region showed similar properties. The stress on the bone was proportionately increased during the vertical and oblique loads suggesting the influence of mechanical load in crestal bone loss rather than the type of abutment material.

Background and Aims: Subarachnoid block is the most preferred anesthetic technique for infraumbilical surgeries as it provides better postoperative analgesia, effective muscle relaxation, and cost-effectiveness. Levobupivacaine is preferable over bupivacaine due to its lower cardiotoxicity, prolonged sensory block, and shorter duration of motor block. Opioids as an adjuvant to intrathecal local anesthetics enhance the quality of both analgesia and anesthesia during intraoperative as well as postoperative period. The present study aimed to compare levobupivacaine with and without fentanyl in spinal anesthesia. Methods: In this prospective, randomized, double-blinded study, a total of 80 patients belonging to the American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status I and II were enrolled for infraumbilical surgeries. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups. Group Levobupivacaine (L) (n = 40) received isobaric levobupivacaine 0.5% 2.5 ml with 0.5 ml normal saline and Group Levobupivacaine + fentanyl (LF) (n = 40) received isobaric levobupivacaine 0.5% 2.5 ml with fentanyl 25 μg (0.5 ml). Time of onset and duration of both sensory and motor block, Visual Analog Scale score, duration of analgesia, hemodynamic changes, and any adverse events were noted in both the groups. Results: The onset of both sensory and motor block was significantly faster in Group LF (P < 0.05). The duration of sensory block was significantly longer in Group LF (P < 0.05). The duration of motor block was found to be comparable between two groups with stable hemodynamics and no perioperative sedation (P > 0.05). The duration of analgesia was significantly longer in Group LF (336.5 ± 31.3 min) compared to Group L (223.65 ± 32.17 min) P < 0.001. Conclusion: Intrathecal fentanyl (25 μg) can be effectively used as an adjuvant to isobaric 0.5% levobupivacaine as it provides better block characteristics with minimal adverse effects in patients undergoing infraumbilical surgeries.

Objective: Vaginal agenesis or atresia in females suffering from MRKH syndrome is more common and management involves both surgical and non-surgical approaches. Use of prefabricated stents to maintain the patency of the canal may not fit appropriately during the initial surgical phase and are not economical. This case report discusses a series of modifications in a custom-made vaginal dilator to improve the retention for expansion after surgical management of MRKH syndrome. Case report: A 28-year-old female diagnosed with MRKH syndrome with characteristic Mullerian agenesis was referred for customised vaginal stent. Customised surgical stent was fabricated with loops for orientation and retention, which was later modified into interim expansion and passive stent. Conclusion: The customisation of the vaginal stent, provision of a retentive loop that positioned the stent in the proper orientation, and gradual increase in the size of the stent, ensured dilatation in a patient with vaginal agenesis.

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the decrease in bacterial population in the root canals with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and three irrigation systems: Conventional Needle Irrigation, Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation, and EndoVac Apical Negative Pressure Irrigation systemMaterials and Methods: Access open was carried out in 48 extracted single-rooted maxillary and mandibular human premolar teeth. The canals were instrumented 1 mm short of apical foramen up to No. 50 size file; irrigated and apical foramen was sealed with cyanoacrylate. The teeth were mounted in plaster and autoclaved for 20 min at 121°C. The plaster blocks containing the teeth were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The specimens divided randomly into four groups (n = 12) depending on the type of irrigation system used: Group 1: Conventional Irrigation Needle, Group 2: Ultrasonic system, Group 3: EndoVac Negative Pressure Irrigation system used with 2.5% NaOCl, and Group 4: Control group, normal saline irrigation. The normal saline is used as control. The samples were collected using 45 size sterile paper points and quantitative bacterial assessment was carried out by seeding each dilution on plates containing brain heart infusion broth. Then, incubated at 37°C for 7 days and colony-forming units were counted. Data obtained were statistically analyzed. Results: Statistically, EndoVac irrigation systems were more effective in reducing the number of bacteria than the other irrigation systems. Conclusion: EndoVac irrigation system was more effective in reducing bacterial numbers in infected root canals than the other two irrigation systems.

Statement of problem : fracture of endodontically treated teeth is reduced by the use of a post with ferrule, but the effect of different ferrule configurations and dowel materials is not clear. Purpose: to evaluate the effect of ferrules with different configurations and heights on the stress of endodontically treated teeth restored with three different post and dowel materials. Materials and Methods: fifteen models of maxillary central incisors restored with porcelain fused to metal crowns were obtained using pro engineer software. the models were divided into three groups, each consisting of five models with ferrule heights of 0mm, 2mm, 4mm, 2mm with oblique fracture, 4mm with oblique fracture, the models under group GFR were restored with fiberglass reinforced post (GFR) and composite core build-up, group NiCr with a custom cast post metal alloy (NiCr), and group Zr with zirconia post (Zr) and composite core build-up. an oblique load of 100N and 150N at an angle of 135 degrees was applied to the palatal surface of the tooth, a vertical load of 100N and 150N at an angle of 90 degrees was applied to the incisal tip of the tooth. The maximum principal stress and the von mises stress was calculated for the remaining tooth structure and post apex using the finite element analysis (FEA) software. Results: the maximum von misses stress was observed in the apex of the post (p