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Background and Aim: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection formerly and predominantly occurred in rural areas. However, it has recently been spread to urban and peri-urban areas. This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of HEV in pigs collected from urban and rural areas in Bali. The potential of the pig farmers’ risk level for being exposed to HEV and the virus transmitted to them in association with their pig-rearing practices was also assessed. Materials and Methods: A total of 183 pigs from 68 herds were sampled in this study, with 91 pigs collected from Denpasar as the representative samples of urban areas and 92 pigs from Karangasem Regency as the representative samples from rural areas. Sera from the sampled pigs were collected and immunoglobulin G antibodies against HEV were detected using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A questionnaire was prepared for interviewing the farmers. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the putative factors associated with seropositivity. Meanwhile, the potential risk-incurring practices of the farmers for HEV being transmitted to them from their pig-rearing practices were assessed by scoring their responses from the interview. Results: Overall, 23.5% (43/183) (95% confidence interval [CI]: 17.6–30.3) pig sera tested were detected to have the antibodies against HEV. Among 68 pig herds, 36.8% (25) (95% CI: 25.4–49.3) of them had antibodies in at least one pig sampled from each herd. Pigs sampled from Karangasem were 5 times (Odds ratio [OR] 5.34, 95% CI: 2.27–13.54, p < 0.001) more likely to be seropositive than pigs collected from Denpasar. However, no difference was found in the seropositivity to HEV in pig herds between Denpasar and Karangasem (p = 0.05). In assessing the pig rearing management factors, pig farmers from Denpasar were 3 times (OR 3.0, 95% CI: 1.07–8.52, p = 0.05) more likely to rear pigs for economic investment compared to the farmers from Karangasem. Regarding anticipating pig diseases that can be transmitted to humans, farmers from Denpasar were 6 times (OR 5.72, 95% CI: 1.48–26.7, p = 0.0074) more likely to anticipate zoonotic diseases compared to the farmers from Karangasem. Similarly, pig farmers from Denpasar were 3 times (OR 3.29, 95% CI: 1.08–10.23, p = 0.035) more likely to anticipate pig diseases that could be transmitted to humans than the farmers from Karangasem. Pig farmers from Denpasar had 4 times the odds (OR 4.49, 95% CI: 1.11–18.19, p = 0.03) of washing their hands after going to the pigpens compared to the farmers from Karangasem. All the participants were categorized as being at high risk of HEV exposure and transmission. Conclusion: IgG antibodies against HEV were detected among pigs reared in rural areas of Karangasem and those reared in urban areas of Denpasar. This suggests that the risk of HEV exposure and transmission in these areas is not negligible. To minimize the risk, public education on zoonotic diseases, including HEV infection, transmission, and prevention, needs to be implemented and particularly targeted to local pig farmers.

Background and Aim: Despite the endemicity of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in humans and animals in the Province of Bali, Indonesia, there is little data on whether seroconversion to the virus occurs in pigs, JEV genotypes circulating, and it’s potential mosquito vectors in the area. The aims of this study were to (i) Determine whether JEV infection in Balinese pigs occurs before reaching their sexual maturity, (ii) identify the genotypes of circulating JEV, and (iii) identify potential JEV mosquito vectors at the study sites in urban and peri-urban areas of Bali. Materials and Methods: Sixteen 1-week-old Landrace piglets from two different sows were housed in Denpasar. Similarly, 18 one-week-old mixed-breed piglets of two different sows were housed in Badung Regency. The piglets were bled every 1 to 4 weeks for up to 24 weeks. Serum samples from the 11 piglets were tested for antibodies against JEV, and seroconversion-suspected sera were titrated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Blood of seroconverted sera from pigs were tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the genetic sequence of JEV. The mosquitoes in the sentinels were trapped throughout the study period to identify the potential mosquito vectors of JEV. Results: Antibodies were detected in most of the selected piglets’ sera from weeks 1 to 24 of their age. However, sera of pig B9 collected from the sentinel setting in Badung Regency showed a four-fold increase in antibody titer from week 4 to week 8, indicating seroconversion. PCR testing of blood from B9 (pooled blood sample collected from week 5 to week 8) identified JEV nucleic acids, which were phylogenetically classified as belonging to the JEV genotype III. Meanwhile, 1271 of two genera of mosquitoes, Anopheles spp. and Culex spp. were trapped in the pig sentinels. Conclusion: JEV seroconversion likely occurs before the pig reaches sexual maturity in Badung Regency. Sequence data indicate that JEV genotype III is circulating in the pig sentinel setting in the regency; however, circulating genotypes need to be clarified through increased surveillance. Meanwhile, Culex spp. and most likely Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles spp. were the dominant mosquitoes present in the study sites set in the urban area of Denpasar and peri-urban areas of Badung, Bali, indicating that these are likely vectors in spread of JEV in the region.

The lack of effective therapeutic modalities for mammary cancer is attributed to side effects and therapy resistance, necessitating the exploration of alternative treatment options. Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) exhibits oncolytic activity, making it a promising candidate for cancer therapy. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the virulent NDV Tabanan-1/ARP/2017 on the growth of mammary carcinoma. The study involved 15 white female Sprague-Dawley rats induced with mammary carcinoma. After the tumors had developed, the rats were divided into two treatment groups, i.e., treatment 0 (P0) and treatment 1 (P1), which received 500 μL of phosphate-buffered saline and 128 HAU/500 μL of NDV Tabanan-1/ARP/2017, respectively. The rats were euthanized on day 15 post-virotherapy. Rats were necropsied, the tumor was excised to measure its weight, percentage of tumor inhibition, and subsequently routinely processed for histopathological preparations. The tumor weights in each treatment group were 3.70±0.72 and 2.34±0.64 grams, respectively, with a tumor inhibition percentage of 36.62%. The angiogenesis, hemorrhage, and mitotic activity of P1 were lower than those of P0, while inflammatory cell infiltration and areas of necrosis appeared more prominent in the group treated with the NDV. In conclusion, the NDV Tabanan-1/ARP/2017 shows potential as a virotherapy agent for rat mammary carcinoma models.

A particular type of tumor that is frequently detected in female dogs who are sexually active is a mammary tumor. Neoplasia results from DNA-based alterations in cell cycle regulating genes. The mammary gland is prone to the formation of tumors due to its dynamic structure. The development of this tumor is supported by numerous variables. It has been recently discovered that there is substantial evidence linking the BRCA2 gene to the process of cancer. Standard examination techniques, such as fine needle aspiration, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry, are used along with ancillary tests to determine the tumor type and degree of malignancy. The primary treatment option for malignant tumors is surgical resection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy; benign tumors necessitate surgical resection as well. Adjuvant therapy options include hormone therapy and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications. Tumor tissue undergoes angiogenesis as it grows and develops to accommodate the abundant supply of nutrients. Therefore, angiogenesis-inhibiting therapies can be utilized to halt the growth of tumor cells. A number of antiangiogenic medications are now being studied in clinical settings on humans, and several more are undergoing trials on animals. In addition to pharmaceuticals, viruses may be used as a therapeutic to block tumor angiogenesis.

The problem of stunting is still fundamental in Indonesia's human development. East Nusa Tenggara Province is an archipelago dryland area with the highest prevalence of stunted children under five in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the relationship of child characteristics with the prevalence of stunting. This type of research is an observational study with a cross-sectional design. This study used individual secondary data from the Indonesian Nutritional Status Survey in 2021 consisting of 7,835 children under five. The results of the spatial analysis showed that in the child's characteristic factor, there was a relationship between short birth length and low birth weight with stunting prevalence. It is hoped that there will be a special model of stunting control interventions that are integrated and of high quality through multisectoral cooperation in the dryland areas of the islands of East Nusa Tenggara Province.

Background and Aim: Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a zoonotic infectious inflammatory brain disease caused by the JE virus (JEV). Considerable research into the seroprevalence of JE in domestic animals has been conducted, but there have been no reports of its occurrence in wild animals, including long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of JEV infection and its determinants in long-tailed macaques in Bali and the prevalence of mosquito vectors. Materials and Methods: Blood samples (3 mL) were collected from a population of M. fascicularis (92 heads) inhabiting a small forest with irrigated rice field nearby (wetland area) in Ubud, Gianyar, and from two populations in dryland areas with no wet rice field (Uluwatu, Badung, and Nusa Penida, Bali Province, Indonesia). The collected sera were tested for antibodies against JEV using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (qualitative monkey JE Immunoglobulin G antibody kit). The seropositivity of the antibodies was then compared based on different variables, namely, habitat type, age, and sex. Results: The seroprevalence of the JEV antibodies in all the samples tested was found to be 41.3%. The seropositivity of the monkey serum samples collected from the wetland area was 46.4%, which was higher than the seropositivity of the sera samples collected from the dried field areas (1.25%). Monkey sera collected from the wetland areas were 6.1 times (odds ratio [OR]: 6.1; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.71-51.5, p>0.05) more likely to be seropositive compared to the monkey sera collected from the dried field areas. Meanwhile, female monkeys were 1.79 times (OR: 1.79; 95% CI: 0.76-4.21; p>0.05) more likely to be seropositive to JEV than males. Similarly, juvenile monkeys were 2.38 times (OR: 2.38; 95% CI: 0.98-5.79); p>0.05) more likely to be seropositive against the JEV than adult monkeys. However, none of these differences achieved statistical significance. Regarding the JEV mosquito vector collection, more Culex mosquitoes were found in the samples from the wetland areas than from the dried field areas. Conclusion: The study confirms the existence of JEV infection in long-tailed macaques in Bali. There were patterned seropositivity differences based on habitat, age, and sex of the monkeys, but these were not significant. The possibility of monkeys as a JEV reservoir and the presence of the mosquitoes as the JEV vector are suggested but require more study to confirm.

Repairing wild-type p53 or destroying of mutant p53 is one of the therapeutic targets in cancer. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a natural oncolytic virus that has potential as a virotherapy agent in cancer. This virus has been shown to induce cancer cell death. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of p53 in cytoplasm and nucleus of cancer cells and its correlation to the grade of cancer malignancy after NDV therapy in rat fibrosarcoma model. Rat fibrosarcoma model were divided into two groups, i.e., the control group (P0) and the treatment group (P1), each consist of 3 rats. The control group (P0) was injected with 0.5 mL phosphate buffered saline and treatment group (P1) was injected with 0.5 mL NDV Tabanan-1/ARP/2017 intratumorally once a day for four consecutive days. At the end of the study, 15 days post-treatment, all rats were euthanized and fibrosarcoma tissue was collected. Fibrosarcoma tissue was examined using immunohistochemistry to determine p53 expression and histopathological examination with hematoxylin-eosin staining to determine the grade of malignancy. The results of this study, the mutant p53 were more expressed in the control group (P0) than the treatment group (P1). It showed that NDV was significant (P

A study to assess the seroprevalence antibodies against JEV in pigs in Denpasar, Badung, and Karangasem as the representatives of urban, periurban, and rural areas in the province of Bali was conducted. Sampled pigs’ blood was collected and their sera were tested for antibody detection using commercial IgG ELISA. A standard questionnaire was used to interview the pig owners or farmers to identify the determinants associated with the seropositivity of the antibodies. Overall, 96.6% (95% CI: 94.5–98.1) of 443 pig sera in individual animal-level seroprevalence were seropositive to the ELISA. Karangasem had the highest test prevalence at 97.3% (95% CI: 93.1–99.2) while Badung had a slightly lower prevalence at 96.6% (95% CI: 92.2–98.9), and Denpasar had the lowest prevalence at 96% (95% CI: 91.5–98.5) (p=0.84). In herd-level seroprevalence, all sampled herds contained one or more seropositive pigs (overall herd-level seroprevalence 100% [95% CI: 97.7–100]). No animal-level factors were significantly associated with seropositivity (all p values >0.05). For the herd-level risk factors relating to pig management and husbandry practices adopted, no analysis model could be generated, as all the sampled herds were seropositive. More than 90% seroprevalence detected in this study indicates high natural JEV infection occurred in pigs, which highlights the high public health risk of the infection in the areas.

Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) has oncolytic activity and has been promoting as a virotherapy agent. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potency of NDV Tabanan-1/ARP/2017 as a virotherapy agent. This study was used the white rat Rattus norvegicus as an animal fibrosarcoma model. Benzo(a)pyrene solution at 0.3% (w/v) was used to induce fibrosarcoma. After fibrosarcoma appeared, rats were treated as follows: Rats in group P0 were injected with 0.5 mL phosphate buffer saline (PBS), while those in group P1 were injected with the ND virus, intratumorally at a dose of 0.5 mL of 29 HA titer of NDV Tabanan-1/ARP/2017. The dynamic of tumor growth was evaluated. Upon the starting point of the treatment, the mean volume of rat tumors mass of P0 and P1 were 1,769.83±1,103.58 mm3 and 1,194.29±592.82 mm3, respectively. At the end of the treatment, the mean tumor volume of P0 was 8,549.38±5,347.51 mm3, while at P1 was 3,848.25 ± 3,539,189 mm3. From the observation of microscopic images, it was found that the number of blood vessels at P1 was 44.67±19.348, significantly lower (p

Newcastle disease (ND) is a contagious disease and still a threat to the development of chicken farms in several countries including the Republic Democratic of Timor-Leste. There were reported local outbreaks every year in the country. The causative agent of ND is Avian orthoavulavirus-1 (AOAV-1) common name Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The objective of this study was to isolate the NDV currently circulating in Timor-Leste and to determine its genotype based on phylogenetic tree analysis and its virulence based on molecular analysis of the Fusion (F) gene cleavage site. In this study samples of dead chickens suspected due to ND were taken from two different sites in Timor-Leste namely Kilotons and Atabae district. Tissue samples were collected for histopathological examination and viral isolation. Allantoic fluids were harvested and confirmation of NDV was carried out by standard methods hemagglutination test (HA) and the hemagglutination inhibition test (HI). Partial fragments of the F and HN proteins gene were amplified using NDV-specific primers in a one-step RT-PCR reaction. The PCR product was then sequenced, and the nucleotide sequences were then used for building a phylogenetic tree with other NDV strains representative of genotype I-VII that are available in the GenBank. Based on phylogenetic analysis it was found that the new isolates belonging to genotype VII with the amino acid sequence of the F gene cleavage site were a virulent type and possibly viscerotropic velogenic NDV.

The trend of rice productivity and its stability in Badung Regency are presented in this study. The area is a tourism-based economy without leaving the role of rice production to feed the people. Time series data were collected from five sub districts covering 53 villages during 2008-2016 due to the completeness of the data. Variability of the data was observed from the coefficient of variance (C.V.) to decide rice productivity stability. This study also observed correlation between rainfall and rice productivity in the area. Result of the study shows that rice productivity trend in Badung Regency tend to decline during nine years of observation especially in 2014-2016. Three sub-districts had stable condition, while two sub-districts in tourism area contributed to the decline of this matter. Analysis using bi-plot revealed that there is no significant correlation between rainfall in sub-district and rice productivity, implying that water is available throughout the year. In terms of stability, majority of villages (69.81%) had stable condition of rice productivity ranging from middle and high category. Other 30.19% villages were categorized as unstable ranging from low to high productivity. This condition showed that Badung Regency were able to maintain stability of rice productivity during nine years of observation. Implication of this study is to pay more attention to two sub districts in tourism area to improve their rice productivity such as implementation of good agricultural practices.

Aim: This study aimed to prepare binary ethylenimine (BEI)-inactivated virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine and to examine their ability to induce a protective antibody response in commercial chickens. Materials and Methods: A virulent NDV field isolate Gianyar-1/AK/2014 was propagated in chicken-embryonated eggs and was then inactivated with BEI at a concentration of 4 mM. Three groups of chickens with low-level (2 log2 hemagglutination inhibition [HI] units) maternally derived antibodies against NDV were then immunized with the BEI-inactivated vaccine. A commercial live vaccine (LaSota strain) was used as positive control, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was used as negative control. A challenge experiment with a virulent NDV of Tabanan-1/ARP/2017 was performed at 3 weeks post-vaccination. Results: At 2 weeks post-immunization, the mean titers of antibodies against NDV in serum samples of chickens immunized with 0.2 mL of BEI-inactivated NDV (Group I), with live commercial NDV vaccine (Group II) and with PBS (Group III) were 3±0.94 log2 HI units, 4.9±0.99 log2 HI unit, and 0.0±0.0 HI units, respectively. At week 3 post-immunization, the mean titers of the antibodies for the three groups were 5±1.09 log2 HI units, 6.9±0.32 log2 HI units, and 0.00 HI units, respectively. The antibody titer induced by inactivated NDV Gianyar-1/AK/2014 isolates examined at 2 and 3 weeks post-vaccination was still at a significantly (p

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran histopatologi hati dan paru-paru mencit pascainduksi dengan zat karsinogenik benzo(a)piren. Penelitian ini menggunakan 10 ekor mencit jantan yang dipelihara pada lingkungan serta diet yang sama. Mencit kemudian dibagi menjadi dua kelompok. Kelompok I diinjeksi dengan benzo(a)piren sebanyak 0,3 mg dalam 0,1 mL oleum olivarium secara subkutan sedangkan kelompok II hanya diinjeksi dengan oleum olivarum dengan cara yang sama. Setelah satu bulan, semua mencit dikorbankan. Sampel jaringan hati dan paru dimasukan kedalam NBF 10% untuk proses pemeriksaan histopatologi lebih lanjut. Data pemeriksaan histopatologi hati dan paru kemudian dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil yang didapatkan menunjukkan adanya perbedaan gambaran histopatologi hati dan paru mencit antara kelompok I dibandingkan dengan kelompok II. Adapun gambaran mikroskopik yang dominan pada kelompok I adalah: pada hati terjadi kongesti pada vena sentralis serta nekrosis pada sel hepatosit. Pada paru terjadi nekrosis serta adanya penebalan septa alveoli dan infiltrasi sel radang sedangkan untuk kelompok II, tidak terdapat perubahan pada gambaran mikorskopiknya. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, zat karsinogenik benzo(a)piren dapat menyebabkan terjadinya kongesti pada vena sentralis serta nekrosis pada sel hepatosit serta penebalan pada septa alveoli dan adanya infiltrasi sel-sel radang mononuklear pada paru.

Sarang semut mengandung zat antioksidan yang mampu meminimalisir zat radikal bebas. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efek pemberian sarang semut terhadap gambaran histopatologi usus halus tikus putih yang diberikan parasetamol dosis toksik. Penelitian ini menggunakan 24 ekor tikus putih jantan dengan berat 200-300 gram yang dibagi menjadi empat kelompok perlakuan. Setiap kelompok perlakuan diberi pakan dan minum standar. Tikus pada perlakuan P0 diberikan pakan dan minum standar, P1 diberikan parasetamol 250 mg/kg BB per oral, P2 diberikan parasetamol 250 mg/kg BB dan ekstrak sarang semut 250 mg/kg BB per oral, dan P3 diberikan ekstrak sarang semut 250 mg/kg BB selama tujuh hari setelah itu diberikan parasetamol 250 mg/kgBB dan ekstrak sarang semut 250 mg/kg BB selama 10 hari per oral. Tikus pada semua kelompok dieuthanasia pada hari ke-18, dengan mengunakan ether. Sampel usus halus diambil untuk diproses menjadi preparat histopatologi dengan pewarnaan rutin Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) dan diperiksa di bawah mikroskop cahaya dengan pembesaran 100-400 kali. Dari hasil pengamatan didapatkan bahwa perubahan yang dominan pada usus halus adalah pendarahan dan nekrosis pada kelompok perlakuan P1, P2 dan P3. Uji Kruskall-Wallis menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang bermakna pada rerata pendarahan dan nekrosis. Pada lesi pendarahan terdapat perbedaan yang sangat signifikan (P

This study aims to determine the pathological changes in dog suspected of being infected by Leptospira spp. This research used a retrospective study design. A total of 210 canines sample were examined at Faculty of Veterinary Medicine The Udayana of University between January 2008 to January 2010. Of the 210 specimens, five canines with clinical sign anorexia, fever, vomiting, polyurea, dyspnea and only one are noted icteric in the sclera. Macroscopically : the anemic to petechial haemorrhagis was find in pulmo, icterus in liver with gall blader distention, kidney swollen with black color in hillus, spleen rather swollen with black color on end and mild hemorrhagis on intentines. The infected organ is inserted into a pot filled with neutral buffer formalin 10%. Then stained with haematoxyllin-eosin for the microscopic preparation. Microscopic examimination revealed the presence of spiral bacterial cells on the necrotic liver and kidneys tissue. Infiltration neutrophils and macrophages was also find in pulmonary and spleen tissue. Besided that intertubuler edematous were also observed under microscopic examination. It can be concluded changes associated with Leptospira spp infection can be found in liver and kidney tissue with changes such as necrosis, proliferation of kuffer cells and intertubular edematous.

Penyakit tetelo atau Newcastle disease (ND) adalah penyakit pada unggas yang disebabkan oleh virus dari familia Paramyxoviridae genus Avulavirus. Strain virulen menimbulkan gangguan pada sistem saraf, pencernaan dan pernafasan unggas, sementara pada embrio ayam infeksi menyebabkan gangguan pertumbuhan hingga menimbulkan kematian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek dari virus Avian Paramyxovirus Tipe-1 (APMV-1) isolat Gianyar-1/AK/2014 terhadap perubahan histopatologi embrio ayam. Penelitian ini menggunakan tujuh butir telur ayam berembrio (TAB) berumur 11 hari yang dibagi menjadi dua kelompok perlakuan yakni kelompok kontrol sebanyak dua butir dan kelompok infektif sebanyak lima butir. Kelompok kontrol diinokulasi dengan Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) dan kelompok infektif diinokulasi dengan isolat APMV-1 G1/AK/2014. Dilakukan pengamatan sampai embrio mati, lalu cairan alantois dikoleksi. Cairan alantois yang diperoleh diuji dengan uji hemaglutination assay (HA) dan hemaglutination inhibition (HI). Embrio ayam dinekropsi untuk diambil organ otak, paru-paru, usus, jantung dan hati dan dimasukkan ke dalam Neutral Buffer Formaline 10% (NBF), selanjutnya diproses lalu diwarnai dengan Hematoxilin Eosin (HE). Lesi histopatologi diamati di bawah mikroskop dan hasil pengamatan disajikan secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan isolat APMV-1 G1/AK/2014 dapat mematikan embrio 48 jam pascainokulasi serta menimbulkan perubahan histopatologi dominan berupa kongesti, edema, hemoragi, degenerasi, nekrosis, peradangan pada organ otak, paru-paru, jantung, hati dan usus embrio.

Tujuan penelitian iniuntuk membuktikan bahwa pemberian MSG (Monosodium Glutamate) dengan kombinasi ekstrak kulit manggis berpengaruh terhadap gambaran histopatologi organ hati dan pankreas. Penelitian ini menggunakan 27 ekor mencit jantan yang dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol tanpa perlakuan, kelompok perlakuan monosodium glutamate 1% (MSG) dan perlakuan kombinasi antara MSG 1% dengan ekstrak etanol kulit manggis 4,5% selama 30 hari, setelah mencit dikorbankan nyawanya, dieutansi dengan cara dislokasi servikalis, organ hati dan pankreas diambil dan di timbang indeks berat hati dan pancreas kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam pot yang telah diisi NBF 10% (Neutral buffered formalin) setelah diproses jaringan hati dan pankreas diwarnai dengan pewarnaan HE (hematoksilin eosin) dengan metode Keernan. Pemeriksaan secara histopatologi menunjukkan bahwa yang diberi MSG (Monosodium Glutamate) pada jaringan hati ditemukan degenerasi, nekrosis dan peradangan, pada jaringan pankreas ditemukan nekrosis dan peradangan, sedangkan yang diberi perlakuan kombinasi antara MSG (Monosodium Glutamate) dan ekstrak etanol kulit manggis pada jaringan hati ditemukan degenerasi dan nekrosis, pada jaringan pankreas masih ditemukan degenerasi dan nekrosis pada jumlah yang sedikit. Kemudian dilakukan scoring pada gambaran histologi yaitu, jika tidak ditemukan perubahan baik degenerasi lemak, nekrosis dan peradangan skor = 0, jika ditemukan perubahan skor = 1, jika ditemukan perubahan yang bersifat fokal skor = 2, jika ditemukan perubahan yang bersifat multifocal = 3, jika ditemukan perubahan bersifat difusa = 4. Hasil sidik ragam perubahan pada jaringan hati dan pankreas menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan (P0,05) antara perlakuan kombinasi MSG dan ekstrak etanol kulit manggis dengan perlakuan control. Sehingga pemberian MSG berpengruh terhadap perubahan histopatologi hati dan pancreas, dan kombinasi dengan pemberian ekstrak kulit manggis, membantu mencegah keruskan yang lebih parah akibat MSG

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perubahan histopatologi trakea mencit (Mus musculus) jantan pascaterpapar asap rokok elektrik (vaping). Penelitian ini menggunakan 24 ekor mencit yang dibagi menjadi dua kelompok perlakuan. Kelompok I (P0) sebagai kelompok kontrol yakni tanpa perlakuan pemaparan asap rokok elektronik dan kelompok II (P1) yang terdiri dari 12 ekor mencit adalah sebagai kelompok perlakuan yang diberi paparan asap rokok elektrik. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) pola faktorial dengan tiga kali pengambilan sampel minggu ke -1, 2 dan 3 pascaperlakuan. Masing-masing kelompok dikorbankan 4 ekor mencit pada setiap waktu pengamatan. Jaringan trakea diambil dan dimasukkan ke dalam pot yang telah diisi cairan netral buffer formalin 10%, jaringan trakea kemudian diproses untuk pembuatan preparat. Berdasarkan hasil analisis statistik perlakuan tidak berpengaruh nyata P>0,05, begitu pula lama pemaparan juga tidak berpengaruh nyata P>0,05. Hal ini kemungkinan dikarenakan terlalu singkatnya waktu pemaparan dan kandungan nikotin yang rendah pada rokok elektrik. Berdasarkan pengamatan histopatologi ketebalan mukosa trakea pada kelompok perlakuan lebih tebal dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Analisis statistik menunjukkan paparan asap rokok elektrik tidak berpengaruh terhadap ketebalan mukosa trakea, namun secara histologi paparan asap elektrik berpengaruh terhadap ketebaan mukosa trakea.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perubahan histopatologi parenkim paru-paru mencit (Mus musculus) jantan pascapaparan asap rokok elektrik (vaping). Penelitian ini menggunakan 24 ekor mencit yang dibagi menjadi dua kelompok perlakuan. Kelompok I (P0) sebagai kelompok kontrol yakni tanpa perlakuan pemaparan asap rokok elektrik dan kelompok II (P1) yang terdiri dari 12 ekor mencit adalah sebagai kelompok perlakuan yang diberi paparan asap rokok elektrik selama 30 menit setiap hari dengan kadar nikotin 6 mg. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) pola faktorial dengan tiga kali pengambilan sampel minggu ke -1, -2 dan -3 pasca perlakuan. Hasil yang diperoleh secara deskriptif pada pengamatan terdapat perubahan histopatologis yaitu degenerasi dan nekrosis sel pneumosit tipe I dan proliferasi sel pneumosit tipe II pada kelompok perlakuan. Dari analisis sidik ragam menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang nyata (P0.05) tidak berpengaruh nyata. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa paparan asap rokok elektrik dapat menimbulkan degenerasi dan nekrosis sel pneumosit tipe I dan proliferasi sel pneumosit tipe II pada kelompok perlakuan serta meningkatkan ketebalan septa alveoli.

Virus Newcastle Disease (VND) strain virulen menimbulkan gangguan pada sistem saraf, pencernaan dan pernafasan unggas, sementara pada embrio ayam infeksi menyebabkan gangguan pertumbuhan hingga menimbulkan kematian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek dari virus APMV-1 isolat Badung-2/AK/2014 terhadap berat embrio dan gambaran histopatologis otak dari embrio ayam. Penelitian ini menggunakan 18 butir telur ayam berembrio (TAB) berumur 11 hari yang dibagi ke dalam dua kelompok perlakuan, yakni kelompok A dan Kelompok B yang masing masing terdiri dari sembilan butir telur. Kelompok A diinokulasi dengan Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) dan kelompok B diinokulasi dengan isolat Badung-2/AK/2014. Tiga hari setelah diinokulasi, cairan allantois dari semua kelompok perlakuan dikoleksi. Untuk membuktikan bahwa kedua kelompok tidak saling mengkontaminasi maka dilakukan uji hemagglutination (HA) dan hemagglutination inhibition (HI). Embrio ayam dikeluarkan dari cangkang telur, kemudian ditimbang dan rerata berat embrio kelompok A dan B dianalisis dengan independent sample T-test. Setelah itu embrio ayam dinekropsi untuk diambil organ otak dan dimasukan ke dalam Neutral Buffer Formaline (NBF) 10%. Selanjutnya dilakukan pembuatan preparat dengan teknik pewarnaan Hematoxilin Eosin (HE). Lesi histopatologis diamati di bawah mikroskop dan hasil pengamatan disajikan secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa isolat menimbulkan lesi histopatologis berupa vaskulitis dan edema perivaskuler pada otak dan mengakibatkan penurunan berat badan embrio ayam.

This study aim was to observe cellular composition and morphology in peritoneal and synovial fluids ofbali ducks. This study used 50 ducks, which were composed of 21 males and 29 females aged 8 to 12 weeks.After being declared clinically healthy, the sample ducks were slaughtered and peritoneal fluid specimenfrom the abdominal cavity and the synovial fluid of joints tibiotarsal were collected. Then, in preparationfor the specimen, each of fluid was smeared and stained with Giemsa. Observations were made under amicroscope with a magnification of 1000 times and observations expressed in the average number of cellsper field of view observation. The results showed (duck population that most of the observed sample): inthe peritoneal fluid there was 36% eosinophils observed and 38% had heterophile cells with 0-3 cells perfield of magnification 1000x view. Similarly, 28% ducks had lymphocytes with 13-16 cells, and as much as28% of ducks had macrophage cells with 5- 8 cells in observation . In the synovial fluid, however, 64%sample ducks had monocytes, while 72% having lymphocytes with 1-18 cells each of view field withmagnification 1000x. In addition, in the synovial fluid, as much as 62% of ducks also observed had 1 to 3cells heterophiles and 60% ducks had eosinophils (polimorphonuclear cells) per view field observation.Macrophage cells that were found in the peritoneal fluid were mainly hyper granulated. It can be concludedthat the amount of mononuclear cells in both types of body fluids is likely more dominant compared to thenumber of polymorphonuclear cells.

Research was conducted to detect APMV-1 infection by examining microscopic lesions of chicken suspected ND and confirming the causative agent with serological and molecular assay. Samples obtained from commercial and back yard farm in 9 regencies and city of Bali Province were tested by rapid test for AIV antigen detection. AI negative samples were necropsied, then brain, lungs, and intestines were collected for histopathological examination. Samples tissue of brain, lung, spleen, and intestine were taken aseptically for viral isolation and amplification. Infected allantoic fluid was collected and tested by hemagglutination assay (HA) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test to prove APMV-1 serologically. Viral ribonucleic acid was isolated and subsequently reverse transcribed by reverse trasncription reaction followed by amplification by polymerase chain reaction to multiply the cDNA. Microscopically, perivascular cuffing (20%), endoteliosis (75%), and gliosis (75%) were found in the brain. In the lung, an interstitialis pneumonia (50%), lobar pneumonia (5%), and proliferation of pneumosit type 2 (100%) were observed. The most prominent intestinal lesions were catarrhal enteritis (75%) and hemorrhagic necrotizing enteritis (10%). Confirmation of the 20 isolates obtained in this study both serologically and molecularly were positive APMV-1. Moreover PCR results showed that 80% of its amplicon showed a single band and 20% still require some optimizations to get single good bands.

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This study aims to determine the genetic variation of gene encoding fusion (F)-protein of avianparamyxovirus (APMV) type-1 isolated from chickens suffering of Newcastle disease (ND) found in achicken farm in the province of Bali throughout the year 2014. There are five isolates got from sick chickenscases/death suspected of being infected by APMV -1, but negative for avian influenza virus (AIV) infectioni.e: D5/AK/2014, B1/AK/2014, T1/ARP/2014, G1/AK/2014, and K1/ARP/2014. Sequence analysis of thefive isolates showed that three isolates of D5, B1 and G1 have a genetic distance of 11,1%, 10,2% and 8,2%when compared to the nucleotide sequence of Bali-1/07 isolated previously from Karangasem regency in2007. Meanwhile, the genetic distance of T1 and K1 isolates are 20,1% and 18% respectively as compareto the sequence of the Bali-1/07 isolate. The composition of amino acids at the cleavage sites enzyme of Fproteinfor 3 isolates of D5, B1 and G1 are R-R-Q- K-R-F, which is the typical characteristic of virulentvirus strain. Meanwhile, two isolates i.e T1 and K1 got from layer chicken had the amino acid sequence ofG- R-Q-G -R-L, which is group into avirulent virus strains. It was concluded that APMV-1 isolates foundin ND cases in the year of 2014 were caused by virulent isolate and were grouped into VII-genotype.Furthermore, It was found that there were two avirulent isolates

Avian Paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1) is a virus infecting birds with mortality level varies accordingto its pathotype. Although the virus is normally originated from birds, the recent report showed that it canbe isolated from pig. In order to find out APMV-1 infections on pig in Bali, a serologic study was conductedto detect the antibody against APMV-1 among pigs in Bali. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay (ELISA) was used to detect the antibody against APMV-1 in pig sera. The serum samples withoptical density value over the cut off value (COV) was considered as those containing Ab against APMV-1. Of 215 samples collected from traditional farms of eight regency and city in Bali namely Negara,Tabanan, Badung, Denpasar City, Gianyar, Bangli, Karangasem and Buleleng Regency, 174 samples(80,93%) were positive antibody against APMV-1. On the other hand, there were 125 (98,42%) positivesample among 127 sample collected from Pesanggaran abattoir. Furthermore, the 8-9 month age pigsshowed that their antibody against APMV-1 were higher (p

virus was isolated from suspected Newcastle disease (ND) chicken in backyard farm at Sibang Village, Badung Regency, Bali Province. The isolates were then propagated and confirmed for NDV serologically. RNA isolation was performed by standard Trizol method. Phylogenetic tree analysis of NP gene (nt1020-1561) and HN gene (nt7019-7754) were performed using sequence of Badung-02/AK/14 and selected NDV strains from GenBank. Based on the NP gene sequence, the newly isolate closely related with other NDV strains belong to genotype VII that previously isolated such as Banjarmasin-010/10, Bali-1/07, and Cockatoo/90 with genetic distance 0.2%, 12.6%, and 18.0% respectively. The genetic distance with LaSota/46 virus (genotype II) is 19.6%. Based on HN gene sequence, genetic distance of the Badung-02/AK/14 with other viruses belong to genotype VII such as Banjarmasin-010/10, Bali-1/07, and Cockatoo/90 are 0.4%, 3.7%, and 4.2% respectively. The genetic distance with LaSota/46 virus (genotype II) is 9.0%. There were no difference between the result of nucleotide and amino acid sequence analysis, both in NP and HN gene (P0.05).

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran histopatologi saluran pernapasan bagianatas mencit (Mus musculus) akibat paparan asap obat nyamuk bakar. Penelitian ini terdiri atas duaperlakuan yaitu kelompok kontrol dan kelompok yang dipapar dengan asap obat nyamuk bakarselama + 10 jam. Nekropsi untuk pengambilan sampel organ dilakukan pada minggu ke-2, -4 dan -6pasca perlakuan. Sampel organ yang diambil berupa larynx, trakea, bronchus ekstrapulmonal diproseslebih lanjut untuk proses pembuatan histopatologi. Analisis berupa perubahan degenerasi, nekrosis,metaplasia pada epitel dan penebalan pada mukosa, dilakukan dengan pengamatan histopatologijaringan di bawah mikroskop pada pembesaran 400x dan 1000x dengan empat lapang pandang. Datahasil penelitian ditabulasi, diskoring dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji non parametrik Kruskal-Wallis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaaan nyata (P

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran histopatologis saluran pernapasan bawah mencit (Mus muscullus) akibat paparan asap obat nyamuk bakar dan mengetahui tingkatan keparahan sejalan terhadap lama paparan. Spesimen diambil dari 21 ekor mencit yang dibagi menjadi enam ekor sebagai kelompok kontrol dan 15 ekor sebagai kelompok perlakuan yang diberikan paparan asap obat nyamuk bakar selama ± 12 jam. Setiap dua minggu dua ekor dari kelompok kontrol dan lima ekor dari kelompok perlakuan dieuthanasia dengan cara dislokasi os cervicalis kemudian diambil organ parunya dan dimasukkan ke larutan NBF (Neutural Buffer Formalin) 10% untuk selanjutnya dibuat preparat histopatologi dengan pewarnaan hematoksilin eosin (HE). Analisis tingkat keparahan dilakukan dengan pengamatan dengan gambaran histopatologi dibawah mikroskop pada pembesaran 400x dan 1000x dengan empat lapang pandang yang berbeda. Data hasil penelitian dikumpulkan, diskoring dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji non parametrik Kruskal Wallis. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa asap obat nyamuk bakar menyebabkan kerusakan pada saluran pernapasan bawah (parenkim paru dan bronkiolus) dan tingkat keparahan yang terjadi sejalan dengan lama waktu paparan asap obat nyamuk bakar. Perlu penelitian lebih lanjut tentang pengaruh paparan asap obat nyamuk bakar pada organ yang berbeda sehingga dapat memberikan gambaran tingkat penyebaran gas toksik

Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai gambaran histopatologi dan klasifikasi tumor mamae pada anjing penderita tumor mamae di kota Denpasar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran histopatologi serta jenis tumor mamae terbanyak pada anjing penderita tumor di kota Denpasar tahun 2008-2014. Penelitian ini menggunakan 20 sampel preparat histopatologi dari anjing positif menderita tumor mamae. Preparat diamati dengan menggunakan mikroskop. Hasil pemeriksaan menunjukan terdapat 7 jenis tumor mamae diantaranya mix malignant, adenocarcinoma, solid carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinoma, mucinius carcinoma, fibrosarcoma, dan malignant myoepithelioma. Gambaran umum yang menonjol pada kasus tumor mamae dari anjing penderita yang diamati adalah: ditemukannya nukleus hiperkromatik, hilangnya struktur parenkim dan stroma, ditemukan sel-sel yang pleomorfik, serta ditemukannya bentukan asini sel-sel tumor. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menggunakan perhitungan frekuensi dapat disimpulkan dari 7 jenis tumor mamae, tumor jenis mix malignant memiliki frekuensi tertinggi dengan persentase sebesar 35% .

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against Fusion (F)2 protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) wereproduced for the detection of the viral antigen in infected chickens. Cells derived from spleen of Balb/c miceimmunized with the virus were fused with mouse myeloma cells to generate hybridomas capable ofproducing mAbs against the virus. The hybridomas were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) for anti-NDV specific mAbs using crude viral antigen (allantoic fluid of NDV-infected fertile eggs)and normal uninfected allantoic fluid of fertile eggs as negative control. The NDV proteins reactive withmAbs were then determined by Western Blotting using purified NDV as antigen. The mAbs reactive withF2 (12.5 KDa) protein of NDV were then used for the detection of NDV antigen in both the allantoic fluidof NDV- infected chicken embryos and in organs of naturally infected chickens. The results showed that 2out of 5 mAbs produced were against F2 protein of NDV. By indirect ELISA, the mAbs were able to detectthe viral antigen in allantoic fluid of NDV infected fertile chicken eggs at the titre as low as 2-2 to 2-4 HAunits per 0.1 mL. NDV–antigen was also detected by immunoperoxidase staining in paraffin-embeddedtissues of NDV-infected chickens but not in normal uninfected chickens. The most prominent infection wasdetected in the gastrointestinal tract and the lung. The NDV antigen was also detected in other organssuch as the brain, spleen, and several other tissues. It is evident that mAbs produced against F2 proteinof NDV were applicable for use in the detection of NDV antigen in infected chickens.

In order to study the distribution of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) following infection, chickenswere experimentally infected with visceretropic velogenic NDV isolate. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)against the NDV LaSota vaccine strain were then produced to detect viral antigen in the infectedorgans. The mAbs were firstly tested for their specificity by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) using NDV and normal allantoic fluids as antigens. Eight mAbs specific against NDVwere isolated and two mAbs were used for immunodetection of NDV antigen in chicken’s tissues.By immunohistochemistry labeled streptavidin-biotin (LSAB) staining NDV–antigen was detectedin paraffin embedded tissues of NDV-infected chickens. NDV antigen was not detected in noninfected chickens. In the infected chickens, high intensity of NDV antigen was detected in thelymphoid tissues, lung and intestine. The NDV antigen with a lesser intensity was detected in thebrain, trachea, liver and myocardium. This study shows that although viscerotropic velogenicNDV isolate can infect almost all organs, the main target of infection are lung, intestine andlymphoids tissues

The variety of Gumboro live vaccine strains (hot, intermediate, and mild) are available inIndonesia. The immunosuppresive effect of these vaccines under field conditions is not known.This research was conducted to determine this devastating effect of such vaccine strains on theimmune response of chickens vaccinated againts Newcastle disease (ND). Sixty chickens werekept separately in five groups (i.e. V1, V2, V3, V4, and K). At the age of seven days, group V1, V2,and V3 were given hot, intermediate, and mild strains of Gumboro live vaccine respectively whilethe other two groups recieved no Gumboro vaccine (V4 and K). At the age of 14 days, all groups,except group K which were kept as a negative control, were vaccinated against ND. The level ofantibody produced in response to ND vaccination was measured in sera collected at day 0, 7, 14,and 21 post ND vaccination using a standard micro-haemaglutination inhibition test. Data of theantibody titers were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by Duncan’s multiple range test.The results showed that all Gumboro vaccine strains still retain its immunosuppressive nature onhumoral immune response in chickens that later vaccinated against ND. The geometric meantiter (GMT) of anti-NDV antibody of group V4 (unvaccinated againts Gumboro) was significantlyhigher than that of group V1, V2, and V3, i.e. groups of chickens that had been given varietystrains of Gumboro vaccines, at the first and second week after ND vaccination (p

A study was carried out on the molecular characteristics of gene encoding for nucleocapsid protein(NP) of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) Bali-1/07. A portion of the fragment gene was amplified by reversetranscriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The RT-PCR product purified from the gel was treatedwith Taq polymerase and cloned into plasmid pT7blueT vector. The recombinant plasmid was tranfectedinto Nova blue singles strain of Escherichia coli-competent cells and selected using white and blue colorselection method. Good white colonies were subcultured and tested for presence of expected gene fragmentby polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The correct size PCR product was recloned and sequenced. The PCRproduct of 540 base pairs were sequenced and aligned with several cognates genes of world NDVisolates.using Cluster IW. The phylogenetic analysis was then performed using MEGA 4. Phylogeneticanalysis showed that the NP gene of NDV Bali-1/07 is closely related with virulent NDVs such asGuangxii-11/03, KBNP-4152 and Ast2755/01 with nucleotide sequence homology of 92%, 91.4% and91%respectively, whereas the nucleotide sequence homology with avirulent NDVs such as LaSota and B1were 77%.

The aim of this study is to compare glycoconjugate expression in the lymphonodes between bali cattleexperimentally infected with jembrana virus disease and non infected cattle. The biotinylated lectinsused in this study were Concavalia ensiformis (ConA), Arachis hypogaea (WGA), Triticum vulgaris (PNA),Ulex europeaus (UEA-1), and Sambucus nigra (SNA), respectively. The expression of lectin bindingglycoconjugate exhibit differences between the lymphonodes of infected and non infected cattle. Con A,WGA, and SNA were found be bound to lymphocytes whereas in infected cattle it was less intensive,repectively. More over, PNA and UEA were found strongly bound to the either lymphocytes of eitherinfected and non infected cattle.

Research to confirm the abnormalities of blood corpuscles in Bali ducks based on blood smear examination has been conducted. The research samples consisted of 105 ducks from various regencies in Bali. The blood smear examination was conducted by the method described in this literature and the data was collected and tabulated by means of the descriptive method. Erythrocyte abnormalities were: polychromasia (61.9%), anisocytosis (17.1%), poikilocytosis (21.0%). Abnormalities associated with leukocyte composition were: Lymphopenic (46.7%); Heterophylic (44.8%); Heteropenic (3.8%), also Thrombocyto penia (2.9%) was present in 105 ducks. In conclusion 61,9% ducks examined deal with regenerative anaemia. They also have some blood abnormalities such as basophylia, eosinophylia, heterophylia, heteropenia, lymphopenia, and monocytosis.

A study to utilize nested reverse trancriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection ofNewcastle disease virus (NDV) infection was carried out. NDV isolated from an outbreak in KarangasemDistrict of Bali, Indonesia was propagated in chicken embryos and its pathogenicity was determined byinoculation in 3 week-old chickens. Organ samples were collected from infected chickens for nested-RTPCR.Out of several different pairs of primers designed for study, 3 pairs of primers (F4s-F6r/F5s-F5r,F8s-F10r/F8s-F8r and F12s-F14s/F13s-F13r), each of which for first-round/nested PCR, was able to amplifyspecific regions of NDV genome. In the fist-round PCR, the PCR product of 1500 bps was not clearly visiblein the agarose gel following electrophoresis. In nested PCR a PCR product of 500 bp was clearly visible onagarose gel following electrophoresis. The 3 pairs of primers appeared to be potential for an accurate andrapid detection NDV in the infected host.

Virus Newcastle Disease (NDV) menimbulkan penyakit yang hebat pada beberapa spesies unggas dan mengakibatkan kerugian ekonomi yang besar pada industri peternakan unggas di seluruh dunia. Genomnya terdiri atas RNA berserat tunggal dan berpolaritas negatif dengan panjang 15,186Kb. Genom virus ND menyandi enam