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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of coconut fruit pulp by-product (CPB) on the intake, apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance, and ruminal parameters of sheep. Five intact, male, non-descript lambs with a mean initial body weight of 25.5 ± 1.68 kg were assigned to a Latin square design (5 × 5) of five treatments consisting of CPB inclusion levels, in five proportions of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% dry matter (DM), in diets consisting of sugarcane bagasse as forage, with corn and soybean meal. Each period lasted 15 days for adaptation followed by 6 days for data collection. The inclusion of CPB linearly decreased (P 0.05) the intake of DM, crude protein, non-fibre carbohydrates, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), and DM digestibility. The inclusion of CPB linearly increased (P 0.05) the ether extract digestibility, but did not influence (P 0.05) the NDF digestibility. There was a linear reduction (P 0.05) in the absorbed nitrogen (N) and retained N (g/day); however, a quadratic increase (P 0.05) for N absorbed (% consumed) as well as ammonia nitrogen was observed. There was a quadratic increase (P 0.05) for propionate (mMol/L and %) and the ratio of acetate, propionate and butyrate (mMol/L and %) with the inclusion of CPB in the diet. Based on these findings, it was recommended to incorporate CPB up to the level of 5% in the diet of sheep.

This research evaluated the effects of biscuit bran and cashew nut bran as energy source and additional energy level on intake, digestibility, feeding behavior, energy partitioning, N balance, and blood parameters on ewes. Twenty Morada Nova cull ewes breed (average age of 3 years old and initial body weight of 30.1 ± 3.56 kg) were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme of two energy sources (biscuit bran vs. cashew nut bran) and two levels of energy above 10% and 25% of the recommended energy requirements. The inclusion of cashew nut bran above 10% of the recommended energy promoted a lower crude protein (CP) and ethereal extract intake (P 0.01) than cashew nut bran above 25% of the recommended energy. The interaction between energy source × energy level did not affect digestibility and energy partition on ewes (P 0.05). The diet containing cashew nut bran above 10% of the recommended energy presented lower metabolizable energy intake and energy balance (P 0.05). Regarding N balance, the cashew nut bran diet above 10% of the recommended energy decreased N

Objetivou-se caracterizar o sistema de confinamentos de bovinos de corte no sul e sudeste do Pará. Nove profissionais completaram a pesquisa que foi disponibilizada em uma ferramenta online e que possuía 65 perguntas. O milho tipo Flint foi a principal fonte de grãos utilizada nas dietas de terminação. A moagem fina e moagem grosseira foram os principais métodos de processamento de grãos adotados. O nível de inclusão de concentrado e volumoso mais utilizado foi de 71% a 81% e de 20% a 40%, respectivamente. Mais de 50% dos entrevistados adotaram período de adaptação maior que 14 dias e nível inicial de volumoso nas dietas entre 35 e 50% da matéria seca. Em todos os confinamentos machos inteiros da raça nelore foi a principal categoria alimentada. Os animais foram em sua maioria confinados por até 100 dias e deixaram o confinamento com mais de 550 kg de peso corporal. As dietas de terminação adotadas nos confinamentos pesquisados apresentaram menor nível de inclusão concentrado e maior teor de volumoso em relação à média nacional. Métodos de processamento que aumentam a digestibilidade de amido do milho tipo Flint são ainda pouco empregados. Os bovinos confinados são abatidos mais pesados que a média nacional. O sistema de confinamentos da região sul e sudeste do Pará tem acompanhado o desenvolvimento da indústria de carne no Brasil e possui especificidades regionais no manejo nutricional utilizado.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-01T05:29:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-06-07 This study aimed to estimate the protein requirements for the maintenance of growing Saanen goats of different sexes from 5 to 45 kg of body weight (BW) using two methods and applying a meta-analysis. For this purpose, two datasets were used. One dataset was used to evaluate the effects of sex on the protein requirements for maintenance using the comparative slaughter technique. This dataset was composed of 185 individual records (80 intact males, 62 castrated males, and 43 females) from six studies. The other dataset was used to evaluate the effects of sex on the protein requirements for maintenance using the N balance method. This dataset was composed of 136 individual records (59 intact males, 43 castrated males, and 34 females) from six studies. All studies applied an experimental design that provided different levels of N intake and different levels of N retention, allowing the development of regression equations to predict the net protein requirement for maintenance (NPM) and the metabolizable protein (MP) requirements for maintenance (MPM) in Saanen goats. The efficiency of MP use for maintenance (kPM) was computed as NPM/MPM. The efficiency of MP use for gain (kPG) was calculated using the equation of daily protein retained against daily MP intake above maintenance. A meta-analysis was applied using the MIXED procedure of SAS, in which sex was considered a fixed effect, and blocks nested in the studies and goat sex were considered as random effects. The NPM did not differ between sexes, irrespective of the approach used. The daily NPM estimated was 1.23 g/kg0.75 BW when using the comparative slaughter technique, while it was 3.18 g/kg0.75 BW when using the N balance technique for growing Saanen goats. The MPM estimated was 3.8 g/kg0.75 BW, the kPM was 0.33, and the kPG was 0.52. We observed that the NPM when using the comparative slaughter technique in growing Saanen goats is lower than that recommended by the current small ruminant feeding systems; on the other hand, the MPM was similar to previous reports by the feeding systems. Sex did not affect the protein requirements for maintenance and the efficiencies of use of metabolizable protein. Department of Animal Sciences Universidade Estadual Paulista Institute of Studies of the Humid Tropic Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará Department of Animal Science Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia University of New England Department of Animal Sciences Universidade Estadual Paulista

Contextualización: la alimentación representa entre el 60 y 70% de los costos de un sistema de producción animal. Vacio del conocimiento: por lo tanto, se hace necesario el diseño de estrategias nutricionales de bajo costo y directamente en la propiedad para superar esta limitación. Propósito del estudio: el objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar las respuestas productivas de un concentrado experimental compuesto por harina de maíz y harina girasol (66:34) y la de un concentrado comercial, para la alimentación de cerdos en crecimiento. Metodología: fueron usados 10 machos castrados y cruzados Pietrain × Landrace de 12 kg de peso vivo inicial, los cuales fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en dos grupos de 5 animales: el primer grupo fue sometido a una dieta control (DC, uso de concentrado comercial) y el segundo a una dieta experimental (DE, concentrado formado por 66% de harina de maíz y 34% de harina de girasol, preparado directamente en la propiedad). La comparación entre tratamientos se realizó usando un diseño completamente al azar mediante el paquete estadístico SAS y el nivel de significancia adoptado fue de P

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of the cactus Opuntia stricta (Haw.) in sheep diets on the feed intake, digestibility, fermentation, and physicochemical characteristics of the ruminal digesta. Five sheep cannulated in the rumen (61.5±9.5 kg body weight) were assigned in a Latin square design (5×5), with five diets and five experimental periods of 21 days each. The first 14 days were the adaptation period, and data were collected over the following seven days, making the total duration of the experiment 105 days. The diets included a control diet and four diets containing cactus at 121, 245, 371, and 500 g/kg of dry matter (DM). The diets had a forage:concentrate ratio of 65:35. The inclusion of cactus increased the DM intake and non-fiber carbohydrates, but reduced the neutral detergent fiber intake. It also increased the apparent digestibility of the DM, reduced the digesta density 4 h after feeding, and increased the production of ruminal fluid foam. The inclusion of cactus quadratically affected the DM rumen turnover, with the lowest value observed in the 336.5 g/kg cactus diet. The DM ruminal disappearance rate increased with the inclusion of cactus to the diets and quadratically affected the ruminal pH, with the highest value found in the 150 g/kg cactus diet. The concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) increased, but the acetate:propionate ratio decreased with the inclusion of cactus at 500 g/kg DM. Taken together, our findings indicate that the evaluated spineless cactus can be added to sheep diets up to the level of 500 g/kg DM. The inclusion of O. stricta (Haw.) improves feed intake, DM digestibility, and SCFA and modifies the physicochemical characteristics of the ruminal digesta.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:38:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-05-01 Asociación Universitaria Iberoamericana de Postgrado Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sex on the daily net requirements of calcium (NCam), phosphorus (NPm), potassium (NKm), and magnesium (NMgm) for maintenance in Saanen goats from 5 to 45 kg BW. Two datasets were used: the first dataset was composed of 154 individual records (53 castrated males, 46 females, and 55 intact males) from three studies, and was used to estimate the NCam, NPm, NKm, and NMgm using the comparative slaughter technique (CST). The second dataset was assembled from 160 individual records (67 castrated males, 45 females, and 48 intact males) from four feeding trials, and was used to estimate the NCam, NKm, and NMgm in Saanen goats, using the minimum endogenous losses method (MEL). A meta-analytic approach was applied using a mixed model, in which sex was considered a fixed effect and study a random effect. Using the CST, the results revealed that sex did not affect NCam, NPm, or NKm (21.1, 22.8, and 4.0 mg/kg BW, respectively; P > 0.10), but NMgm of intact males was greater than for castrated males or females (2.6 versus 1.4 mg/kg BW; P = 0.077). On the other hand, sex did not affect the NCam, NKm, or NMgm (38.0, 25.2, and 7.4 mg/kg BW, respectively; P > 0.10), when MEL was used. The findings of this study suggest that Ca, P, and K requirements for maintenance in goats are not influenced by sex. Conversely, Mg requirement for maintenance should be discriminated by sex. Also, that P requirements for maintenance were significantly lower than current feeding system recommendations. Department of Animal Science UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista School of Environmental and Rural Science University of New England Department of Animal Science UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Asociación Universitaria Iberoamericana de Postgrado: 1 Asociación Universitaria Iberoamericana de Postgrado: 166754 FAPESP: 2014/14734 FAPESP: 9

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sex on the net requirements of growth for Ca (NCa), P (NP), Na (NNa), K (NK), and Mg (NMg) in Saanen goats from 5 to 45 kg BW, with or without consideration of the degree of maturity. A database containing 209 individual records for Saanen goats (69 castrated males, 71 intact males, and 69 females) was generated from 6 comparative slaughter studies. Total amounts of Ca, P, Na, K, and Mg in the body were fitted to logarithmized allometric equations using empty BW (EBW) or degree of maturity (EBW/mature EBW) as regressors. The equations were fitted using a mixed model, where sex was considered a fixed effect and study was considered a random effect. Net requirements were estimated by the first derivative of the logarithmized allometric equations. Then, a Monte Carlo simulation was used to assess the uncertainty of calculated net requirement values. Without considering the degree of maturity, sex did not affect NCa, NP, and NNa ( > 0.10). Conversely, considering the degree of maturity, NCa and NP of intact males were 5% and 2%, respectively, greater than those of castrated males and females ( 0.10), NK decreased by 26% (i.e., without considering the maturity degree) or 27% (i.e., considering the degree of maturity) from 5 to 45 kg BW. Therefore, the consideration of maturity stage highlights differences across sexes in the net macromineral requirements for growth in goats. Elucidation of sex effects on macromineral requirements for growth may be useful for improving the accuracy of recommendations for mineral requirements for dairy goats.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-11T06:34:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sex on the requirements for maintenance and efficiency of energy utilization in growing Saanen goats. A database from 7 comparative slaughter studies that included 238 Saanen goats was gathered to provide information for the development of prediction equations of energy requirements for maintenance and efficiency of energy utilization. The experimental design provided different levels of metabolizable energy intake (MEI) and empty body weight (EBW). The data were analyzed so that sex (e.g., intact males, castrated males, and females; n = 98, 80, and 60, respectively) was a fixed effect, and blocks nested in the studies and goat sex were random effects. For the development of linear and nonlinear equations, we used the MIXED and NLMIXED procedures in SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Nonlinear regression equations were developed to predict heat production (HP, kcal/kg(0.75) of EBW; dependent variable) from MEI (kcal/kg(0.75) of EBW; independent variable). Using the comparative slaughter technique, the net energy requirement for maintenance (NEM) was calculated as the value of HP at MEI equal to zero. Additionally, NEM was evaluated based on the degree of maturity. The metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance was calculated as the value at which HP is equal to MEI. Efficiency of ME utilization for maintenance (k(m)) was calculated as the ratio between NEM and the metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance. Efficiency of energy utilization for growth (k(g)) was assumed to be the slope of the linear regression of retained energy (RE) on MEI above the maintenance stage (model intercept equal to 0). Efficiencies of RE as protein (k(p)) and as fat (k(f)) were calculated using the multiple linear regression of MEI above the maintenance (model intercept equal to 0) on RE as protein and as fat, respectively. Sex affected NEm (75.0 +/- 1.76 kcal/kg(0.)(75) of EBW for males and 63.6 +/- 2.89 kcal/kg(0.75) of EBW for females) and sex did not affect k(m) (0.63). In contrast, sex no longer affected NEM when degree of maturity was considered on its estimation. The k(g) was different between sexes (0.31 for castrated males and females, and 0.26 for intact males), but k(p) (0.21) and k(f) (0.80) were similar between sexes. These results may be useful for improving robustness of the energy requirement recommendations for dairy goats. Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Anim Sci, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Sul & Sudeste Para, Inst Estudos Trop Umido, BR-68557335 Xinguara, PA, Brazil Ohio State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Columbus, OH 43201 USA Univ New England, Sch Environm & Rural Sci, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Anim Sci, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2014/14734-9 CAPES: 001

The objective of this research was to estimate the energy and protein requirements for maintenance and growth in male (castrated and intact) and female Saanen goat kids between 15 and 30 kg BW. To determine the net energy requirements for maintenance (NEm ) and the net protein requirements for maintenance (NPm ), 75 goats (25 castrated and 26 intact males and 24 females) were used. Twenty-one goats (seven castrated and eight intact males and six females) were randomly assigned for slaughter to estimate the initial empty body composition. The 54 remaining animals (18 castrated and 18 intact males and 18 females) were randomly assigned in a split-plot design using a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement with three sexes and three levels of intake (ad libitum and restricted feed to 75% or 50% of the ad libitum intake). Within each sex, six blocks (three goats per block) were formed and one goat was randomly assigned to each level of intake. The 75% and the 50% of ad libitum rationing were determined daily, based on the DMI of the animal fed ad libitum on the previous day. All animals within block were slaughtered when the animal fed ad libitum reached 30 kg BW. The net energy requirements for gain (NEg ) and the net protein requirements for gain (NPg ) were obtained using 58 animals (20 castrated and 20 intact males and 18 females). The animals were fed ad libitum and slaughtered at targeted BW (15, 23 or 30 kg). Sex did not affect NEg and NPm (277.8 kJ/kg0.75 BW day and 2.98 g CP/kg0.75 BW day respectively), as well as NPg (180.9 ± 6.48 g/kg EBW gain) in Saanen goat kids. However, castrated males and females had similar NEg (varied from 12.6 ± 0.424 to 17.9 ± 1.38 MJ/kg EBW gain), greater than intact males (varied from 9.74 ± 0.420 to 10.7 ± 0.984 MJ/kg EBW gain), as the BW increased from 15 to 30 kg.

The objective of this study was to evaluate sex effects on the daily net requirements of calcium (NCam), phosphorus (NPm), magnesium (NMgm), and potassium (NKm) for maintenance in Saanen goats of 5 to 45 kg BW. For this purpose, two datasets were used: the first dataset was composed of 154 individual records (53 castrated males, 46 females, and 55 intact males) from three comparative slaughter studies, and was used to test the sex effects on NCam, NPm, NMgm, NKm in Saanen goats, using the comparative slaughter technique (CST). The second dataset was assembled from 155 individual records (67 castrated males, 40 females, and 48 intact males) from four feeding trials, and was used to evaluate the sex effects on NCam, NMgm, and NKm in Saanen goats, using the minimum endogenous losses method (MEL). The meta-analyses were performed using a mixed model, in which sex was considered a fixed effect and study a random effect. Sex did not affect NCam, NPm, and NKm in Saanen goats of 5 to 45 kg BW, when mineral requirements were estimated using CST (P > 0.10). The NCam, NPm, and NKm were 21.1, 22.8, and 4.0 mg/kg BW, respectively. In contrast, sex affected the NMgm of Saanen goats (P = 0.077). The NMgm for castrated male and female Saanen goats was 1.4 mg/kg BW, while for intact males, NMgm was 2.6 mg/kg BW. Sex did not affect the NCam, NMgm, or NKm in Saanen goats of 5 to 45 kg BW, when mineral requirements were estimated using MEL (P > 0.10). The NCam, NMgm, and NKm were 38.0, 7.4, and 25.2 mg/kg BW, respectively. The daily net macromineral requirements for maintenance reported herein may be relevant for the development of feeding systems for goats, and for optimizing mineral nutrition management of growing Saanen goats. Key Words

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-12T17:26:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-09-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-14T17:51:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1519-99402015000300723.pdf: 192864 bytes, checksum: a511e277bc3b01d6d285bbc400b69deb (MD5) ResumoObjetivou-se avaliar o efeito da suplementação concentrada sobre o ganho de peso, as características quantitativas da carcaça e dos não constituintes da carcaça de caprinos castrados da raça Canindé em sistema de pastejo na caatinga. 40 caprinos com peso corporal (PC) inicial médio de 15,76 ± 0,96kg foram distribuídos nos níveis de zero; 0,5; 1 e 1,5% de suplementação concentrada (% PC), sendo abatidos quando os animais que recebiam 1,5% de suplementação atingiram peso médio de 23,10 ± 1,74kg. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro níveis de suplementação e dez repetições. O ganho de peso, rendimento de carcaça, rendimento dos cortes e peso dos constituintes não carcaça (pele, cabeça, sangue, fígado, rins, trato respiratório, trato gastrointestinal), bem como o peso da gordura total, foram influenciados positivamente pelos níveis de suplementação. Os níveis de suplementação um e 1,5% do PC são favoráveis ao desempenho, às características de carcaça e ao desenvolvimento de órgãos em caprinos da raça Canindé em pastejo na caatinga. AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of concentrate supplementation on weight gain, the quantitative characteristics of carcass and non-carcass components of the castrated goat carcass Canindé breed grazing system in the native pasture caatinga. 40 goats with an average body (BW) initial weight of 15.76 ± 0.96kg were distributed in a completely randomized design in levels of 0; 0.5; 1 and 1.5% of supplementation (% BW) and were slaughtered when the animals from the 1.5% of supplementation level reached 23.10±1.74kg. Performance, carcass yield, yield of cuts and weight of non-carcass components (skin, head, blood, liver, kidneys, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract) as well as total fat weightwere positively influenced by supplementation levels. The supplementation levels of 1 and 1.5% of body weight are favorable to performance and quantitative characteristics of Canindé goat kids grazing in the native pasture caatinga. Instituição Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte Universidade Federal da Paraíba Centro de Ciências Agrárias Departamento de Zootecnia Universidade Federal da Paraíba Departamento de Agropecuária Universidade Federal do Ceará Departamento de Zootecnia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Departamento de Zootecnia Universidade Federal da Paraíba Centro de Ciências Agrárias Universidade Estadual Paulista Universidade Estadual Paulista

The aim of this study was to investigate the energy requirements of female and intact and castrated male Saanen goats. Animals were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 experiments designed to investigate the energy requirements for maintenance and gain. To determine the maintenance requirements, 85 goats were used (26 intact males, 30 castrated males, and 29 females) with an initial BW of 30.3 ± 0.87 kg. Thirty goats (8 intact males, 9 castrated males, and 13 females) were slaughtered to be used as the baseline group. The remaining goats were assigned in a split-plot design using a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement (3 sexes-intact males, castrated males, and females-and 3 DMI levels-ad libitum and restricted fed to 75 or 50% of the ad libitum intake). The NE was obtained using 65 goats (20 intact males, 22 castrated males, and 23 females) fed ad libitum in a completely randomized design. Eight intact males, 9 castrated males, and 13 females were slaughtered at 30.5 ± 1.53 kg BW. Seventeen goats (6 intact males, 6 castrated males, and 5 females) were slaughtered at 38.1 ± 0.49 kg BW. The remaining goats were slaughtered at 44.0 ± 0.50 kg BW. The NE did not differ between the sexes ( = 0.59; 258.5 kJ/kg BW), resulting in a ME for maintenance of 412.4 kJ/kg BW. The estimated energy use efficiency for maintenance was 0.627. During the growth phase, NE differed between the sexes ( < 0.001); intact males, castrated males, and females showed an average NE equal to 15.2, 18.6, and 22.7 MJ/kg of empty weight gain, respectively. The energy requirements for growth differed between the sexes. The difference was found to be due to distinct NE and partial efficiency of ME utilization for growth in intact and castrated males and females during the late growth phase. This study may contribute to adjustments in feeding system energy recommendations regarding the NE and NE found for goats during the late growth phase.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-04T12:33:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-01-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2019-10-09T18:33:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1516-35982018000100618.pdf: 561491 bytes, checksum: a2ca38f27714aef67bc8f7426fee863e (MD5) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Asociacion Universitaria Iberoamericana de Postgrado (AUIP) The objective of this study was to investigate the multivariate relationship among body protein, fat, and macrominerals in Saanen goats of different sexes (castrated males, females, and intact males) using canonical correlation analysis. Individual records of 274 Saanen goats combined from 10 studies was used. Two sets of body constituents were established: the first one contained variables related to body protein or fat (canonical variate U) and the second contained variables related to body calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, or potassium (canonical variate V). Two canonical pairs were identified for each sex. However, irrespective of sex, first canonical pairs accounted for more than 87% of variance of the dependent variables, these only being used for the analysis. For canonical variate U 1, canonical weights for protein were greater than that for fat (in castrated males, protein = 0.62 and fat = 0.41; in females, protein = 0.96 and fat = 0.039; and in intact males, protein = 0.81 and fat = 0.20). For canonical variate V 1, in males, the highest canonical weights were for potassium and phosphorus, whereas the lowest were for calcium (in castrated males, potassium = 0.485 > phosphorus = 0.259 > magnesium = 0.206 > sodium = 0.129 > calcium = 0.081, and in intact males, potassium = 0.499 > phosphorus = 0.459 > sodium = 0.105 > magnesium = 0.024 > calcium = 0.001). On the other hand, in females, the highest canonical weights were for potassium and calcium, whereas the lowest was for magnesium (potassium = 0.539 > calcium = 0.201 > phosphorus = 0.178 > sodium = 0.088 > magnesium = 0.081). The current results may help to understand the role of sex on strength and nature of the association among body protein, fat, and macrominerals in growing Saanen goats. Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Zootecnia, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Zootecnia, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2014/14734-9 Asociacion Universitaria Iberoamericana de Postgrado (AUIP): 166754-1

Accurate values for energy requirements are necessary for the proper feeding management of goats. The aim of this study was to estimate the energy requirements for maintenance and growth of Caninde goat kids. We used 33 castrated goat kids with an average initial weight of 15.62 ± 0.87 kg. Five of them (baseline) were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment to determine the initial body composition. The other goats (n = 28) were assigned in a randomized block design into seven groups of four animals each. The diet consisted of 55% forage (Tifton) and 45% concentrate. The treatments consisted of four levels of intake: ad libitum and 80%, 60% and 40% of the ad libitum intake. Each group was slaughtered when the animal from the ad libitum level reached 26.55 ± 0.65 kg. We used the comparative slaughter method to assess body composition and calculate the nutritional requirements. Body composition varied from 177.43 to 166.98 g of protein, from 127.92 to 193.46 g of fat and from 2.15 to 2.69 Mcal of energy per kg of empty body weight (EBW). The ratio of empty body weight/body weight was 0.81. The net energy requirements for maintenance were estimated at 52.64 kcal/kg EBW0.75. The net requirements to gain ranged from 2.96 to 4.84 Mcal/kg EBW gain for the castrated indigenous goat kids weighing between 15 kg and 25 kg. The energy requirements to maintenance of indigenous goat kids are lower, which might indicate different adaptive capabilities, but these goats require more energy to gain and to accumulate fat in their body.

Requirements for growth in the different sexes remain poorly quantified in goats. The objective of this study was to develop equations for estimating net protein (NPG) and net energy (NEG) for growth in Saanen goats of different sexes from 5 to 45 kg of body weight (BW). A data set from 7 comparative slaughter studies (238 individual records) of Saanen goats was used. Allometric equations were developed to determine body protein and energy contents in the empty BW (EBW) as dependent variables and EBW as the allometric predictor. Parameter estimates were obtained using a linearized (log-transformation) expression of the allometric equations using the MIXED procedure in SAS software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). The model included the random effect of the study and the fixed effects of sex (intact male, castrated male, and female; n = 94, 73, and 71, respectively), EBW, and their interactions. Net requirements for growth were estimated as the first partial derivative of the allometric equations with respect to EBW. Additionally, net requirements for growth were evaluated based on the degree of maturity. Monte Carlo techniques were used to estimate the uncertainty of the calculated net requirement values. Sex affected allometric relationships for protein and energy in Saanen goats. The allometric equation for protein content in the EBW of intact and castrated males was log10 protein (g) = 2.221 (±0.0224) + 1.015 (±0.0165) × log10 EBW (kg). For females, the relationship was log10 protein (g) = 2.277 (±0.0288) + 0.958 (±0.0218) × log10 EBW (kg). Therefore, NPG for males was greater than for females. The allometric equation for the energy content in the EBW of intact males was log10 energy (kcal) = 2.988 (±0.0323) + 1.240 (±0.0238) × log10 EBW (kg); of castrated males, log10 energy (kcal) = 2.873 (±0.0377) + 1.359 (±0.0283) × log10 EBW (kg); and of females, log10 energy (kcal) = 2.820 (±0.0377) + 1.442 (±0.0281) × log10 EBW (kg). The NEG of castrated males was greater than that of intact males and lower than that of females. Using degree of maturity for estimating NPG and NEG, we could remove the differences between sexes. These results indicate that NPG and NEG differ among sexes in growing Saanen goats, and this difference should be accounted for by feeding systems. Including the degree of maturity as predictor cancels out those differences across sexes in protein and energy requirements.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-12T17:26:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-04-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-14T17:51:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1519-99402016000100055.pdf: 170488 bytes, checksum: 7f7aad8d2f813a4343109d95879a18d9 (MD5) RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da restrição alimentar sobre o desenvolvimento dos órgãos e deposição de gordura em caprinos Canindé castrados. Foram utilizados 21 cabritos confinados, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com peso inicial de 15,9 ± 1,03kg. Os cabritos foram alocados em três níveis de restrição alimentar (sete animais por nível): ad libitum (alimentados à vontade); restrição moderada (restrição de 20% em relação à quantidade de matéria natural consumida pelos animais alimentados ad libitum) e restrição severa (restrição de 40% em relação à quantidade de ração consumida pelos animais alimentados ad libitum). A ração experimental apresentou uma proporção de 55% de volumoso (Tifton) e 45% de concentrado. Aos 110 dias de experimento os cabritos foram abatidos com peso médio de 23,5 kg ± 2,5 kg. Esvaziou-se o trato gastrointestinal (TGI), a bexiga e a vesícula biliar e foram mensurados os seus pesos para determinação do peso de corpo vazio (PCV). Foram separados e registrados os pesos dos órgãos (baço, coração, fígado, pâncreas, pulmões, rins, sangue, TGI) e dos depósitos de gordura (cardíaca, mesentérica, omental e pélvico-renal). A restrição alimentar em caprinos Canindé afetou o peso absoluto dos órgãos e das gorduras (P < 0.05) que estão mais envolvidas com a função de reserva energética (mesentérica, omental e pélvico-renal), no entanto, não afetou o percentual dos órgãos em relação ao PCV (P > 0.05), indicando que mesmo sob restrição o desenvolvimento dos órgãos é proporcional ao desenvolvimento do corpo. SUMMARY The study aimed to evaluate the effect of feed restriction on the development of organs and fat deposition in castrated Caninde goats. Twenty one goats were distributed in a completely randomized design, with initial body weight of 15.9 ± 1.03kg. The goats were allocated into three levels of feed restriction (seven animals per level): ad libitum; moderate restriction (restriction of 20% on the amount of feed consumed by the animals fed ad libitum) and severe restriction (40% restriction on the amount of feed consumed by the animals fed ad libitum). The diet consisted of 55% forage (Tifton) and 45% concentrate. At 110 days of experiment, the goats were slaughtered with abody weight of 23.5kg ± 2.5kg. The components included the internal organs (spleen, heart, liver, pancreas, lungs, kidneys, blood) the emptied and cleaned digestive tract and fat deposits (in heart, mesenteric, omental and pelvic-renal) were weighed. Feed restriction in Canindé goats affected the weight of organs and fat deposition in regions more involved with the energy storage function (mesenteric, omental and pelvic-renal) (P < 0.05), however, feed restriction does not affect the percentage of the organs in relation to EBW (P > 0.05), indicating that even under feed restriction organ development is proportional to the development of the body. Universidade Federal da Paraíba Centro de Ciências Agrárias Departamento de Zootecnia Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco Universidade Estadual Paulista UFBA - Universidade Federal da Bahia Universidade Estadual Paulista

Knowledge of nutritional requirements is decisive for a successful nutrition system, since animals fed properly convert more efficiently the nutrients ingested in products. Current feeding systems for goats still comprise information extrapolated from sheep and/or cattle. However, the data obtained with these species should not be used for goats, because of differences between these species, such as dietary habits, physical activity, milk and carcass composition, different adaptation mechanisms, among others (NRC, 2007). Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine net energy and protein requirements for growth of goat kids, using meta-analysis as a statistical tool.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of feed restriction on the carcass characteristics of castrated Canindé goat kids. A randomized block design was used, in which 21 goat kids with a body weight (BW) of 15.9±1.0kg were allocated to three levels of feed restriction: ad libitum, 20% and 40% restriction related to the ad libitum intake. The diet consisted of 55% forage (Tifton) and 45% concentrate. All animals were slaughtered when the kids fed ad libitum reached a BW of 25kg. After slaughter, the carcasses were chilled for 24 hours and subsequently measured. Kids fed ad libitum and subjected to 20% feed restriction showed similar morphometric carcass measurements, except for the chest circumference. Goat kids fed ad libitum exhibited greater values for warm and cold carcass yields compared with those subjected to 40% feed restriction and did not differ from the kids under 20% feed restriction. Weights of the commercial cuts showed decreasing mean values according to the intensity of feed restriction. Castrated Canindé goat kids subjected to 20% feed restriction presented similar carcass yields and proportion of commercial cuts to those fed ad libitum.