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Anadia hollandi sp. nov. Holotype. MHUA-R 13725 (Fig. 3). Male collected at the field station of the Mesenia-Paramillo Nature Reserve (5.496º N, 75.889º W), at 2170 m asl, Vereda La Mesenia, about 14 km south of the municipality of Jardín (Department of Antioquia), Colombia. The specimen was collected by Diana Rendón on September 1 st, 2011. Paratypes. MHUA-R 13726 (field code GECOH3499), and MHUA-R 13727 (field code LSB409) (Fig. 3). Two presumably adult males collected within 5 km from the field station, on January 25 th 2018 by Ubiel Rendón, and on June 26 th 2019 by Carlos Rendón, respectively. Etymology. The specific epithet hollandi is a patronym in honour of Jim Holland, American olympic skier who enjoys the natural world and the challenges of outdoor exploration, for his generous contribution to the conservation of cloud forests in Colombia. Definition and diagnosis. The largest species of Anadia known to date in the ocellata group (Fig. 4), reaching 108 mm of SVL and 351 mm of TL. It can be diagnosed by the following combination of morphological characters: (1) subhexagonal smooth dorsal scales; (2) two prefrontal scales in broad (between 20–50% of scale size) contact; (3) divided nasal scales; (4) three supraocular scales; (5) 0–1 inserted scales between superciliary and supraocular scales; (6) five superciliary scales; (7) lower palpebrals without pigment; (8) five subocular scales; (9) 6–8 supralabial scales; (10) 5–6 infralabial scales; (11) seven postparietal scales; (12) first two pairs of genial scales in contact; (13) 43–45 transverse rows of dorsal scales; (14) 33–36 transverse rows of ventral scales; (15) 1.19–1.36 transverse rows of dorsal scales for each ventral row; (16) quadrangular ventral scales; (17) 41–43 scale longitudinal rows around mid body; (18) 10–12 supradigital scales on fourth toe; (19) 15–18 lamellae under fourth toe; (20) 10–12 femoral pores in males (no available females); (21) 7–9 large black ocelli with white centers per body side; (22) belly cream with scattered dark spots. Anadia hollandi sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from all other Anadia species by a combination of the shape and imbrication of dorsal scales, and the number of scale rows around midbody. In particular [A. hollandi sp. nov. in brackets], all members of the eastern group, and therefore of the bitaeniata, steyeri and marmorata species groups have longer, rectangular and juxtaposed [versus shorter, subhexagonal and imbricate] dorsal scales; within the western group, A. bogotensis has considerable imbrication of dorsal and ventral scales [versus subimbricate dorsal scales]; A. bogotensis in the western group and all other members of the ocellata group have a much lower number of longitudinal scale rows around mid-body: 24–32 in A. bogotensis and 27–32 to 30–37 [versus 41–43] (Fig. 4). In addition, A. hollandi is the species with the largest body size [89.1–109.0 mm SVL] among the known species of the western group: 40.0 – 61.4 mm SVL in all other species (Fig. 4). Description of the holotype (Figs 3,5). A male, 89.1 mm of snout-vent length (SVL), 210.7 mm of tail length, and 299.8 mm of total length. Head length 20.9 mm, head width 13.1 mm, and snout length 17.2 mm. Head scales smooth, glossy, and juxtaposed. Rostral wider than high, mostly in contact with frontonasal, less with the first supralabial, and barely with the anterior division of the nasal. Frontonasal pentagonal, not elongated, and with a slightly rounded anterior edge, contacting laterally the divided nasals, and posteriorly the prefrontals. No contact between frontal and loreals. Prefrontals in mid contact, about 30% of the scale length, hexagonal, also contacting frontonasal, the posterior division of the nasal, the loreal, the presupraocular, and the frontal. Frontal pentagonal, slightly wider on the anterior edges, about the same size as the frontonasal, mostly in contact with prefrontals, supraoculars, and the frontoparietals; barely in contact with presupraoculars. Frontoparietal two, subhexagonal, contacting laterally the second and third pair of supraoculars, and posteriorly the parietals and the interparietal. Interparietal hexagonal, about twice as long as wide, contacting laterally the two pentagonal and larger parietals; parietals and interparietal contact posteriorly a row of seven uneven postparietals, also considered the first transversal row of dorsal scales. Supraoculars three, the anterior larger than the other two, in contact laterally with five superciliary scales. Divided nasal scales, in contact ventrally with first and second supralabials, posteriorly with loreal, and dorsally with dorsal and prefrontal scales. Nostril rounded, placed mostly within the anterior division of the nasal. Loreal pentagonal, in contact dorsally with prefrontal, posteriorly with presuperciliary and frenocular, and ventrally with the second supralabial. Frenocular contacting dorsally the presuperciliary, posteriorly the first subocular, and ventrally the second and third supralabials. Presuperciliary roughly pentagonal, in contact posteriorly with first superciliary and first ciliary, and expanded onto dorsal surface of head, contacting dorsally a small triangular presupraocular. Superciliary five, much larger at the anterior and posterior extremes, and in contact ventrally with ciliary. Six ciliary scales. Lower palpebrals translucent and unpigmented. Suboculars five, polygonal, first contacting posterior end of third supralabial, second contacting both third and fourth supralabials, third contacting fourth supralabial, fourth contacting both fourth and fifth supralabial, and fifth contacting fifth and marginally sixth supralabial. Postoculars three, polygonal. Supralabials seven, third longest. Mental wider than long, and in contact posteriorly with the first two pairs of infralabials and the postmental. Infralabials five, fifth the longest. Postmental single, pentagonal, wider than long, in contact posteriorly with the first pair of genials. Three pairs of genials, the anterior two pairs in broad medial contact. The first pair in direct contact with second and mostly third infralabials. The second pair of genials in contact with the third and the fourth infralabials. Third pair of genials in contact with fourth and fifth infralabials. Transverse gular scales in 14-15 rows between the posterior edge of the third pair of genials and the collar fold. Dorsal scales sub-hexagonal in shape, twice longer than wide, with straight lateral edges, - smooth and glossy. Dorsal scales arranged in 43 transverse rows. Thirty-one transverse dorsal scales between the posterior edge of forelimbs and the anterior edge of hindlimbs. Lateral scales similar to dorsal scales, smaller near the insertions of limbs. More rows (1.30 times) of dorsal transverse scales for each ventral row. First transverse row of pentagonal ventral scales -. From that point, all transverse ventral scales are roughly quadrangular, smooth and juxtaposed. Ventral scales 1.3–1.5 times longer than wide, and 1.2 times longer and 1.2 times wider than dorsal scales. Ventral scales arranged in 33 transverse rows. Scale rows around the mid body 41. Six posterior cloacal plate scales. Tail complete but the very tip, cylindrical, with scales rectangular, smooth, juxtaposed and arranged clearly in transverse rows. Limbs pentadactyl and digits clawed. Anterodorsal brachial scales polygonal, subequal in size, imbricate and smooth. Posteroventral brachial scales rounded, uneven in size, smooth and imbricate. Dorsal and anterior antebrachial scales rounded, subequal in size, smooth, and subimbricate. Scales on dorsal surfaceof manus polygonal, smooth and imbricate. Scales on manus palmar surface ovoid, juxtaposed, slightly smooth and smaller than dorsals. Thenar scales three. Scales on dorsal surface of fingers smooth, quadrangular, imbricate, overhanging supradigital lamellae, three on finger I, six on II, nine on III, nine on IV, and six on V. Subdigital lamellae three on finger I, eight on II, 11 on III, 14 on IV, and nine on V. Dorsal and anterior scales of thigh large, polygonal and juxtaposed. Posterior thigh scales small, rounded and slightly imbricate. Ventral thigh scales large, rounded and imbricate. Seven and eight femoral pores per leg, and no scales between each pair of femoral pores. Dorsal and anterodorsal crus scales polygonal, smooth and juxtaposed. Ventral and posterior crus scales rounded, small and imbricate. Scales on dorsal surface of toes rounded, smooth, varying in size. Supradigital lamellae four on toe I, seven on II, 10 on III, 10 on IV, and 10 on V. Subdigital lamellae single, five on toe I, nine on II, 13 on III, 12 on IV, and 12 on V. Coloration (Figs. 3, 5). In life, the holotype is light brown with irregular dark brown marks throughout trunk and near tail insertion. The dark marks become roughly rounded and connected throughout the rest of the dorsal tail. The paratypes lack dark brown marks and tail patterning. Venter is cream white, with few dark brown to black speckles. Near the head, the cream white coloration suffuses with light brown towards the supralabial scales. Each body flank bears a longitudinal row of 7–9 black ocelli with white centers. Limbs are dorsally light brown and ventrally cream white with few dark speckles. In specimens preserved in ethanol, light brown becomes darker, dark spots and speckles remain visible, and ventral cream white becomes dark grey. Hemipenes (Fig. 6). We extracted the hemipenes of both paratypes. They are bilobed with a similar length of truncus; the lobes are rounded with a reticulated surface and with the presence of small lateral calyces towards the sulcate side of the hemipene. The asulcated side exhibits several folds: at the base a horizontal fold, and towards the upper part of the truncus, laminar folds arranged in an inverted “V” shape, which reaches the middle of the truncus without touching the sulcus spermaticus. Natural history. All individuals were found near the cloud forest edge, one of them apparently basking on the roof of the Reserve’s biological station, and a second within an open area of the house. The third was spotted coming out a large arboreal bromeliad, at about 2 m above the ground level. In captivity, they often adopted a hanging posture, using their long tails and posterior limbs to hang upside down from small branches or sticks (Fig. 5). Near all species of Anadia are known or suspected to be arboreal, dwelling within bromeliad plants or the leaf litter accumulated between the large tree branches. Exceptions are the high-altitude species (e.g., A. bogotensis and A. brevifrontalis), which are mostly found on the ground, under rocks and logs, or within rosette plants,. Conservation status. The new species is only known from the edge of the Mesenia-Paramillo nature reserve and the specimens were collected within 5 ha. As mentioned above, the lack of sightings despite intensive search at the reserve may be due to the species’ arboreal habitat. Nonetheless, no specimens of this species were found in the large herpetological collections at the Universidad de Antioquia (Medellín, Colombia) and the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Bogotá, Colombia). Due to the lack of information on its distribution, the relatively small area of the nature reserve, and the vulnerability of forests within this elevational belt, we suggest assigning A. hollandi sp. nov. to the category Vulnerable (VU: B1a, biii; IUCN, 2001), until new information is available., Published as part of Amézquita, Adolfo, Daza, Juan Manuel, Contreras, Leidy Alejandra Barragán, Orejuela, Catalina, Barrientos, Lucas Santiago & Mazariegos, Luis A., 2022, One more and one less: a new species of large bromelicolous lizard (Gymnophthalmidae: Anadia) from the Andean cloud forests of northwestern Colombia and the phylogenetic status of Anadia antioquensis, pp. 217-238 in Zootaxa 5150 (2) on pages 221-225, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5150.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6621199, {"references":["Oftedal, O. T. (1974) A revision of the genus Anadia (Sauria, Teiidae). Arquivos de Zoologia, 25, 203 - 265. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / issn. 2176 - 7793. v 25 i 4 p 203 - 265"]}

Le chapitre caractérise le climat de la région de Dosso (figure 1) à travers les principaux paramètres climatiques utiles pour identifier les aléas sécheresse et inondation et considère les tendances climatiques des évènements extrêmes (pauses pluviométriques et pluies intenses). Les analyses sont basées sur les données des stations et postes pluviométriques de la Direction de la météorologie nationale (DMN) du Niger en analysant les séries d'enregistrements dans la région d'au moins 30 ans. Une intégration avec les données des modelés de projection climatique a été faite pour détecter les tendances futures du climat. Le but de la caractérisation climatique de la région de Dosso est de connaître l'ampleur spatio-temporelle des changements des paramètres clés du climat.

Relevant le défi des initiatives de l'OMM, le projet ANADIA 2.0 s'est engagé dans l'appui à la Direction de la météorologie nationale du Niger (DMN) pour la production et la diffusion de services agro-météorologiques pour les agriculteurs. L'hypothèse est que les SMC peuvent effectivement améliorer la productivité agricole et augmenter les revenus des agriculteurs, jouant un rôle essentiel dans la réalisation des objectifs de développement durable (Campbell et al. 2014), à condition que des mécanismes appropriés de diffusion et d'utilisation soient en place. Par conséquent, les défis que le projet a décidé de relever ont été identifiés dans l'amélioration des services existants, dans l'augmentation de leur diffusion et dans le soutien à leur adoption. Ce chapitre vise à délimiter l'approche méthodologique adoptée dans la région de Dosso et à discuter les succès et les échecs rencontrés au cours des 2 dernières années.

Cet ouvrage visait à montrer, à travers le cas de la région Dosso (Niger), comment il est possible d'améliorer la gestion locale du risque hydroclimatique en milieu rural au moyen d'analyses et d'évaluations des risques et de mesures d'adaptation appropriées. Les onze chapitres présentent la sécheresse agricole, les précipitations intenses et les inondations fluviales qui menacent les établissements humains et les moyens de subsistance de la population rurale de cette région, en réduisant la sécurité alimentaire et entravant le développement durable. Les températures, les pluies intenses, les séquences sèches devraient augmenter dans les années à venir et leurs impacts sur les communautés rurales sont destinés à se répéter et à s'aggraver s'ils ne sont pas traités par des mesures adéquates. Ces menaces se traduisent par des impacts sur les communautés locales. Dans la région de Dosso, ce ne sont pas les villes qui sont les plus touchées par les inondations mais les villages administratifs et les hameaux, où 70 % des dégâts aux habitations s'accumulent. Au cours des vingt dernières années, ces localités semblent subir une transformation rapide. Tout d'abord, elles se développent plus rapidement (5,4 % en moyenne annuelle) que les villes (3,0 %). Ensuite les bâtiments utilisent de plus en plus des toitures en tôle : + 14 % en moyenne annuelle dans les villages administratifs et + 15 % en moyenne annuelle dans les hameaux. Cependant, cette consolidation positive du cadre bâti n'est pas suffisante pour protéger les maisons des inondations pluviales.

climatiques, leurs conséquences et leurs impacts sont souvent rares et spatialement non homogènes, et il en va de même pour les données sur les inondations. Dans le passé, les chercheurs ont analysé les séries chronologiques des inondations en utilisant principalement des informations tirées des media et des bases de données mondiales sur les catastrophes. Tarhule et al. (2005) ont utilisé des informations tirées de comptes rendus de journaux entre 1970 et 2000 pour analyser la fréquence des inondations et leurs impacts au Sahel. Aich et al. (2015) ont analysé les séries chronologiques des inondations à travers le bassin du fleuve Niger dérivées de trois sources différentes : le NatCatService de la société de réassurance de Munich, la base de données (EM-DAT) de l'Université de Louvain et la base de données du Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Toutes les données sont basées sur des revues de presse des organisations respectives et la collecte de données provenant de sources officielles. Comme l'ont déclaré les auteurs eux-mêmes, les chiffres rapportés dans ces enquêtes diffèrent souvent considérablement d'une source à l'autre. Depuis 1998, le Dispositif national de prévention et de gestion des catastrophes et crises alimentaires (DNPGCA) a collecté au Niger des données sur les inondations enregistrant les localités et les populations affectées, les dates des inondations et les dommages. Initialement, ces données ont été collectées dans la plupart des cas au niveau départemental ou régional, sous forme papier et sans unités de mesure homogènes ; depuis les premières années de la dernière décennie, le système a été affiné et les informations sur les inondations sont désormais collectées au niveau des localités de manière standardisée. Depuis 2014, la cellule de coordination du système d'alerte précoce (CC/SAP) a mis en place, avec le support du projet ANADIA (Adaptation au changement climatique et réduction des risques de catastrophe en agriculture pour la sécurité alimentaire au Niger), une base de données relationnelle, dénommée BDINA (Base de données sur les inondations au Niger ANADIA) afin de stocker les données numériques et permettre l'évaluation des impacts des inondations. La base de données est en accès libre sur le web (www.inondations-niger.org). Exploitant les informations publiées par la BDINA, l'objectif de cette étude est de fournir à la communauté scientifique et aux décideurs politiques une source de données référencée et fiable concernant les inondations dans la région de Dosso, évaluant les tendances spatiales et temporelles entre 1998 et 2019 au niveau régional et sous-régional.

Le Niger est un pays caractérisé par une forte variabilité climatique et les aléas climatiques représentent le principal facteur limitant la production agricole. L'interaction entre les ressources naturelles, le climat et la population détermine la base physique des systèmes de production (Banque mondiale 2013). Les systèmes de production du Niger sont particulièrement vulnérables aux risques climatiques à cause de la pauvreté structurelle, de la dégradation des ressources en sol et de la croissance démographique. Par conséquent, le climat résulte être l'un des facteurs qui entravent la mise en place des conditions durables de la sécurité alimentaire. Cette emprise du climat sur la sécurité alimentaire résulte principalement des impacts des sécheresses, des inondations et d'autres catastrophes. La prise en compte des risques climatiques auxquels fait face cette agriculture de subsistance au Niger est plus que nécessaire pour assurer la sécurité alimentaire des populations. Le suivi et l'évaluation des risques climatiques majeurs permettent de quantifier leur ampleur et leur fréquence afin de s'y adapter.

En Afrique tropicale la réduction du risque hydro-climatique peine à devenir une politique publique. La Région de Dosso au Niger (31 000 km2, deux millions d'habitants) a été inondée et frappée par la sécheresse à plusieurs reprises durant les dernières années. Alors, pour mieux comprendre et maîtriser ces aléas les changements climatiques d'ici au 2030 sont caractérisées à l'échelle locale. La base de données sur les inondations est transférée dans une archive ouverte. La dynamique spatiale des localités rurales est observée durant les 20 dernières années, L'analyse-évaluation du risque d'inondation et de sécheresse est développée à l'échelle régionale, communale et de localité rurale. Des services climatologiques sont offerts aux petits producteurs ruraux. Les méthodes proposées utilisent des informations en libre accès et sont donc aisément reproductibles dans d'autres régions du Pays et d'Afrique francophone. Ce livre présente des outils pour connaître et gérer le risque hydro-climatique à l'échelle locale (Sous Presse).

Introduzione generale al libro "Risque et adaptation climatique dans la région de Dosso au Niger" prodotto nell'ambito del progetto ANADIA2.

La disponibilité en eau est le principal facteur limitant l'agriculture au Sahel. La région de Dosso, au Niger, a un grand potentiel agricole grâce à sa position géographique à la limite sud du Sahel et au fleuve Niger qui la contourne pour plus de 150 kilomètres à l'Est. Le climat de la région est soudano-sahélien et a été caractérisé par une période humide jusqu'à la fin des années 1960, une période sèche aux années 1970-1980 et une période postsécheresse, plus humide que la précédente mais ne récupérant pas complètement la situation initiale, à partir de la fin des années 1990. À l'échelle saisonnière, 90 % des précipitations annuelles, principalement d'origine convective, se produisent de juin à septembre. Les événements pluvieux, généralement courts et intenses, tombent sur des sols nus ou dégradés entraînent un fort ruissellement qui se concentre rapidement dans les mares temporaires, les sorties naturelles de petits bassins versants, puis dans le réseau de drainage principal. Cette étude vise à témoigner comment les nouvelles conditions hydroclimatiques ont permis l'expansion du maraîchage en témoignant de capacités paysannes à surmonter un contexte de crise aux multiples facettes. D'autre part, il met aussi en évidence les risques qui menacent ces nouveaux systèmes de production si des mesures de ne sont pas urgemment prises pour éviter une ultérieure dégradation environnementale qui effacerait tous les avantages que les changements observés semblent amener.

Food gathering strategies and their interactions contribute significantly to the knowledge of the ecological and evolutionary relationships of fauna. We report an observation of predatory behavior of Ochraceous Attila ( Attila torridus ) on the Buenaventura lizard ( Anadia buenaventura ), in the Buenaventura Reserve, El Oro province, Ecuador. On 12 November 2015, an adult of A. torridus was photographed carrying an adult A. buenaventura in its beak, after accommodating the lizard in its beak, the bird was lost in the vegetation, which was approximately 5 m in height. Although the consumption of its prey was not observed, it is assumed that it was devoured. The documentation of this event expands the knowledge of the natural history of this endemic species.

The soil surface albedo decreases with an increasing biochar application rate as a power decay function, but the net impact of biochar application on soil temperature dynamics remains to be clarified. The objective of this study was to assess the potential of infrared thermography (IRT) sensing by monitoring soil surface temperature (SST) with a high spatiotemporal and thermal resolution in a scalable agricultural application. We monitored soil surface temperature (SST) variations over a 48 h period for three treatments in a vineyard: bare soil (plot S), 100% biochar cover (plot B), and biochar-amended topsoil (plot SB). The SST of all plots was monitored at 30 min intervals with a tripod-mounted IR thermal camera. The soil temperature at 10 cm depth in the S and SB plots was monitored continuously with a 5 min resolution probe. Plot B had greater daily SST variations, reached a higher daily temperature peak relative to the other plots, and showed a faster rate of T increase during the day. However, on both days, the SST of plot B dipped below that of the control treatment (plot S) and biochar-amended soil (plot SB) from about 18:00 onward and throughout the night. The diurnal patterns/variations in the IRT-measured SSTs were closely related to those in the soil temperature at a 10 cm depth, confirming that biochar-amended soils showed lower thermal inertia than the unamended soil. The experiment provided interesting insights into SST variations at a local scale. The case study may be further developed using fully automated SST monitoring protocols at a larger scale for a range of environmental and agricultural applications.

We performed a systematic review of the genus Anadia in Ecuador to delimit species based on several lines of evidence: external morphology, hemipenes, coloration, DNA sequences and geographical distribution. We describe a new species, Anadia buenaventura sp. nov., which is distinguished from other species of Anadia by presenting a pattern of coloration with light dorsolateral bands and paravertebral rows of dark spots, as well as fewer scales around the body. We also present new data on the distribution of Anadia petersi Oftedal and a molecular phylogeny that suggests that Anadia rhombifera (Günther) is a complex of species that requires further taxonomic work that should include material from Colombia.

Nesting in tropical highlands is challenging due to the fluctuations of temperature, including extreme cold, and humidity. For most reptiles in the highland tropical region the thermal and hydrological profiles of nests have not been described, and it is therefore uncertain how future climate change may affect this ontogenetic stage. We monitored 17 communal nests of Anadia bogotensis at a highland locality in Colombia. The soil humidity and temperature of the nests and the air temperature were recorded for almost a year, together with other physical and biotic nest characteristics. Nests exhibited high temporal and spatial thermal variation unrelated to the nests' physical characteristics. The maximum and minimum temperatures of the nests and air exhibited a linear and positive relationship, whereas the thermal variance (CV) exhibited a linear and positive relationship with maximum air temperature. Furthermore, CV of the heating phase was higher than that of the cooling phase for the nest and air temperature and it was similar between nests with and without viable eggs. However, it was different between each nest type and air temperature. During the cooling phase the average CV was different between nests with and without viable eggs and between nests and air temperature. In conclusion, the temperature of the nests exhibits strong daily fluctuation, and most of the nests follow the same fluctuation as air temperature. However, it seems that the rock covering some nests prevents the nest temperature from falling as quickly as the air temperature and from reaching the minimum environmental value.

Nearly 50% of the diversity of the speciose Neotropical lizard clade Gymnophthalmidae is nested within the subclade Cercosaurinae. The taxonomy of Cercosaurinae lizards has been historically confusing because many diagnostic characters of those clades traditionally ranked as genera do not represent true diagnostic apomorphies. Even though molecular phylogenies of several 'genera' have been presented in the last few years, some of them remain poorly sampled (e.g., Anadia, Echinosaura, Potamites, Riama). In this paper we present a more comprehensive phylogeny of Cercosaurinae lizards with emphasis on Andean taxa from Ecuador and Peru, as well as a time-calibrated phylogeny with reconstruction of ancestral areas. Our analysis includes 52% of all recognized species of Cercosaurinae (67 species) and 1914 characters including three mitochondrial and one nuclear gene. We find that Anadia, Echinosaura, Euspondylus, Potamites, Proctoporus, and Riama are not monophyletic: the Tepuian Anadia mcdiarmidi is not sister to Andean species of Anadia; Echinosaura sulcarostrum is not included in the same clade formed by other species of Echinosaura and their more recent common ancestor; Teuchocercus is nested within Echinosaura; species of Euspondylus included in this study are nested within Proctoporus; Riama laudahnae is included in Proctoporus; and Potamites is paraphyletic and split in two separate clades, one of which we name Gelanesaurus, also a new genus-group name. Within Potamites, P. ecpleopus is paraphyletic, and P. strangulatus strangulatus and P. strangulatus trachodus are recognized as two distinct species. We also identify three unnamed clades (i.e., not nested within any of the recognized 'genera') from Andean populations in Ecuador and Peru. The estimated age of the clade Cercosaurinae (∼60Ma) corresponds to the early stages of the northern Andes. Even though the distribution of the most recent common ancestor of Cercosaurinae remains equivocal, our analysis shows that these lizards colonized and radiated along the northern Andes before reaching the central Andes in Peru. Finally, we present phylogenetic definitions for some of the recovered clades to promote a clear and precise classification of Cercosaurinae lizards.

A new Colombian species of gymnophthalmid lizard is described from Porce River piedmont, in the northern region of the Cordillera Central of Colombia. The new species is allocated in the Anadia bitaeniata group and represents the westernmost member of the group. This species is distinguished primarily by the sub-hexagonal dorsal scales, large quadrangular ventral scales, ten femoral pores per leg not separated by inter-pore scales in both sexes, and by a combination of several characteristic scale counts, hemipenial morphology and color pattern. The threatened status of the new species is discussed.

Anadia pariaensis Rivas, La Marca, and Oliveros, 1999, and Anadia steyeri Nieden, 1914, are two particularly rare and poorly known lizards described from single specimens. In the case of A. pariaensis, it remains known from the holotype, whereas A. steyeri is known from three additional specimens reported in the literature after the original description of the species. A single new specimen of A. pariaensis and five of A. steyeri, including the first adult males recorded for both species, make possible a more representative description of both species, including descriptions of the hemipenes. Despite both species presenting some similar morphological characteristics, the examination of the hemipenial morphology revealed very different organs. The hemipenis of A. steyeri presents some characteristics that resemble the organs of two species from the Santa Marta Mountain Range in the “bitaeniata-group” (Anadia pulchella and Anadia altaserrania). On the other hand, the hemipenes of A. pariaensis are ...

Os estudos paleobiologicos sao uma importante fonte de informacoes acerca das condicoes de saude e das dinâmicas bioculturais das populacoes do passado. No caso especifico da tradicao arqueologica Aratu, pouco se conhece a respeito da biologia de sua populacao, o que em parte se deve ao fato de que os remanescentes osseos nem sempre estao presentes nas urnas funerarias escavadas ou, quando estao, as condicoes de preservacao impedem estudos dessa natureza. No caso do Sitio Baixa das Flores, apesar de possuir uma pequena amostra osteologica, esses estudos tornam-se relevantes pelo fato de proporcionarem uma primeira observacao biologica das populacoes humanas inseridas na tao vasta tradicao arqueologica Aratu no Nordeste brasileiro. PALEOBIOLOGICAL STUDY OF HUMAN REMAINS FROM BAIXA DAS FLORES SITE, LIMOEIRO DE ANADIA, ALAGOAS, BRASIL ABSTRACT The paleobiologic studies are an important source of information about health conditions and bioculturals dynamics of populations of the past. In the specific case of the archaeological tradition Aratu, little is known about their population biology, partly due to the fact that the skeletal remains are not always present in the excavated burial urns or when they are, the preservation conditions hinder studies of this nature. If the site of Baixa das Flores, despite having a small osteological sample, it is relevant because providing a first biological observation of human populations inserted in the vast archaeological tradition Aratu in northeastern Brazil. Keywords : Human paleobiology; Funerary urns; Aratu Tradition

No nosso País são numerosos os territórios rurais que se têm esvaziado de pessoas e de eventos… Com este processo, desaparecem estruturas, relações e vivências que acabam por resultar num conjunto de perdas, algumas irreparáveis, outras que intensificam múltiplas ruturas, muito difíceis de voltarem a coexistir, não só do ponto de vista dos recursos humanos, mas também do reconhecimento e valorização desses territórios. Ora, esta noção de perda tem sido vivida, sentida e partilhada pelos residentes mas, igualmente, por todos os outros utilizadores do território. No entanto, é possível ultrapassar este problema em alguns desses territórios, pois a persistência de recursos naturais ou outros, são de tanta relevância, tão assimilados e incorporados no sistema, que os seus não esquecimentos, as suas integrações nas atividades e as suas múltiplas utilizações podem ajudar a criar uma primeira base de manutenção e valorização global, reduzindo fragilidades e permitindo a concentração de várias funções, sem colidirem com o perfil de desenvolvimento desejado. A freguesia de Avelãs de Cima, no concelho de Anadia é um exemplo do descrito: um território rural, onde as funções económicas têm estado essencialmente assentes em práticas agrícolas e florestais. Como detém características exclusivas e espaços muito próprios, suficientemente distintivos por comparação com a oferta global dos territórios adjacentes, reconhecidos pela sua qualidade e diferenciação pelos utilizadores, apresenta-se um estudo de caso, com a aplicação de conceitos e ideias suportados em práticas empreendedoras e de marketing territorial, aproveitando as novas procuras da representação do rural, valorizando outras funções dos espaços rurais que não exclusivamente a agrícola, num quadro de preservação da identidade dos aglomerados rurais e de respeito e reforço do sentido de pertença, e que passa também pela formulação de atividades que satisfaçam conjuntamente residentes, visitantes e investidores.

Anadia mcdiarmidi sp. nov. Figs 1-7, Table 1 Anadia breweri (nomen nudum) ��� Gorzula 1992: 276, figs 168-171 Anadia species a ��� Gorzula & Se��aris 1999: 114-115, fig. 88 Anadia sp. A ��� McDiarmid & Donnelly 2005: 514 Anadia breweri (nomen nudum) ��� Brewer-Car��as & Audy 2010: 210, unnumbered figure Holotype IRSNB 2677 (field number PK 3565), 1 adult ♂ collected by Philippe J. R. Kok, 03-05-2011 at 11h39, summit of Abakap��-tepui, Bol��var State, Venezuela, 05��11'09''N 062��17'36''W, 2201 m elevation. Paratopotypes (n=3) 1 adult ♂ (IRSNB 2674, field number PK 3578) collected by Philippe J.R. Kok, 06-05-2011 at 9h40, summit of Abakap��-tepui, Bol��var State, Venezuela, 05��10'50''N 062��17'49''W, 2242 m elevation); 1 juvenile ♂ (IRSNB 2675, field number PK 3577) collected by Philippe J.R. Kok, 06-05-2011 at 9h10, summit of Abakap��-tepui, Bol��var State, Venezuela, 05��11'00''N 062��17'34''W, 2200 m elevation; and 1 other juvenile ♂ (IRSNB 2676, field number PK 3589) collected by Philippe J.R. Kok, 09-05-2011 at 9h00, summit of Abakap��-tepui, Bol��var State, Venezuela, 05��11'07''N 062��17'19''W, 2204 m elevation. Etymology The specific epithet is a noun in the genitive case, honouring Roy McDiarmid, North American herpetologist (Smithsonian Institution), for his contribution to the knowledge of the Pantepui herpetofauna. Generic allocation The new species is placed in the genus Anadia because it fits the 11 diagnostic traits for the genus proposed by Oftedal (1974): dorsal scales smooth, essentially homogeneous; no distinct rows of much smaller scales between lateral scales; ventral scales smooth, quadrangular; head scales smooth, without striation; single frontonasal separating nasals; paired prefrontals; several large pigmented palpebrals; gular scales smooth, essentially homogeneous, with no distinctly enlarged longitudinal rows; 7-10 large preanal scales [maximum 9 in Oftedal (1974)]; femoral pores conspicuous in adult males; and limbs well developed, pentadactyl with all toes clawed. Definition and diagnosis A fairly robust species currently not assigned to any species group. The new species is characterized by the following combination of characters: (1) size small, body robust (maximum known SVL 62.2 mm); (2) tail longer than SVL; (3) dorsal scales small, quadrangular; (4) middorsal scales 53-57; (5) suboculars large, unequal in size, with sometimes one scale slightly protruding downward between 4 th and 5 th supralabial, suboculars separated from palpebrals by 2-3 rows of mostly inconspicuous tiny scales, a few of them distinctly enlarged with angular downward protrusion between suboculars; (6) nasal entire, without sub-nostril groove; (7) 3-4 large pigmented palpebrals; (8) body uniform beige or greyish to bluish brown in life, devoid of any conspicuous pattern in males; (9) absence of any dark line on side of head in adult males; (10) venter immaculate golden grey in life; (11) femoral pores 9-10 on each side in males, unknown in females; (12) preanal pores absent; (13) hemipenis globose, weakly bilobed, bordered by numerous flounces (>20, including about eight medioproximal asulcate flounces) bearing comblike rows of minute weakly mineralized spinules, sulcus spermaticus divided in the crotch by a small fleshy bumplike structure, sulcus branches barely detectable. The new taxon is immediately distinguished from Anadia ocellata, A. vittata, A. rhombifera, and A. petersi [all members of the ocellata group of Oftedal (1974)] and A. bogotensis [single member of the bogotensis group of Oftedal (1974)] in having quadrangular dorsal scales (subhexagonal in species of the ocellata group, imbricate in A. bogotensis), and in lacking a subnostril groove or divided nasal (nasal divided or subnostril groove present in species of the ocellata group and in A. bogotensis); from A. altaserrania [a member of the bitaeniata group of Oftedal (1974) according to Harris & Ayala (1987)] in having prefrontals (lacking in A. altaserrania), in having more femoral pores in males (9-10 in A. mcdiarmidi vs. 3-4 in A. altaserrania), and in having a higher number of middorsal scales (53-57 in A. mcdiarmidi vs. 45-47 in A. altaserrania); from A. bitaeniata, A. brevifrontalis, A. hobarti, A. pamplonensis, and A. pulchella [all members of the bitaeniata group of Oftedal (1974) according to La Marca & Garc��a-P��rez (1990)] in having a higher number of middorsal scales (53-57 in A. mcdiarmidi vs. maximum 50 in species of the bitaeniata group); from A. blakei and A. marmorata [members of the marmorata group of Oftedal (1974)] in having a higher number of middorsal scales (more than 50 in A. mcdiarmidi vs. less than 35 in A. blakei and A. marmorata); from A. bumanguesa [a member of the bitaeniata group of Oftedal (1974) according to Rueda-Almonacid & Caicedo (2004), but a possible synonym of A. steyeri and thus a member of the steyeri group of Oftedal (1974) according to Rivas et al. (in press)] in having a lower number of scales around midbody (35-36 in A. mcdiarmidi vs. 41 in A. steyeri), and in having pigmented palpebrals (unpigmented in A. bumanguesa); from A. pariaensis (not assigned to any species group in the original description) in having a much lower number of middorsal scales (54- 57 in A. mcdiarmidi vs. 70-72 in A. pariaensis); from A. steyeri [single member of the steyeri group of Oftedal (1974)] in having a lower number of scales around midbody (35-36 in A. mcdiarmidi vs. 40-45 in A. steyeri); and from A. escalerae (not assigned to any species group in the original description), the geographically closest relative, in having a robust body (slender in A. escalerae), in having smooth dorsal scales (weakly keeled in A. escalerae), in lacking dorsolateral stripes (present in A. escalerae), in having a lower number of middorsal scales (54-57 in A. mcdiarmidi vs. 63 in A. escalerae), and in having a lower number of scales around midbody (35-36 in A. mcdiarmidi vs. 40 in A. escalerae). Description of the Holotype An adult male in good condition (Figs 1A, C, 2, 3, 4, 6), with 62.2 mm SVL and 110.0 mm TL (see also Table 1). A rather robust Anadia species with moderately long limbs (digits overlap when limbs are adpressed along body). Snout attenuate, flat in profile. HL 25% of SVL, 1.5 times longer than wide, 1.6 times wider than high; head conspicuously wider than neck. Neck long, 68% of HL, 35% of AXG. SAL 93% of AXG, 46% of SVL. Body wider than deep. Tail dorsoventrally flattened, about 1.8 times longer than SVL. Limbs pentadactyl with all digits clawed. Forelimb 27% of SVL, 52% of AXG; hind limb 36% of SVL, 73% of AXG. Scutellation on the dorsal surface of head is typical for the genus [see fig. 1 in Oftedal (1974)], except the condition of the parietals and interparietal (see below and Figs 2, 7). The frontal is damaged, the frontoparietals are slightly damaged. Head scales are smooth with a few minute scattered pits, those pits are especially concentrated on the upper and posterior margins of supralabials, on the lower and posterior margins of infralabials, and on the posterior margin of rostral. Rostral much wider than deep, laterally in contact with nasals and first supralabial, dorsally in contact with large frontonasal. Frontonasal with nearly straight anterior margin, posteriorly pointed. Paired prefrontals in contact, medial suture short. Frontal damaged, but obviously wider anteriorly and with blunt anterior point. Paired frontoparietals slightly damaged, with long medial suture, in contact with interparietal, parietals, and two posterior supraoculars. Three large supraoculars subequal in size. Interparietal divided into about two scales unequal in size. Parietals not extending as far as interparietal posteriorly, divided into two scales on the left side, into four scales on the right side. A series of six small to large occipitals (postparietals) circling the common posterior margin of parietals and interparietal. Nasal scale entire, with a small indentation situated anterodorsally to nostril on the left side. Nasal scale in contact with rostral, posteriorly in contact with prefrontal, and in broad contact with loreal. Loreal large, pentagonal, in broad contact with first superciliary (= presuperciliary) and frenocular, in point contact with preocular. One small preocular, three postoculars. First superciliary large, followed by four shorter superciliaries. No small azygous scale between superciliaries and supraoculars. Frenocular followed posteriorly by three suboculars. Third subocular slightly extending to lip between supralabials 4-5 on the left side only. Suboculars separated from palpebrals by 2-3 poorly defined rows of mostly inconspicuous tiny scales, two of them distinctly enlarged with angular downward protrusion between suboculars. Seven supralabials. Eight ciliaries along upper eyelid. Lower eyelid scales translucent, slightly pigmented, with four higherthan-wide palpebrals. Temporal scales subimbricate, smooth, with flat surfaces, slightly larger above and smaller below. Ear opening broad, ovoid, slightly inclined posterodorsally, edged with small, slightly pebblelike scales; tympanum recessed, pigmented. Underside of head with six infralabials on each side. A large mental followed by a large postmental in contact with first two infralabials. Two pairs of large genials in broad contact medially, in lateral contact with infralabials 3-4; two pair of postgenials, the first pair large, each scale in contact with last genial and infralabials 4-5, the second pair much smaller, each scale in contact with first postgenial and in point contact with fifth infralabial. Gulars arranged in transverse rows, becoming slightly larger posteriad, culminating in a well-defined collar row of eight subequal scales; no distinctly enlarged longitudinal rows. Side of neck between ear and collar pebbled with subequal irregularly shaped juxtaposed scales. Middorsal scales 54. Dorsal scales on neck subimbricate, irregularly shaped, with rounded surfaces. Dorsal body scales smooth, juxtaposed, mainly quadrangular, a few irregularly shaped, but most are longer than wide, in transverse rows only. Lateral scales smooth, similar to dorsals, but smaller. Ventral scales much wider than dorsals, smooth, juxtaposed, quadrangular, slightly longer than wide except for ca. four median longitudinal rows of square to wider than long scales on belly; in 14 longitudinal rows at midbody and 31 transverse rows between collar and vent. Eight marginal preanal scales anterior to vent, the middle two narrower than the adjacent lateral ones, most outer ones very small. Femoral pores well developed, in swollen pore scales mostly in linear contact; 9 pores on left thigh, 10 on right. Pores do not extend onto preanal area (Fig. 3). Caudal scales smooth, subimbricate, rectangular, in transverse rows around tail. Scales on dorsal surfaces of arm large, smooth, imbricate; ventral surfaces of arm with similar, but smaller and less imbricate scales. Hind limbs with large, smooth subimbricate to imbricate scales on anterior face of thighs and on lower legs; scales similar but smaller on ventral side of thigh. Dorsal and posterior sides of thigh with much smaller, irregularly shaped juxtaposed scales. Moderate-size, imbricate scales atop hands and feet. Supradigital scales single; upper and lower ungualsheath scales covering base of claws, leaving tips well exposed. Palms and soles with small slightly raised juxtaposed scales (Fig. 4). Two enlarged smooth thenar scales at base of pollex. Subdigital lamellae mostly single. Lamellae under first (I) through fifth (V) finger (right/left side): I: 7/6, II: 9/9, III: 11/11, IV: 13/14, V: 10/9. Lamellae under first (I) through fifth (V) toe (right/left side): I: 6/6, II: 10/10, III: 14/12, IV: 17/15, V: 15/6 (large part of Toe V missing on left side). Tongue lanceolate; proximal two-third unpigmented, distal one-third heavily pigmented, including fork. Upper surface behind fork covered with imbricate scalelike papillae that extend onto ventrolateral sides of tongue. Raised medioventral side of tongue with numerous (>10) of thin, oblique, anteriorly converging and pointed (chevronlike) infralingual plicae; anterior pair of plicae swollen, bluntly pointed and larger than those following. Very shallow medioventral groove. Anterior maxillary and dentary teeth conical, unicuspid, with no or very feeble recurvature, becoming larger posteriorly. The left hemipenis (Fig. 5) extends about four subcaudal rows when adpressed to the tail, and is about 7.0 mm in length and 4.0 mm across its widest point when fully everted (organ not maximally expanded because one of the lobes was slightly damaged during the eversion process). Hemipenial body globose, tapered near the base, weakly and symmetrically bilobed. Sulcus spermaticus broader near crotch, relatively shallow, curving about halfway around the base of the organ, then running medially towards the lobes. Sulcus flanked by a narrow nude area on each side, and divided in the crotch by a small fleshy bumplike structure, from where two narrow, ill-defined and barely detectable sulcus branches seem to extend laterally into the folded thickened 'ear-like' tissues of each lobe towards the apices of the lobes. Lobes are complexly folded, not flattened terminally, and sulcus branches seem to end in small depressions (from which residual seminal fluid was removed before hemipenis preparation). Very base of hemipenis nude, pigmented in life. Lateral and asulcate faces of the organ with a series of roughly equidistant oblique plicae or flounces with weakly calcified spinules. Twenty-three rows of flounces extending along the organ. Basal flounces shorter, almost in straight transverse lines, the three first rows almost continuous across the hemipenial base, except for narrow nude areas on each lateral face and for nude areas edging each side of the sulcus spermaticus; five subsequent rows continuous across hemipenial body (except for nude areas edging each side of the sulcus spermaticus), with the seventh and eight rows distinctly pointing medially towards the apex on the asulcate face (those eight flounces proximal to the median nude space of the asulcate face correspond to the 'medioproximal asulcate flounces' sensu Myers et al. 2009); fifteen remaining rows chevron-shaped, also circling the organ, but separated by a broad median nude space on the asulcate face and by the nude areas edging each side of the sulcus spermaticus. The plicae bear comblike rows of minute weakly mineralized spinules that project slightly from the edges of the plicae and usually increase in size towards the lateral faces and the basal part of the organ (staining of the spinules by Alizarin Red is well visible under the microscope although not observable in Fig. 5). Colour of the Holotype in life Dorsum greyish to bluish brown depending on light intensity, devoid of any conspicuous pattern, but with a few scattered black scales on flanks. Arms and legs, including digits, greyish brown with a few scattered black scales; rear of thighs with a few ill-defined dark markings. Ventral surfaces of head and body golden grey, ventral surfaces of legs and tail bluish grey, palms and soles lemon yellow speckled with brown and yellowish orange scales. Tympanum dark brown, iris pale yellow (Figs 1A, C, 4). Colour of the Holotype in preservative After approximately two months in preservative, the dorsal surfaces became dark brown (looking slightly peppered when specimen is in liquid), the ventral surfaces are metallic blue, except the anterior surface of head, which is light grey (Fig. 6). Palms and soles are grey. Tympanum is dark brown. It is worthwhile to note that the ventral skin, and some parts that are light grey (like the anterior underside of head), turn blue or bluer when pressure is applied to the skin. Variation in paratypes The paratypes consist in 1 adult ♂ (SVL 60.4 mm), and 2 juvenile ♂ (SVL from 38.2 to 42.6 mm). Table 1 provides measurements of the type series, and Fig. 1B shows one of the juvenile paratypes in life (IRSNB 2675). One of the main differences among specimens of the type series is the occurrence of a presupraocular scale in the three paratypes (absent in the holotype); that presupraocular scale is divided on both sides in IRSNB 2675. IRSNB 2676 has four suboculars on both sides (vs. three in the holotype and other paratypes). Supralabial counts are consistent, but infralabial counts vary from 5 (n=1) to 7 (n=1, one side only). Pits on head scales are inconspicuous in the two juveniles (vs. well visible in the adult males). Suboculars are always separated from palpebrals by 2-3 poorly defined rows of inconspicuous tiny scales. In IRSNB 2674 three of these scales (vs. two in the holotype) are distinctly enlarged (larger than in holotype) with angular downward protrusion between suboculars. In both juvenile paratypes, only one of these scales is only slightly enlarged and slightly protrudes between suboculars. The condition of the parietals and interparietal is highly variable among specimens and none of the specimens examined has complete interparietal and parietals, which are always divided in several smaller scales (see Fig. 7 for comparison). Number of middorsal scales varies from 53 to 57. Ventrals are in 11 to 14 longitudinal rows and in 29 to 30 transverse rows. The number of femoral pores varies from 8 to 10. Preanals vary from 7 to 10. The fully everted, maximally expanded, right hemipenis of the adult ♂ paratype (IRSNB 2674) is identical to the holotype's organ, except that maximal expansion makes the sulcus spermaticus bifurcation and the sulcus branches even more difficult to appreciate. Maximal expansion does not highlight hemipenial features that would have been overlooked in the not maximally expanded hemipenis of the holotype. The hemipenis is 6.6 mm in length and 4.0 mm across its widest point when everted; there are twentyfour rows of flounces extending along the organ, ca. eight of which are medioproximal asulcate flounces. Colour in life ranges from beige to dark greyish, sometimes bluish, brown dorsally, depending on light intensity. Rear of thighs usually has a few ill-defined dark markings. Some blue markings may be visible around ear, or at the base of the tail, or on ventral parts. Ventral parts range from golden grey to pale yellow. One of the juvenile paratypes (IRSNB 2675, see Fig. 1B) has two poorly defined dark brown stripes between eye and ear. In preservative all specimens became dark brown dorsally, looking slightly peppered when in liquid. Ventral parts are always metallic blue (Fig. 6). Tympanum in preserved specimens varies from dark brown to blue or golden blue. Distribution and ecology The new species is known only from the Chimant�� Massif in Venezuela (Fig. 8) where it has been reported from Abakap��-tepui (type locality), Amur��-tepui, and Murei-tepui (sometimes named Eruod, Published as part of Kok, Philippe J. R. & Rivas, Gilson A., 2011, A new species of Anadia (Reptilia, Squamata) from the Venezuelan ' Lost World', northern South America, pp. 1-18 in European Journal of Taxonomy 3 on pages 3-15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2011.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3711435, {"references":["Gorzula S. 1992. La herpetofauna del macizo del Chimanta. In: Huber O (ed.), El Macizo del Chimanta: 267 - 280, 304 - 310. Oscar Todtmann Editores, Caracas.","Gorzula S. & Senaris J. C. 1999 \" 1998 \". Contribution to the herpetofauna of the Venezuelan Guayana: I. A data base. Scientia Guaianae 8: 1 - 269.","McDiarmid R. W. & Donnelly M. A. 2005. The herpetofauna of the Guayana Highlands: amphibians and reptiles of the Lost World. In: Donnelly M. A., Crother B. I., Guyer C., Wake M. H. & White M. E. (eds.) Ecology and Evolution in the Tropics: A Herpetological Perspective: 461 - 560. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.","Brewer-Carias C. & Audy M. 2010. Entranas del Mundo Perdido. Carlos Capriles de Altolitho C. A., Caracas.","Oftedal O. T. 1974. A revision of the genus Anadia (Sauria, Teiidae). Arquivos de Zoologia, Sao Paulo 25 (4): 203 - 265.","Harris D. M. & Ayala S. C. 1987. A new Anadia (Sauria: Teiidae) from Colombia and restoration of Anadia pamplonensis Dunn to species status. Herpetologica 43 (2): 182 - 190.","La Marca E. & Garcia-Perez J. E. 1990. A new species of high Andean Anadia (Sauria: Teiidae) from Paramo El Riecito, Estado Trujillo, Venezuela. Herpetologica 46 (3): 275 - 282.","Rueda-Almonacid J. V. & Caicedo J. R. 2004. Una nueva especie de Anadia (Reptilia: Sauria: Gymnophthalmidae) para el noroccidente de la cordillera oriental de Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales 28 (107): 281 - 284.","Myers C. W., Rivas Fuenmayor G. & Jadin R. C. 2009. New species of lizards from Auyantepui and La Escalera in the Venezuelan Guayana, with notes on \" microteiid \" hemipenes (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae). American Museum Novitates 3660: 1 - 31. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1206 / 657.1"]}

A new gymnophthalmid lizard of the genus Anadia Gray, 1845 is described from the summit of Abakapá-tepui, Bolívar state, Venezuela, between 2200-2242 m elevation. The new species, Anadia mcdiarmidi sp. nov., is endemic to the Chimantá Massif and seemingly also occurs on Amurí-tepui and Murei-tepui. The new taxon is mainly distinguished from all known congeners by the following combination of characters: body fairly robust, tail longer than SVL, dorsal scales small, quadrangular, middorsal scales 53-57, suboculars large, subequal in size, with sometimes one scale slightly protruding downward between 4th and 5th supralabial, nasal entire, without sub-nostril groove, body uniform greyish to bluish brown in life, devoid of any conspicuous pattern in males, venter immaculate golden grey in life, femoral pores not extending onto preanal area, 9-10 on each side in males, preanal pores absent, hemipenis globose, weakly bilobed, bordered by numerous flounces (>20) bearing comblike rows of minute weakly mineralized spinules.

Names are provided for two montane gymnophthalmid lizards that have been long known from the Venezuelan Guayana, but that were not described by other workers because specimens had been lost. Euspondylus auyanensis, new species ( = Anadia sp. auctorum), is known only from the summit of Auyantepui, where it was originally discovered by S. Gorzula in 1984; a later specimen, the holotype, was collected by Renaud Boistel in 1998. The monophyly of Euspondylus has not been established and the generic assignment is tentative. Anadia escalerae, new species, is based on a specimen obtained by John Cadle in 1980, in the region of La Escalera, to the east of Auyantepui. It agrees with Anadia sensu stricto in being a slender attenuate lizard, but is unusual in having weakly keeled (vs. smooth) dorsal scales and in having the prefrontals separated by an azygous scale. The last condition also occurs in the holotype of A. pariaensis from the Peninsula de Paria, about 500 km NNW of La Escalera; although differin...

Quando se fala em gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos, normalmente, somos encaminhados para a problemática em torno dos recursos necessários efetivos e respetiva forma de relacionamento, com especial destaque para os colaboradores e equipamentos de deposição e recolha. Contudo, por detrás desta atividade diária, existe um conjunto de variáveis que ajudam a percecionar, a perceber, a enquadrar, a aceitar e a promover as ações que justifiquem as decisões tomadas por quem de direito. Estas, apesar de terem um forte impacto na eficácia desejada, do ponto de vista do suporte e da avaliação, pouco se reconhecem, com este papel. De todas as que se podem aferir, destaca-se neste texto, as referentes às questões legais (europeias e nacionais), tais como as diretivas comunitárias e decretos-lei; as de natureza técnica, que nos levam às ferramentas de gestão que combinam dados alfanuméricos e georreferenciados e as de natureza institucional, fazendo-se referência (hierarquicamente falando), aos organismos envolvidos no processo e as suas funções, que vão desde a avaliação à comunicação. Apesar de uma abordagem meramente teórica, ela é a base que congrega as razões e as indicações, os instrumentos e os indicadores de suporte, que permitem a posteriori a análise aos resultados atingidos e suas implicações, na sociedade e nas instituições responsáveis pela gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos., Revista UIIPS, Revista da ESAS

Observations of a population of Anadia brevifrontalis were made during October and November of 1977 in the Venezuelan Andes. The study site was located in the paramo (alpine-tundra) of the state of Merida at 3,600 m. Basking and foraging activities occurred between 0930 and 1600 hrs., at an ambient air temperature range of 16.2-25.0 C. substrate temperature range of 19.9-29.2 C, and body temperature range of 15.2-27.4 C. Stomach contents contained 8 taxa of arthropods with larval Coleoptera/Lepidoptera, adult Coleoptera, and Araneae making up the most significant portion by weight. Most females contained yolking follicles or oviducal eggs during October and November as did others, more recently collected, in June and July 1979. The clutch size was two, with the eggs laterally fused and deposited in humus beneath rocks. Some nest sites contained only a pair of eggs, while others were communal. One of two communal nest sites contained eleven egg shells, the other at least 46 intact eggs and 27 shells.

The concept of the microteiid genus Anadia Gray, 1845, has been expanded to include Argalia marmorata Gray, 1846 and one species - brevifrontalis - heretofore referred to Euspondylus. Both newly referred forms are close to species that have always been placed in Anadia. Eleven species - one new - are recognized in five species groups: (1) the ocellata group including ocellata Gray, vittata Boulenger, rhombifera (Günther) and petersi, new species; (2) the bogotensis group with only bogotensis (Peters); (3) the steyeri group with only steyeri Nieden; (4) the bitaeniata group including bitaeniata Boulenger, brevifrontalis (Boulenger) and pulchella Ruthven; and (5) the marmorata group with marmorata Gray and blakei Schmidt