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RESUMEN El tratamiento de los pacientes con insuficiencia mitral aguda supone un reto terapéutico. Estos pacientes tienen una morbimortalidad muy elevada, que requiere un abordaje multidisciplinario. El presente documento recoge el posicionamiento de tres asociaciones implicadas en el tratamiento de estos pacientes: la Asociación de Cardiopatía Isquémica y Cuidados Agudos Cardiovasculares, la Asociación de Cardiología Intervencionista y la Asociación de Imagen Cardiaca. Incluye aspectos relacionados con la selección y los cuidados del paciente, los aspectos técnicos del tratamiento de borde a borde desde el punto de vista intervencionista y de la imagen cardiaca, y los resultados de este proceso. No se han incluido los resultados de la cirugía de reparación o sustitución mitral, que es la primera opción terapéutica a considerar en estos pacientes, por exceder los objetivos del documento.

ABSTRACT The approach to patients with acute mitral regurgitation poses a therapeutic challenge. These patients have a very high morbidity and mortality rate, thus requiring a multidisciplinary approach. This document presents the position of 3 associations involved in the management of these patients: the Ischemic Heart Disease and Acute Cardiovascular Care Association, the Interventional Cardiology Association, and the Cardiac Imaging Association. The document discusses aspects related to patient selection and care, technical features of the edge-to-edge procedure from both the interventional and imaging unit perspectives, and the outcomes of this process. The results of mitral repair and/or replacement surgery, which is the first-line treatment option to consider in these patients, have not been included as they exceed the scope of the aims of the document.

RESUMEN Introducción y objetivos: La mayoría de los pacientes con embolia pulmonar (EP) aguda reciben únicamente anticoagulación. La reperfusión es necesaria en los pacientes con EP de alto riesgo y en una minoría de pacientes con EP de riesgo intermedio-alto. La trombólisis sistémica (TS) es el tratamiento de reperfusión de primera línea, pero debido a las contraindicaciones y a la preocupación por las hemorragias graves, las terapias dirigidas por catéter (TDC) están surgiendo como una alternativa adecuada. El objetivo del presente estudio fue detectar predictores del uso de TDC con respecto a otras terapias en pacientes con EP aguda. Métodos: Este registro incluyó pacientes consecutivos con EP de riesgo intermedio y alto en dos centros terciarios, con un equipo de respuesta a la EP, desde 2014 hasta 2022. Los pacientes se agruparon según la terapia inicial: solo anticoagulación, TDC o TS; y se evaluaron los predictores de selección de terapia y variables de seguridad. Resultados: Se incluyó a un total de 274 pacientes. De ellos, 112 recibieron solo anticoagulación, 96 recibieron TS como tratamiento primario y 66 fueron sometidos a TDC en un primer momento. Las comorbilidades fueron mayores en el grupo TDC que en los otros dos. Los pacientes sometidos a TS o TDC presentaban mayores parámetros de gravedad de la EP al ingreso hospitalario. Tras el análisis multivariable, el índice de comorbilidad de Charlson (OR = 1,29; IC95%, 1,05-1,59), la cirugía reciente (OR = 11,07; IC95%, 3,07-39,87) y la EP central bilateral (OR = 2,42; IC95%, 1,10-5,32) siguieron siendo predictores independientes del uso de TDC. En cuanto a los resultados precoces de seguridad, sólo se produjeron hemorragias intracraneales en el grupo TS (1,8% de los pacientes). Conclusiones: Este registro contemporáneo utilizó TDC como terapia inicial en el 24% de los pacientes de riesgo intermedio y alto, principalmente en pacientes comórbidos y posquirúrgicos. La TDC fue una alternativa segura y eficaz al tratamiento médico en pacientes seleccionados.

ABSTRACT Introduction and objectives: Most patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE) receive anticoagulation only. Reperfusion is required in high-risk and a minority of intermediate-risk PE patients. Systemic thrombolysis (ST) is the first-line reperfusion therapy, but due to contraindications and major bleeding concerns, the use of catheter-directed therapies (CDT) is increasing as a suitable alternative. The objective of the present study was to detect predictors of the use of CDT compared with other therapies in patients with acute PE. Methods: This registry included consecutive intermediate- and high-risk PE patients in 2 tertiary centers with a 24/7 PE response team from 2014 to 2022. The patients were grouped according to the primary treatment: anticoagulation only, CDT, or ST. We evaluated predictors of treatment assignment and safety endpoints. Results: A total of 274 patients were included. Of them, 112 received anticoagulation only, 96 received ST as the primary treatment, and 66 underwent CDT first. Comorbidities were higher in the CDT group than in the other 2 groups. Patients undergoing ST/CDT had higher PE severity parameters at hospital admission. On multivariable analysis, independent predictors for the use of CDT were Charlson Comorbidity Index (OR, 1.29; 95%CI, 1.05-1.59), recent surgery (OR, 11.07; 95%CI, 3.07-39.87), and bilateral central PE (OR, 2.42; 95%CI, 1.10-5.32). Analysis of early safety outcomes showed that intracranial bleeding occurred only in the ST group (1.8% of patients). Conclusions: This contemporary registry used CDT as the primary treatment in 24% of intermediate- and high-risk patients, mainly in comorbid and postsurgical patients. CDT was a safe and effective alternative to medical therapy in selected patients.

ABSTRACT A substantial number of patients undergoing coronary angiography for angina or ischemia in noninvasive tests have coronary arteries without lesions or with nonsignificant stenosis. Many of these patients have nonobstructive myocardial ischemia (INOCA/ANOCA), which is an entity with prognostic importance that significantly affects patients’ quality of life. The absence of a proper diagnosis leads to inappropriate medical treatment, repeat diagnostic tests, and greater use of social and health resources. An adequate diagnostic strategy is required for individualized treatment that improves symptoms and quality of life. In this document from the SEC-Clinical Cardiology Association, SEC Interventional Cardiology Association, SEC-Ischemic Heart Disease and Acute Cardiac Care Association, and SEC-Cardiovascular Imaging Association of the Spanish Society of Cardiology, we provide simple and practical algorithms, with the aim of facilitating the early diagnosis and most appropriate treatment for patients with ANOCA. Keywords: ANOCA. INOCA. Microvascular dysfunction. Vasospastic angina. RESUMEN Un número importante de aquellos pacientes en quienes se realiza coronariografía por angina o isquemia presentan en pruebas no invasivas arterias coronarias sin lesiones o con estenosis no significativas. Muchos de estos pacientes tienen isquemia miocárdica de causa no obstructiva (INOCA/ANOCA), una condición con importancia pronóstica que afecta de manera considerable la calidad de vida. La ausencia de un diagnóstico que haga...

RESUMEN Un número importante de aquellos pacientes en quienes se realiza coronariografía por angina o isquemia presentan en pruebas no invasivas arterias coronarias sin lesiones o con estenosis no significativas. Muchos de estos pacientes tienen isquemia miocárdica de causa no obstructiva (INOCA/ANOCA), una condición con importancia pronóstica que afecta de manera considerable la calidad de vida. La ausencia de un diagnóstico que haga posible un tratamiento médico efectivo acarrea la repetición de pruebas diagnósticas y un mayor uso de recursos sociosanitarios. Es necesaria una estrategia diagnóstica adecuada para poder realizar un tratamiento personalizado, que mejore los síntomas y la calidad de vida. En este documento de la SEC-Asociación de Cardiología Clínica, SEC-Asociación de Cardiología Intervencionista, SEC-Asociación de Cardiopatía Isquémica y Cuidados Agudos Cardiovasculares, y SEC-Asociación de Imagen Cardiaca, se establecen unos algoritmos sencillos y prácticos con el objetivo de facilitar el diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento más adecuado de los pacientes con ANOCA. Palabras clave: ANOCA. INOCA. Disfunción microvascular. Angina vasoespástica. ABSTRACT A substantial number of patients undergoing coronary angiography for angina or ischemia in noninvasive tests have coronary arteries without lesions or with nonsignificant stenosis. Many of these patients have nonobstructive myocardial ischemia (INOCA/ANOCA), which is an entity with prognostic importance that significantly affects patients’ quality of...

RESUMEN Introducción y objetivos: Durante el confinamiento por la pandemia provocada por el coronavirus del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave de tipo 2 (SARS-CoV-2) se observó un descenso en los ingresos por síndrome coronario agudo (SCA). El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el impacto del confinamiento en la incidencia, la morbimortalidad y el manejo del SCA. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo y multicéntrico, en el que se incluyeron los pacientes ingresados por SCA entre el 14 de febrero y el 24 de junio de 2020. Se excluyeron los pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio y coronarias sin lesiones significativas. Se establecieron 3 grupos en función del periodo de ingreso: a) 1 mes antes del confinamiento; b) durante el confinamiento; y c) 1 mes después del confinamiento. Se evaluaron las diferencias en la mortalidad entre los 3 grupos, así como las diferencias temporales entre el inicio de los síntomas y el primer contacto médico. Resultados: Se incluyeron 634 pacientes (grupo A: 205; grupo B: 303; grupo C: 126). Se observó un descenso del 41% en los ingresos por SCA durante el primer mes del confinamiento respecto al mes previo, así como un retraso en el diagnóstico durante este mismo periodo: grupo A, 66 minutos (45-180); grupo B, 120 minutos (60-240); grupo C, 120 minutos (60-240) (p = 0,007). Sin embargo, no hubo mayor mortalidad durante el confinamiento (riesgo relativo, 1.26; intervalo de confianza del 95%, 0.53-2.97; p = 0,60). Conclusiones: Durante el confinamiento se produjo un marcado descenso en los ingresos por SCA y, a pesar de que se dilató el tiempo desde el inicio de los síntomas hasta el primer contacto médico en este periodo en los pacientes con SCA con elevación del segmento ST, la mortalidad fue similar en los 3 grupos estudiados.

ABSTRACT Introduction and objectives: During the lockdown due to the pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a decrease in the number of admissions due to acute coronary syndrome (ACS) was observed. The objective of our study was to evaluate the impact lockdown had on the incidence, morbidity and mortality, and management of ACS. Methods: A retrospective and multicenter study was conducted including patients admitted due to ACS from February 14 through June 24, 2020. Patients with acute myocardial infarction and coronary arteries without significant lesions were excluded. The following groups were established based on the period of admission: a) 1 month before lockdown; b) during lockdown; and c) 1 month after lockdown. The differences in mortality seen among the 3 groups were evaluated, as well as the temporal differences reported between symptom onset and the first medical contact (FMC). Results: a total of 634 patients were included (group a, 205; group b, 303, and group c, 126). A 41% decrease in the number of admissions due to ACS was observed during the first month of lockdown compared to the previous month, as well as diagnostic delay during this same period (group a, 66 minutes (45-180), group b, 120 minutes (60-240), and group c, 120 minutes (60-240), P = .007). However, a higher mortality rate during confinement was not reported (RR, 1.26; 95%CI, 0.53-2.97; P = .60). Conclusions: During lockdown, a remarkable decrease in the number of admissions due to ACS was observed, and although there was an increase in the time elapsed from symptom onset to the FCM in this period in patients with STEMI, the mortality rate was similar in the 3 groups studied.

We study a setting in which a company not only has a fleet of capacitated vehicles and drivers available to make deliveries but may also use the services of occasional drivers (ODs) willing to make deliveries using their own vehicles in return for a small fee. Under such a business model, a.k.a crowdshipping, the company seeks to make all the deliveries at the minimum total cost, i.e., the cost associated with their vehicles plus the compensation paid to the ODs.We consider a stochastic and dynamic last-mile delivery environment in which customer delivery orders, as well as ODs available for deliveries, arrive randomly throughout the day, within fixed time windows.We present a novel deep reinforcement learning (DRL) approach to the problem that can deal with large problem instances. We formulate the action selection problem as a mixed-integer optimization program.The DRL approach is compared against other optimization under uncertainty approaches, namely, sample-average approximation (SAA) and distributionally robust optimization (DRO). The results show the effectiveness of the DRL approach by examining out-of-sample performance.

Abstract Background Early recognition and risk stratification are crucial in cardiogenic shock (CS). A lower adherence to recommendations has been described in women with cardiovascular diseases. Little information exists about disparities in clinical picture, management and performance of risk stratification tools according to gender in patients with CS. Methods Data from the multicenter Red-Shock registry were used. All consecutive patients with CS were included. Both CardShock and IABP-SHOCK II risk scores were calculated. The primary end-point was in-hospital mortality. The discriminative ability of both scores according to gender was assessed by binary logistic regression, calculating Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the corresponding area under the curve (AUC). Results A total of 793 patients were included, of whom 222 (28%) were female. Women were significantly older and had a lower proportion of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and prior myocardial infarction. CS was less often related to acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in women. The use of vasoactive drugs, renal replacement therapy, invasive ventilation, therapeutic hypothermia and mechanical circulatory support was similar between both groups. In-hospital mortality was 346/793 (43.6%). Mortality was not significantly different according to gender (p = 0.194). Cardshock risk score showed a good ability for predicting in-hospital mortality both in man (AUC 0.69) and women (AUC 0.735). Likewise, the IABP-II successfully predicted in-hospital mortality in both groups (man: AUC 0.693; women: AUC 0.722). Conclusions No significant differences were observed regarding management and in-hospital mortality according to gender. Both the CardShock and IABP-II risk scores depicted a good ability for predicting mortality also in women with CS.

ABSTRACT Introduction and objectives: According to the recommendations of the latest clinical practice guidelines, non-ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) patients should undergo an invasive coronary angiography. However, the best moment to perform this coronary angiography has not been stablished yet. Our main objective was to see if performing an early angiography (within the first 24 h) in NSTEMI patients was associated with better prognosis compared to delayed angiography (beyond the first 24 h). Methods: From January 2014 to June 2016, 447 consecutive patients were admitted to the acute cardiac care unit of a tertiary hospital with a diagnosis of NSTEMI. They all underwent catheterization. We classified them into 3 groups depending on the moment when the coronary angiography was performed (within the first 24 h after diagnosis, 24 h to 72 h later, and > 72 h after diagnosis). Results: Coronary angiography was performed within the first 24 h in 285 patients (63.8%). There were no differences among the groups regarding gender, distribution of cardiovascular risk factors, past medical history of coronary disease or presence of other comorbidities. We found no differences among the 3 groups in variables with known prognostic impact. The cardiovascular events and 1-year mortality at follow-up were similar among the 3 groups. Conclusions: In our study, in the whole spectrum of NSTEMI, early coronary angiography (within the first 24 h) did not show any clinical benefits regarding survival or fewer major adverse cardiovascular events.

RESUMEN Introducción y objetivos: Las guías clínicas recomiendan la realización de una coronariografía en los pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio sin elevación del segmento ST (IAMSEST). Sin embargo, no está claramente establecido el mejor momento para hacerla. Por ello, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar si practicar un cateterismo precoz (durante las primeras 24 h) se relaciona con un mejor pronóstico, en comparación con hacerlo de manera diferida (más allá de las 24 h). Métodos: De enero de 2014 a junio de 2016 ingresaron en la unidad de cuidados agudos cardiológicos de un hospital terciario 447 pa­cientes consecutivos con diagnóstico de IAMSEST a los que se hizo una coronariografía. Se clasificó de forma retrospectiva a los pacientes en 3 grupos en función del momento de realización del cateterismo: durante las primeras 24 h, entre las 24 y 72 h tras el diagnóstico, y después de las primeras 72 h. Resultados: El cateterismo se llevó a cabo en las primeras 24 h en 285 pacientes (63,8%). No se identificaron diferencias entre los grupos en cuanto a sexo, prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular ni presencia de comorbilidad. Tampoco se encontraron diferencias en las variables pronósticas analizadas ni en la mortalidad. En el seguimiento a los 12 meses, la incidencia de eventos cardiovasculares y la mortalidad fueron similares entre los grupos. Conclusiones: En el presente estudio, la realización de una coronariografía precoz (en las primeras 24 h) a los pacientes ingresados por IAMSEST no mostró beneficio clínico en términos de supervivencia o reducción de eventos cardiovasculares.