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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the association between the immunohistochemical expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 and plasma zinc in women with fibroadenoma. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 37 premenopausal women with fibroadenoma. Waist circumference and body mass index of the participants were measured. Plasma zinc concentrations were determined using atomic flame absorption spectrophotometry. Fragments of breast tissue were fixed and incubated with primary mouse monoclonal antibodies (monoclonal antibodies matrix metalloproteinase -2 -507 and monoclonal antibodies matrix metalloproteinase -9-439). Semi-quantitative analysis of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 immunoreactivity was performed. Spearman’s test and Friedman’s test were used for statistical analyses. The p

Zn deficiency compromises its biological functions, its effect on the immune system and its antiviral activity, increasing vulnerability to infectious diseases. This narrative review aims at presenting and discussing functional aspects and possible mechanisms involved in the potential role of Zn in the immune response and antiviral activity for coronavirus infectious disease-19 (COVID-19) prevention and control. The searches were conducted in PubMed and Science Direct databases, using clinical trials, experimental studies in animals and humans, case–control studies, case series, letters to the editor, and review articles published in English, without restrictions on year of publication. Search approach was based on using the terms: ‘zinc’, ‘COVID-19’, ‘antiviral agents’, ‘immunologic factors’ and ‘respiratory tract infections’. Literature shows the importance of Zn as an essential mineral immunomodulator with relevant antiviral activity in the body. Thus, although there is still a scarcity of studies evaluating Zn supplementation in patients with COVID-19, the results on the topic show the necessity of controlling Zn mineral deficiency, as well as maintaining its homoeostasis in the body in order to strengthen the immune system and improve the prevention of highly complex viral infections, such as that of the COVID-19.

Background: Excessive adipose tissue, in the case of common obesity, has been associated with an endocrine-metabolic alteration that contributes to a manifestation of dyslipidemia. To identify mechanisms which are involved in disorders of lipid metabolism, several nutrients have been studied, especially zinc, which act by regulating transcription factors that are important for synthesis and oxidation of lipids and act as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant nutrient. Thus, the study makes an assessment of the zinc status and biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in obese women. Methods: A case-control study enrolling obese (body mass index (BMI) ≥35 kg/m²) and eutrophic (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m²) Brazilian women was conducted. Dietary zinc intake was assessed by the three-day food registry. Plasma, erythrocyte and urinary zinc concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Cardiovascular risk was assessed by plasma concentrations of lipid fractions, and by anthropometric measures. Results: Both groups showed a dietary zinc intake above the recommendations, with no statistical difference between them (p >0.05). Mean plasma and erythrocyte zinc concentrations were significantly reduced in obese women, compared to the control group (p Conclusion: Obese women presented zinc redistribution characterized by reduced concentrations in plasma and erythrocytes, dietary zinc intake above the recommended, and increased zinc excretion in the urine. This study shows dyshomeostasis of zinc in obesity, a possible role in adiposity control and, consequently, its protective role against cardiovascular risk, due to its influence on risk biomarkers, such as waist-hip ratio.

Some studies have demonstrated the participation of leptin in magnesium metabolism. On the other hand, there is evidence of the role of magnesium in the leptin intracellular signaling pathway. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the existence of a relationship between serum leptin concentrations and magnesium biomarkers in women with obesity. Case-control study involving 108 women aged between 20 and 50 years, divided into two groups: obese (n = 52) and control (n = 56). Body weight, height and waist circumference, body mass index, dietary magnesium intake, magnesium biomarkers and serum leptin concentrations were measured. Serum leptin concentrations showed a statistically significant difference between groups (p 0.001). Mean values of magnesium intake were lower than intake recommended, and with no statistically significant difference between two groups (p 0.05). Women with obesity had lower plasma and erythrocyte magnesium concentrations than control group did (p 0.001). Magnesium concentrations found in the urine of women with obesity were higher than the control group was, with a statistically significant difference (p 0.001). There was a correlation between serum leptin and magnesium biomarkers (p 0.001). Women with obesity show an inadequate magnesium nutritional status characterized by low plasma and erythrocyte concentrations and high concentrations in urine, and they also have high serum leptin concentrations. Thus, it was possible to observe a correlation between hyperleptinemia and magnesium biomarkers, requiring further studies to determine whether the dysfunction of this hormone can influence the compartmentalization of the mineral in obese organisms.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the calcium/magnesium (Ca/Mg) ratio and insulin resistance in women with obesity and normal-weight women. This was a cross-sectional study with 128 women (62 women with obesity and 66 normal-weight women). We measured dietary minerals intake and analyzed magnesium and calcium biomarkers. Ca/Mg ratio in diet, plasma and urine were calculated. We have evaluated glycemic parameters. Women with obesity had low dietary magnesium, reduced plasma and erythrocyte magnesium concentrations, and elevated urinary magnesium excretion. Plasma calcium concentration was lower and urinary calcium excretion was higher in patients with obesity than in the normal-weight group. Dietary magnesium and calcium intake per kilogram of body weight per day was lower in obese women than in the control group. Ca/Mg ratio in plasma and urine were elevated in women with obesity. We found a significant correlation among magnesium biomarkers and calcium parameters. Ca/Mg ratio seems to be associated with insulin resistance in obese women.

Abstract. Magnesium is a predominantly intracellular ion and plays an important role in energy metabolism and in the maintenance of energy homeostasis. This study aimed to estimate the dietary intake of magnesium and its association with adiposity parameters in obese women. This cross-sectional study included 125 women, aged between 20 and 50 years, who were divided into two groups: obese group (n = 62) and control group (n = 63). The control group was age-matched. Adiposity parameters determined were weight, body mass index and waist circumference as well as the intake of calories, macronutrients, and magnesium were calculated. The cut-off for obesity was body mass index between 30.0 and 39.9 kg/m2 and for control group was between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m2 Food intake was calculated using 3-day food records, and energy consumption as well as the intake of macronutrients and magnesium was calculated using the NutWin software version 1.5. The reference values used were the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for macronutrients and the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for magnesium. The average levels of magnesium found in the diet were lower than those recommended (169.1 ± 64.5 mg Mg/day and 158.5 ± 42.9 mg Mg/day, for obese women and control group, respectively) and the differences between the groups were not statistically different (p > 0.05). The correlation analysis indicated that the association between the dietary intake of magnesium and adiposity was not significant. The results of this study indicate that dietary magnesium does not influence the adiposity parameters in obese women.

Abstract. Thyroid hormones play an important role in body homeostasis by facilitating metabolism of lipids and glucose, regulating metabolic adaptations, responding to changes in energy intake, and controlling thermogenesis. Proper metabolism and action of these hormones requires the participation of various nutrients. Among them is zinc, whose interaction with thyroid hormones is complex. It is known to regulate both the synthesis and mechanism of action of these hormones. In the present review, we aim to shed light on the regulatory effects of zinc on thyroid hormones. Scientific evidence shows that zinc plays a key role in the metabolism of thyroid hormones, specifically by regulating deiodinases enzymes activity, thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) synthesis, as well as by modulating the structures of essential transcription factors involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Serum concentrations of zinc also appear to influence the levels of serum T3, T4 and TSH. In addition, studies have shown that Zinc transporters (ZnTs) are present in the hypothalamus, pituitary and thyroid, but their functions remain unknown. Therefore, it is important to further investigate the roles of zinc in regulation of thyroid hormones metabolism, and their importance in the treatment of several diseases associated with thyroid gland dysfunction.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components among Brazilian adolescents. Data source: Databases, such as LILACS, MEDLINE, and SciELO, were searched for original cross-sectional studies published between 2010 and 2021. The inclusion criteria were determined based on the mnemonic CoCoPop — Condition, Context, and Population: studies determining the prevalence of MS and its components (condition) in the general population of Brazilian adolescents, female and male (population), enrolled in public or private schools in rural or urban areas (context). Reviews, editorials, and articles that did not directly relate to the prevalence of MS or that included non-adolescent age groups or groups with specific health conditions (obesity/overweight and others) were excluded. Data synthesis: A total of 15 studies, including 43,227 adolescents, were identified. MS prevalence (95% confidence interval [95%CI]) was 2.9% (2.65–3.18) and 2.4% (1.90–2.90) (p

Selenium deficiency appears to limit antioxidant defense in obese individuals. This study evaluated the association between adiposity indices, selenium status, and oxidative stress in obese women.This was a cross-sectional study involving 139 women who were divided into the following two groups: the case group (obese women, n = 63) and the control group (normal-weight women, n = 76). Plasma, erythrocyte, and urinary selenium levels were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Body weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference and neck circumference were measured. Body mass index, waist/height ratio, conicity index, body fat index, body adiposity index, body circularity index, and visceral adiposity index were calculated. Plasma levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were determined. The erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity was determined using an automatic biochemical analyzer and Ransel kit.Obese women had selenium deficiency characterized by reduction in plasma and erythrocyte concentrations (P.001). The urinary selenium excretion was higher in the case group compared to the control group (P.001). Adiposity indices values and plasma concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were significantly elevated in obese women (P.001). There was a significant association between adiposity indices and selenium status (P.001), and between erythrocyte selenium and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity (P.001).Obese women evaluated in the study have reduced plasma and erythrocyte concentrations of selenium and an increased urinary excretion of selenium. The correlation analysis reveals an association between intra-abdominal fat accumulation and selenium metabolism and oxidative stress.

Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate whether low magnesium concentration is related to increased cardiovascular risk in obese women. Methods: This case-control study included women, who were divided into two groups: case (BMI>35 kg/m2) and control group (18.5>BMI>24.9 kg/m2). Body weight, height, waist, neck and hip circumference were measured according to the methodology described by the Ministry of Health. The analyses of plasma, erythrocyte, and urinary magnesium concentrations were performed using the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry method. The lipid fractions were analyzed according to the enzymatic colorimetric method using a Cobas Integra automatic biochemical analyzer. Results: Mean plasma and erythrocyte magnesium concentrations were lower in the obese women compared to the control group (p

The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the relation between zinc and the thyroid hormones in humans. The search for articles was conducted using the Pubmed, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and ScienceDirect databases on October 21 and 22, 2019, by two authors independently. The recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) were followed in the conduct of this review. The Cochrane Collaboration tool was used to assess the risk of bias of the trials included in this review. After the screening of the articles, eight studies that assessed the effects of zinc supplementation on thyroid hormone concentrations and ten studies that assessed the relationship between blood zinc concentrations and thyroid hormones were included in this systematic review. Although cross-sectional and case-control studies have shown a relationship between zinc deficiency and thyroid, the data from this systematic review provides inconclusive evidence with respect to the effects of zinc supplementation on thyroid hormone concentrations due to the divergence of the research found by the authors that only reports findings in patients suffering from some kind of disease, which cannot be generalized to the average human population.

Studies have shown the participation of minerals in mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Zinc, in particular, seems to play an important role in the secretion and action of this hormone. Therefore, the aim of this review is to understand the role of zinc in increasing insulin sensitivity. We conducted a search of articles published in the PubMed and ScienceDirect database selected from March 2016 to February 2018, using the keywords "zinc," "insulin," "insulin resistance," "insulin sensitivity," and "supplementation." Following the eligibility criteria were selected 53 articles. The scientific evidences presented in this review show the importance of zinc and their carrier proteins in the synthesis and secretion of insulin, as well as in the signaling pathway of action of this hormone. Zinc deficiency is associated with glucose intolerance and insulin resistance; however, the effectiveness of the intervention with the zinc supplementation is still inconclusive.

Introduction The literature has shown reduced plasma concentrations of magnesium in obese individuals. It has been suggested that magnesium deficiency or changes in metabolism of this mineral participate in the pathophysiology of hypertension, arrhythmia and other cardiovascular diseases in obese patients. Objective This study evaluated the relationship between magnesium status and cardiovascular risk parameters in obese women. Methods Cross-sectional study involving 127 women, divided into two groups: obese (n = 63) and eutrophic (n = 64). The analysis of magnesium intake was carried out through the three-day food record and also Nutwin software. The plasma, erythrocyte and urinary magnesium concentrations were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Waist circumference was measured, and waist/height ratio and conicity index were calculated for assessment of cardiovascular risk. Results The mean value of magnesium intake was lower than those recommended. All the patients showed adequate mean concentrations of magnesium in plasma and erythrocytes. The urinary excretion of this mineral was lower than the reference values in both groups. Values of waist circumference, waist/height ratio and conicity index were higher in obese women (P Conclusion Obese patients intake foods with low dietary magnesium content, and they show hypomagnesuria as a compensatory mechanism to keep the plasma concentration of this mineral in adequate levels. The correlation analysis does not reveal the influence of magnesium on cardiovascular risk markers.

Objectives Recent studies have demonstrated that minerals play a role in glucose metabolism disorders in humans. Magnesium, in particular, is an extensively studied mineral that has been shown to function in the management of hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance (IR) action. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of magnesium supplementation on IR in humans via systematic review of the available clinical trials. Methods This review was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. A survey was conducted to select clinical trials related to the effects of this mineral in insulin sensitivity using the following databases: PubMed, SciVerse Scopus, ScienceDirect, and SciVerse Cochrane. Results After the selection process, 12 articles were identified as eligible, representing different clinical conditions and being free of restriction with regard to sex, age, ethnicity, and differential dosing/shape of magnesium. The results of eight clinical trials showed that supplementation with magnesium influences serum fasting glucose concentrations, and five trials determined an effect on fasting insulin levels. The results of seven studies demonstrated that mineral supplementation reduced homeostasis model assessment for IR values. Conclusions The data of this systematic review provide evidence as to the benefits of magnesium supplementation in reducing IR in patients with hypomagnesemia presenting IR. However, new intervention studies are needed to elucidate the role of the nutrient in protection against this metabolic disorder, as well as the standardization of the type, dose, and time of magnesium supplementation.

Abstract. Obesity is characterized by changes in the metabolism of zinc and thyroid hormones. Studies have also shown the role of zinc in the function and metabolism of thyroid. The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between serum concentrations of thyroid hormones, dietary zinc intake and zinc distribution in obese women. A case-control study was conducted enrolling 98 women aged between 20 and 50 years old who were divided into case group (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2) and control group (BMI = 18.5–24.9 kg/m2). Patients underwent anthropometric measurements and analysis of dietary zinc intake, which was performed by a three-day food record. Zinc concentrations in plasma and erythrocytes were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Serum concentrations of thyroid hormones and antibodies were determined by chemiluminescence. Mean values of dietary zinc intake were higher than recommended (10.37 ± 3.12 mg/day and 11.37 ± 4.36 mg/day for control and obeses, respectively). Obese women had reduced plasma (67.22 ± 5.96 μg/dL) and erythrocyte (37.16 ± 3.64 μg Zn/gHb) zinc concentrations when compared to the control group (plasma: 89.71 ± 13.33 μg/dL; erythrocyte: 42.68 ± 3.73 μg Zn/gHb) (p 0.05). There was no correlation between thyroid hormone concentrations and zinc parameters (p > 0.05). Although obese women presented hypozincemia, they had normal levels of thyroid hormones and no correlation was found between the studied parameters.

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as modificações do comportamento alimentar influenciadas pela vida moderna. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura realizada nas bases de dados Publisher Medline (PubMed), Science Direct e Web of Science com descritores pré-selecionados. Os resultados apontaram que a alimentação, comensalidade e cultura alimentar sofrem interferência diante da vida moderna e da globalização. Observou-se mudanças drásticas nos hábitos e práticas alimentares, que podem contribuir para a redução da qualidade da alimentação, diminuição da socialização e compartilhamento de refeições entre familiares, difusão e fragmentação de culturas alimentares. O ato de comer com prazer pode ser comprometido, pela pressa da rotina diária, distância de casa, ausência de interação social ou por falta de opções de alimentos no mercado com os quais os indivíduos se identifiquem próprios da sua cultura. Ademais, existe uma inclinação à supervalorização da cultura alimentar de origem e a tentativa de sua reprodução, principalmente quando se convive com culturas diferentes, dentro das quais a culinária pode ser um agente de exclusão social, sendo o resgate da cultura de origem uma maneira de se reafirmar como indivíduo. Nesse contexto, as perspectivas são preocupantes, pois se espera uma diminuição ainda maior na interação social durante as refeições.

Objective: This review aims to bring updated information on the relationship between oxidative stress and the role of selenium as antioxidant nutrient in mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Data source: The bibliographic survey was conducted in PubMed, SciELO and Lilacs, considering the 2002-2014 period, and included the following types of studies: randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials, cohort, case-control study, case series and case report. Forty-nine pertinent scientific studies were selected. Data synthesis: Several studies have demonstrated the contribution of acute and/or chronic hyperglycemia to the manifestation of oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic patients. Accordingly, selenium has an important participation in controlling this disease due to its antioxidant role in the elimination of free radicals, present in excess, and because it blocks the activation of nuclear transcription factor kappa B, a regulator sensitive to oxidants that stimulates the production of inflammatory mediators (cytokines) and adhesion molecules. Conclusions: There is convincing experimental evidence demonstrating the involvement of selenium in glycemic control. However, current information is still scarce and inconsistent, and it is necessary to conduct further studies on the subject to determine the selenium intake safety range as well as clarify the influence of this mineral on the manifestation of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated disorders.

Background Vitamin D is a fat-soluble compound responsible for promoting intestinal absorption of calcium, and this, in turn, acts as a signal transmitter or activator as protein in secretory processes and release of hormones. Vitamin D receptors are distributed in various tissues of the body and involved in biochemical reactions in the pathogenesis of several diseases, such as obesity. Objective The aim of this article is to provide updated information on the role of vitamin D in insulin resistance in obese individuals. Methods It was conducted a search of articles published in PubMED, SciELO, and LILACS database, without limit for the year of publication, using the keywords “vitamin D”, “insulin resistance”, and “obesity”. Results Excess adipose tissue seems to impair insulin signaling by inhibiting the phosphorylation of its receptor, resulting in insulin resistance. Studies have evidenced role of vitamin D in mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in obesity by acting in improving glycemic control both by increasing hepatic and peripheral glucose uptake and by promoting the secretion of this hormone. Conclusions Vitamin D exerts a protective effect in the treatment and prevention of insulin resistance in patients with obesity and protects the body against oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, contributing to glycemic control. Unfortunately, current data related to the effects of vitamin D supplementation on insulin resistance are still inconclusive.

Objective This study aimed to investigate the associations between taste sensitivity, preference for sweet and salty flavours, and nutritional status of adolescents in public schools. Methods We used a cross-sectional study involving 1,036 adolescents of both sexes, aged 10-19 years. Preference for sweet or salty flavours and preference for foods high in sugar or sodium were evaluated. Measurements of body mass index and taste flavour intensity recognition were conducted. Results Most participants were unable to identify the flavours and/or intensities, and only 18.0% of participants were able to correctly identify both the flavour and intensity of the samples. Most participants (82.1%) preferring sweet foods had low sensitivity to this taste, just as a large proportion of individuals preferring saltiness (82.3%) were less sensitive to salt (p

Introdução: A literatura tem evidenciado deficiência de vitamina D em indivíduos obesos o que contribui para a manifestação da inflamação crônica de baixo grau. Portanto, esta revisão objetiva trazer informações atualizadas sobre a relação da vitamina D com o processo inflamatório desencadeado na obesidade. Metodologia: Realizou-se um levantamento bibliográfico nas bases de dados Pubmed, SciELO, LILACS e Cochrane, utilizando as seguintes palavras-chave: "vitamin D” e “inflammation”; “obesity” e “inflammation”; "vitamin D”, “obesity” e “inflammation”. Resultados: Os indivíduos obesos parecem apresentar deficiência de vitamina D decorrente da ingestão inadequada ou captação aumentada dessa vitamina pelo tecido adiposo o que pode contribuir para o aumento da inflamação crônica de baixo grau, presente na obesidade. Conclusão: A inadequação no consumo de vitamina D contribui para a manifestação de sua deficiência em obesos. No entando, mais estudos são necessários, considerando que o metabolismo desse micronutriente não está completamente elucidado.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a relacao entre consumo alimentar de magnesio e ferro e marcador de estresse oxidativo em mulheres obesas. Caracterizado como um caso de controle de caso, envolvendo 67 mulheres, com idade entre 20 e 59 anos, e quais foram distribuidos em dois grupos: grupo de controle (mulheres eutroficas, n = 42) e grupo de casos (mulheres com obesidade, n = 25) Foram realizadas medidas de peso e altura para o calculo do indice de massa corporal, bem como uma ingestao de calorias, macronutrientes, magnesio e ferro. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue dos participantes para analise posterior das amostras plasmaticas de TBARS (Substâncias Reagentes ao acido tiobarbiturico). Os dados nao foram analisados no programa estatistico SPSS for Windows 22.0. Como resultados, selecione os valores medios e desvios padrao da ingestao de energia e macronutrientes encontrados nas dietas consumidas, sem variacao estatistica significativa entre os grupos (p> 0,05). Observe tambem que o grupo de casos e o grupo de controle ingeriram como inadequacoes de magnesio e como permissoes de ferro, de acordo com os valores de referencia, sem diferenca entre os grupos. Como o TBARS das mulheres obesas foi maior quando o grupo de controle foi controlado, porem, nao foi verificada correlacao entre os parâmetros de magnesio e ferro dietetico e o TBARS nos grupos. Dessa forma, conclui-se que uma ingestao de micronutrientes de magnesio e ferro nao afeta o marcador de estresse oxidativo dos participantes do estudo. entretanto, nao verificou-se correlacao entre os parâmetros de magnesio e ferro dietetico e o TBARS nos grupos. Dessa forma, conclui-se que uma ingestao de micronutrientes de magnesio e ferro nao afeta o marcador de estresse oxidativo dos participantes do estudo. entretanto, nao verificou-se correlacao entre os parâmetros de magnesio e ferro dietetico e o TBARS nos grupos. Dessa forma, conclui-se que uma ingestao de micronutrientes de magnesio e ferro nao afeta o marcador de estresse oxidativo dos participantes do estudo.

Introdução: A obesidade está associada ao desenvolvimento de outras doenças crônicas, como as dislipidemias, caracterizadas pelo aumento nas concentrações plasmáticas de triglicerídeos, colesterol total (CT) e LDL-c e redução do HDL-c. Na perspectiva de identificar mecanismos envolvidos nessas desordens, o magnésio tem sido estudado, por regular enzimas importantes no metabolismo lipídico. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre o teor de magnésio na dieta e o perfil lipídico em mulheres obesas. Metodologia: Estudo transversal e analítico, com mulheres distribuídas em dois grupos: caso (obesas, n=25) e controle (eutróficas, n=42). Analisou-se a ingestão de magnésio por registro alimentar de três dias, utilizando o programa Nutwin. Determinou-se as concentrações dos lipídios séricos segundo método enzimático colorimétrico, em analisador bioquímico automático. Resultados: Os valores de ingestão de macronutrientes encontravam-se dentro das faixas de recomendação em ambos os grupos. A ingestão de magnésio apresentou-se inferior às recomendações, sem diferença estatística entre os grupos estudados (p>0,05). As concentrações séricas de CT e LDL-c eram superiores e de HDL-c inferiores nas mulheres obesas em comparação as mulheres eutróficas (p

The present study evaluated the influence of magnesium on insulin resistance in obese women. A case-control study involving 114 women on the age between 20 and 50 years old, divided into two groups: control (eutrophic women, n = 59) and case (obese women, n = 55). The analysis of magnesium intake was carried out through the 3-day food record and also NutWin software version 1.5. The plasma, erythrocyte, and urinary magnesium concentrations were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The determinations of serum glucose and serum insulin were performed by enzymatic colorimetric method and chemiluminescence, respectively. The insulin resistance was assessed by homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). The mean values of magnesium intake were lower than those recommended, without difference between groups (p > 0.05). All the patients who were evaluated showed adequate mean concentrations of magnesium in the plasma and erythrocyte. The urinary excretion of this mineral was lower than the reference values in both groups and did not show significant difference (p > 0.05). The values of serum glucose, serum insulin, and HOMA-IR were higher in obese women compared to the control group. A negative correlation was observed between erythrocyte magnesium and glycemic parameters (p

Summary Zinc is the catalytic component of proteins that regulate responses to DNA damage, intracellular signaling enzymes, and matrix metalloproteinases, which are important proteins in carcinogenesis. The objective of this review is to bring current information on the participation of zinc and matrix metalloproteinases types 2 and 9 in mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. We conducted a literature review, in consultation with the PubMed, Lilacs, and Scielo databases. The zinc and cysteine residues are structural elements shared by all members of the family of matrix metalloproteinases, and these proteins appear to be involved in the propagation of various types of neoplasms, including breast cancer. Moreover, transported zinc is likely to be used for the metalation of the catalytic domain of the newly synthesized metalloproteinases before the latter are secreted. Accordingly, increase in zinc concentrations in cellular compartments and the reduction of this trace element in the blood of patients with breast cancer appear to alter the activity of metalloproteinases 2 and 9, contributing to the occurrence of malignancy. Thus, it is necessary to carry out further studies with a view to clarify the role of zinc and metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Resumo O zinco é componente catalítico de proteínas que regulam respostas a danos no DNA, enzimas de sinalização intracelular e metaloproteinases de matriz, proteínas importantes na carcinogênese. O objetivo desta revisão é trazer informações atualizadas sobre a participação do zinco e das metaloproteinases de matriz dos tipos 2 e 9 em mecanismos envolvidos na patogênese do câncer de mama. Realizou-se um levantamento bibliográfico, mediante consulta às bases de dados PubMed, Scielo e Lilacs. O zinco e os resíduos de cisteína são elementos estruturais compartilhados por todos os membros da família das metaloproteinases de matriz, as quais parecem estar envolvidas na propagação de vários tipos de neoplasias, incluindo o câncer de mama. Além disso, é provável que o zinco transportado seja utilizado para metalação do domínio catalítico das metaloproteinases recentemente sintetizadas antes de serem segregadas. Nesse sentido, o aumento das concentrações de zinco em compartimentos celulares e a redução desse oligoelemento no sangue de pacientes com câncer de mama parecem alterar a atividade das metaloproteinases 2 e 9, contribuindo para a ocorrência de tumor maligno. Assim, faz-se necessária a realização de novos estudos na perspectiva de esclarecer o papel do zinco e das metaloproteinases 2 e 9 na patogênese do câncer de mama.

The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between magnesium status and oxidative stress in obese and nonobese women. This cross-sectional study included 83 women, aged between 20 and 50 years, who were divided into two groups: the obese group (n = 31) and the control group (n = 52). The control group was age-matched with the obese group. Magnesium intake was monitored using 3-day food records and NutWin software version 1.5. The plasma and erythrocyte magnesium concentrations were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Plasma levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were determined as biomarkers for lipid peroxidation and therefore of oxidative stress. The mean values of the magnesium content in the diet were found to be lower than those recommended, though there was no significant difference between groups (p > 0.05). The mean concentrations of plasma and erythrocyte magnesium were within the normal range, with no significant difference between groups (p > 0.05). The mean concentration of plasma TBARS was higher in obese woman, and the difference between the groups was statistically different (p

Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by excessive accumulation of body fat and the presence of metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance. In this sense, zinc is an important nutrient that stimulates insulin secretion and increases sensitivity to insulin. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of zinc supplementation on insulin resistance in obese subjects through a systematic review of the available clinical trials. The search for articles was conducted using the PubMed, SciVerse Scopus, SciVerse ScienceDirect, and Cochrane databases, on May 25, 2016, by two authors independently. The recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) were followed in the conduct of this review. The Cochrane Collaboration tool was used to assess the risk of bias of the trials included in this review. After screening of the articles, six clinical trials were included in this systematic review. The scientific evidence presented in this systematic review shows that zinc supplementation improves insulin resistance in obese individuals of both sexes.

The aim of this review was to convey updated information on the role of microRNAs in adipogenesis, chronic low-grade inflammation, and insulin resistance in obesity. Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by the presence of metabolic disorders (e.g., low-grade chronic inflammation), which contributes to the manifestation of insulin resistance. Diverse molecular mechanisms have been implicated in the development of these disorders, and microRNAs stand out as a contributing factor. They are a class of noncoding RNAs that regulate the expression of genes by inducing cleavage of mRNAs or via inhibition of protein translation. It is important to point out that obese individuals show alterations in the expression of microRNAs favoring manifestation of the metabolic disorders present in these patients, and these alterations may be reversed by the loss of weight. Therefore, microRNAs may be regarded as potential biomarkers of obesity-related disorders. Further studies on this topic may advance the understanding of the molecular basis of obesity, including the participation of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of this disease.

Summary Introduction: The accumulation of visceral fat in obesity is associated with excessive production of proinflammatory adipokines, which contributes to low-grade chronic inflammation state. Moreover, the literature has shown that mineral deficiency, in particular of magnesium, has important role in the pathogenesis of this metabolic disorder with relevant clinical repercussions. Objective: To bring updated information about the participation of hypomagnesemia in the manifestation of low-grade chronic inflammation in obese individuals. Method: Articles published in PubMed, SciELO, LILACS and ScienceDirect, using the following keywords: "obesity," "magnesium" and "low grade inflammation." Results: Scientific evidence suggests that magnesium deficiency favors the manifestation of low-grade chronic inflammation in obese subjects. Conclusion: From literature data, it is evident the participation of magnesium through biochemical and metabolic reactions in protecting against this metabolic disorder present in obesity. Resumo Introdução: O acúmulo de gordura visceral na obesidade está associado à produção excessiva de adipocinas pró-inflamatórias, o que contribui para o estado de inflamação crônica de baixo grau. A literatura também tem mostrado que a deficiência de minerais, em particular do magnésio, possui papel importante na patogênese desse distúrbio metabólico com repercussões clínicas relevantes. Objetivo: Trazer informações atualizadas sobre a participação da hipomagnesemia na inflamação crônica de baixo grau em indivíduos obesos. Método: Bases de dados Pubmed, SciELO, Lilacs e ScienceDirect, utilizando as palavras-chave: "obesity", "magnesium" e "low grade inflammation". Resultados: As evidências científicas sugerem que a deficiência de magnésio favorece a manifestação da inflamação crônica de baixo grau em indivíduos obesos. Conclusão: É evidente a participação do magnésio, por meio de reações bioquímicas e metabólicas, na proteção contra esse distúrbio metabólico presente na obesidade.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of taste sensitivity, food preferences, and pattern of physical activity on the nutritional status of public school adolescents. A cross‐sectional study was carried out involving 952 adolescents of both genders and aged 10–19 years, divided into two groups: overweight, n = 238 and eutrophic, n = 714. Taste sensitivity, food preferences, physical activity pattern, and nutritional status were evaluated. Most adolescents failed in the sensitivity test. There was a significant association between sensitivity to salty taste and preference for evaluated tastes and nutritional status. It was verified that adolescents devote, on average, 6 hr a day with sedentary activities. Age and time spent exercising were positively associated with body mass index. Adolescents presented low taste sensitivity and prefer sweet taste while overweight individuals prefer salty. The study reveals the influence of parameters related to food preferences and physical activity patterns on the nutritional status of the youth. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Changes in sensitivity taste, dietary preferences, and in the pattern of physical activity influence the nutritional status of young. Understanding these relationships may contribute to the development of intervention strategies to prevent the onset or worsening of diseases associated with nutritional status.

there is high prevalence of overweight and poor food habits among adolescents, and these factors contribute to the development of chronic diseases.the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational intervention designed to reduce the consumption of high-calorie foods in public school children in Teresina, Piaui, Brazil.quasi-experimental, randomized, quantitative intervention study involving adolescents (n = 126) of both sexes aged 10-14 years. An educational intervention, which involved 9 weekly meetings, was developed. A questionnaire was completed prior and subsequent to the intervention. Associations between variables were examined using a chi-square test (x2).there was a significant reduction in the consumption of soft drinks and processed juices subsequent to the educational intervention (p = 0.007). It has further reduction in weekly consumption of food like meat and sausage (p = 0.072). Adolescents' weekly consumption of fried foods and potato chips also decreased significantly subsequent to the educational intervention (p0.001).the food and nutrition educational program was efficacious in reducing the adolescents' intake of high-calorie food and drinks and contributed to an improvement in the quality of food consumed by the schoolchildren evaluated.Introdución: existe una alta prevalencia de sobrepeso y hábitos alimentarios pobres entre los adolescentes, y estos factores contribuyen al desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas. Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la efectividad de una intervención educativa diseñada para reducir el consumo de alimentos con alto contenido calórico en los niños de las escuelas públicas en Teresina, Piauí (Brasil). Material y métodos: estudio cuasi-experimental, aleatorizados y de intervención cuantitativo realizado con adolescentes (n = 126), con edades comprendidas entre 10 y 14 años, de ambos sexos. La intervención educativa se desarrolló durante nueve semanas, con reuniones semanales. Se realizó una encuesta previa y posterior a la intervención. Las asociaciones entre las variables fueron examinadas usando una prueba de chi-cuadrado (x2). Resultados: se observó una reducción significativa en el consumo de refrescos y jugos procesados posterior a la intervención educativa (p = 0,007). Tiene una mayor reducción en el consumo semanal de alimentos embutidos (p = 0,072). El consumo semanal de los adolescentes de alimentos fritos y patatas fritas también se redujo significativamente después de la intervención educativa (p0,001). Conclusiones: el programa educativo de alimentación y nutrición fue eficaz en la reducción de la ingesta de alimentos altos en calorías y bebidas de los adolescentes, lo cual contribuyó a una mejora en la calidad de los alimentos consumidos por los niños de las escuelas evaluadas.

This study assessed the relationship between magnesium status and C-reactive protein concentration in obese and nonobese women. This cross-sectional study included 131 women, aged between 20 and 50 years, who were divided into two groups: obese (n = 65) and control (n = 66) groups. Magnesium intake was monitored using 3-day food records and NutWin software version 1.5. The plasma, erythrocyte, and urinary magnesium concentrations were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. C-reactive protein concentration in serum was measured by immunoturbidimetric assay. The mean values of the magnesium content in the diet were lower than those recommended, though there was no significant difference between groups (p > 0.05). The mean concentrations of plasma and erythrocyte magnesium were within the normal range, with no significant difference between groups (p > 0.05). Urinary excretion of this mineral was less than the reference values in both groups, with no significant difference (p > 0.05). The mean concentration of serum C-reactive protein was within the normal range in both groups, with no significant difference (p > 0.05). There was a positive correlation between urinary magnesium and serum C-reactive protein (p = 0.015). Obese patients ingest low dietary magnesium content, which seems to induce hypomagnesuria as a compensatory mechanism to keep plasma concentrations of the mineral at adequate levels. The study shows a positive correlation between urinary magnesium concentrations and serum C-reactive protein, suggesting the influence of hypomagnesuria on this inflammatory protein in obese women.

White adipose tissue (WAT) is considered an endocrine organ. When present in excess, WAT can influence metabolism via biologically active molecules. Following unregulated production of such molecules, adipose tissue dysfunction results, contributing to complications associated with obesity. Previous studies have implicated pro- and anti-inflammatory substances in the regulation of inflammatory response and in the development of insulin resistance. In obese individuals, pro-inflammatory molecules produced by adipose tissue contribute to the development of insulin resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, the molecules with anti-inflammatory action, that have been associated with the improvement of insulin sensitivity, have your decreased production. Imbalance of these substances contributes significantly to metabolic disorders found in obese individuals. The current review aims to provide updated information regarding the activity of biomolecules produced by WAT. O tecido adiposo branco (WAT) é considerado um órgão endócrino, que, em excesso, é capaz de controlar o metabolismo, pela ação de moléculas biologicamente ativas. A produção desregulada destas substâncias pela disfunção do tecido adiposo pode contribuir para as complicações presentes na obesidade. As pesquisas atuais têm esclarecido fatores e mecanismos envolvidos na atuação de substâncias pró e anti-inflamatórias na modulação da inflamação e da resistência à insulina. Em indivíduos obesos, as moléculas pró-inflamatórias produzidas pelo tecido adiposo têm sido implicadas como fator contribuinte para o desenvolvimento da resistência à insulina e aumento do risco de doença cardiovascular. Por outro lado, as moléculas com ação anti-inflamatória, que atuam na melhora da sensibilidade à insulina, têm sua produção reduzida. O desequilíbrio entre essas substâncias contribui de forma significativa para as desordens metabólicas presente em indivíduos obesos. Assim, esta revisão visa a trazer informações atualizadas sobre a atuação de moléculas secretadas pelo tecido adiposo.

Chronic hyperglycemia statue noticed in diabetes mellitus favors the manifestation of oxidative stress by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species and/or by reducing the antioxidant defense system activity. Zinc plays an important role in antioxidant defense in type 2 diabetic patients by notably acting as a cofactor of the superoxide dismutase enzyme, by modulating the glutathione metabolism and metallothionein expression, by competing with iron and copper in the cell membrane and by inhibiting nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase enzyme. Zinc also improves the oxidative stress in these patients by reducing chronic hyperglycemia. It indeed promotes phosphorylation of insulin receptors by enhancing transport of glucose into cells. However, several studies reveal changes in zinc metabolism in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus and controversies remain regarding the effect of zinc supplementation in the improvement of oxidative stress in these patients. Faced with the serious challenge of the metabolic disorders related to oxidative stress in diabetes along with the importance of antioxidant nutrients in the control of this disease, new studies may contribute to improve our understanding of the role played by zinc against oxidative stress and its connection with type 2 diabetes mellitus prognosis. This could serve as a prelude to the development of prevention strategies and treatment of disorders associated with this chronic disease.

Introduction: The accumulation of visceral fat affects the metabolism of hormones and some nutrients, but these mechanisms remain unclear. Objective: To assess the influence of cortisol on the metabolism of zinc in morbidly obese women. Method: Cross-sectional, case-control study involving 80 women aged between 20 and 59 years. The participants were divided into two groups: experimental (morbidly obese, n = 40) and control (normal weight, n = 40). Zinc concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy and serum and urinary cortisol by chemiluminescence method. Results: Zinc intake was significantly different between groups. Mean plasma zinc was lower in obese compared to control group. Mean values for erythrocyte zinc were 44.52 ± 7.84 μg/gHb and 40.17 ± 6.71 μg/gHb for obese and control groups, respectively. Urinary excretion of this mineral was higher in obese compared to control subjects (p < 0.05). Mean values for plasma cortisol were 9.58 ± 4.86 μg/dL for obese and 9.89 ± 5.61 μg/dL for control groups. Mean values for urinary cortisol were 163.00 ± 100.35 μg/dL and 109.71 ± 34.88 μg/dL for obese and control groups, respectively (p > 0.05). The correlation analysis between cortisol and zinc was not significant (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Obese patients have hypozincemia and high erythrocyte zinc levels. The correlation between zinc parameters and cortisol concentration showed no influence of this hormone on zinc metabolism.

Resumo Investigou-se o efeito dos solventes orgânicos sobre o desempenho neurocognitivo de homens e mulheres com e sem exposição crônica a solventes orgânicos, e verificou correlações entre o desempenho neurocognitivo e índices de composição corporal. Participaram 14 homens e 14 mulheres expostos e 14 homens e 14 mulheres não expostos. Utilizou-se o Trail Making Test (TMT) A e B, Figura Complexa de Rey (FCR), Cópia e Memória, questionário sociodemográfico e avaliação de bioimpedância. A comparação entre mulheres expostas e não expostas mostrou diferença significativa em todos os testes. A comparação entre os homens expostos e não expostos mostrou diferença significativa no TMT-A, FCR-Cópia, FCR-Memória. Contudo, na comparação entre homens e mulheres expostos os resultados não mostraram diferenças significantes. Já na correlação entre o desempenho neurocognitivo com índices de composição corpórea, as mulheres expostas apresentaram correlação significante entre FCR-Cópia com água corporal, peso, massa gorda, massa magra corporal. Os homens expostos apresentaram correlação significante entre o TMT-B com a Relação Cintura-Quadril e gordura visceral. No geral, os solventes orgânicos podem afetar o desempenho neurocognitivo e os efeitos da exposição crônica dependem da precisão do teste neurocognitivo e do índice de composição corpórea. Resumen Se investigo el efecto de solventes orgánicos sobre el rendimiento neurocognitivo de hombres y mujeres con y sin exposición crónica a solventes orgánicos, además de verificar la correlación entre el rendimiento neurocognitivo y los índices de composición corporal. Participaron 14 hombres y 14 mujeres expuestas y 14 hombres y 14 mujeres no expuestas. Se utilizaron los siguientes tests: Trail Making Test (TMT) A y B, el test Figura Compleja de Rey (FCR; Copia y Memoria), cuestionario sociodemográfico y la evaluación de bioimpedancia. Hubo diferencia significativa entre las mujeres expuestas y las no expuestas, en todos los tests. La comparación de los hombres expuestos con los que no fueron expuestos mostró diferencia significativa en el TMT-A, FCR-Copia y FCR-Memoria. Sin embargo, no hubo diferencias significativas entre los sexos. Con relación a la comparación del rendimiento neurocognitivo con los índices de composición corporal, para las mujeres expuestas hubo correlación significativa entre la FCR-Copia y el agua, peso, masa corporal grasa y masa corporal magra. Para los hombres expuestos hubo correlación significativa entre la TMT-B y la relación cintura/cadera (RCC) y grasa visceral. En general, los solventes orgánicos pueden afectar el desempeño neurocognitivo y los efectos de la exposición crónica dependen de la precisión del test neurocognitivo y del índice de composición corporal. Abstract It was investigate the effect of organic solvents on the neurocognitive performance of men and women with and without chronic exposure to organic solvents and verify correlations between neurocognitive performance and body composition indices. Participants included 14 men and 14 exposed women and 14 men and 14 unexposed women. The Trail Making Test (TMT) A and B, the Rey Complex Figure (RCF; Copy and Memory), sociodemographic questionnaire, and bioimpedance evaluation were used. There was a significant difference between exposed and non-exposed women in all tests. Comparison between exposed and non-exposed men showed a significant difference in TMT-A, RCF-Copy, and RCF-Memory. However, there was no significant difference between sexes. Regarding the comparison between neurocognitive performance and body composition indices, for exposed women, there was a significant correlation between RCF- Copy and water, body weight, fat mass, and lean mass. Regarding the exposed men, there was a significant correlation between TMT-B and WHR (waist-hip ratio) and visceral fat. In general, organic solvents can affect neurocognitive performance and the effects of chronic exposure depend on the accuracy of the neurocognitive test and the body composition index.