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This paper highlights the commitment of the academy to build knowledge in a participatory manner, integrating the actors that are proposed as the object of study. From this perspective, dialogue with the territories is a way of contributing to the construction of peace in Colombia. The notion of Peace Economies is addressed to appreciate the way in which community and associative processes that are created from the territories, starring peasant, indigenous and Afro-Colombian communities contribute to the construction of stable and lasting peace from territorialization, political participation in Territory planning and innovation in foodscapes. This article seeks to contribute to the reflection on the role that communities can occupy in peacebuilding and the way in which humanitarian engineering can offer solutions to everyday problems of grassroots organizations that seek to innovate from the territories in the food landscapes.

Portuguese higher education has changed substantially in recent decades and its demand by non-traditional audiences has been part of this transformation dynamics. Within this large and heterogeneous group of non-traditional students, we highlight international students and, in particular, students from Portuguese-Speaking African countries (PALOP). In the institution where this work was developed, students from these countries represent around 30% of the total number of students (data from 2018). This study was carried out based on a convenience sample made up of nineteen students from PALOP countries and its aim is to clarify the relevance of studying in Portugal; to identify the difficulties experienced by students; to specify formal and informal support and list possible strategies for improving their insertion in polytechnic higher education. The methodology used is of qualitative nature. Preliminary results reveal the identification of some constraints felt in the adaptation period. As for the positive aspects, there seems to remain a vision that fits the optimistic demand for education/training combined with a feeling of prestige associated with the fact of studying in Portugal. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The study was aimed to describe the serotype, mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance, and virulence determinants in Shigella spp. isolated from Peruvian children. Eighty three Shigella spp. were serogrouped and serotyped being established the antibiotic susceptibility. The presence of 12 virulence factors (VF) and integrase 1 and 2, along with commonly found antibiotic resistance genes was established by PCR. S. flexneri was the most relevant serogroup (55 isolates, 66%), with serotype 2a most frequently detected (27 of 55, 49%), followed by S. boydii and S. sonnei at 12 isolates each (14%) and S. dysenteriae (four isolates, 5%). Fifty isolates (60%) were multi-drug resistant (MDR) including 100% of S. sonnei and 64% of S. flexneri. Resistance levels were high to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (86%), tetracycline (74%), ampicillin (67%), and chloramphenicol (65%). Six isolates showed decreased azithromycin susceptibility. No isolate was resistant to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, or ceftriaxone. The most frequent resistance genes were sul2 (95%), tet(B) (92%), cat (80%), dfrA1 (47%), blaOXA-1like (40%), with intl1 and intl2 detected in 51 and 52% of the isolates, respectively. Thirty-one different VF profiles were observed, being the ipaH (100%), sen (77%), virA and icsA (75%) genes the most frequently found. Differences in the prevalence of VF were observed between species with S. flexneri isolates, particularly serotype 2a, possessing high numbers of VF. In conclusion, this study highlights the high heterogeneity of Shigella VF and resistance genes, and prevalence of MDR organisms within this geographic region.

The presence of virulence factors (VFs) and mechanisms of quinolones and macrolide resistance was analyzed inCampylobacterspp. from a pediatric cohort study in Lima. In 149 isolates (39Campylobacter jejuniand 24Campylobacter colifrom diarrheic cases; 57C. jejuniand 29C. colifrom controls), the presence of thecdtABCandcadFgenes andiammarker was established. Nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and azithromycin susceptibilities were established in 115 isolates and tetracycline-susceptibility was established in 100 isolates. The presence of mutations in thegyrA,parC,and23S rRNAgenes was determined. ThecadFgene and all genes from thecdtABCoperon were significantly more frequent amongC. jejuni(P<0.0001); theiammarker was more frequent inC. coli(P<0.0001). No differences were observed in VFs between cases and controls. Almost all isolates were tetracycline-resistant; nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistance reached levels of 90.4% and 88.7%, respectively. Resistance to macrolides was 13% (C. jejuni4.3%;C. coli26.1%). Resistance to ciprofloxacin was related to GyrA Thr86 substitutions, while 13 of 15 macrolide-resistant isolates possessed a23S rRNAmutation (A2075G). Differences in the presence of VFs and alarming levels of resistance to tested antimicrobial agents were observed amongC. jejuniandC. coli.

The aim of this study was to develop and analyze in vitro azithromycin (AZM)-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli and Shigella boydii. Three clinical isolates of E. coli and one S. boydii isolated from feces samples collected from children under 5 years of age with diarrhea in Lima, Peru were inoculated onto Mueller-Hinton plates containing increasing serial dilutions of AZM ranging from their specific minimal inhibitory concentration (2 or 4 mg/l) to 64 mg/l. From these plates, 16 AZM-resistant mutants were selected to determine the stability of the resistance and the presence of cross resistance with other antibiotics. The role of Phe-Arg-β-Naphthylamide (PAβN)-inhibitible efflux pumps as well as the presence of mutations in the rplV, rplD, and rrlH (23S rRNA) genes and alterations in the outer membrane profiles were determined in these 16 mutants. The rate of mutation ranged from 2.70×10(-10) to 2.17×10(-7) for E. coli and from 9.58×10(-10) to 1.05×10(-8) for S. boydii. E. coli mutants showed an increase in the AZM-MIC up to sixfold with one strain achieving a MIC256 mg/l. In contrast, S. boydii only presented increases of up to twofold in MIC levels. All the strains obtained, but one showed stable AZM resistance. In the presence of PAβN, the AZM MICs decreased to parental levels in Shigella mutants, while no MIC returned to parental levels among the E. coli mutants. No cross resistance to other classes of antibiotics was found. These results show the relevance of PAβN-inhibitible efflux pumps in the basal levels and development of AZM resistance. Further studies to characterize the remaining unidentified mechanisms of AZM resistance are needed.

En la sociedad contemporánea, en la que la estructura familiar ha sufrido modificaciones apreciables, las relaciones entre la Escuela y la Familia son imprescindibles. Asimismo, en la última década se han desarrollado distintos estudios sobre las interacciones entre estos dos microsistemas. Sin embargo, estas interacciones no han producido logros importantes en las relaciones Escuela-Familia. Este estudio exploratorio, de naturaleza cualitativa, busca identificar, a través del análisis de los contenidos de los mensajes escritos, que tipo de información es transmitida entre la Escuela y la Familia. Se trata de un estudio de caso único, relativo a una clase de 24 alumnos del segundo año de la Enseñanza Primaria de una escuela pública del norte-litoral de Portugal. Los datos se han recogido al finalizar el curso académico. Los resultados demostraron que los mensajes más enviados por la Escuela para la Familia se centraron en los problemas de disciplina y a continuación la demanda de contactos personales con los padres, solicitudes (documentación y materiales escolares) e informaciones (reuniones de padres y permisos para visitas de estudio). A su vez, la Familia envió sobre todo mensajes de justificantes de ausencia a clase o de deberes escolares que faltaban, de solicitudes de contactos personales, de recomendaciones sobre cómo supervisar o administrar la toma de la medicación de los estudiantes, el apoyo a su hijo en la escuela y pautas para el seguimiento en casa de las tareas de estudio con sus educandos. Los resultados destacan que la comunicación de la Escuela con la Familia se basa en relaciones unilaterales y limitadas, mientras la Familia se centra más en las necesidades de sus hijos. La relación Escuela-Familia necesita ser reconstruida ya que actualmente es asimétrica. Es, por lo tanto, esencial reflexionar sobre esta realidad escolar y, emprender iniciativas serias y concertadas entre los microsistemas. In contemporary society, in which family structure has undergone significant changes, the relationship between school and family is essential. Furthermore, in the last decade various studies have focused on the interactions between these two microsystems. Although, until now, they didn’t make significant achievements in school-home relationships. This exploratory and qualitative study seeks to identify, through the analysis of the contents of the written messages, what kind of information is transmitted between school and family. It is a single case study relating to a class of 24 students of the second year of primary education in a public school in the north-coast of Portugal. Data were collected in the end of the school year. Results revealed that most of the messages sent by School to Family focused on discipline problems, followed by the scheduling of personal contacts with parents, requests (documentation and school supplies) and information (parent meetings and study visits). In turn, most of the messages sent by Family to School were regarding justifications of absence in the class or homework assignments, requests for scheduling personal contacts, supervising of medication and guidance in handling study assignments at home. Results emphasize that communication from school to families is based on a unilateral and limited relationship, while families focused more on the needs of their children. School-Parent relationship needs to be reconstructed because it is currently asymmetric. It is, therefore, essential to reflect about school reality and to undertake serious and mutual initiatives between this microsystems.

Introduccion. Las E. coli diarrogenicas (DEC) son una de las principales causas de diarrea en ninos en paises en vias de desarrollo. Sin embargo, no son rutinariamente diagnosticadas en los laboratorios clinicos. Objetivos. Determinar la prevalencia de las DEC en ninos peruanos y describir la variabilidad genetica de estas cepas. Materiales y metodos. Se utilizaron 8 003 cepas de E. coli previamente aisladas de ocho estudios previos de diarrea en ninos, mayormente en zonas periurbanas de Lima. El diagnostico de las DEC fue a traves de un PCR multiple a tiempo real para los seis grupos de DEC. Se empleo PCR para la determinacion de genes adicionales de virulencia. Resultados. La prevalencia promedio global en muestras de diarrea (n=4 243) fue: E. coli enteroagregativa (EAEC) 9,9%, enteropatogenica (EPEC) 8,5%, enterotoxigenica (ETEC) 6,9%, difusamente adherente (DAEC) 4,8%, productora de toxina shiga (STEC) 0,8% y enteroinvasiva (EIEC) 0,6%. La frecuencia relativa de cada patogeno varia segun la edad y tipo de estudio. Los principales patotipos en muestras control (n=3 760) fueron EPEC (10,9%) y EAEC (10,4%). Se encontro una gran variabilidad en la frecuencia de genes de virulencia para cada patotipo, asi como en los mecanismos moleculares de resistencia, sin diferencias significativas entre muestras de diarrea y control. Conclusiones. Las DEC son causa importante de diarrea en ninos peruanos. Estos patogenos son altamente heterogeneos. Se requieren estudios adicionales para determinar la prevalencia en zonas rurales del Peru, asi como en casos graves de diarrea.

Introduction: Anemia is the most prevalent nutritional deficiency in the world. Attempts to improve iron indexes are affected by deficiency of and interaction between other micronutrients. Objective: Our goal was to assess whether zinc added to iron treatment alone or with vitamin A improves iron indexes and affects diarrheal episodes. Design: This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial conducted in Peru. Anemic children aged 6–35 mo were assigned to 3 treatment groups: ferrous sulfate (FS; n 104), ferrous sulfate and zinc sulfate (FSZn; n 109), and ferrous sulfate, zinc sulfate, and vitamin A (FSZnA; n 110). Vitamin A or its placebo was supplied only once; iron and zinc were provided under supervision 1 h apart 6 d/wk for 18 wk. Results: The prevalence of anemia was 42.97%. The increase in hemoglobin in the FS group (19.5 g/L) was significantly less than thatintheother2groups(24.0and23.8g/LintheFSZnandFSZnA groups, respectively). The increase in serum ferritin in the FS group (24.5 g/L) was significantly less than that in the other 2 groups (33.0 and 30.8 g/L in the FSZn and FSZnA groups, respectively). The median duration of diarrhea and the mean number of stools per day was significantly higher in the FS group than in other 2 groups (P 0.005). Conclusion: Adding zinc to iron treatment increases hemoglobin response, improves iron indexes, and has positive effects on diarrhea. No additional effect of vitamin A was found. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:1276–82.

We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial comparing supplementation with bovine lactoferrin versus placebo for the prevention of diarrhea in children. Comparison of overall diarrhea incidence and prevalence rates found no significant difference between the 2 groups. However, there was a lower prevalence of colonization with Giardia species and better growth among children in the lactoferrin group.

A supervisão da intervenção socioeducativa faz parte do quotidiano da nossa atividade profissional na Escola Superior de Educação de Bragança. Assumindo uma supervisão ecológica (Alarcão & Canha, 2013; Shon, 2001) e uma reflexão analisada mais como uma prática social do que como uma atividade privada (Dewey, 1953; Zeichner, 1993), apresentamos um estudo que visa explorar os episódios de intervenção socioeducativa relatados pelos formandos (N=67), no âmbito da licenciatura em Educação Social. Para isso foi utilizada uma abordagem qualitativa, de natureza exploratória. Assim esperamos contribuir para que os supervisores possam refletir acerca do papel que desempenham e, em conformidade, melhorar os serviços prestados aos formandos.

ResumenObjetivosestimar la evolución de la prevalencia y las actitudes personales ante el tabaco de los médicos de un hospital regional universitario.Material y métodosse diseñó un estudio transversal, por encuesta. La población de estudio estuvo comprendida portodos los médicos adscritos al Hospital Regional Universitario «Reina Sofía», de Córdoba (N=738). Mediante muestreo sistemático se seleccionó una muestra aleatoria de 250 facultativos especialistas. Se diseñó un cuestionario autoadministrado, con preguntas sobre el consumo actual, tipo e intensidad del hábito tabáquico, grado de dependencia, opinión sobre la normativa actual, y medidas a tomar ante este hábito. Se comparan los datos obtenidos en nuestro estudio con otro «corte» realizado en 1987 con una metodología similar.Resultadosse obtuvo una prevalencia del 42% (Intervalo de Confianza -IC-95%: 35,5-48,9) en 1992, lo que supuso una reducción del 14,3% (IC 95%: 3,0-26,3) en relación a 1987. El mayor consumo de cigarrillos/día se encuentra en el grupo de 36 a 45 años (p

Objective To determine the effect of bovine lactoferrin (bLF) on prevention of diarrhea in children. Study design We conducted a community-based randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial comparing supplementation with bLF vs placebo. Previously weaned children were enrolled at 12-18 months and followed for 6 months with daily home visits for data collection and supplement administration. Anthropometric measures were done monthly. Results Five hundred fifty-five children were randomized: 277 to bLF and 278 to placebo; 65 dropped out; 147 894 doses were administered (92% compliance). Overall there were 91 446 child-days of observation and 1235 diarrhea episodes lasting 6219 days. The main pathogens isolated during diarrheal episodes were norovirus (35.0%), enteropathogenic E coli (11.4%), Campylobacter (10.6%), enteroaggregative E coli (8.4%), enterotoxigenic E coli (6.9%), and Shigella (6.6%). The diarrhea incidence was not different between groups: 5.4 vs 5.2 episodes/child/year for bLF and placebo, respectively ( P = .375). However, the diarrhea longitudinal prevalence was lower in the bLF group vs placebo (6.6% vs 7.0%, P = .017), as well as the median duration of episodes (4.8 vs 5.3 days, P = .046), proportion of episodes with moderate or severe dehydration (1.0% vs 2.6%, P = .045), and liquid stools load (95.0 vs 98.6) liquid stools/child/year, P Conclusions Although there was no decrease in diarrhea incidence, longitudinal prevalence and severity were decreased with LF.

INTRODUCTION; Diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) are a major cause of diarrhea in children in developing countries. However, they are not part of routine diagnosis in clinical laboratories.To determine the DEC prevalence in Peruvian children and to describe the genetic variability of these strains.A total of 8 003 E. coli strains previously isolated from eight different studies of diarrhea in children, mainly from peri-urban areas of Lima, were analyzed. Diagnosis of DEC was done with Multiplex real-time PCR using genes for each of the 6 DEC groups. Conventional PCR was performed for the detection of additional virulence genes.Globally, the mean prevalence in diarrhea samples (n=4,243) was: enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) 9.9%, enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) 8.5%, enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) 6.9%, diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC) 4.8%, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) 0.8% and enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) 0.6%. The relative frequency of each pathogen varies according to the age and the type of study. The main pathotypes in control samples (n=3,760) were EPEC (10.9%) and EAEC (10.4%). An important variability in the virulence genes frequency and molecular resistance mechanisms for each pathotype was found, without differences between diarrhea and control groups.DEC are a major cause of diarrhea in Peruvian children. These pathogens are highly heterogeneous. Additional studies are required to determine the prevalence in rural areas of Peru and in severe diarrhea cases.

Summary Objectives To determine if the Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 global pandemic clone has spread into Peru. Methods A collection of 100 V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from diarrhea cases in Peru were serotyped for O:K antigens and genotyped for the presence of the species-specific toxR gene and for the tdh and trh genes. In addition, the group-specific PCR (GS-PCR) and PCR for the presence of the open reading frame ORF8 of the filamentous phage f237 was performed to determine the pandemic status of the strains. Results Fifty strains of V. parahaemolyticus in this collection were identified as pandemic strains. Forty-six ORF8 and GS-PCR positive strains were identical to the global pandemic clone O3:K6, while four strains that also possessed the pandemic genotype and were ORF8 and GS-PCR positive belonged to serotypes O3:K68, O3:K58 and OUT (untypable):K6. One of the O3:K6 strains was isolated in 1996, indicating that the pandemic strain was present in Peru at about the same time that it caused the first outbreak in Calcutta in February 1996. Conclusions Based on this first report in Peru of such strains, we recommend including V. parahaemolyticus in the differential diagnosis of the etiologic agents for diarrhea in this part of the world.

O presente poster visa evidenciar as potencialidades dos episódios reportados pelos formandos no âmbito da intervenção socioeducativa como estratégia reflexiva de apoio à supervisão no âmbito da licenciatura em Educação Social. Este estudo, de carácter exploratório e descritivo, enquadra-se numa perspetiva ecológica (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006) e socioconstrutivista (Dewey, 1953, 1997; Freire, 1975, 1977, 2000; Vygotsky,1991, 1996), através de uma metodologia qualitativa centrada na análise de conteúdo (Bardin, 2008). A amostra selecionada é composta por 67 alunos, inscritos no ano letivo 2012/2013, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (91%) e com uma média etária de 23 anos de idade. Ainda que os resultados apresentados sejam referentes a uma amostra de conveniência, os dados que despontam do estudo exploratório, inerentes ao contacto próximo onde se realiza a intervenção socioeducativa, mostram o impacto emocional dos formandos, uma valorização das relações interpessoais apesar de uma tendência para uma visão messiânica, um apelo a um certo ativismo e uma escassa referência às competências adquiridas.

Parents of children with Special Needs (SN) experience higher levels of emotional distress (Lecavalier, et al, 2006), depression (Benson, 2006), anxiety (Pakenham, et al, 2004) and social isolation. Informal caregiving of a child with SN is often regarded as a moral duty and most often research has focused primarily on the deficits and risk factors among these families. Based on the current assumptions of Positive Psychology (Seligman, 2000), the current research focus on Family Resilience and Emotional Competence (Bisquerra, 2000; Veiga-Branco 2004, 2005, 2007), assuming the potentially healthy and positive aspects of families in opposition to traditional psychology and the need to promote emotional skills within families. This study aims to recognize the association between family resilience and emotional regulation in parents with children with SN. Quantitative and cross-sectional study, gathered by face to face survey, that will be conducted between the 15th of January and the 15 th of March of 2017 on a representative sample both parents of a child with SN from the northern and interior region of Portugal. Family resilience, dyadic coping and emotional competence of the couple were measured, respectively, by Portuguese versions of the Family Resilience Assessment Scale (Martins, et al., 2013), the Dyadic Coping Inventory (Vedes et al., 2013) and the Emotional Skills and Competence Questionnaire (Lima Santos & Faria, 2005). The relevance of the data obtained with families parenting children with special needs will be discussed considering the need of promoting resilience within these families. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

O estágio pedagógico é um dos períodos mais marcantes da formação inicial dos futuros professores/educadores (Simões, 1996). Partindo de uma conceção desenvolvimentista e ecológica do “Tornar-se Professor” (Alarcão & Canha, 2013 Nóvoa, 1992; Oliveira-Formosinho, 2002; Sá-Chaves, 2001; Schon, 1992; Zeichner, 1993) e visando uma compreensão dos episódios relatados pelos estagiários desenvolveu-se um estudo exploratório com os mestrandos da Escola Superior de Bragança tendo como questão de partida “Que tipo de episódios são relatados pelos estagiários dos mestrados profissionalizantes no âmbito da aprendizagem profissional?”. Pretendeu-se identificar as temáticas significativas para os mestrandos do Ensino de Educação Musical, do Ensino Pré-Escolar e 1º Ciclo e do 1º e 2º Ciclos do Ensino Básico (27) e tecer considerações para a sua vertente formativa. Através da análise de conteúdo (Bardin, 1979) foram descodificados e interpretados os temas decorrentes dos episódios relatados sobressaindo maioritariamente episódios que explicitam sentimentos que emergem do envolvimento da(o) criança/ aluno nas tarefas. Acrescem, apesar de em minoria, as crenças acerca dos problemas comportamentais, as referências às condutas éticas inapropriadas e as críticas centradas em torno dos adultos nos contextos pedagógicos. Destaca-se também a ausência de alusões à vertente reflexiva, contrariando os objetivos preconizados pelas recentes abordagens da formação inicial.

Although studies on resilience have increased in recent years, there is scarce evidence of family resilience with children with special needs. The present study starts in the recognition of the symbiosis effect between the concepts of Positive Psychology (Seligman, 2000), Family Resilience and Emotional Education (Bisquerra, 2000; Veiga Branco 2004, 2005, 2007), to achieve the objective of enabling families to promote positive feelings. The aim of this research is to present an overview review about family resilience within families of a child with special needs and its forms of promotion in terms of health promotion in general and psycho-social disturbance in particular, during every professional contact within this families. This research overviews national and international scientific production in the area of family resilience by analyzing abstracts published between 2011 and 2016 according to the following criteria: research topics, sample size, instruments/techniques used for data collection. The databases PsycInfo, SpringerLink and Wiley Online Library were searched. Recognizing caring a child with special needs as an adversity and source of additional stress to families, resilience emerges as a fundamental element of helping families. The results suggest the need to expand the studies on family resilience. It is also evident that professionals need to be aware not only of the risk factors but also of the protective ones when promoting family resilience. It must be recognized the need to train parents and professionals in emotional education. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion