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Concomitantemente ao aumento do consumo de hortaliças in natura, observou-se que tem crescido o número de doenças transmitidas por alimentos. Diante disso, este trabalho objetivou identificar as principais estruturas parasitárias de importância médico/veterinária encontradas em alfaces crespas (Lactuca sativa), comercializadas em diferentes estabelecimentos no município de Itabuna-BA. Para isso, definiu-se o “pé de alface” como unidade amostral e realizou-se coletas em feiras-livres, hortifrútis, mercados e restaurantes. As amostras foram, então, submetidas ao método de Sedimentação Espontânea. Encontrou-se espécies parasitárias em 73.0% das amostras analisadas. Os hortifrútis apresentaram o maior índice de contaminação, seguido das feiras-livres, mercados e restaurantes. Dentre as espécies encontradas, destaca-se Ancylostoma spp/Strongyloides e Entamoeba coli. Por não ter sido observada grande diferença, entre os locais e dias de coleta, em relação a frequência parasitária, foi possível inferir que as baixas condições higiênico-sanitárias é uma realidade de todo o município e que a contaminação não foi proveniente de um descuido isolado, mas sim, de hábitos higiênicos precários de quem manipula as alfaces e/ou dos locais onde são cultivadas.

The authors report the achievements of a workgroup at south of Bahia, Brazil, which was focused on community-based learning on primary health care considering the social demands of the communities. Parasitology was chosen as a link to approach health students to the reality of neglected diseases and make feasible health promotion and education. While on the one hand, it has improved the quality of information on health in self-care and also the diagnosis of parasitic diseases in children and adults, on the other hand, it has helped health students develop skills and acquire competencies aligned to the principles of government policies. In past consecutive years, the health education strategies reached eight communities (reaching almost 2000 people), revealing higher parasite infestation when compared to similar surveys conducted in Brazil. New approaches on parasitology span the notions of individual and family hygiene and practices in health, with emphasis on prevention, education, and prophylaxis, which are the objectives of programs against neglected diseases. This has strengthened the development of new teaching resources that favored the learning of the biology of parasites frequently found in these communities. The authors suggest that continuing health education activities are the best strategies underlying the mechanisms of collective knowledge and the relations between learning and health promotion.

Artigo publicado noCRF BA EM REVISTA

A relacao direta entre a agua e a sua capacidade de veiculacao de doencas causadas por bacterias, virus, protozoarios e helmintos, sao uma das principais consequencias refletidas da contaminacao hidrica. O rio Cachoeira, objeto de estudo deste trabalho, banha municipios como Itabuna e Ilheus e possui grande importância economica, politica e social para os moradores, apresentando relevância no bem-estar dos individuos que o utilizam para os mais diversos fins. Nessa perspectiva, este trabalho objetivou avaliar os parâmetros fisico-quimicos, parasitologicos e microbiologicos de amostras de agua coletadas em diferentes pontos do rio Cachoeira no periodo de Agosto de 2018 a Julho de 2019. Foram realizadas coletas em 6 locais estrategicos durante o percurso do rio entre Itabuna e Ilheus para a determinacao dos parâmetros de qualidade . O rio apresentou condicoes de pH favoravel ao crescimento bacteriano; a temperatura media da agua teve pouca variacao entre as coletas; e a absorbância estava associada a proximidade de esgoto domestico, assim como ao indice pluviometrico. Em relacao aos achados parasitologicos, 100% dos pontos de coleta foram positivos sendo que 65% eram protozoarios e 35% helmintos. Nas analises microbiologicas constatou-se que a agua estava impropria tanto para uso balnear como para consumo humano de acordo a legislacao vigente. Diante disso, e evidente que sem a tomada de medidas corretivas pleiteando a recuperacao do rio e conscientizacao da populacao do entorno, os riscos para a saude, seguranca e bem-estar tendem a crescer.

The lack of basic sanitation and improper pet owner's habits on contaminated environments are essential elements for soil-transmitted helmithiasis. The objective herein was to confirm beach sands contamination by geohelminths larvae and to construct geospatial scenarios combining the factors involved. Sand samples (n=162) were collected by a standardized method and investigated by an adapted microscopy technique. All data were statically tested by Pearson correlation coefficients, Student’s or Tukey’s t tests with 5% of significance. A significant higher contamination of beach sands by geohelminths larvae (p 2 meters) in relation to sea surface. Larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis were more frequent in the beach sands contaminated by improper sanitation and sewage (33%; p < 0.01) and Ancylostoma spp. were more frequent in the beach sand with the presence of dogs (38%; p

The sharp increase of COVID-19 cases in late 2020 has made Brazil the new epicenter of the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The novel viral lineages P.1 (Variant of Concern Gamma) and P.2, respectively identified in the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Rio de Janeiro, have been associated with potentially higher transmission rates and antibody neutralization escape. In this study, we performed the whole-genome sequencing of 185 samples isolated from three out of the five Brazilian regions, including Amazonas (North region), Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba and Bahia (Northeast region), and Rio de Janeiro (Southeast region) in order to monitor the spread of SARS-CoV-2 lineages in Brazil in the first months of 2021. Here, we showed a widespread dispersal of P.1 and P.2 across Brazilian regions and, except for Amazonas, P.2 was the predominant lineage identified in the sampled states. We estimated the origin of P.2 lineage to have happened in February, 2020 and identified that it has differentiated into new clades. Interstate transmission of P.2 was detected since March, but reached its peak in December, 2020 and January, 2021. Transmission of P.1 was also high in December and its origin was inferred to have happened in August 2020. We also confirmed the presence of lineage P.7, recently described in the southernmost region of Brazil, to have spread across the Northeastern states. P.1, P.2 and P.7 are descended from the ancient B.1.1.28 strain, which co-dominated the first phase of the pandemic in Brazil with the B.1.1.33 strain. We also identified the occurrence of a new lineage descending from B.1.1.33 that convergently carries the E484K mutation, N.9. Indeed, the recurrent report of many novel SARS-CoV-2 genetic variants in Brazil could be due to the absence of effective control measures resulting in high SARS-CoV2 transmission rates. Altogether, our findings provided a landscape of the critical state of SARS-CoV-2 across Brazil and confirm the need to sustain continuous sequencing of the SARS-CoV-2 isolates worldwide in order to identify novel variants of interest and monitor for vaccine effectiveness., Author summary Since its first detection in December 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 has evolved into more than a thousand recognized lineages. Several of these lineages are known to have higher transmissibility or better escape from the immune system. One of them is the P.1 lineage, also known as the variant of concern Gamma. It was first discovered in Brazil in December 2020 and has quickly replaced the previous lineage dominating the country, P.2. We used genomic data from SARS-CoV-2 samples that were collected in the first months of 2021 to analyze how P.1, P.2 and other lineages had spread across Brazil. Our research has identified that P.1 lineage was already present in several states of Brazil almost two months before its first detection in the state of Amazonas. Our work sheds light on the importance of continuous monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 lineages in historically understudied regions to early detect and control the spread of new variants of concern.

An 11‐year‐old male mixed‐breed cat, with exclusively indoor life, presented 3 cough episodes after the owners tested positive by RT‐PCR for SARS‐CoV‐2. The house is inhabited by 5 people (3 adults and 2 children), and 2 of the adults have shown mild symptoms associated with throat discomfort. The cat was vaccinated, had no history of any previous disease, and tested negative for feline coronavirus (FCoV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV). Rectal sample collected from the cat was positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 by RT‐PCR. Viral genome sequences recovered from human and cat samples showed an average 99.4% sequence identity. This is the first report of genome sequences of SARS‐CoV‐2 recovered from a cat and its owner in Latin America.

Many studies have been developed by the scientific and medical community to learn more about COVID-19. Although studies have advanced, it is common to note that there are still some misconceptions, especially as the information moves from scientific to widespread use in hospitals, clinics, laboratories, and especially the population. Thus, the objective of this study was to present the testing process for the detection of SARS-CoV- 2 in the patient, paying attention to the key dates and possible diagnoses. To achieve this goal, a process diagram was founded to establish the path of detection and diagnosis. Also, a table for interpreting the results has been prepared. The results collaborate with a clearer understanding of the diagnostic process and expand the understanding to other areas, mainly those that need binary inputs to contribute to the fight against the virus, such as computing, mathematics, and engineering.

School feeding is part of for million students' routine worldwide. Schools' closure during the COVID-19 pandemic brought to the fore the challenge of providing food for children and adolescents by alternative means, through food programs, whether governmental or otherwise. In Brazil, approximately 40.1 [1] million children and adolescents enrolled in basic public education were affected and went without their daily meal during this period. To provide them food, most local governments chose to transfer financial resources to their parents. The challenge of knowing if children are receiving these meals adequately during school closures, which can be lengthy, is the target of this study. The current situation in the 27 Brazilian federated entities regarding the transfer of funds and delivery of meals is presented herein. A monitoring model is proposed for children and adolescents to be followed during the pandemic, in order to guarantee their adequate nutrition.

INTRODUCTION: Toxoplasmosis is an asymptomatic disease that can lead to systemic disease in the fetus of pregnant women with primary infection. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of toxoplasmosis, associated factors, and correlation between the serology of pregnant women and their pets, in the municipality of Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 196 pregnant women and their cats or dogs (n=89). Semi-structured interviews were conducted and serum samples from the pregnant women were tested to detect IgM and IgG antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii, and avidity tests were performed for IgM-positive samples. The serum collected from pets were tested for IgG antibodies, and IgM antibodies in cats. A non-conditional logistic regression analysis was performed to identify infection-associated factors. RESULTS: IgG and IgM antibodies were detected in 67.9% (133/196) and 1.5% (3/196) samples, respectively, for women with an avidity of over 60%. Age ≥ 25 and the presence of cats in the vicinity were found to be associated with infection, while the level of education and previous orientation toward prevention of toxoplasmosis were protective factors in pregnant women. IgG antibodies were detected in 46.1% (41/89) of the animals, and cats were found to be negative for IgM. For the animals, age ≥ 1 year was a factor associated with infection. There was no correlation between serology of the pregnant women and the animals (p=0.15). CONCLUSIONS: An elevated prevalence of toxoplasmosis was detected in the region. Therefore, the adoption of preventive measures by public healthcare bodies is recommended.

Intestinal parasites present close relationship with sanitary conditions water supply and hygiene habits which pose an important problem of public health with high prevalence among individuals with low socioeconomic status, especially in the younger population. In the present paper the authors performed the diagnostic of intestinal parasites in stool examination of children aged up to six years of age assisted by three public education facilities between September 2011 and July 2012 by using the new method of Mariano & Carvalho. Positivity observed for intestinal parasites reached 77.2 %, with rates ranging from 78.0 %, 72.3 and 84.2 % for the institution A, B and C respectively. Among the positive samples, there was higher frequency of contamination by protozoa (51.2 %), especially for Giardia lamblia (31.2 %). Among the helminthes, the most common were Ascaris lumbricoides (28.8 %) and Trichuris trichiura (17.6 %). The high prevalence of intestinal parasites, both protozoa and helminthes, was significantly associated with eating raw foods without proper hygiene. These results demonstrate the need for improved hygiene habits in parasitism prevention and adequate learning resources to teach preschoolers better habits of hygiene before the consumption of raw foods.

A crescente urbanização associada à multiplicação do número de cidades e o aumento populacional, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento, têm favorecido o surgimento e o crescimento desordenado das comunidades com consequente dificuldade de acesso aos serviços básicos, inadequadas condições de moradia e exposição a diversos contaminantes ambientais que contribuem para a baixa qualidade de vida e saúde. As parasitoses intestinais apresentam íntima relação com as condições sanitárias, constituindo um relevante problema de saúde pública com maior prevalência entre indivíduos de baixo nível socioeconômico. A ocorrência e manifestação da sintomatologia decorrente de uma infecção parasitária também se associa, principalmente, com a imaturidade do sistema imunológico em crianças com idade ntre 0 e 6 anos, que têm no ambiente de creches e pré-escolas outro importante fator que pode contribuir para a contaminação. Embora sejam crescentes os relatos de parasitismo intestinal em crianças que frequentam creches, ainda são escassas as pesquisas direcionadas aos pré- escolares da região Sul da Bahia, Brasil. Por essa razão, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a prevalência de Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia lamblia em crianças de 0 a 6 anos que frequentam creches municipais de Itabuna, cidade localizada na região Sul do estado da Bahia. Para atender aos objetivos propostos foram aplicados dois questionários, um as diretoras das creches/pré-escolas, visando realizar o levantamento das condições de saneamento e práticas de higiene alimentar no ambiente escolar e outro aos responsáveis legais das crianças, com o intuito de conhecer as condições individuais e familiares dos participantes. Para pesquisa de Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia lamblia foram coletadas três amostras fecais por sujeito da pesquisa, processadas e analisadas pelos métodos de Ziehl- Neelsen adaptado e Mariano & Carvalho, respectivamente. A prevalência de Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia lamblia foi de 39,10% e 29,49%, respectivamente. A grande maioria das crianças é de famílias de baixa condição social e baixo nível de escolaridade, possuem alta quantidade de moradores por residência (transmissão interpessoal). Estes aspectos constituem fatores facilitadores para a disseminação desses parasitas na população estudada. O hábito de não lavar as mãos com água e sabão também se mostrou um fator facilitador a infecção por Giardia lamblia e Cryptosporidium spp., manter as unhas cortadas e limpas diminui a exposição dos indivíduos a infecção por Giardia lamblia. Diante dos resultados, a investigação das enteroparasitoses, em especial da criptosporidíase e giardíase em pré- escolares de Itabuna, Bahia, Brasil é fundamental, devido o alto índice de positividade dos exames coproparasitológicos. Tal aspecto, aliado à escassez de estudos sobre o tema nessa região, mostra claramente que se trata de um problema de saúde pública e que se tornam necessárias melhorias no planejamento estratégico da aplicação dos recursos financeiros em prol do controle das parasitoses no município Increasing urbanization linked to the multiplication of the number of cities and population growth, especially in developing countries, have favored the emergence and the uncontrolled growth of communities resulting in poor access to basic services, inadequate housing conditions and exposure to several environmental contaminants that contribute to poor quality of life and health. The Intestinal parasitosis shows a close relationship with sanitary conditions representing an important public health problem with higher prevalence among individuals of low socioeconomic status. The occurrence and presenting of symptoms resulting from a parasitic infection are also mainly associated with the immune system immaturity in children aged between 0 and 6 years, who have in their daycare and kindergarten environment another important determinant that could contribute to contamination. Although the reports about intestinal parasitism in children attending day care centers are increasing, there is still scarse research addressing kindergarten children in Southern Bahia, Brazil. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia lamblia in children aged fron 0 to 6 years old who are attended in some of Itabuna\'s daycare centers. Itabuna city is located in the southern area of Bahia state. To meet the objectives proposed two questionnaires were applied , one to the daycare / kindergarten directors, in order to survey the conditions of sanitation and food hygiene practices in the school environment and other to the legal guardians, in order to find out the individual and family conditions of the participants. For the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia lamblia three fecal samples were collected for each research subject, processed and analyzed by the Ziehl-Neelsen adapted, and Mariano & Carvalho methods, respectively. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. Giardia lamblia were 39,10% and 29,49%, respectively. The large majority of children come from families of low social status, and educational level, live in enviroment with a high number of residents per household (person transmission). These aspects are factors that facilitate the spreading of these parasites in the studied group. The habit of not washing hands with soap and water was also a facilitating factor to infection by Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium spp., keep nails clean and cut decreases the exposure of individuals to infection by Giardia lamblia. Given the results, the investigation of intestinal parasites, especially giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in the kindergarten schools Itabuna, Bahia, Brazil is critical, because of the high rate of positive results of fecal examinations. This aspect, together with the scarcity of studies on the subject in this region, clearly shows that it is a public health problem and that improvements are required in the strategic planning of the financial resources uses to the control of parasitic diseases in the city

O bullying pode ser considerado um tipo de violência cujas ações podem causar danos graves aos envolvidos, seja enquanto vítimas ou agressores, ou mesmo de maneira indireta, como espectadores/testemunha. Porém, a fim de mediar os conflitos existentes, pode-se construir um processo emancipatório, no qual o sujeito se torne capaz de gerir suas decisões, em se envolver ou não com o esse tipo de violência na escola, apoiado no conhecimento de sua realidade. Buscando ações de redução e de prevenção do bullying, o Programa de Intervenção Educação em Saúde Antibullying (PIESA) foi executado em uma escola estadual do interior paulista com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de sua implementação realizada por uma enfermeira. Método: estudo quase-experimento (antes e depois), utilizando como sujeito 260 estudantes na faixa etária dos 10 aos 17 anos de idade, do 6º ao 9º ano do ensino médio de uma escola pública do interior paulista. A coleta de dados ocorreu no período de abril de 2012 a setembro de 2013. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística, obtendo-se a razão de prevalência com o intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95% e comparação dos períodos pré e pós intervenção. Os programas utilizados nas análises foram SPSS 22 e R 3.0.2. Em todos os testes adotados, foi utilizado o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Constatou-se que houve mudança de comportamento entre os estudantes envolvidos direta ou indiretamente com o bullying após a execução do PIESA (p=0,001), e, os dados apontaram um decréscimo da prevalência de vítimas e de agressores após a intervenção, bem como das situações que permeavam o fenômeno. \"Pôr apelido\" e ser \"zoado\" foram as manifestações mais relatadas, tanto por vítimas, quanto por agressores e, de igual forma, a frequência dessas perpetrações diminuíram na segunda etapa da investigação. Observou-se ainda a prevalência maior de vítimas do sexo feminino (55,6%) e, quanto ao sexo dos agressores, os percentuais foram semelhantes: 49,0% eram meninas e 51,0% eram meninos. Conclusão: Os resultados dessa investigação apontaram que o programa de intervenção pode ser implementado por um enfermeiro. Para tanto, deve-se reavaliá-lo periodicamente para que, caso surjam novas possibilidades de conflitos e, até mesmo, novas formas de manifestação, a comunidade escolar seja capaz de detectar e intervir rapidamente, evitando que um novo ciclo de violência se inicie Bullying can be considered a kind of violence whose actions can cause serious damage to those involved, either as victims or perpetrators, or even indirectly, as spectators / witness. However, in order to mediate existing conflicts, it can construct an emancipatory process, in which the subject becomes able to manage their decisions, to engage or not with this kind of violence at school, supported by the knowledge of his reality. Seeking actions to reduce and prevent bullying, the Education Program Intervention in Health Antibullying (PIESA) was executed in a public school in São Paulo State, Brazil, in order to assess the effects of its implementation carried out by a nurse. Method: quasi-experimental study (before and after) using as subjects 260 students aged from 10 to 17 years old, from 6th to 9th year of high school from a public school in São Paulo State, Brazil,. Data collection occurred from April 2012 to September 2013. Data were analyzed statistically, yielding a prevalence ratio with confidence interval (CI) of 95% and comparison of pre- and post-intervention. The programs used in the analysis were SPSS 22 and R 3.0.2. In all tests adopted, we used the 5% significance level. Results: It was found that there was a change of behavior among students involved directly or indirectly with bullying after running the PIESA (p = 0.001), and the data showed a decrease in the prevalence of victims and aggressors after the intervention, as well as of the situations which permeated the phenomenon. \"Putting nickname\" and being \"mocked\" were the most frequently reported events, both by victims and by aggressors and, equally, the frequency of these perpetration decreased in the second stage of the investigation. It was also observed a higher prevalence of female victims. Conclusion: The results of this research show that the intervention program can be implemented by a nurse. For this, one must reevaluate it periodically so that, in case of new potential for conflicts and even new forms of manifestation, the school community is able to detect and intervene quickly, preventing a new cycle of violence begins