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This study investigated the effect of clove essential oil used prior to stunning by cranial percussion and hypothermia on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) welfare and fillet quality. A total of 100 tilapias were divided into four groups in a 2 × 2 factorial design, exploring two stunning methods with and without clove essential oil. Behavioral responses, glucose, lactate, pH, water holding capacity, color parameters, lipid and protein oxidation, and oxidative stress were analyzed. The application of clove essential oil resulted in 100% numbing in swimming and stimulus response behaviors, and 96% in balance and eye vestibule reflex variables. Significant reductions in glucose (12.12 mg dL−1) for hypothermia group (p = 0.001) and lactate (3.36 mmol L−1) for cranial percussion (p = 0.004), 0.028 nmol lipid oxidation in hypothermia treatment (p = 0.009), and 0.134 nmol carbonyls/mg protein (p = 0.001) were observed. There was a reduction in luminosity (p = 0.010) and red intensity (p = 0.001) in the group of fish fillet that received cranial percussion, however, there was no difference in the group stunned by hypothermia. Clove essential oil demonstrates effectiveness in pre-slaughter stress mitigation, influencing the antioxidant system positively. Its usage in pre-slaughter protocols could contribute to improved fillet quality, presenting a promising alternative for enhancing tilapia welfare during slaughter.

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The study aimed to investigate the physiological and meat quality differences between Non-Ambulatory, Non-Injured (NANI), and without apparent abnormalities (non-NANI) pigs in a commercial slaughterhouse setting, focusing on the impact of stress and health conditions on the overall well-being and meat quality of the animals. A total of 241 surgically castrated crossbred male pigs from Southern Brazil were analyzed, with 131 non-NANI pigs and 110 NANI pigs. Infrared orbital temperature, rectal temperature, hematological parameters, and meat quality measurements were collected. Statistical analysis included ANOVA tests and principal component analysis (PCA). NANI pigs exhibited significantly higher infrared orbital temperatures and rectal temperature (p < 0.01). Hematological analysis revealed higher levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cells in NANI pigs (p < 0.05). White blood cell count and lactate dehydrogenase were significantly elevated in NANI pigs (p < 0.01), indicating potential infections or inflammatory responses. Meat quality parameters showed that NANI pigs had lower pH values, higher luminosity, and increased drip loss (p < 0.01), reflecting poorer water retention and potential muscle glycogen depletion. The study highlights the physiological and meat quality differences between NANI and non-NANI pigs, emphasizing the impact of stress, health conditions, and handling procedures on the animals. Blood biomarkers proved valuable in assessing physiological stress, immune response, and potential health issues in pigs, correlating with meat quality abnormalities. Utilizing these biomarkers as predictive tools can enhance animal welfare practices and contribute to improving meat quality in the swine industry.

This study was carried out through two separate experiments aiming at evaluating the effects of two space allowances (0.54 and 0.62 m2/pig in summer and 0.44 m2/pig and 0.50 m2/pig in winter) on the behavioural and physiological response, and meat quality of pigs of two slaughter weights (120 kg and 140 kg). In summer, higher blood haematocrit levels were found at slaughter in heavier pigs transported at a smaller space allowance (p = 0.04). During lairage, pigs transported at a smaller space allowance started fighting later (p = 0.04). Fighting behaviour was greater in heavier pigs (p ≤ 0.05), whilst their drinking activity was lower (p < 0.05). This resulted in greater exsanguination blood CK levels (p < 0.01) and drier hams (p = 0.05) in heavier pigs. In winter, only lower space allowance influenced some meat quality traits (p < 0.05), but these effects were minor. The effects of space allowance during summer transports on within-truck ambient conditions, post-transport pigs’ welfare, and meat quality are similar. Mixing heavier pigs may result in greater aggressiveness and more fatigue-related meat quality variation during summer. Overall, winter transport results may have been biased by the short journey and within-truck load distribution.

Objetivou-se relatar as atividades desenvolvidas pelo projeto de extensão no Assentamento Rural Eli Vive, demonstrando a integração entre discentes, docentes e assentados. O projeto foi coordenado pelo Grupo PET (Programa de Educação Tutorial) do Curso de Zootecnia da Universidade Estadual de Londrina, sendo realizado no assentamento Eli Vive, município de Londrina (PR), utilizando a metodologia “Planejamento Estratégico Participativo”, durante os anos de 2014a 2018. Foram realizadas visitas técnicas e atividades sobre temas que envolvem a cadeia produtiva de leite. Foi implementada uma Unidade Demonstrativa de Produção de Leite em Pastagem. Também foram desenvolvidas atividades visando à produção de alimentos para o rebanho e confeccionado um manual técnico “Produção Agroecológica de Leite’’. Com o presente projeto, foi possível detectar e solucionar problemas, buscar inovações de baixo custo para o sistema de produção, implementar aspectos agroecológicos de produção e capacitar os assentados,beneficiando a produtividade e a qualidade do produto final e melhorando a qualidade de vida dos assentados.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate two feed additives, one based on encapsulated sodium butyrate (Adimix® Precision) (AD) and the other, a phytogenic (Apex® 5) (AX), associated or not with an antimicrobial growth promoter (tylosin) during the growth and finishing phases on performance, carcass characteristics and health conditions. A total of 300 barrows and females were distributed in six treatments in a randomized block design with ten replicates. The treatments consisted of a negative control (NC), positive control (PC) (tylosin), AD (encapsulated sodium butyrate), AX (phytogenic), PC+AD (tylosin+encapsulated sodium butyrate), and PC+AX (tylosin+phytogenic). The performance (live weight, daily feed intake, average daily gain and feed conversion) and carcass data (carcass weight, backfat thickness, loin depth, lean meat on the carcass) were submitted to ANOVA plus Tukey’s test, and the health conditions (occurrence of diseases, culling, and spontaneous deaths) were analyzed by χ2. Animals of the AD group had the highest average daily gain (ADG) over the evaluation period and the highest live weight at 120, 140, and 164 days of age, in addition to the highest carcass weight compared to NC and PC groups. The AX treatment increased the ADG in growth phase II and the live weight at 120 and 140 days of age in relation to the NC. The PC+AX group had a higher final live weight compared to the NC and PC groups and higher carcass weight in relation to the NC group. There was no difference among treatments for backfat thickness, percentage of lean meat in the carcass, or occurrence of diseases and deaths. The inclusion of encapsulated sodium butyrate (AD treatment) was effective in increasing ADG, final live weight, and carcass weight compared to supplementation with tylosin (PC treatment), as was the inclusion of a phytogenic (AX treatment) on FC compared to the PC.

In this study, we developed a robust automatic computer vision system for marbling meat segmentation. Our approach can segment muscle fat in various marbled meat samples using images acquired with different quality devices in an uncontrolled environment, where there was external ambient light and artificial light; thus, professionals can apply this method without specialized knowledge in terms of sample treatments or equipment, as well as without disruption to normal procedures, thereby obtaining a robust solution. The proposed approach for marbling segmentation is based on data clustering and dynamic thresholding. Experiments were performed using two datasets that comprised 82 images of 41 longissimus dorsi muscles acquired by different sampling devices. The experimental results showed that the computer vision system performed well with over 98% accuracy and a low number of false positives, regardless of the acquisition device employed.

To compose the experiment, 160 male Topgen pigs - 80 surgically castrated (treatment 1) and 80 immunocastrated (treatment 2) - were randomly selected from a commercial swine farm at the moment of slaughter. Surgical castration was performed when the animals were seven days of age and immunocastration was performed by administering two doses (2 mL each) of immunocastration vaccine (analogue of GnRF linked to a carrier protein, development of anti-GnRF antibodies, 200 mg of a GnRF-protein conjugate/mL) when they were 104 and 132 days of age. Animals from both treatments were maintained in masonry stalls, where they received water and ad libitum diet (the same feed for both groups). The animals were slaughtered at 160 days of age, and the length and width of the testicles of immunocastrated animals were evaluated, along with the degree and number of carcass lesions, carcass traits and meat quality of both treatments. The means of these measurements were calculated and compared by Student´s t-test. For the immunocastrated treatment, Pearson´s correlation coefficients were also calculated for testicle length and width with backfat thickness. Approximately 80% of the immunocastrated animals had testicle widths of 11 cm or less. Immunocastrated animals showed higher degrees of lesions, pH (initial and 8 hours), hue, muscle depth and loin eye area and lower brightness, redness, chroma and backfat thickness than the surgically castrated animals. The correlation between testicle length and width with backfat thickness was inverse. Immunocastration can be an alternative to improve the proportion of lean meat (longissimus thoracis) instead of fat (backfat thickness) leading to better carcass and meat quality, since fat has become undesirable from a nutritional point of view in swine.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Brachiaria spp. Cv. Mulato II (Convert) on performance, meat quality and carcass characteristics of castrated Nellore steers in the growing and finishing phases, in rotational grazing system, compared to Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, under the same conditions. The experimental area was divided into two treatments: Marandu and Convert with 20 hectares each, splited in four replications per treatment, composed of five paddocks of one hectare each. Animals were managed based on the availability of leaf blade dry matter (6.19% body weight) in rotational grazing with 7 days of occupation and 28 days of rest. Ten animals were used in each replicate (testers), as well as regulatory animals whenever necessary. Animals were managed based on the availability of leaf blade dry matter (6.19% body weight) in rotational grazing with 7 days of occupation and 28 days of rest. Ten animals were used in each replicate (testers), as well as regulatory animals whenever necessary. For performance analysis, 10 animals of each replicate were used, while for carcass and meat analyses, only six of each replicate. Production and chemial characteristics of the two grasses were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments and four replicates; data were tested by analysis of variance using the R software. Animals fed on Convert grass were superior than those fed on Marandu grass, with higher average daily gain (0.682 kg vs. 0.605 kg), slaughter weight (470.45 kg vs. 451.43 kg), hot carcass weight (239.93 kg vs. 232.36 kg). The study also showed the possibility of finishing castrated young steers (up to 30 months) and with subcutaneous fat thickness required by industry (3 mm) in both pastures.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing doses of bacterial phytase (RONOZYME HiPhos) on performance and carcass characteristics of growing and finishing pigs. The study included 120 castrated males with initial weight of 23.21 ± 1.91 kg and 68 days of age, distributed in a randomized block design with five treatments and eight replicates with three animals each. The pigs were fed five corn-soybean meal-based diets: positive control (PC), supplemented with inorganic phosphorus and calcium; negative control (NC), with 0.13% reduction in available phosphorus and 0.11% in calcium; and three NC diets supplemented with 1,000, 2,000, and 3,000 phytase units (FYT)/kg in the feed. Compared with the NC diets without phytase, diets with 1,000, 2,000, and 3,000 FYT/kg inclusion increased the daily weight gain by +12% (quadratic, p

This study aimed to evaluate the viability of using four lipid products (refined soybean oil, RO; degummed soybean oil, DO; pig lard, PL; and recycled frying oil, FO) as ingredients for pig feed during the finishing phase. The products were previously evaluated for the presence of insoluble impurities, peroxide levels, and total acidity as well as dioxin group, polychlorinated biphenyl, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminants. Eighty 110 day-old pigs, including 40 castrated males and 40 females, with a mean initial weight of 59.01 ± 5.09 kg, were subjected to four treatments (feed containing RO, DO, PL, and FO) for 32 days to evaluate the effect on growth performance, carcass and meat traits and adipocyte diameter. The results for the products did not reveal any degradation or presence of contaminants within the use restriction levels. There were no differences regarding performance, carcass and meat traits, and adipocyte diameter among the treatments. The animals fed FO feed exhibited a poorer loin area and marbling (P < 0.07). The tested lipid raw materials are viable for use as ingredients in feed.

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of azaperone administered to sows at the end of farrowing over the health and zootechnical parameters of progenies in the maternity and nursery phases. The experiment was conducted with 120 females, with 1st, 3rd and 5th parities, and 1,564 born alive piglets. The females of the group treated with azaperone (TG n = 60) and control group (CG, n = 60) received a deep intramuscular injection, immediately after the placenta elimination, of 8 mL azaperone (320 mg) and 8 mL of sterile saline solution, respectively. During the maternity phase (? 21 days old) the percentage of piglets with diarrhea of CG (2.58%) was significantly different (P ? 0.01) compared to the GT (0.75%). At the maternity phase there were no significant differences between the treatments to the mortality rate, total and piglets weight with

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo, avaliar o efeito da Brachiaria spp. cv. Mulato II (Convert) sobre o desempenho, qualidade de carne e características de carcaça de novilhos Nelore castrados, na fase de recria e terminação, em sistema de pastejo rotacionado em comparação com a Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, nas mesmas condições. A área experimental era composta por 40 hectares, divididos em dois tratamentos: Marandu e Convert, com 20 hectares cada. Cada tratamento possuía quatro repetições e cada repetição era um módulo composto por cinco piquetes de um hectare cada. Os animais foram manejados de acordo com a oferta de matéria seca de lâminas foliares (6,19% do peso vivo), em pastejo rotativo, com 7 dias de ocupação e 28 dias de descanso. Foram utilizados 10 animais em cada repetição (testers), além de animais reguladores, quando necessário. Para análises de desempenho, foram utilizados os 10 animais de cada repetição, enquanto para análises de carcaça e carne utilizou-se seis animais por repetição. Foram avaliadas caracteristicas de produção e bromatológicas das duas gramíneas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualisado com dois tratamentos e quatro repetições, os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância utilizando o programa estátistico R. Os animais alimentados em pastagens estabelecidas com capim Convert foram superiores em relação aos alimentados em pastagens estabelecidas com capim Marandu, tendo maior ganho médio diário durante o período experimental (0,682 kg x 0,605 kg), peso ao abate (470,45 kg x 451,43 kg), peso de carcaça quente (239,93 kg x 232,36 kg). O trabalho também mostrou a possibilidade de terminação de novilhos castrados jovens (até 30 meses) e com a espessura de gordura subcutânea exigida pela indústria (3 mm) em ambas pastagens utilizadas.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation of diets for weaned piglets with L-valine and L-glutamine + L-glutamic acid on performance, frequency of diarrhea, organ weight, digesta pH, intestinal morphology, and economic viability. Seventy-two piglets with a live weight of 7.53 ± 0.84 kg and 24 days of age were used. The animals were submitted to the following four treatments from 24 to 46 days of age: diet not supplemented with amino acids (control diet, CD); diet supplemented with glutamine + glutamic acid (GD); diet supplemented with glutamine + glutamic acid + valine (GVD), and diet supplemented with valine (VD). Two sequential phases (pre-initial I and pre-initial II) with a duration of 12 and 11 days, respectively, were established. A completely randomized design, consisting of six repetitions and three pigs per experimental unit, was used. Nine days after weaning, at 32 days of age, a piglet per pen was slaughtered for the evaluation of organ weight, digesta pH and intestinal morphology. All animals received a single diet from days 47 to 65. No effects on performance were observed during the pre-initial phases I and II; however, when the whole study period was considered (24 to 65 days of age), piglets fed GVD consumed less feed and exhibited better feed conversion than animals of the VD group. With respect to morphometric parameters, GD provided a greater ileal crypt depth than CD and VD. There was an economic advantage of diets supplemented with L-valine and L-glutamine + L-glutamic acid, validating their use in diets for weaned piglets until 46 days of age.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementing inorganic iron and phytic acid to the diet for finishing pigs on meat quality after 24 hours and 7 days of refrigeration. Forty castrated male finishing pigs of a commercial genotype, with an initial mean weight of 64.34 ± 6.64 kg and age of 108 days, were used. The animals were weighed and housed individually in brick pens with an area of three m2 and compact floor, receiving water and ration ad libitum for 30 days. A randomized block design in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme was used, corresponding to diets supplemented or not with inorganic iron and with two levels of phytic acid, high (4.85%) and low (2.98%). The animals were slaughtered when they had reached a mean weight of 100.76 ± 6.54 kg and longissimus dorsi muscle samples were collected for the analysis of meat quality. The following parameters were analyzed in the samples: pH, color, marbling, water loss through pressure, shear force, iron composition, and lipid oxidation. No differences in the variables analyzed were observed between factors, except for muscle iron concentration, which was higher for the diet with inclusion of inorganic iron. Lipid oxidation was not influenced by the presence or absence of phytic acid and inorganic iron. The results show that diets with elevated phytic acid levels supplemented or not with inorganic iron can be used for finishing pigs without compromising meat quality during the refrigeration phase.

Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar a inclusão de ractopamina e sua associação com as vitaminas antioxidantes C e E em dietas de suínos em terminação durante 28 dias antes do abate sobre o desempenho, as características de carcaça e a qualidade da carne. Quarenta e oito suínos da linhagem Agroceres PIC (24 machos castrados e 24 fêmeas) foram distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3x2, com três dietas: controle; controle + 10ppm de ractopamina; controle + complexo (0,05%) de ractopamina com vitaminas antioxidantes (10ppm de ractopamina + 200mg de vitamina E + 100mg de vitamina C kg-1 de ração) e dois gêneros (machos castrados e fêmeas). Foram avaliados o consumo de ração, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar dos animais. Os suínos foram abatidos com peso médio de 100,81±7,81kg. Após o abate, as características de carcaça foram avaliadas e foram coletadas amostras do músculo Longissimus dorsi para a análise da qualidade da carne. Verificou-se diferença (P

The objective of this study was to evaluate the consequences of low or high stress during pre-slaughter handling of pigs on their carcass and meat quality. Forty-four animals of a commercial lineage, with an average weight of 107.23±5.23 kg, were used. At lairage the animals were randomly divided into two groups, the least and the most stressed. At slaughter, during bleeding, blood samples were collected for later cortisol and lactate tests. Forty-five minutes after slaughter the initial pH of th carcasses was measured and samples of the semitendinosus muscle were collected for R-value calculation. After 24 hours of cooling, the final pH was measured, damage scores were assessed and samples of the longissimus dorsi muscle were collected to evaluate drip loss, liquid loss from defrosting and cooking, shear force, lipid oxidation, and color. The results were evaluated by analysis of variance and the means were compared by Tukey´s test. It was found that cortisol, lactate and R-value were lower and initial pH was higher for the least stressed animals, whereas the other parameters were not significantly affected. Thus, low stress in the pre-slaughter handling of pigs is effective in reducing stress and carcass damage, but has no effect on meat quality.

The objective was to evaluate the dietary supplementation of different sources of chromium (inorganic: chromium sulfate and chelated: chromium-methionine) during the finishing period of pigs to obtain improvements in the animal performance, and carcass and meat quality. The statistical design was randomized blocks, where 44 barrows, with an initial weight 60.49±5.12 kg, were divided into four blocks (heavier, heavy, light and lighter) according to initial weight. The experimental diets were isoenergetic and isonutrient, except for the chromium level. The treatments were divided as follows: control (without chromium), control + 200 ppb of inorganic chromium (chromium sulfate), and control + 200 ppb of chelated chromium (chromium-methionine). In the performance measures, the stall was considered the experimental unit and in the blood parameters, carcass and meat evaluations each animal constituted the experimental unit. Animals were slaughtered when they reached the final average weight of 107.23±5.23 kg. Blood samples were collected and tested for blood parameters (cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose) as well as carcass quality (hot and cold weights, yield, loin-eye area, muscle depth and backfat thickness) and meat quality (initial and final pH, drip loss, color, chemical composition and lipid oxidation) parameters. Chromium-methionine supplementation provides a greater daily weight gain only compared with the animals that are not supplemented with chromium, because feed conversion is better as compared with the other treatments. After 24 hours of storage, the meat from pigs supplemented either with chromium-methionine or with chromium sulfate presents lower lipid oxidation than that from non-supplemented animals. However, after three days of storage, only chromim-methionine is effective in reducing lipid oxidation.

The objective of this study was evaluate the effects of immunocastration on body weight gain, carcass characteristics and meat quality of Nellore beef cattle. Eighty Nellore beef cattle, with initial body weight of 357±8.63 kg, were placed in feedlots and distributed in two treatments (40 animals per treatments) as follow: one - non-vaccinated bulls and two - immunocastrated bulls (Bopriva®, Pfizer Animal Health). The animals placed on treatment two were vaccinated in two doses, first application 30 days before they arrive on the feedlots and second on the day they arrive on feedlots. After 67 days of experimental period, was calculated the daily gain of live weight in kg/day of the 80 animals and selected 20 animals from each treatment for the slaughter and carcass evaluations, and ten from each group for the meat analyzes. The data were submitted to analysis of variance. Immunocastrated animals showed lower daily weight gain, hot carcass weight, carcass yield, pH, leg thickness, muscle depth, loin muscle area, carcass muscle percentage, shear force and moisture. However, this animals had higher concentration of lactate and cortisol blood, chest depth, fat thickness, finishing degree, a *, b * and c*, liquid loss in thawing process, myofibrillar fragmentation index and ether extract of meat when compared to non-vaccinated bulss. The immunocastration (Bopriva®) is an alternative for improving the quality of meat by the higher fat deposition and by the reduction of the shear force of the meat when compared to non-vaccinated bulls.

The objective of this study was to analyze the production of dry mass, forage accumulation rate and the structural composition of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés pastures, managed under different grazing heights in continuous stocking. The experimental area was 12 hectares, divided in paddocks of one hectare each. The treatments were 15, 30, 45 and 60 cm of defoliation heights. Nellore steers were used to reach the desired heights. Every 28 days four cut samples and eight visual samples were collected for comparative performance in the experimental plots. Two grazing exclusion cages were used per treatment to estimate accumulation rates kg.ha-1 DM. The cut material was taken to the laboratory for separation of the botanical components (green leaf, stem and senescent material), weighing and determination of dry matter. The experimental design was the completely randomized with three replicates. There were treatments effects at all seasons for the production of total mass, except in the spring. In summer and spring seasons it was observed the highest values for leaf blades (1.100 kg DM. ha-1). In the winter, the highest values of senescent material was observed, as expected. The average accumulation showed no significant difference among the treatments, except for stem and total mass in the summer and stem in the fall. The tillers were heavier and higher values for number of green leaves per tiller occurred in the fall, but for senescent leaves per tiller ocurred in the winter. Swards grazed at heights between 45 and 60 cm of defoliation, had good production of forage mass and leaf constituent.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of growth promoters in growing and finishing pigs on performance and carcass characteristics, intestinal histological profile, organs weight of the digestive tract, and the consequences of these treatments on the effluent through the process of biodigestion. We used 80 pigs with an average initial weight of 40.00 ± 1.90 kg, submitted to four treatments, during 61 days, until to reach 100.00 ± 4.50 kg of livewight, corresponding to diets with the following additives: Control (diet without growth promoters); Symbiotic; Colistin (10ppm) and Tylosin (40ppm). Difference was observed to the daily feed intake during the growing phase with a greater consumption for the treatment Tylosin regarding treatment Colistin. There was no difference for carcass traits, for the weight of the organs and to the parameters evaluated in the process of digestion of manure (pH, total solids, chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand). Regarding the intestinal morphology, animals treated with Tylosin had higher crypt depth (P ? 0.05) in the duodenum compared to animals fed with Control and Symbiotic diets, as well as larger crypt depth in the jejunum (P ? 0.05). There were differences in the rate villi / crypt with the Control treatment showing higher value compared to other treatments. For the ileum, there was a difference to crypt depth treatment of the animals compared to Control and Tylosin treatments. Despite observed differences in the characteristics of intestinal morphology, there was no advantage in the use of additives for the parameters of zootechnical interest. The effects on the fermentation process did not indicate any advantages for the additives evaluated.

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the use of defatted corn germ meal (DCGM) with an enzymatic complex (EC) in feed for pigs in growing and finishing phases on the performance, digestibility, carcass, meat quality and economic efficiency characteristics. A total of 50 pigs (Agroceres PIC), 25 castrated male and 25 female, with initial average weight of 41.14 ± 2.95 kg, were used The animals were submitted to 5 treatments: T1- control feed (corn + soya meal), T2- ration with corn + soybean meal + 20% DCGM (isonutrient and isoenergetic compared to T1), T3- ration with corn + soybean meal + 20% DCGM and CE (isonutrient and isoenergetic compared to T1), T4 - ration with corn + soybean meal + 20% DCGM without EC (formulated equal T3, without considering the nutritional matrix of CE, with lower nutritional and energetic levels than T1), T5-ration with corn + soybean meal + 20% DCGM and EC (formulated equal T2, with EC added in on top form, presenting higher nutritional and energetic levels than T1). The experimental design was in random blocks, with 5 treatments and 5 repetitions per treatment, being each pen with two animals of different genders considered an experimental unit. Significant difference was verified for average weight gain when was considered the entire experimental period, with advantages for T5 and worst results for T4. For feed conversion, the worst result was verified in T4 (P

The concepts of animal welfare have received a wide discussion by international scientific community during the last decades. The most accepted definition consider the animal welfare like a multidimensional theme, where are involved the emotion, the biological activity and the natural behavior. However, considering the clearness of this concepts, another challenge is presented, where is questioned how we can evaluate the animal welfare in commercial systems. Thus, the Welfare Quality® project gave the understanding about the welfare subjects and how we can to evaluate its in commercial farms and slaughterhouses. Then the main of this article is present the principal concepts and practical means to evaluate the animal welfare in swine, according the Welfare Quality® protocols, with the identifications of the positive and critical aspects involved.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of pork meat when matured. The treatments evaluated were: meat no maturated; meat matured for 3 days; meat matured for 6 days. The pH, water loss percentage, and liquid lost in thawing displayed a decreasing linear regression while the fluid lost in cooking showed an increasing linear regression. The L*, a*, b* and chroma showed an increasing linear effect while the tone displayed a decreasing linear regression. The mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria counts were greater for the treatments that underwent maturation. The shear force decrease linearly with the increase in the maturation period. The MFI, lipid oxidation, and sensory analyses were not affected by treatments. The maturation of the pork meat improved the color, reduced the pH and increased the tenderness. There was no change in the lipid stability of the meat, nor sensory damage.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance, the carcass and meat characteristics of ewes supplemented with magnesium oxide. Eighteen 6-year-old Santa Ines ewes were used in a completely randomized experimental design, where three levels of supplementation (0.0, 0.1 and 0.2% magnesium oxide in the concentrate) were tested, with six replicates. Final weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion were not affected by levels of magnesium supplementation. Hot and cold carcass weights showed linear increasing and quadratic responses, respectively, according to supplementation with magnesium. Carcass measurements such as length, depth, and measures of arm and leg were not affected by supplementation. Depth and width of the longissimus muscle and rib-eye area were not affected; however, marbling and ether extract increased linearly with supplementation. Water loss and color were not affected. Lipid oxidation and shear force were not affected by supplementation, while the myofibrillar fragmentation index showed a quadratic regression. There was a linear decrease in pH with magnesium supplementation. Supplementation with magnesium can improve carcass and meat pH, but can act negatively by increasing the amount of marbling and ether extract of meat.

There was evaluated the performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality parameters of swine on the finishing stage receiving a dietetic supplementation with magnesium oxide (MgO). The animals were 48 male swine, supplemented 7 days before the slaughter by the following treatments: feed with 0; 0.2; 0.4 e 0.6% of MgO inclusion. The pigs were blocked by the initial weight as: lights, medium and heavy. The treatments had influence on the daily weight gain showing a quadratic effect, maximum inclusion point 0.3% MgO. The effect on the plasmatic cortisol and on the carcass yield was a linear decreasing regression. Back fat thickness shows a quadratic effect, minimal deposition point 0.37% MgO. Amount of meat in chilled carcass, meat yield and gratification index showed quadratic effect for the treatments, the maximum points are 0.31, 0.37 and 0.28% of inclusion respectively. Water losses and liquid losses on defrosting presented quadratic effect; the minimal point was to 0.31 and 0.35% of inclusion, respectively.

This research was aimed to evaluate the stress as well as carcass and meat quality of broilers slaughtered by the “Halal” method. 120 carcasses were evaluated, 60 broilers were slaughtered by the traditional method and 60 broilers by the “Halal” method, with live weight of 3.8 kg and 49 days old. Exsanguination blood samples were collected to measure the levels of creatine phosphokinase, lactic acid and hemogram. After the slaughter each carcass had been evaluated to verify the presence of bruises, contusions, muscle bleeding, and fractures. Initial and final pH, color (CIELAB), drip (PAG) and pressing water loss (PAP) and tenderness (shear force – FC) were measured in “Pectoralis major” muscle. The lactic acid levels were higher and lower in monocytes for the broilers slaughtered using the “Halal” method, indicating higher stress levels, while the percentage of hematocrit was great to the traditional slaughter. Animals slaughtered by the “Halal” method had wing bruises with bigger size and meat with lower pH values the initial and final, higher lightness (L*) and higher redness (a*). It was observed higher frequency of PSE carcass (pale, soft, exsudative) slaughtered by method “Halal”. It is concluded that the “Halal” method of slaughter for chickens, stress increases and the size of the lesions of carcasses and higher frequency of PSE carcasses, reducing the quality of chicken meat. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o estresse e a qualidade da carcaça e da carne de frangos abatidos pelo método “Halal”. Foram avaliadas 120 carcaças, 60 frangos abatidos pelo método tradicional e 60 frangos abatidos pelo método “Halal”, com peso médio de 3,8 kg de peso vivo e idade de 49 dias. No momento da sangria foi coletado sangue para análise dos níveis de creatina fosfoquinase, lactato e hemograma. Após o abate foi verificado nas carcaças a presença de hematomas, contusões, hemorragias musculares e fraturas. No músculo peitoral (Pectoralis major) foi mensurado o pH inicial e final, a cor (CIELAB), a perda de água por gotejamento (PAG) e por pressão (PAP) e a maciez (Força de cisalhamento – FC). Os níveis de lactato foram mais elevados e de monócitos mais baixos nos frangos abatidos pelo método “Halal”, indicando maior nível de estresse, embora a porcentagem de hematócrito tenha sido maior para o abate tradicional. Animais abatidos pelo método “Halal” apresentaram lesões de maior tamanho nas asas e carnes com menores valores de pH inicial e final, maior luminosidade (L*) e maior índice de vermelho (a*). Foi observado maior frequência de carcaças PSE (cor pálida, textura mole, exsudativa) nos animais abatidos pelo método “Halal”. Conclui-se que o método de abate Halal para frangos, aumenta o estresse assim como o tamanho das lesões das carcaças e maior frequência de carcaças PSE, diminuindo a qualidade da carne de frango.

The experiment was conducted with the aim to evaluate the effects of different levels of radish cake (0, 5, 10 and 20%) in laying hens rations on performance parameters and qualitative and sensorial characteristics of egg. A total of 240 light laying hens, with 52 to 60 weeks of age, standartized according the weight and laying performance distributed a completely randomized design, with six repetitions with eight birds per unit, were used. The experiment was conducted during eight weeks, subdivided within four periods of two weeks. There was effect of radish cake (P < 0.05) for rations consumption, percentage of laying, egg mass, egg color parameters and sensorial avaluation. None differences were observed between the treatments for conversion rate and egg’s weight. The use of radish cake to laying hens resulted a worst effects for performance parameters and sensorial egg characteristics. O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da inclusão da torta de nabo forrageiro, TNBF, (0, 5, 10, 15 e 20%) na ração sobre os parâmetros produtivos e qualidade dos ovos de galinhas poedeiras. Foram utilizadas 240 poedeiras comerciais leves, entre 52 e 60 semanas de idade, uniformizadas por peso e postura, dispostas em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com seis repetições de oito aves por tratamento. O experimento teve duração de oito semanas, dividido em quatro períodos de duas semanas cada. Houve efeito da TNBF (P < 0,05) sobre o consumo de ração, porcentagem de postura, massa dos ovos, índices de cor e avaliação sensorial. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos para conversão alimentar e peso dos ovos. O uso da torta de nabo forrageiro na ração de galinhas poedeiras afeta negativamente os parâmetros produtivos e a qualidade sensorial dos ovos.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of phytic acid, mainly carried by the defatted corn germ meal (DCGM), and the addition of phytase in pig diets in the finishing phase on the parameters related to the meat and fresh sausage qualities. Were used 32 pigs of commercial line “Pen Ar Lan”, with initial weight of 60.31 ± 5.32 kg, 16 barrows and 16 females, distributed in a 2x2x2 factorial design: diet without adding DCGM and inclusion of 40% of DCGM, diets without phytase inclusion and inclusion of 1000 FTU and the gender, barrows and gilts. The animals received food and water ad libitum during the experimental period of 29 days. Upon reaching 87.19 ± 7.08 of kg body weight, the animals were slaughtered. Samples were collected from the Longissimus dorsi muscle for analysis of meat and fresh sausage qualities. Samples of loin were assessed for pH, color, marbling, drip loss, texture, chemical composition and lipid oxidation. In fresh sausage were evaluated color, pH, chemical composition and oxidation. The results showed that diets with phytic acid, mainly carried by the defatted corn germ meal, influenced the lipid stability of meat and fresh sausage. The inclusion of phytase didn’t affect the oxidation. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a influência do ácido fítico, veiculado principalmente pelo farelo de gérmen de milho desengordurado (FGMD), e da adição de fitase em rações de suínos em fase de terminação sobre os parâmetros relacionados à qualidade da carne e da linguiça tipo frescal. Para o experimento foram utilizados 32 suínos da linhagem Pen Ar Lan, com peso médio inicial de 60,31 ± 5,32 kg, sendo 16 machos castrados e 16 fêmeas, distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos casualisados num modelo fatorial 2x2x2, com 4 repetições, sendo os fatores: rações sem inclusão de FGMD e com inclusão de 40% de FGMD, rações sem inclusão de fitase e com inclusão de 1000 FTU, e os gêneros machos castrados e fêmeas. Os animais receberam água e ração à vontade durante o período experimental de 29 dias. Ao atingirem 87,19 ± 7,08 kg de peso vivo, os animais foram abatidos em frigorífico comercial. Foram coletadas amostras do músculo Longissimus dorsi para análise das características de qualidade da carne e para confecção de uma linguiça tipo frescal. As amostras de lombo foram submetidas à avaliação de pH, cor, marmoreio, perda de líquido, maciez, composição química e oxidação lipídica. Na linguiça frescal foi avaliada a cor, o pH, a composição química e a oxidação. Os resultados demonstraram que dietas com a presença de ácido fítico, veiculado principalmente pelo farelo de gérmen de milho desengordurado, influenciaram positivamente a estabilidade lipídica da carne e da linguiça frescal. A inclusão de fitase não interferiu na oxidação dos produtos.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of genetic groups and carcass fat thickness levels on unfreeze losses (UFL), cooking losses (COL), pH, shear force (SF), frequency and diameters of slow-twitch-oxidative and red color (SO), fast-twitch-glicolytic and intermediate color and fast-twitch-glycolitic and white color (FG) on Longissimus muscle of bulls finished in feedlot. It were evaluated NEL – Nellore; LIN - ½ Limousin + ½ Nellore and RAN - ½ Angus + ½ Nellore genetic groups slaughtered with fat thickness levels of 3 or 5 mm. There was an interaction between genetic group RAN and fat thickness levels to the characteristics of UFL, COL, pH, SF and redness. The NEL produced meat darker than the crossbred, and had higher ultimate pH. However, the meat of these animals had lower UFL, COL and SF when compared to crossbred. Bulls RAN had the highest frequency of fast oxidative glicolytic fiber and lowest in slow-twitch oxidative fibers, and larger diameters for these fibers. Difference in meat quality among genetic groups are found in the smallest fat thickness levels of the carcass, while these differences cease to exist when the slaughter occurs with higher fat thickness levels. Fat thickness levels did not affect on meat quality of bulls finished in feedlot.Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do grupo genético e grau de acabamento da carcaça sobre as perdas por descongelamento (PDES), perdas por cocção (PCOC), pH, força de cisalhamento (FC), luminosidade, frequência e diâmetros das fibras de contração lenta, metabolismo oxidativo e coloração vermelha (SO), de contração rápida, metabolismo oxidativo-glicolítico e coloração intermediária (FOG) e de contração rápida, metabolismo glicolítico e coloração branca (FG) do músculo Longissimus de bovinos terminados em confinamento. Foram avaliados os grupos NEL – Nelore; LIN – ½ Limousin + ½ Nelore e RAN – ½ Red Angus + ½ Nelore abatidos com 3 ou 5 mm de espessura de gordura de cobertura. Houve interação entre o grupo genético RAN e grau de acabamento para características PDES, PCOC, pH, FC e intensidade de vermelho (a*). Os bovinos NEL tinham carnes mais escuras do que os animais mestiços, além de apresentarem maior pH final. No entanto, a carne destes bovinos apresentou menor PDES, PCOC e FC quando comparada à de bovinos mestiços. Bovinos RAN apresentaram maior frequência de fibras FOG e menor de fibras SO, além de maiores diâmetros para estas fibras. Diferenças na qualidade da carne entre grupos genéticos foram verificadas no menor grau de acabamento da carcaça. No entanto, estas diferenças deixam de existir quando o abate ocorreu com maior grau de acabamento. O grau de acabamento (3 ou 5 mm) de espessura de gordura de cobertura não teve efeito na qualidade da carne de bovinos terminados em confinamento.

The aim of this study was evaluate the physical-chemical changes in aged meat from Charolais x Nellore cattle. For that, 38 male with an average weight of 437.08 ± 15.06 kg, were used. After 24 hours of refrigeration, the half right carcass was cut in the 13ª rib to collect 35cm samples from Longissimus dorsi muscle. The samples were sliced, vacuum packed and aged for zero, seven and fourteen days, after the ageing time, the samples were frozen, to make analysis of exudate water loss, shear force, pressing water loss, pH, color (L, a*, b*, chroma and hue value), sensorial analysis, microbiology, and myofibrillar fragmentation index. The experimental design was completely randomized and the data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means compared by Tukey test in 5%. The microbiological analysis showed that all the bacterium evaluated had their growth period until the aged day seven, and decreased to the aged day 14. The pH decreased with the increasing of time. The water loss and myofibrillar fragmentation index weren’t affected by the ageing period. Shear force and color components (L*, a*, b* chroma and hue value) were affected by the ageing, being the 14 days the best result. The sensorial analysis has only show differences to tenderness. The aged cattle beef vacuum packed did not lose the fresh meat characteristics, however improved the tenderness.Com o presente trabalho objetivou-se avaliar as alterações físico-químicas na carne maturada de bovinos Charolês x Nelore. Para isso foram utilizados 38 bovinos inteiros, abatidos com peso médio de 437,08 (± 15,06 kg). Após 24 horas de resfriamento, as meias carcaças direita foram seccionadas na altura da 13ª costela para retirada de uma amostra de 35 cm do músculo longissimus dorsi (contra-filé), em sentido caudal – cranial. As amostras foram fatiadas, embaladas a vácuo e maturadas por zero, sete e quatorze dias. Após o término do período de maturação as carnes foram congeladas para posterior realização das análises de: perda de água por exsudato, força de cisalhamento, perda de água por pressão, pH, cor (valor de L*, a*, b*, croma e tonalidade), análise sensorial, microbiologia e índice de fragmentação miofibrilar. Todas as análises foram realizadas no Laboratório de Análise de Produtos de Origem Animal, da Universidade Estadual de Londrina. O delineamento experimental foi completamente casualizado e os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. A Análise microbiológica revelou que todas as bactérias avaliadas tiveram crescimento até o dia sete de maturação, porém diminuíram no tempo 14 dias de maturação. O pH diminuiu com o aumento do período de maturação. A perda de água por pressão e o índice de fragmentação miofibrilar, não foram alterados com o tempo de maturação. A força de cisalhamento e os componentes da cor (L, a*, b*, croma e tonalidade) foram influenciados pelos tempos de maturação, sendo o tempo 14 dias o melhor deles. A análise sensorial só apresentou diferença para maciez. A carne bovina maturada embalada a vácuo não perdeu suas características de carne, entretanto melhorou a maciez.

The objective of this work was evaluate the best nutritional program for growing pigs, between five comercial diets with different levels of protein (high, medium and low), chrome picolinate and ractopamine for finishing pigs. Performance, carcass, economy and meat quality were evaluated. Seventy pigs (Pen Ar Lan) were used (35 barrows and 35 gilts) with initial weight ± standard deviation of 25.22 ± 2.5 kg and were slaughtered with final weight plus standard deviation of 119.08 ± 6.0kg. Difference between high protein and low protein + chrrome was observed to feed convertion during growth phases, with high protein showing better results. Difference was observed during finishing phase II to daily gain, showing better results for ractopamine over low protein. Muscle and fat deposition over carcass showed better results for ractopamine against low protein only. Lower levels of drip loss was observed for low protein and ractopamine treatments against higher levels of protein treatments. Ractopamine also showed the best cost when compared with all treatments and was the best nutritional program studied.O objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar o melhor programa nutricional para suínos em engorda, entre cinco formulações comerciais a partir do uso de diferentes níveis de proteína total (alta, média e baixa), picolinato de cromo (Cr) e ractopamina (Rac) no final da terminação. Os tratamentos foram avaliados para desempenho, características de carcaça, aspectos econômicos e qualidade de carne. Foram utilizados 70 suínos de linhagem comercial Pen Ar Lan (35 machos castrados e 35 fêmeas) com peso médio inicial ± desvio padrão de 25,22 ± 2,5 kg e peso final de abate ± desvio padrão de 119,08 ± 6,0kg. Para as fases iniciais de crescimento, foi observada diferença para a conversão alimentar com a ração com alta proteína apresentando melhor conversão alimentar em relação à ração com picolinato de cromo. Para a fase de terminação II, foi observada diferença no ganho diário de peso, com o programa com ractopamina apresentando melhores resultados apenas em relação ao programa com baixa proteína. Também houve diferença na deposição de músculo e gordura na carcaça em favor da ractopamina, quando comparada com a ração de baixa proteína. Observou-se diferença para a perda de água por gotejamento para ractopamina e baixa proteína em relação aos maiores níveis desse nutriente. A ractopamina também mostrou-se a mais eficiente economicamente. Para os aspectos estudados neste trabalho, entre os programas nutricionais testados, a ractopamina mostrou-se a mais eficiente.

The effects of including defatted corn-germ flour (DCGF), a source of phytic acid, as an ingredient in pig feed for different periods in the growing-finishing phase were evaluated with respect to feed performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality. The test group consisted of 24 male pigs from the same genetic background, with an average initial weight of 75.41±4.41 kg and an average age of 123 days. The treatments consisted of adding 50% DCGF to the feed at 0, 7, 14 and 21 days before slaughter. The zootechnical performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and antioxidant effects of phytic acid were evaluated through the analysis of lipid oxidation in the meat of the slaughtered animals. There were no effects (P>0.05) for any period of DCGF feed supplementation on the zootechnical performance or carcass characteristics. Refrigerated meat showed less oxidation as the length of the DCGF-inclusion period in the diet was increased.O experimento avaliou os efeitos de diferentes períodos de inclusão do farelo de gérmen de milho desengordurado (FGMD), como ingrediente e fonte de ácido fítico em rações de suínos em fase de terminação, sobre o desempenho, características de carcaça e qualidade da carne. Foram utilizados 24 suínos machos de mesma genética comercial com peso médio inicial de 75,41 ± 4,41 kg e idade média de 123 dias. Os tratamentos corresponderam a inclusão de 50% de FGMD na ração nos períodos de 0, 7, 14 e 21 dias antes ao abate. Foram avaliados o desempenho zootécnico, as características de carcaça e de qualidade da carne e o efeito antioxidante do ácido fítico, através da análise de oxidação lipídica na carne. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos (peso inicial dos animais) ao acaso, com 4 tratamentos e 6 repetições por tratamento. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) do tempo de inclusão do FGMD na dieta no desempenho zootécnico e nas características de carcaça. Na qualidade de carne houve efeito linear decrescente (P?0.05) na oxidação lipídica da carne mantida em refrigeração durante 7 dias. A carne refrigerada apresentou menor oxidação com o aumentou do período de inclusão de FGMD nas rações.

Consumers believe tenderness to be most important organoleptic characteristic of meat. However, there is great variability in the tenderness of meat available to consumers; one method to reduce the variability and improve tenderness would be to promote meat aging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of aged ewe meat. The experiment was conducted at the State University of Londrina. It was used eighteen Santa Ines ewes. After slaughter, the Longissimus dorsi muscle were collected and subjected to treatment, three different aging times: zero, four and eight days at 5 ± 2°C. The increase in aging time caused a decrease in pH. The L*, a* and c* values increase linearly with the aging period. The b* and h* values showed a quadratic regression. The mesophilic and psychrotrophic count showed a linear increase. The myofibrillar fragmentation index showed a quadratic regression, and the shear force decreased linearly. In a sensory analysis, a difference in the odor intensity of the meat was observed. The microbiological count indicated that the meat was fit for consumption. The aging promoted improvements in the quality of sheep meat. Os consumidores acreditam que a maciez é a característica organoléptica mais importante da carne. No entanto, há grande variabilidade na maciez da carne disponível para os consumidores, um método de reduzir a variabilidade e melhorar a maciez seria promover a maturação da carne. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade da carne maturada de ovelhas. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Foram utilizadas 18 ovelhas da raça Santa Inês. Após o abate, o músculo Longissimus dorsi foram coletados e submetidos ao tratamento, três diferentes tempos de maturação: zero, quatro e oito dias a 5 ± 2 ° C. O aumento do tempo de maturação provocou uma redução no pH. Os valores de L *, a * e c* aumentam de forma linear com o tempo de maturação. Os valores b * e h * apresentaram uma regressão quadrática. A contagem de mesófilos e psicrotróficos apresentaram um aumento linear. O índice de fragmentação miofibrilar apresentou uma regressão quadrática, e a força de cisalhamento diminuiu linearmente. Na análise sensorial, uma diferença na intensidade de odor da carne foi observada. A contagem microbiológica indicou que a carne estava apta para consumo. A maturação promoveu melhorias na qualidade da carne de ovelhas.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the performance, feces production and digestibility of the main ingredients in feed of different pig genotypes. Forty eight pigs (24 barrows and 24 gilts) averaging 50.81 ± 4.63 kg until 81.14 ± 6.55 kg of body weight and 93.63 ± 6.08 days of age were used. Four treatments represented by four lineages were used: 1- commercial pig breeding line, selected for growth and lean meat production; 2- commercial pig breeding line, selected for prolificacy; 3- crossbred animals (Landrace x Large White); 4- non selected genetic line. Two animals were housed per pen and they received isonutrient and isoenergetic and feed and water ad libitum. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 4x2 factorial arrangement (genetic lines, genders). A greater average daily gain was observed to hybrid animals selected for lean meat production compared to animals selected to prolificacy and a greater feed conversion was observed for the hybrid animals for lean meat (PO objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho, a produção de fezes e a digestibilidade dos principais nutrientes da ração de suínos de diferentes genótipos. Foram utilizados 48 animais (24 machos castrados e 24 fêmeas), entre 50,81 ± 4,63 kg até 81,14 ± 6,55 kg de peso vivo e idade média inicial de 93,63 ± 6,08 dias, divididos em quatro tratamentos, representados por quatro genótipos: linhagem melhorada comercialmente, selecionada para crescimento e produção de carne magra; linhagem melhorada comercialmente, selecionada para fins de prolificidade; animais oriundos do cruzamento Landrace X Large White; e linhagem não melhorada geneticamente. Os animais foram alojados em número de 2 por baia e receberam rações isonutritivas e isonergéticas, além de água à vontade. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 4x2 (linhagens genéticas; gêneros). Foi observado maior ganho diário de peso para os animais híbridos para carne em relação aos animais híbridos para prolificidade e melhor conversão alimentar para os animais híbridos para carne em relação aos demais grupos genéticos. A produção total de fezes (base matéria natural) foi menor (P

The effects of phytase on the performance, carcass yield and on the meat quality (lipid oxidation of drumstick and breast muscle) were evaluated on broilers submitted to diets containing corn, soybean and defatted corn germ meal, an ingredient with high level of phytic acid. Three hundred male broilers, with 4 d of age, were distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments (represented by three levels of phytase in the diet: 0; 750 e 1500 FTU/kg of ration), with ten replicates and ten broilers per experimental unit. The feeding program was divided in three periods, according the age, starting (4 to 21 d), growing (22 to 35 d) and finishing phases (36 to 42 d). There were no phytase´s effects on growth performance and carcass yield. There was an increasing the TBARS values to the refrigerated drumstick and the breast muscles, corresponding a negative effect on the lipid oxidation of meat.Foram avaliados os efeitos da enzima fitase sobre o desempenho, o rendimento de carcaça e a qualidade da carne (oxidação lipídica dos músculos da coxa a e peito) de frangos de corte submetidos a dietas formuladas à base de milho, farelo de soja e farelo de gérmen de milho desengordurado (FGMD), um ingrediente com alta concentração de ácido fítico. Foram utilizados 300 frangos de corte machos, com quatro dias de idade, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos (correspondentes a três níveis dietéticos de fitase: 0; 750 e 1500 FTU/kg de ração) e dez repetições com dez aves cada. Foi utilizado um programa alimentar em três fases, inicial (4 a 21 dias de idade), crescimento (22 a 35 dias) e terminação (36 a 42 dias). Os níveis de fitase não afetaram o desempenho e o rendimento das carcaças e suas partes, mas aumentaram os valores de TBARS do músculo da coxa e do peito refrigerados, indicando piora da oxidação lipídica da carne.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of spray-dried plasma (SDP) on the performance, hematological profile, diarrhea frequency and economic viability of this ingredient in diets for light piglets at weaning, with 21 days of age. The trial was done using 72 pigs, 48 castrated male and 24 female (PenArLan), with an initial age of 21 days. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, with 4 treatments and 6 repetitions (each pen with two males and one female was considered a repetition). The treatments were: T1 - heavy weight weaned pigs, without supplementation; T2 - light weight weaned pigs, supplemented with 10g/animal/day of SDP; T3 - light weight weaned pigs, supplemented with 20g/animal/day of SDP; T4- light weight weaned pigs, without supplementation. The SDP were fed daily directly at the feeder three times per day. At 35 and 70 days old piglets were subjected to blood collection, and 8 animals in each treatment were used. Daily evaluation was made of diarrhea frequency. There was difference to feed:gain (P < 0,05) considering the period of 21 to 49 days of age and total period (21-70 days of age), with advantage to T3. The initial value for plasmatic urea was higher (P < 0,01) to pigs of T1 but the final titles were similar. There were no differences (P > 0,05) on frequency of diarrhea. There were differences in feed cost with advantage to T3 in the period of 21 to 35; 36 to 49 and 21 to 49 days of age. In total period (21 to 70 days of age) T3 showed the best index of economic efficiency.O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho, perfil hematológico, freqüência de diarréia e potencial econômico de uso do plasma sanguíneo desidratado (PSD) na dieta de leitões desmamados com baixo peso, aos 21 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 72 leitões, sendo 48 machos castrados e 24 fêmeas (PenArLan) com idade média inicial de 21 dias. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com 4 tratamentos e 6 repetições por tratamento (cada baia com dois machos e uma fêmea foi considerada uma repetição). Os tratamentos foram: T1 - animais pesados ao desmame, sem suplementação; T2 - animais leves ao desmame, suplementados com 10g/animal/dia de PSD; T3 - animais leves ao desmame, suplementados com 20g/animal/dia de PSD; T4 - animais leves ao desmame, sem suplementação. O PSD (10 e 20g/animal/dia) foi fornecido diretamente no cocho três vezes ao dia. Aos 35 e 70 dias de idade os leitões foram submetidos a coleta de sangue, sendo utilizado 8 animais de cada tratamento. Diariamente foi realizada a avaliação da freqüência de diarréia. Foi verificada diferença para conversão alimentar (P < 0,05) no período de tratamento compreendido entre 21 a 49 dias de idade e para o período experimental total (21 a 70 dias de idade) com vantagem para o T3. Os valores iniciais de uréia plasmática apresentaram diferença (P < 0,01) com vantagem para o T1, no entanto os valores finais mostraram-se semelhantes. Não houve diferença (P > 0,05) para freqüência de diarréia. Houve um melhor resultado na análise econômica, apontando vantagem para o T3 em relação ao custo da ração nos períodos compreendidos entre 21 a 35 dias, 36 a 49 dias e entre 21 a 49 dias de idade. Considerando todo o período experimental (21 a 70 dias de idade) o T3 apresentou melhor índice de eficiência econômica e de custo médio.

The experiment evaluated the effects of different periods of inclusion of defatted corn germ meal (DCGM), as a principal ingredient and source of phytic acid in the rations of finishing swine, on the chemical and sensorial characteristics and on the preservation of lipid oxidation of ham and the fresh sausage. Twenty four borrows with 75.408 ± 4.407 kg of initial weight and 123 days of age, with the same genetic basis were used. The experimental treatments were represented by the inclusion of 50% of DCGM in the finishing swine rations during 0, 7, 14 and 21 days before of slaughter, where were defined four treatments. The pigs were fed ad libitum during 28 days. After the slaughter, it was collected the ham of the half carcass and samples of the ham’s muscles were used to elaborate the fresh sausages. The approximate chemical composition, the color and the lipid stability of ham and fresh sausage were evaluated. The experimental design was a randomized blocks (based on initial pigs weight) with 6 replications per treatment. There were no regression effects over the evaluated parameters, where the DCGM did not affect the approximate chemical composition and the color of the samples. There were no differences between the treatments for ham and fresh sausage for the lipid stability according the different periods of inclusion of DCGM. The high inclusion of DCGM in the finishing pig rations until 21 days before the slaughter didn’t improve the quality characteristics and the oxidation of ham and fresh sausage. experimento avaliou o efeito de diferentes períodos de inclusão do farelo de gérmen de milho desengordurado (FGMD), como principal ingrediente e fonte de ácido fítico em rações de suínos em fase de terminação, sobre as características químicas, sensoriais e de preservação da oxidação no pernil e na linguiça frescal. Foram utilizados 24 suínos machos de mesma genética comercial com peso médio inicial de 75,408 ± 4,407 kg e idade média de 123 dias. Os tratamentos corresponderam à inclusão de 50% de FGMD na ração nos períodos de 0, 7, 14 e 21 dias antes ao abate. Os animais foram submetidos à alimentação à vontade durante 28 dias pré abate. Após o abate dos animais, o pernil de cada meia carcaça foi coletado e os cortes musculares da peça foram utilizados para a elaboração da linguiça frescal. Nos produtos foram avaliadas a composição química aproximada, a cor e a estabilidade lipídica. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso (baseado no peso inicial dos suínos) com seis repetições por tratamento. Não houve efeito de regressão nas características avaliadas, indicando que a inclusão do FGMD não afetou a composição química aproximada e a cor nas amostras. Não foi verificado efeito na estabilidade lipídica de acordo com os períodos de inclusão do FGMD (ácido fítico) na análise de oxidação lipídica. A alta inclusão do FGMD em rações de animais em terminação por até 21 dias antes do abate não favoreceu as características qualitativas e de oxidação dos músculos do pernil e da linguiça frescal.

The objective of this study was to verify the performance and carcass quality of pigs from four genetic lines and to correlate these data with the number and diameter of muscle fibers. A total of48 pigs were used and distributed into four treatments: high-lean commercial crossbred line; prolificacy commercial crossbred line; (Landrace X Large White) crossbred animals; and undefined genetic line. The experimental design consisted of a complete randomized design with a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement (4 genetic lines and 2 genders). Daily weight gain, daily feed intake and the feed conversion were evaluated. At slaughtering, the carcasses were evaluated and the number and the diameter of the muscle fibers of longissimus dorsi were assessed. The high-lean commercial line presented the greatestnumber of muscle cells (P

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho em confinamento de animais puros das raças Tabapuã (T), Bonsmara (B), mestiços ½ Bonsmara + ½ Nelore (B1) e mestiços ½ Bonsmara + ¼ Red Angus + ¼ Nelore (B2). Foram utilizados cinco bovinos castrados de cada grupo genético, com idade média de 22 meses e peso vivo de 394 ± 21 kg, ao início do experimento. A dieta para todos os animais continha silagem de cana-de-açúcar e ração comercial na proporção de 55 e 45% (base seca), respectivamente, com 14,99% de PB e 59,84% de NDT. Os animais foram abatidos quando atingiram escore visual de acabamento de 3, numa escala de 1 = magros a 5 = obesos. Houve efeito significativo dos grupos genéticos sobre o consumo de matéria seca, cujas médias foram de 1,9; 2,1; 2,2 e 2,2% do PV, respectivamente, para os animais Tabapuã, Bonsmara, B1 e B2. O ganho médio diário em peso vivo dos animais cruzados B1 (0,925 kg) e B2 (1,122 kg) e puros Bonsmara (1,035 kg) foi superior ao dos animais da raça Tabapuã (0,630 kg), que foram mais tardios para atingir escore corporal de abate. O consumo de nutrientes, como porcentagem do peso vivo ou por unidade de peso metabólico, não diferiu entre grupos genéticos. Carcaças de animais Bonsmara apresentaram melhor escore de conformação, porém as carcaças dos animais da raça Tabapuã tiveram melhores médias para rendimento de carcaça quente (56,2%) e fria (55,2%). Não houve diferença no peso de carcaça fria entre os grupos genéticos. Animais Bonsmara puros, B1 e B2, apresentam melhor desempenho em confinamento em comparação aos Tabapuã.The objective of this work was to evaluate feedlot performance of Tabapuã (T) and Bonsmara (B) purebreed animals, and ½ Bonsmara + ½ Nelore (B1) and ½ Bonsmara + ¼ Red Angus + ¼ Nelore (B2) crossbred animals. It was used five castrated bovines from each genetic group at average age of 22 months and live weight of 394 ± 21 kg at the beginning of the experiment. The diet for all the animals contained sugar cane silage and commercial ration at the proportion of 55 and 45% (dry matter basis), respectively, with 14.99% CP and 59.84% TDN. Animals were slaughtered when they reached a visual finishing body score of 3, in a scale from 1 = thin to 5 = obese. There was a significant effect of genetic groups on dry matter intake, whose averages were 1.9, 2.1, 2.2 and 2.2% BW for Tabapuã, Bonsmara, B1 and B2 animals, respectively. Average daily gain in live weight of crossbred animals B1 (0.925 kg) and B2 (1.122 kg) and purebred Bonsmara (1.035 kg) were greater than the ones of Tabapuã (0.630 kg), which were the latest to reach body condition score for slaughtering. Nutrient intake, as percentage of the body weight or per unit of metabolic weight, did not differ among genetic groups. Carcasses of Bonsmara animals presented the best conformation score, but carcasses of Tabapuã animals obtained the best means for hot (56.2%) and for cold (55.2%) dressing percentages. There was no difference for cold carcass weight among the genetic groups. Purebred Bonsmara steers, B1 and B2, presented better fedlot performances in comparison to Tabapuã steers.

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the use of sunflower cake in the rations to gestating and lactating sows. Forty eight sows, 24 gestating and 24 lactating, with the same genetic background were used. The treatments were represented by the levels of sunflower cake included in the rations of gestating and lactating sows, been: 0.0; 5.0; 10.0; 15.0%. The experimental design for both experiments was a randomized block, with four treatments and six repetitions, been the block represented by the reproductive order. Each sow represented one repetition. The characteristics evaluated were back fat thickness, feed consumption, interval weaning to estrus, placenta’s weight and reproductive parameters. No significant effects were observed on reproductive performance, except the feed consumption during the lactation that was observed a negative linear effect. The sunflower cake can be included until the level of 20% in feeding programs to sows after 80-days of gestation and to the lactation phase.Foram realizados dois experimentos visando avaliar a utilização da torta de girassol nas rações de matrizes suínas em final de gestação (80 a 110 dias de prenhez) e em matrizes em lactação (a partir do parto até o desmame aos 21 dias). Foram utilizadas 48 matrizes, 24 gestantes e 24 lactantes de mesma genética comercial. Os tratamentos consistiram na inclusão de 4 níveis de torta de girassol nas rações de gestação e lactação, sendo: 0,0; 5,0; 10,0 e 15,0% . O delineamento nos experimentos foi em blocos inteiramente casualizados, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições, sendo o bloco representado pela ordem do parto. Cada matriz representou uma repetição. Foram avaliados a espessura de toucinho, o consumo diário de ração, o peso das placentas, o intervalo desmame-cio e parâmetros reprodutivos. Não foram observadas diferenças (P>0,05) sobre nenhum dos parâmetros estudados, exceto para o consumo de ração na fase de lactação que apresentou um efeito linear negativo. Conclui-se que a torta de girassol pode ser incluída em programas de alimentação de matrizes após os 80 dias de gestação e na lactação em níveis de até 20%.

This experiment was conducted with the aim to evaluate the prebiotics as growth promoter in the rations to growing and finishing pigs over the performance, carcass and meat quality characteristics. Forty-eight castrated male pigs with the same genetic background were evaluated. The animals were allocated with 32.48 ± 3.71 kg of body weight with 72 days of age, been slaughtered with 115.89 ± 7.42 kg with 156 days of age. The experimental design was a randomized blocks with four treatments, six repetitions, been each pen, with two animals, considered one experimental unit. To the carcass and meat evaluation the experimental design was completely randomized, been each animal considered one repetition. According to the rations additives, the following treatments were established: T1- control (ration without growth promoter); T2- 0.2% prebiotics (0.1% mannanoligosaccharide + 0.1% fructooligosaccharide); T3- apramicine 15 ppm; T4- 0.2% prebiotics (0.1% mannanoligosaccharide + 0.1% fructooligosaccharide) + apramicine 15 ppm. The animals’ performance was analyzed considering the Phase I (between 30 to 50 kg of body weight), II (between 30 to 80 kg of body weight) and Total (between 30 to the slaughter). There were no differences (P>0.05) between the treatments to the performance parameters considering the Total phase. The loin eye area characteristic was better (P < 0.05) to the animals treated with prebiotics compared to the control treatment. No differences were observed between the treatments to the meat quality and sensorial characteristics (P < 0.05). The use of prebiotics to growing and finishing pigs demonstrated similar results on the performance, carcass and meat characteristics compared with apramicine treatment.O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de um promotor de crescimento à base de prebióticos em rações de suínos em fase de crescimento e terminação sobre o desempenho, características de carcaça e a qualidade de carne. Quarenta e oito suínos machos castrados, de mesma genética comercial, foram alojados com peso inicial médio de 32,48 ± 3,71 kg e 72 dias de idade até o abate, realizado aos 115,89 ± 7,42 kg e 156 dias de idade. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com 4 tratamentos e 6 repetições, sendo cada baia com dois animais considerada uma unidade experimental. Para as análises de carcaça e de qualidade da carne foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, sendo que cada animal representou uma repetição. Foram definidos, através da inclusão dos microingredientes às rações, os seguintes tratamentos: T1 controle (ração isenta de promotor de crescimento); T2- 0,2% prebióticos (0,1% mananoligossacarídeo + 0,1% frutoligossacarídeo); T3- 15 ppm apramicina; T4- 0,2% prebióticos (0,1% mananoligossacarídeo + 0,1% frutoligossacarídeo) + 15 ppm de apramicina. O desempenho dos animais foi analisado nas Fases I (entre 30 e 50 kg de peso vivo), II (entre 30 e 80 kg de peso vivo) e total (entre 30 kg e o abate). Não foram verificadas diferenças para as variáveis de desempenho no período total do experimento (P>0,05). A característica área de olho de lombo dos animais tratados com o prebióticos foi maior (P0,05). O uso de prebióticos para suínos em fase de crescimento e terminação, em relação à apramicina, demonstrou resultados semelhantes no desempenho e nascaracterísticas de carcaça e carne.

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho, as características de carcaça e o peso de órgãos do sistema digestório de suínos submetidos a restrição alimentar. Foram utilizados 40 suínos machos castrados, Landrace × Large White, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos casualisados, com quatro tratamentos, cinco repetições e dois animais por parcela experimental. Como tratamentos, avaliaram-se quatro programas de restrição alimentar: um controle, com alimentação à vontade durante os 86 dias de experimento; e outros três, com restrição de 20% no consumo de ração em relação ao grupo controle, durante 21 dias, a partir dos 30, 50 ou 70 kg de peso corporal (PC). Foram mensurados o consumo diário de ração, o ganho diário de peso e a conversão alimentar. As características de carcaça analisadas foram: peso de carcaça quente e fria, comprimento e rendimento de carcaça, espessura de toucinho, profundidade do músculo Longissimus dorsi, rendimento de carne na carcaça, quantidade de carne na carcaça, área de olho-de-lombo e pesos de fígado, estômago e intestinos delgado e grosso. Os custos de cada programa de alimentação foram avaliados para determinação de sua viabilidade. A conversão alimentar, considerando o período total do experimento, foi melhor nos animais mantidos sob restrição a partir dos 70 kg. Os resultados das avaliações de carcaça e dos pesos dos órgãos não diferiram entre os programas de restrição. As análises de custo apontaram melhor relação para a restrição a partir dos 70 kg PC. Em todos os programas de alimentação, a restrição alimentar seguida de alimentação à vontade promoveu ganho compensatório.The aim of this work was evaluate the animal performance, the carcass characteristics and the weight of the organs of digestive system of pigs submitted to different periods of feed restriction. A total of 40 barrows, Landrace × Large White were distributed to randomized block design, to four feed restriction programs, five replications and two animal per experimental unit. Four restrict programs were evaluated: one control, with ad libitum feeding during the 86 days of experiment, and others three, with restriction of 20% in the feed intake in relation to control group, during 21 days, at 30, 50 or 70 kg BW. Performance characteristics as daily feed intake, daily weight gain and the feed conversion of the animals were evaluated. Carcass characteristics, as hot and cold carcass weights, length and carcass dressing, subcutaneous fat thickness, Longissimus dorsi muscle depth, lean meat yield, lean meat amount and loin eye area were evaluated. Also were evaluated organs weights, as liver, stomach, small and large intestine. The costs of each program were evaluated to observe their viability. Feed conversion, considering total experimental period, was better for the animals kept on feed restriction from 70 kg BW. The carcass characteristics evaluations and organs weights did not differ among feed restriction programs. The costs analysis showed a better relation for feed restriction from 70 kg BW. In all feeding programs, the feed restriction followed by ad libitum feeding promoted a compensatory gain effect for all treatments.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the ractopamine effect on performance and carcass quality of swine carriers of the dominant homozygote and heterozygote halothane genotypes. It were used 24 barrows and 12 gilts, half of each genotype. The experimental design used was a randomized block under a 2x2x2 factorial arrangement comprising two halothane genotypes (dominant homozygote and heterozygote), two rations (one containing 10 ppm of ractopamine and another without ractopamine) and two genders (barrows and gilts). It were evaluated the performance, carcass and the economic viability of the ractopamine use. All the binary interactions evaluated were not significant as there was no difference among the dominant homozygote and heterozygote genotypes on the performance and carcass quality characteristics, except to the variable ration consumption (P < 0.05), where the heterozygote swine consumed more. As a result of this experiment it was found that the performance and the carcass characteristics of the swine were not affected by the presence of the halothane genotypes and by the addition of ractopamine to the ration.Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da ractopamina sobre o desempenho e a qualidade da carcaça de suínos dos genótipos halotano homozigoto dominante e heterozigoto, 24 machos castrados e 12 fêmeas, sendo metade de cada genótipo, foram submetidos aos tratamentos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados em arranjo fatorial 2x2x 2, sendo dois genótipos halotano (homozigoto dominante e heterozigoto), duas rações (controle sem adição de ractopamina e com 10 ppm de ractopamina) e dois gênero (machos castrados e fêmeas). Avaliou-se o desempenho, a carcaça e a viabilidade econômica do uso da ractopamina. Todas as interações binárias avaliadas não foram significativas como também não houve diferença entre genótipos homozigoto dominante e heterozigotos para as características de desempenho e de qualidade da carcaça, exceto para a variável consumo de ração (p < 0,05), onde os suínos heterozigotos consumiram mais ração. Não foram observados efeitos para o fator ractopamina para todas as variáveis avaliadas. Conclui que o desempenho e as características de carcaça suína não foram afetados pelo genótipo halotano e pela adição de ractopamina na ração.

The experiments were conducted on maternity and nursery phases in a commercial farm. The objective of the experiments was to evaluate the effects of administration of polivitaminic, polimineral complex associated with essential aminoacids (Mod Plus®) on piglets weight gain, diarrhea incidence and mortality rate. 324 piglets with 3 to 21 days of age were used on the maternity phase and 295 weaned piglets of 21 to 63 days of age were used on the nursery phase. The animals were weighed at the beginning of the maternity phase and submitted to a 4 treatments: light piglets without polivitaminic and polimineral supplementation, light piglets supplemented with polivitaminic and polimineral complex (3.0 mL IM at 3 days of age followed by a 2nd dose at 21 days of age), heavy piglets without polivitaminic and polimineral supplementation, and heavy piglets supplemented with polivitaminic and polimineral complex. Six treatments were defined on the nursery phase as follow: light piglets without polivitaminic and polimineral supplementation, light piglets supplemented with one dose of polivitaminic and polimineral complex (5.0 mL IM at 21 days of age), light piglets supplemented with two dosis of polivitaminic and polimineral complex (3.0 mL at 21 days of age followed by a 2nd dose, 3 mL IM, at 28 days of age), heavy piglets without polivitaminic and polimineral supplementation, heavy piglets supplemented with one dose of polivitaminic and polimineral complex (5.0 mL IM at 21 days of age), heavy piglets supplemented with two doses of polivitaminic and polimineral (Mod Plus®, 3.0 mL at 21 days of age followed by a 2nd dose, 3 mL IM, at 28 days of age). The experimental design was completely randomized under 2 x 2 factorial model to the maternity phase (2 medication conditions and 2 initial live weights) and 3 x 2 factorial model to the nursery phase (3 medication conditions and 2 initial live weights). At the maternity phase the mortality rate was better to supplemented group (P>0.05). At the nursery phase, animals that received 1 or 2 doses of supplementation complex presented a superior (P>0.05) final weight compared to a control group (respectively, 20290g and 20148g versus 18782g). The use of polivitaminic, polimineral complex associated with essential amino acids was positive to the mortality rate at the maternity phase and also over the animal performance at the nursery phase.Foram realizados dois experimentos em uma granja comercial, nas fases de maternidade e creche, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da administração de um complexo polivitamínico-polimineral com aminoácidos essenciais (Mod Plus ®) sobre o ganho de peso, a incidência de diarréia e a taxa de mortalidade dos leitões nestas fases. Na maternidade foram utilizados 324 leitões (entre 3 e 21 dias de idade) e na creche 295 animais (entre 21 e 63 dias de idade). Na maternidade foram definidos 4 tratamentos: leitões leves que não receberam suplementação nutricional polivitamínica-polimineral, leitões leves suplementados nutricionalmente (3mL ao 3º dia e reforço aos 10 dias de idade, via intramuscular), leitões pesados não suplementados e pesados suplementados nutricionalmente. Na creche os tratamentos foram: leitões leves que não receberam suplementação nutricional com polivitamínicos-poliminerais, leitões leves suplementados nutricionalmente com 1 dose (5mL aos 21 dias de idade, via intramuscular), leitões leves suplementados nutricionalmente com 2 doses (3mL aos 21 dias e aos 28 dias de idade, via intramuscular), leitões pesados não suplementados, leitões pesados suplementados nutricionalmente com 1 dose (5mL aos 21 dias de idade, via intramuscular) e leitões pesados suplementados nutricionalmente com 2 doses (3mL aos 21 dias e aos 28 dias de idade, via intramuscular). O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 na maternidade (2 condutas medicamentosas e 2 pesos iniciais) e 3 x 2 na creche (3 condutas medicamentosas e 2 pesos iniciais). Na maternidade os resultados apontaram melhora na taxa de mortalidade (p < 0,05) para leitões suplementados nutricionalmente. Na creche houve melhora do peso final (p < 0,05) para os animais tratados com 1 e com 2 doses de suplementação polivitamínicapolimineral em relação ao grupo controle (respectivamente, 20290g e 20148g versus 18782g). O uso deste complexo polivitamínico, polimineral, com aminoácidos essenciais, foi positivo sobre a taxa mortalidade na maternidade e sobre o desempenho na creche.

The purpose of the experiment was to evaluate the use of two probiotic doses compared with diets formulated with two antibiotics principles (tylosin and doxicycline+gentamicin) supplied to swines during nursery phase (ages of 21 to 63 days). Forty eight swines were submitted to the following treatments: T1 (Treatment 1) - diets with 39 ppm of tylosin phosphate; T2 (Treatment 2) - diets with 1.9 x 107 UFC/100g of ration; T3 (Treatment 3) - diets with 3.8 x 107 UFC/100g of ration and T4 (Treatment 4) - diets with 13.6 ppm of doxicycline chloridrate + 8.8 ppm of gentamicin sulfate. Were evaluated the daily weight gain, the daily feed intake, the feed conversion and the diarrhea occurrence. The experimental design was done in randomized blocks, with 4 treatments and 6 replications (each replication was represented by a pen with two swines). The performance data were submitted to a variance analysis (ANOVA) and the results were compared by the Tukey-Kramer post-hoc test. To compare the occurrence of diarrhea (among 2 treatments) was used the qui square test. There were no differences between treatments for performance parameters. The T1 presented the highest occurrence of diarrhea compared to the other treatments. The best economic efficiency results were observed to T4, T3, T1 and T2, respectively. The use of probiotics or antibiotics principles, on the applied doses, determined positive results in the performance of swines during nursery phase.O experimento foi conduzido visando avaliar o uso de duas doses de probióticos comparadas com rações medicadas com dois princípios antimicrobianos (tilosina e doxiciclina+gentamicina) para leitões em fase de creche (21 a 63 dias de idade). Foram utilizados 48 animais submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos: T1- ração com 39 ppm de sulfato de tilosina ; T2 - ração com 1,9 x 107 UFC/100g de ração; T3 – ração com 3,8 x 107 UFC/100g de ração; e T4 – ração com 13,6 ppm de cloridrato de doxiciclina + 8,8 ppm de sulfato de gentamicina de doxigent. Foram avaliados o ganho diário de peso, o consumo diário de ração, a conversão alimentar e a ocorrência de diarréias. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com 4 tratamentos e 6 repetições (cada repetição foi representada por uma baia com 2 leitões). Os dados de desempenho foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Para a comparação da ocorrência de diarréia (entre dois tratamentos) foi utilizado o teste de qui-quadrado. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos para os parâmetros de desempenho. Houve maior ocorrência de diarréia para o tratamento 1, comparado com cada um dos demais tratamentos. Os melhores resultados para índices de eficiência econômica foram, respectivamente, para T4, T3, T1 e T2. A utilização de probióticos ou dos princípios antimicrobianos, nas doses empregadas, determinam resultados positivos no desempenho de leitões na fase de creche.

Forty-eight pigs (24 barrows and 24 gilts), Landrace X Large White with initial liveweight of 22.69 kg were subjected to four treatments: diets with 0, 5, 10, and 15% of sunflower cake (SFC). No significant (P > 0.05) effect of dietary treatment was observed on crude protein (19.6%), total fat (15.3%), ash (0.89%), and moisture (63.9%) contents of ham. Fatty acids in all ham (Biceps femoris, Semimembranosus and Semitendinosus) were significantly influenced by diets. Palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids were the most abundant fatty acids in both diets and pork meat. Linoleic acid (18:2n-6) was the most abundant fatty acid under SFC-based diets. Its levels were also higher in ham of pigs fed SFC diets (T2, T3, and T4 with 15.79, 18.66, and 22.85%, respectively) than in that of pig fed the control diet (13.73%). Incorporation of 5, 10, and 15% SFC in pig diet markedly decreased the proportion of monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids and increased polyunsaturated fatty acids in ham (P < 0.05).Quarenta e oito suínos (24 fêmeas e 24 machos), Landrace x Large White com peso vivo inicial de 22.69 kg foram submetidos a quatro tratamentos: dietas com 0 , 5, 10 e 15% de torta de girassol (SFC). Não foram observados efeitos significativos (p > 0.05) nas dietas para os teores de proteína total (19,6%), gordura total (15,3%), cinzas (0,89%) e umidade (63,9%) nos pernis. Os ácidos graxos foram significativamente influenciados pelas dietas. Os ácidos palmítico, oléico e linoléico foram os ácidos graxos mais abundantes tanto nas dietas como no pernil como um todo (Biceps femoris, Semimembranosus and Semitendinosus). Ácido linoléico (18:2n-6) foi o ácido graxo mais abundante nas dietas SFC. Seus níveis também foram maiores em pernis de suínos alimentados com dietas com SFC (T2, T3 e T4 com 15,8, 18,7 e 22,9%, respectivamente) em relação aos suínos que se alimentaram com a dieta controle (13,7%). Incorporação de 5, 10, 15% de SFC em dietas de suínos, diminuem a proporção de ácidos graxos saturados e monoinsaturados e aumentam a de poliinsaturados na carne de pernil (p < 0,05).

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da suplementação dietética de L-Valina e L-Glutamina + L-Ãcido Glutâmico para leitões desmamados sobre o desempenho, frequência de diarreia, peso dos órgãos, pH da digesta, morfologia intestinal e viabilidade econômica. Foram utilizados 72 leitões com 7,53 ± 0,84 kg de peso vivo e 24 dias de idade, submetidos a quatro tratamentos, dos 24 aos 46 dias de idade, correspondendo à s dietas sem suplementação dos aminoácidos ou dieta controle (DC), com suplementação de glutamina + ácido glutâmico (DG), com glutamina + ácido glutâmico + valina (DGV), e com valina (DV). Foram estabelecidas duas fases sequenciais, pré-inicial I e pré-inicial II, com duração de 12 e 11 dias, respectivamente. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com seis repetições e três suínos por unidade experimental. Nove dias após o desmame, aos 32 dias de idade, um leitão por baia foi abatido para avaliar o peso dos órgãos, pH da digesta e a morfologia intestinal. Dos 47 aos 65 dias todos os animais receberam uma única dieta. Não foram observados efeitos para o desempenho nas fases pré-inicial I e II, porém para o período total avaliado (24 a 65 dias de idade) os leitões previamente alimentados com DGV consumiram menos ração e apresentaram melhor conversão alimentar em relação aos animais do grupo DV. Para os parâmetros morfométricos, a DG, comparativamente à DC e DV, proporcionou maior profundidade de cripta do íleo. Houve vantagem econômica para as rações suplementadas com L-Valina e L-Glutamina + L-Ãcido Glutâmico, validando seu uso na dieta de leitões desmamados até os 46 dias de idade.Â

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da adição de ractopamina na ração sobre a qualidade da carne de suínos dos genótipos halotano homozigoto dominante (HalNN) e heterozigoto (HalNn). Durante o experimento (21 dias), 24 suínos machos castrados e 12 fêmeas (metade de cada genótipo) com peso médio inicial de 72,6 kg de PV foram avaliados segundo delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 x 2 (dois genótipos halotano; duas rações: controle e com adição de 10 ppm de ractopamina; e dois sexos: machos castrados e fêmeas). A análise do DNA genômico foi realizada por intermédio das técnicas de PCR-RLPC. A avaliação da qualidade da carne foi realizada no músculo Longissimus dorsi e o pH da carne foi medido 45 minutos (pH inicial) e 24 horas após o abate (pH final). Avaliaram-se a perda de água por gotejamento durante o degelo e a cocção, a cor da carne, o grau de marmoreio e a maciez objetiva. Não houve interação genótipo ´ ractopamina para as características de qualidade da carne avaliadas. Nenhum animal do genótipo homozigoto dominante apresentou carne PSE (textura mole, cor pálida e com pouca água), ao passo que os suínos do genótipo heterozigoto apresentaram carne com 33,3% de PSE. O uso de 10 ppm de ractopamina na ração não afetou os parâmetros de qualidade da carne. Os animais do genótipo HalNn apresentaram carne com qualidade inferior à dos suínos HalNN. O pH final foi menor e a incidência de carne PSE foi maior nos suínos machos castrados que nas fêmeas.The effect of adding dietary ractopamine on meat quality of dominant homozygote (HalNN) and heterozygote (HalNn) halothane animal genotypes was evaluated in this trial. During the experiment (21days), it was used 24 barrows and 12 gilts (half of each halothane genotype) averaging 72.6 kg initial BW. The experiment was analyzed as a randomized block with a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement (two halothane genotypes, two diets: control and with 10 ppm of ractopamine and two categories: barrows and gilts). The genomic DNA evaluation was performed by PCR-RLPC. Longissimus dorsi muscle was used for measurement of initial pH (pH45), final pH (pH24) and drip, chilling and cooking losses, meat color, marbleness, and objective softness. No effect of genotype ´ ractopamine interaction on meat characteristic was noticed. Meat of HalNN animals did no show thawing loss and paler (PSE) while that of HalNn had about 33.3% of PSE. Ractopamine did not affect meat quality parameters. Meat of HalNn animals had lower quality than those of HalNN pigs. Meat from barrows presented lower final pH and higher PSE incidence than gilts.

Verificou-se o efeito dos genótipos halotano homozigoto dominante e heterozigoto e dos sistemas de criação confinado sobre piso de cimento, confinado sobre cama de maravalha e ao ar livre sobre a qualidade da carne suína. Foram utilizados 96 suínos machos castrados selecionados através do exame de DNA genômico, utilizando-se a técnica de reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR) para amplificar a região do receptor rianodina. A região amplificada foi clivada pela técnica polimorfismo do comprimento dos fragmentos de restrição (RFLP). Mediu-se o pH nos músculos Longissimus dorsi e Semimembranosus aos quarenta e cinco minutos e vinte e quatro horas após o abate. A capacidade de retenção de água foi avaliada em amostras do músculo Longissimus dorsi através das técnicas de perda de líquido por gotejamento, de cocção e de descongelamento. Escores para a cor e o grau de marmorização da carne foram atribuídos com auxílio de padrões fotográficos. A maciez da carne foi medida pela força de cisalhamento em equipamento Warner-Bratzler Shear. Suínos com gene halotano heterozigotos apresentaram valores inferiores de pH, menor capacidade de retenção de água e uma freqüência de carcaças com carne PSE três vezes maior. O sistema de criação não afetou os valores de pH inicial e final ou a capacidade de retenção de água da carne suína. A maior incidência de carne PSE foi observada nas carcaças dos suínos criados em sistema confinado sobre piso de concreto. Não houve efeito significativo da interação genótipo halotano e sistema de criação para as características avaliadas.The effect of halothane genotypes (heterozygous and dominant homozygous) and intensive rearing systems (indoor, wood shavings bedding and outdoor) on pork quality were determinated. Ninety six castrated male pigs were used for the trial. Identification of the halothane genotype was determined in blood samples using the DNA-test, based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the critical region of the ryanodine receptor and subsequent restricion of the amplifield fragment by the restriction fragment lengh polymorfism (RFLP) technique. The pH at 45 minutes and 24 hours after slaughter was measured on the Longissimus dorsi and Semimembranosus muscles. At the laboratory, the Longissimus dorsi muscle was used for the evaluation of the color, marbling, drip loss, defrosting loss and cooking loss and shear force. The muscle of heterozygous pigs for the halothane gene had lower pH and higher drip loss and the incidence of the PSE condition in this genotype was three times higher. The rearing system did not affect the initial and ultimate pH or water holding capacity. Indoor reared pigs had greater frequency of PSE carcass. The interaction between halothane genotypes and rearing systems had no significant effect on any trait studied.