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La mujer rural y sus dinámicas de participación han sido temas abordados en el marco de los estudios de las ciencias sociales desde los años 90, época en la cual la política pública visibilizó la relevancia de esta población en la producción de la tierra. Sin embargo, el reconocimiento del papel que desempeñan en la sociedad a través de los diferentes ámbitos ha sido subvalorado. Hoy en Colombia, con la firma del acuerdo de paz, reconocer el rol que puede cumplir la mujer en el territorio rural tiene sentido por la relevancia que cobra su aporte como reproductora de una sociedad que renace, aprovechando sus experiencias en el ámbito de la organización y la participación social. Con el fin de comenzar a construir un marco de referencia sobre esta temática, se realizó una revisión de investigaciones nacionales e internacionales publicadas desde el año 2006 buscando dar cuenta de los estudios realizados y el estado del conocimiento sobre la participación de las mujeres rurales en la construcción de paz en Colombia. The rural woman and their dynamics of participation, have been topics tackled in the frame of the studies of the social sciences from the 90s, period in which the public policies showed the relevancy of this population in the production of land. Nevertheless, the recognition of the role that they redeem in the society across the different settings has been undervalued. Today in Colombia, with the signature of the peace agreement, to admit the roll that the woman can fulfill in the rural territory makes sense due to the relevancy of their contribution as reproducer of a society which is reborn, making use of their experiences in the organization and social participation settings. To begin to construct a frame of reference on this subject, we realized a review of national and international investigations published from the year 2006 taking into consideration de existing studies and the state of the knowledge regarding the participation of the rural women in the construction of peace in Colombia. Fil: Bueno, Ana Marcela. Universidad de La Salle; Colombia. Fil: Suarez Puentes, Karin Viviana. Corporación Universidad Piloto de Colombia.

Resumen El presente artículo es resultado de una investigación realizada en la localidad de Sumapaz con mujeres que, históricamente, han tenido una presencia activa en los ámbitos de participación y, con ello, han contribuido en la resolución pacífica de los problemas cotidianos. Esto revierte en la armonización de sus espacios comunitarios como referentes iniciales en el camino hacia la construcción de la paz. A pesar de que su participación se ha invisibilizado, el aporte ha incidido en diversos niveles: desde ámbitos micro de la cotidianidad, hasta el orden macro como los ámbitos políticos, desde donde pueden incidir más allá de lo local. Abstract This article is the result of an investigation carried out in the town of Sumapaz with women who have historically had an active presence in the fields of participation and with this, they have contributed to the peaceful resolution of daily problems. This reverts to the harmonization of their community spaces as initial references on the road to building peace. Despite the fact that their participation has been made invisible, the contribution has had an impact on various levels: from the micro-spheres of everyday life, to the macro-order such as the political spheres, from which they can influence beyond the local. Resumo Este artigo é o resultado de uma investigação realizada na cidade de Sumapaz com mulheres que, historicamente, tiveram uma presença ativa nos campos da participação e com isso, têm contribuído para a resolução pacífica de problemas cotidianos. Isto reverte para a harmonização de seus espaços comunitários, como referências iniciais no caminho da construção da paz. Apesar de sua participação ter se tornado invisível, a contribuição teve um impacto em vários níveis: desde as microesferas da vida cotidiana, até a macro ordem como as esferas políticas, de onde podem influenciar para além do local.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of biofeedback therapy on evacuation difficulty level and the pain grade during defecation of elderly female patients with dyssynergic defecation. With this aim, after one month of initial assessment, 16 chronically constipated female patients with dyssynergic defecation were randomized to either a electromyographic biofeedback group (n = 8) or to a conventional treatment group (n = 8). The results showed a significant decrease in the evacuation difficulty level and pain grade during defecation following behavioral treatment through biofeedback. At the same time, the treatment produced significant improvements in the weekly stool frequency and a decrease in the mean electromyographic (EMG) activity (&micro, V) of the external anal sphincter during straining to defecate. Clinical gains were maintained during the follow-up carried out six months later.

This study examined the relationship between caregiver burden and sleep quality in dependent people&rsquo, s family caregivers. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 201 dependent people&rsquo, s family caregivers and 92 non-caregivers controls. Participants completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI), and an ad-hoc questionnaire to collect sociodemographic data. Based on CBI scores, subjects were categorized into three groups: family caregivers with high levels of perceived burden, family caregivers with low and medium levels of perceived burden and non-caregiver controls. There were significant differences among the groups in the PSQI total (F = 40.39, p &lt, 0.001), subjective sleep quality (F = 25.55, 0.001), sleep latency (F = 16.99, 0.001), sleep disturbances (F = 14.90, 0.001), use of sleep medications (F = 6.94, 0.01) and daytime dysfunction (F = 20.12, 0.001). These differences were found only between the caregivers with high levels of perceived burden and the other two groups (p &lt, 0.05). There were also significant differences between the groups in sleep duration (F = 18.34, 0.001) and habitual sleep efficiency (F = 24.24, 0.001). In these dependent measures, the differences were found in all the pairs examined (p &lt, 0.05). These results suggest that caregiver burden is related to sleep quality, so that caregivers with greater perceived burden have a worse sleep quality.

Although the Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI) is the most widely used multidimensional burden instrument for assessing perceived burden of caregivers, there is no data on its psychometric properties in Spanish, nor on caregivers of dependent persons with various diseases. The objective of this study was to translate the CBI into Spanish and validate it in caregivers of dependent persons with various diseases. Trained evaluators administered the CBI and assessed emotional distress and probable mental disorder in 201 caregivers (87.1% women, mean age 56.2 years). The internal consistency of the CBI was 0.89 (0.74&ndash, 0.83 among the subscales). There was a significant correlation of emotional distress with both the total burden and each subscale (p &lt, 0.001 in all cases). A total score of 39 and scores of 16, 9, 8, 4, and 2 in burden per time dedicated to care, personal life burden, physical burden, social burden, and emotional burden were suitable cut-off points to discriminate caregivers with probable mental disorder (sensitivity = 63.0%&ndash, 75.6%, specificity = 63.4%&ndash, 74.4%). To achieve a greater goodness of fit, the model was re-specified, resulting in a shortened (15-item) instrument. The internal consistency reliability coefficients of the 15-item CBI were satisfactory (Cronbach &alpha, = 0.83, 0.77&ndash, 0.86 among the subscales). Within the 15-item CBI, emotional distress was significantly correlated with the total burden, personal life burden, physical burden, social burden (p &lt, 0.001 in all those cases), and emotional burden (p = 0.001). A total score of 25 and scores of 12, 5, 5, 3, and 1, respectively, in the subscales were identified as cut-off points to discriminate caregivers with probable mental disorder (sensitivity = 46.2%&ndash, 70.6%, specificity = 43.9%&ndash, 79.3%). Therefore, the 15-item CBI validly measured caregiver burden with better fit and more parsimoniously than the original CBI.

Dyssynergic defecation is a usual cause of chronic constipation in elderly women, with a negative impact on health-related quality of life. The present randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the effects of behavioral treatment through electromyographic biofeedback (EMG-BF) on quality of life and bowel symptoms in elderly women with dyssynergic defecation. Twenty chronically constipated elderly women, due to dyssynergic defecation, were enrolled in the study. Outcome measures included weekly stool frequency, anismus index, severity of patient-reported chronic constipation symptoms (abdominal, rectal, and stool symptoms), and overall measure of quality of life. After 1 month of baseline, participants were randomly assigned to either EMG-BF group (n = 10) or control group (n = 10). Three months after treatment, female patients were once again assessed following the same procedure in baseline. One-way multivariate analysis of variance MANOVA revealed no significant differences between the groups before treatment in any of the measured dependent variables (Wilks’s λ = 0.74, F6,13 = 0.77, p = 0.61). Likewise, univariate analysis showed no differences between the groups, either in terms of age (F1,18 = 0.96, p = 0.34) or mean disease duration (F1,18 = 2.99, p = 0.11). Three months after treatment, MANOVA revealed statistically significant differences between the groups (Wilks’s λ = 0.29, F6,13 = 5.19, p &lt, 0.01). These differences were significant in all outcome measures. EMG-BF produces significant improvements in bowel symptoms and health-related quality of life of elderly women with dyssynergic defecation.

The relevance of several clinical and psychophysiological variables in the dyssynergic defecation in elderly subjects was investigated in this study. To accomplish this, 30 elderly subjects (10 without anorectal disorders, 10 with chronic constipation and 10 with dyssynergic defecation) were repeatedly assessed once per week for 4 weeks, with the following measures being collected at each session: EMG-activity (µV) of the external anal sphincter (at rest, during squeezing, and during straining to defecate), stool frequency, difficulty defecation level, pain grade during defecation, and satisfaction level after evacuation. A 3 (group) × 4 (sessions) mixed-measures MANOVA revealed a significant main effect for group (Wilks's lambda = 0.006; F = 28.45; p 0.01), but not for sessions (Wilks's lambda = 0.874; F = 0.94; p 0.05) or for the group x sessions interaction (Wilks's lambda = 0.811; F = 1.45; p 0.05). One-way ANOVA and Scheffé's posthoc tests were used to isolate the differences between the groups with respect to the seven different measures. These analysis showed significant differences between the groups on all four clinical variables but only for one psychophysiological variable, EMG-activity during straining to defecate. Significant differences were evidenced between all pairs examined for the difficulty defecation level and pain grade. The complete results of these analysis are presented and the conclusions drawn from them are discussed.

Aim of the study The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of biofeedback therapy in the treatment of dyssynergic defecation in chronically constipated community-dwelling elderly women. Materials and methods After an initial assessment phase carried out during 1 month, 20 chronically constipated women with dyssynergic defecation were randomly assigned to either electromyographic biofeedback (EMG-BF) group (n=10) or control group (n=10). Outcome measures used to evaluate the efficacy of treatment were weekly stool frequency, sensation of incomplete evacuation, difficulty evacuation level, mean EMG-activity (μV) of the external anal sphincter during straining to defecate and Anismus index. Results The results obtained in this randomized controlled trial showed significant differences between the groups in all the dependent variables after 1 month of treatment. Moreover, there was no difference between the groups neither in age nor in the duration of chronic constipation symptoms. At the follow-up, 3 months later, clinical gains were maintained. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the EMG-BF is an effective behavioral therapy for the treatment of dyssynergic defecation in community-dwelling elderly women.

Resumen El presente artículo es un producto parcial de investigación, encaminado a hacer un acercamiento a lo que ha sido el desarrollo histórico del Trabajo Social en Colombia. Retoma ejemplos de países europeos y de Estados Unidos, los cuales tienen elementos que de una u otra manera permiten comprender la forma como llega y se desarrolla esta disciplina en el país. A partir de la contextualización histórica, se visualiza claramente cómo el Trabajo Social inicia con una perspectiva situada en lo profesional y se va constituyendo cada vez más dentro de un marco disciplinar a partir de la consolidación de referentes normativos, formativos e investigativos que lo favorecen. Abstract This article is the partial product of a research project aimed at studying the historical development of Social Work in Colombia. On the basis of examples drawn from Europe and the United States, it seeks to understand how the discipline arrives and develops in Colombia. This historical contextualization makes it possible to see that Social Work begins with a professional perspective focused on the professional aspect and gradually constitutes itself as a discipline, as normative, formative, and research referents are consolidated. Resumo O presente artigo é um produto parcial de pesquisa, com o objetivo de fazer uma aproximação ao que tem sido o desenvolvimento histórico do trabalho social na Colômbia. Retoma exemplos de países europeus e dos Estados Unidos da América, os quais têm elementos que, de uma ou outra forma, permitem compreender como essa disciplina chega ao país e como ela se desenvolve nele. A partir da contextualização histórica, visualiza-se claramente como o Serviço Social inicia com uma perspectiva situada no profissional e vai se constituindo cada vez mais no âmbito disciplinar a partir da consolidação de referentes normativos, formativos e investigativos que o favorecem.

La investigación formativa como escenario de fundamentación epistemológica, teórica y metodológica para la producción de conocimiento en estudiantes de trabajo social, es una apuesta que en la Universidad de La Salle tiene relevancia por la posibilidad de construir diálogos no solamente a nivel de la comunidad académica, sino de ésta con los contextos sociales y sus actores, más aún cuando el contexto colombiano, por su complejidad, así lo requiere. En esta medida, el Programa de Trabajo Social se ha propuesto articular la praxis investigativa y la formación mediante dispositivos comunes que favorecen el sentido de la producción de conocimiento en la disciplina, denominados líneas de investigación intervención. A través de ellas se han logrado consolidar algunos campos de conocimiento en pro de afianzar la misión profesional en un país con persistente vulneración de derechos, altos índices de pobreza y desigualdad, condiciones sociopolíticas marcadas por un largo conflicto armado, entre otros problemas. Estos problemas requieren de los aportes de las ciencias sociales y es por ese motivo que las líneas se vislumbran como escenarios de desarrollo del trabajo social en diálogo con la realidad colombiana

Resumen El artículo presenta una reflexión sobre la situación invernal vivida en Bogotá durante los años 2010 y 2011. Primero se narrarán algunos hechos relacionados con la tragedia ocurrida tanto a nivel nacional como distrital, posteriormente se retomarán algunos conceptos claves sobre el cambio climático y la política social, para finalizar con una reflexión sobre las dificultades que tuvieron los estamentos gubernamentales para responder a esta situación. Para el análisis de este tema se hizo un seguimiento a los diarios El Tiempo y El Espectador, y a la Revista Semana, medios escritos nacionales que cubrieron los hechos durante los meses críticos de la ola invernal. Así mismo, se hizo una revisión de la política pública distrital en función de analizar la congruencia entre las condiciones vividas por la ciudad y las acciones implementadas por el Estado en ese momento. Abstract The present article makes a consideration of the winter condition dwell in Bogotá between 2010 and 2011, and the evidence that our governmental estates were not able to held responsible by this situation. As an example, it takes up the consequential - events of the severe rains systemically presented by the media during those months. To analyze this topic, took place the monitoring of print media as "El Tiempo'; "El Espectador" and the Semana newspaper, in which were constantly published related facts with this tragedy. Likewise, was made a review of the district police to analyze the congruence between the experimented conditions by the city and the State response facing the occurred events. Resumo O presente artigo faz uma reflexão sobre a situação vivida em Bogotá por ocasião dos invernos dos anos 2010 e 2011 e sobre a evidência de que nossos organismos governamentais não estavam em capacidade de responder a tal situação. Como exemplo, se retomam as consequências das fortes chuvas, apresentadas sistematicamente pelos meios de comunicação durante aqueles meses. Para a análise deste tema, fez-se um seguimento aos meios escritos como "El Tiempo', "El Espectador' e a revista "Semana', nos quais se publicaram de maneira constante fatos relacionados com esta tragédia. Da mesma maneira, fez-se uma revisão da política municipal, buscando analisar a congruência entre as condições vividas pela cidade e a resposta governamental, ante os fatos ocorridos.

A randomized controlled trial was carried out with the purpose to determine the effectiveness of EMG-biofeedback in the treatment of chronically constipated elderly patients with dyssynergic defecation as compared to a control condition characterized by information about the bowel functioning and counseling focused on the behavioural mechanisms involved in the defecation. With this purpose, after an initial assessment period (4 weeks), 30 chronically constipated elderly patients with dyssynergic defecation (11 males, 19 females) were randomly assigned to either EMG-biofeedback group (n = 15) or control group (n = 15). The results shown significant improvements in psychophysiological measures (EMG-activity during straining to defecate and anismus index), as well as in clinical variables (frequency of defecations per week, sensation of incomplete evacuation, difficulty evacuation level and perianal pain at defecation) only in the EMG-biofeedback group. The clinical benefits of this behavioural treatment were maintained at the follow-up period 2 months later.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the temporal stability and the situational specificity of the intra-anal EMG-activity, as well as the individual specificity of this response in dyssynergic defecation patients. With this purpose, 26 individuals (13 with dyssynergic defecation and 13 without anorectal pathology) participated in two sessions of psychophysiological assessment, with an inter-session period of 1 week. At each session, the EMG-activity of external anal sphincter was recorded under four different conditions (baseline, voluntary contraction, reflex contraction and simulated defecation). The findings provide empirical evidence about temporal stability of the intra-anal EMG-activity, situational specificity of this response and the existence of a specific profile of intra-anal EMG-activity characteristic of patients with dyssynergic defecation.