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Prema Svjetskoj zdravstvenoj organizaciji (SZO) definicija boli glasi: ,,Bol je neugodno osjetno i emocionalno iskustvo povezano uz stvarnu ili moguću ozljedu tkiva ili opisom u smislu te ozljede’’. Bolni podražaj može se podijeliti prema duljini trajanja na akutnu i kroničnu bol; prema mehanizmu nastanka na organsku i psihogenu, prema uzroku na nocicepcijsku i neuropatsku bol, prema mjestu nastanka na viscelarnu i parijetalnu te prema općem uzroku na benignu i malignu. Bolni put se na osnovi anatomije neurofiziologije sastoji od četiri procesa, a to su podražaj (transdukcija), kondukcija, prijenos (transmisija), percepcija osjeta boli. Neurotransmiteri u koje ubrajamo noradrenalin i acetilkolin na simpatičnim živčanim završetcima te dopamin u SŽS-u. Drugu, veću skupinu čine prilagođivači (modulatori) transmiterske djelatnosti i to su, primjerice, histamin, glutamat i aspartat, gama-aminomaslačna kiselina (GABA) u SŽS-u. Nociceptivni bihevioralni odgovori koji se promatraju u životinja mogu biti refleksni (povlačenje), dobrovoljni i kronično bolni. Dva glavna alata korištena za procjenu boli u životinja su sustavi bodovanja boli i algezimetri., According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), pain is defined as “an unpleasant sensational and emotional experience related to real or potential tissue injury”. Painful stimuli can be classified according to their duration (acute or chronic), mechanism of onset (organic or psychogenic), cause (nociceptive or neuropathic) and location (visceral or parietal) or according to general cause (benign or malignant). Anatomy and physiology recognise four stages of pain: transduction, conduction, modulation and perception. Neurotransmitters, such as noradrenalin and acetyl-colin, are located at the synaptic nerve endings, whereas dopamine is found in the central nerve system. The second group of neurotransmitters are transmission modulators such as histamine, glutamate and aspartate in the nerve endings, and GABA and endogenous opioids in the central nervous system. The nociceptive behavioural response produced by animals can be a reflexive or voluntary response, or chronic pain. Two basic tools for pain assessment in animals are subjective evaluation of pain and algesimeters.

Inadequate choice and application of control measures for agricultural pests, ectoparasites of livestock and domestic animals, vectors and reservoirs of various diseases of human medicine and veterinary importance in urban areas has caused the resistance occurrence and cross-resistance in a large number of arthropods. Their control is becoming increasingly difficult and challenging. For example, the use of acaricides is indispensable in the control of European red mite (Panonychus ulmi, Acari: Tetranychide), but also for other species from this family that are all significant pests in agricultural production, horticulture and forestry. The resistance occurrence and maintenance and cross-resistance in arthropods is a global phenomenon. The aim of this paper was to present the resistance factors and mechanisms in Panonychus ulmi control and to list the active substances for which there was an evidence that resistance has been acquired, all with the goal of pointing out the problem of resistance in this species and highlight the ways to prevent it. The occurrence and evolution of resistant arthropod populations could have multiple consequences that can be observed from an agricultural, economic, health, and environmental perspective.