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Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) produces autonomic changes, indicating lower parasympathetic modulation and global variability, but these changes need further studying regarding geometric methods. Objective: To investigate the autonomic modulation in individuals with PD using heart rate variability (HRV) indices obtained through geometric methods. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that assessed 50 individuals, split into two groups: PD group (PDG; n=26; 75.36±5.21 years) and control group (CG; n=24; 75.36±5.21 years). We evaluated the autonomic modulation by measuring the heart rate beat-to-beat for 30 min with the individual in supine rest using a heart rate monitor and assessed geometric indices (RRtri, TINN, SD1, SD2, SD1/SD2 ratio, and qualitative analysis of the Poincaré plot). Results: Significant reductions were found in RRtri, TINN, SD1, and SD2 indices among PDG compared to CG. Regarding the SD1/SD2 ratio, no significant changes were detected between the groups. The Poincaré plot demonstrated that individuals with PD had lower beat-to-beat dispersion in RR intervals, in addition to greater long-term dispersion of RR intervals compared to CG. Conclusions: The results suggest a reduction in the parasympathetic autonomic modulation and global variability in individuals with PD compared to controls, regardless of sex, age, and body mass index. RESUMO Introdução: A doença de Parkinson (DP) produz alterações autonômicas, que indicam menor modulação parassimpática e variabilidade global, mas que devem ser investigadas quanto aos métodos geométricos. Objetivo: Investigar a modulação autonômica em indivíduos com DP, por meio de índices de variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) obtidos pelos métodos geométricos. Métodos: Estudo transversal, no qualforam avaliados 50 voluntários, divididos em dois grupos: o grupo doença de Parkinson (GDP; n=26; 75,36±5,21 anos) e o grupo controle (GC; n=24; 75,36±5,21 anos). Para a avaliação da modulação autonômica a frequência cardíaca foi captada batimento a batimento por meio de um cardiofrequencímetro com os indivíduos em decúbito dorsal por 30 min e índices geométricos da VFC foram avaliados (RRtri, TINN, SD1, SD2 e plot de Poincaré). Resultados: Houve reduções nos índices RRtri, TINN, SD1 e SD2 para o GDP em comparação ao GC. Para a relação SD1/SD2, diferenças significantes não foram observadas entre os grupos. O plot de Poincaré mostrou que indivíduos com DP têm menor dispersão batimento a batimento dos intervalos RR, bem como maior dispersão dos intervalos RR a longo prazo em relação ao GC. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem haver diminuição da modulação autonômica parassimpática e da variabilidade global em indivíduos com DP em relação a indivíduos sem a doença, as quais são independentes de sexo, idade e índice de massa corporal.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:37:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-03-01 Objective: To analyze the interrater agreement among physiotherapists in using 7 risk stratification (RS) protocols to evaluate participants of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) and the main factors associated with disagreements that emerged during the RS process. Design: Cross-sectional observational study. Setting: Outpatient rehabilitation center. Participants: Patients (N=72) enrolled in CR with a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular risk factors. Mean age was 65.62±12.14 y, and mean body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) was 29.18±4.56. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: The main outcome was to the agreement between 2 physiotherapists in the patients’ RS process, using 7 protocols established in the literature for use in CR: American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation, American College of Sports Medicine, American Heart Association, Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, Sociedad Española de Cardiología, and Société Française de Cardiologie. In addition, the main disagreement factors were assessed. Results: Interrater agreement was classified as moderate-to-good in the 7 included RS protocols (kappa index between 0.53-0.76). The most important aspects that led to disagreement between physiotherapists were reported in 5 categories. The protocol with the greater agreement index was the American College of Sports Medicine (93.10%; n=67), and the one with the greater disagreement was the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation (27.80%; n=20). Conclusions: Moderate-to-good interrater agreement among physiotherapists in using 7 RS protocols was observed. Major disagreements were the definition of abnormal hemodynamic responses, rhythm disorders, left ventricular dysfunction, and interpretation of the patient's clinical characteristics. Postgraduate Program in Physiotherapy Physiotherapy Department Sao Paulo State University-UNESP School of Sciences and Technologies Presidente Prudente Postgraduate Program in Physiotherapy Physiotherapy Department Sao Paulo State University-UNESP School of Sciences and Technologies Presidente Prudente

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T01:36:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 Objective: To assess the acute response of cardiac autonomic modulation (ACAM) during and after a session of virtual reality-based therapy (VRBT) compared to a session of conventional cardiovascular rehabilitation (CR) and to evaluate the effects of 12 weeks of training on this response. Methods: We assessed 28 volunteers (63.4 ± 12.5 years). The ACAM was judged by linear indexes of heart rate variability (HRV) in VRBT and CR sessions. Later, patients completed 12 weeks of VRBT+CR and the assessment was repeated at the 12th week. Results: Throughout the 1st VRBT session vagal withdrawal occurred (RMSSD/HFnu); sympathetic nervous system stimulation (LFnu) and progressive decrease of global HRV (SDNN). During the recovery, the SDNN, HFnu, and LFnu improved from the 5thminute on both therapies. After 12 weeks, the LFnu, HFnu, and the LF/HF-ratio revealed no significant changes in Ex3-Ex4 equated to Rep during VRBT. In recovery, the HFnu and LFnu improved before the 5thminute on both therapies. Conclusions: ACAM during and after the VRBT was comparable to CR, yet, the extents were greater in the VRBT. After 12 weeks of VRBT training, the subjects adapted to the exercises from the 15thminute and exhibited faster recovery of HFnu and LFnu indexes compared to the 1st week. Department of Physiotherapy São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Technology and Sciences Cardiorespiratory Research Group Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Faculty of Health and Life Sciences Oxford Brookes University Department of Physiotherapy São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Technology and Sciences

A Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica (HAS) apresenta alta prevalência na população mundial, sendo assim programas preventivos e de acompanhamento necessitam ser aplicados na população. O objetivo foi avaliar a efetividade do “Projeto Hipertensão” analisando fatores que agravam a HAS. Coletou-se dados de 29 participantes hipertensos, para avaliar altura e peso e calcular o índice de massa corpórea, pressão arterial(PA), glicemia, pelo exame de punção da polpa digital com 2hs de jejum, utilizando o aparelho Biochek relação cintura quadril, medindo-se as circunferências abdominal e do quadril e nível de atividade física, através do IPAQ.Utilizou-se estatística descritiva. Observou-se que 55% da amostra apresentou glicemia normal, 83% tem PA abaixo de 140/90 mmHg, 86% estão na faixa de Sobrepeso/obesidade, 68% sedentários, 65% risco alto/muito alto para desenvolver doenças cardiovasculares. Concluímos que acompanhar hipertensos do projeto possibilitou resultados satisfatórios com relação à diminuição da PA, contudo faz-se necessária campanhas preventivas paralelamente às mensurações de PA, devido a significativa presença de fatores de riscos na população.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-01T12:56:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-01-01 Universidade Estadual Paulista Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) BACKGROUND: Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) barriers are well-understood in high-resource settings. However, they are under-studied in low-resource settings, where access is even poorer and the context is significantly different, including two-tiered healthcare systems and greater socioeconomic challenges. OBJECTIVE: To investigate differences in characteristics of patients attending publicly versus privately funded CR and their barriers to adherence. DESIGN AND SETTING: Observational, cross-sectional study in public and private CR programs offered in Brazil. METHODS: Patients who had been attending CR for ≥ 3 months were recruited from one publicly and one privately funded CR program. They completed assessments regarding sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and the CR Barriers Scale. RESULTS: From the public program, 74 patients were recruited, and from the private, 100. Participants in the public program had significantly lower educational attainment (P < 0.001) and lower socioeconomic status (P < 0.001). Participants in the private program had more cognitive impairment (P = 0.015), and in the public program more anxiety (P = 0.001) and depressive symptoms (P = 0.008) than their counter-parts. Total barriers among public CR participants were significantly higher than those among private CR participants (1.34 ± 0.26 versus 1.23 ± 0.15/5]; P = 0.003), as were scores on 3 out of 5 subscales, namely: comorbidities/functional status (P = 0.027), perceived need (P < 0.001) and access (P = 0.012). CONCLUSION: Publicly funded programs need to be tailored to meet their patients’ requirements, through consideration of educational and psychosocial matters, and be amenable to mitigation of patient barriers relating to presence of comorbidities and poorer health status. Department of Physiotherapy School of Technology and Sciences Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), SP Escola Superior de Saúde Egas Moniz (ESSEM) Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior (CRL) Faculty of Health York University KITE & Peter Munk Cardiac Centre University Health Network University of Toronto Department of Physiotherapy School of Technology and Sciences Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), SP FAPESP: 2018/18276-6 CNPq: 46124

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:31:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-09-01 Background: The autonomic nervous system has an influence on emotions and behavior modulation, however, the relationship between autonomic modulation impairment and the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is yet to be fully described. Aims: To evaluate the autonomic responses of children with and without ASD through the non-linear, and linear heart rate variability (HRV) measures, and assess the correlation between these responses, the severity and behavioral symptoms of autism. Methods and procedures: 27 children diagnosed with ASD (EG = experimental group) and 28 matching controls (CG = control group) were evaluated. The HRV was evaluated in 15 min sections at the following moments: I) Resting condition; II) During facial expression tasks; and III) Recovery. The severity and behavioral symptoms of autism were evaluated by the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and Autistic Behaviors Checklist (ABC) scales. Outcomes and results: The facial expression tasks influenced the activity of the autonomic nervous system in both groups, however the EG experienced more autonomic changes. These changes were mostly evidenced by the non-linear indices. Also, the CARS and ABC scales showed significant correlations with HRV indices. Conclusions and implications: Children with ASD presented an autonomic modulation impairment, mostly identified by the non-linear indices of HRV. Also, this autonomic impairment is associated with the severity and behavioral symptoms of autism. São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente. Rua Roberto Simonsen, 305 - Centro Educacional São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente. Rua Roberto Simonsen, 305 - Centro Educacional

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of adding virtual reality (VR) to maintenance cardiac rehabilitation (CR); it was hypothesized VR would increase adherence, motivation, and engagement. Methods This study was a randomized, 1:1 concealed-allocation, single-blinded, 2 parallel-arm, crossover trial. Blinded assessments were undertaken at baseline (midprogram), 12 weeks, and 24 weeks after baseline. The setting was a single CR program of unlimited duration in Brazil. Participants were patients with cardiovascular diseases or risk factors who had been in the program for 3 months or longer. The CR program consisted of 3 supervised exercise sessions per week. In the VR arm, participants had 1 VR session of the 3 per week during the initial 12 weeks of the trial; this was withdrawn the subsequent 12 weeks. Measures were program adherence (% of 3 sessions/week over 12 weeks, ascertained in all participants), motivation (Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire 3), and engagement (User Engagement Scale, adapted; vigor, dedication, and absorption subscales); all 3 were primary outcomes. Results Sixty-one (83.6%) patients were randomly assigned (n = 30 to CR + VR); 54 (88.5%) were retained at 12 and 24 weeks. At baseline, participants had been in CR on average 7 years and had high engagement and motivation. CR + VR resulted in a significant increase in adherence at 12 weeks (baseline = 72.87%; 12 weeks = 82.80%), with significant reductions at 24 weeks when VR was withdrawn (65.48%); in the usual CR care arm, there were no changes over time. There was a significant effect for arm, with significantly higher adherence in the CR + VR arm than usual CR at 12 weeks (73.51%). Motivation decreased significantly from baseline to 12 weeks (4.32 [SD = 0.37] vs 4.02 [SD = 0.76]) and significantly increased from 12 to 24 weeks in the CR + VR arm (4.37 [SD = 0.36]). Absorption was significantly lower at 12 weeks in the CR + VR arm (6.79 [SD = 0.37] vs 6.20 [SD = 1.01]). Conclusion Although VR increased program adherence, interspersing it with usual CR sessions actually decreased patient motivation and absorption. Impact Supplementing a maintenance CR program with VR using “exergames” resulted in significantly greater adherence (8% increase or 3 of 36 sessions), and this was quite a robust effect given it was extinguished with the removal of VR. However, contrary to the hypotheses, offering 1 session of VR per week and 2 of usual CR exercise was related to lower motivation and absorption, which has implications for how clinicians design programs for this patient population.

BACKGROUND: Virtual reality-based therapy (VRBT) has been recently used in rehabilitation programs, as it can improve patient's adherence to treatment. However, patients’ acceptance of VRBT has been scarcely investigated. OBJECTIVE: To qualitatively analyze the perceptions and preferences of patients about the inclusion of VRBT to a conventional cardiovascular rehabilitation program (CRP). METHODS: Fifteen patients from a randomized clinical trial participated in focus groups for qualitative assessment. RESULTS: Patients demonstrated good acceptance and satisfaction of VRBT. Physical and psychosocial benefits were highlighted, and patients reported the perception of higher exercise intensity in VRBT then when doing conventional training. In addition, the frequency of VRBT (once a week), associated with conventional treatment was reported as satisfactory. Cognitive aspects that influenced participation to the new approach were also raised by study participants. CONCLUSION: Patients with cardiac conditions demonstrated satisfaction with the inclusion of VRBT in a conventional CRP, demonstrating that VRBT has the potential to be a new approach for this patient population, allowing training diversification. Benefits perceived by patients include physical, mental, and social aspects. TRIAL REGISTERED: NCT04336306 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04336306)

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T01:12:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-12-01 Blood pressure (BP) is a cardiovascular parameter applied to detect cardiovascular risk. Recently, the pre-hypertension state has received greater consideration for prevention strategies. We evaluated autonomic and cardiorespiratory recovery following aerobic exercise in normotensive individuals with different systolic BP (SBP) values. We investigated 30 healthy men aged 18 to 30 years divided into groups according to systolic BP (SBP): G1 (n = 16), resting SBP

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:48:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 Aim: To analyze the correlation between the appearance of signs/symptoms during a cardiovascular rehabilitation program and linear indexes of the heart rate variability (HRV) at rest. Methods: To carry out the present observational longitudinal study, 48 patients were analyzed. The protocol was divided into two stages. First, the patients had their personal details collected, and the autonomic modulation at rest was evaluated by HRV. Second, they underwent 36 sessions of the cardiovascular rehabilitation program to evaluate signs/symptoms. Then, just for analysis of the data, they were divided into two groups: the group without signs/symptoms (n = 26; 65.15 ± 9.7 years); and the group with signs/symptoms (n = 22; 66.77 ± 14.4 years). The HRV indexes were compared by ancova. The effect size was measured through the partial eta-squared. Pearson's and Spearman's correlations (P < 0.05) were used to analyze the data, and linear regression was applied. Results: A total of 103 signs/symptoms occurred. The group with signs/symptoms presented lower values of HRV indexes when compared with the group without signs/symptoms, especially for the parasympathetic indexes with a large effect size. The root mean square of successive differences (rMSSD), percentage of adjacent RR intervals with a difference of duration >50 ms (pNN50), high-frequency spectral component (HF) varying from 0.15 to 0.4 Hz (expressed as ms2), dispersion of the points perpendicular to the line of identity and represents the instantaneous record of the beat-to-beat variability (SD1) and SD1/scatter of points along the identity line and represents the HRV in long-term records (SD2) index presented a negative correlation with the appearance of signs/symptoms. When the linear regression was applied, the rMSSD, SD1 and SD1/SD2 showed negative values of β (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Patients with lower HRV are more likely to have signs/symptoms. The rMSSD, pNN50, HF (expressed as ms2), SD1 and SD1/SD2 index presented a negative correlation with the appearance of signs/symptoms. For rMSSD, SD1 and SD1/SD2, the lower the values of these HRV indexes, the greater the risk of appearance of signs/symptoms. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; ••: ••–••. Physiotherapy Department School of Technology and Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Physical Education Department School of Technology and Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Physiotherapy Department School of Technology and Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Physical Education Department School of Technology and Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP)

The aim of this study was to verify the autonomic modulation and blood pressure after adenosine-5’-triphosphate (ATP) supplementation associated to acute aerobic exercise in hypertensive women. Eleven hypertensive women (age, 61.8±5.0 years) completed a randomized, double blind trial: ATP supplement condition (ATP=400 mg) or placebo. After 30 min of supplementation or placebo intake, the subjects performed 30 min of aerobic exercise (70%–75% of maximum heart rate). The autonomic modulation was assessed by heart rate variability during rest and recovery (postexercise until 30 min of recovery), the square root of the mean squared difference between adjacent RR intervals (RMSSD), standard deviation of successive values (SDNN), low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) were measured. The blood pressure (systolic blood pressure [SBP] and diastolic blood pressure, mmHg) were recorded at rest, immediately postexercise, post-10, post-20, and post-30 min after exercise. For RMSSD, there was statistically significant difference during recovery, with higher RMSSD for ATP compared to placebo (rest=16.4±8.5 vs. placebo=11.6±4.0; ATP=18.5±9.7 msec; P=0.020). When analyzing the delta (recovery minus rest), the RMSSD (ATP=2.1± 7.2 msec vs. placebo=−4.7±7.5 msec; P=0.009), LF (ATP=−19.8±122.7 vs. placebo=−94.1±200.2 msec2; P=0.02), and SDNN (ATP=−2.8±12.2 msec vs. placebo=−10.6±10.5 msec; P=0.010) were higher for ATP than placebo. Furthermore, there was a greater postexercise hypotension at 20 min for ATP (SBP: ATP=−13.2±8.4 mmHg vs. placebo=−6.1±9.9 mmHg; P=0.006). Acute ATP supplementation promoted greater postexercise hypotension for systolic blood pressure and induced faster recovery of heart rate variability in hypertensive women.

To investigate the effects of full versus split body resistance exercise on postexercise hypotension and autonomic modulation in trained men. Sixteen resistance recreationally trained males (age, 24.9±5.3 years) performed three randomized trials: upper body (UB), lower body (LB), and full body (FB) conditions. Blood pressure and heart rate variability were collected at rest, immediately postexercise, post-10, and post-30 min during recovery. For systolic blood pressure, delta (30 min minus rest) was lower for the FB condition compared to the UB (−10.1±7.4 mmHg [FB] vs. −3.3±12.6 mmHg [LB] vs. −1.9±8.1 mmHg [UB], P=0.004). For diastolic blood pressure (−8.2±10.9 mmHg [FB] vs. −1.5±9.8 mmHg [LB] vs. −8.7±11.4 mmHg [UB], P=0.038) and mean blood pressure delta during recovery (−11.7±14 mmHg [FB] vs. −2.2±10.6 mmHg [LB] vs. −5.2±6.8 mmHg [UB], P=0.045), there were statistically significant lower values in the FB condition in relation to the LB condition. Regarding heart rate variability, there were no significant differences between conditions, however, the square root of the mean squared difference between adjacent RR intervals presented an increase until post-30 during recovery (P

The autonomic nervous system regulates the caliber of the airways, blood flow, secretion production, modulates the inflammatory response and modulates airway responses to inflammation. Despite this, some intrinsic features could be more important in affecting autonomic modulation than the airflow severity. This study aimed to analyze the effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on autonomic modulation through heart rate variability (HRV) and its relationship with airflow severity. Outpatients with COPD (n = 30) and a control group (n = 26) were evaluated. The main outcome measures were anthropometry, spirometry and HRV. The presence of COPD had a large effect on autonomic modulation, demonstrated by a significant reduction in 6 out of 12 HRV indices according to the comparisons between the COPD groups (high and low severity) and the control group through HRV indices (rMSSD: 13.5 ± 7.3 vs. 10.4 ± 6.3 vs. 20.7 ± 7.1 ms; SDNN: 22.0 ± 11.2 vs. 17.1 ± 8.0 vs. 33.6 ± 13.8 ms; SD1: 9.6 ± 5.2 vs. 7.4 ± 4.5 vs. 14.6 ± 5.0 ms; SD2: 29.5 ± 15.2 vs. 22.9 ± 10.7 vs. 44.8 ± 20.0 ms). However, the severity of COPD presented no significant differences even when considering age, sex and body mass index (BMI). This study suggests that the presence of COPD could be more important in affecting HRV than the severity of airflow obstruction, independent of the sex, age or BMI.

Diabetes mellitus remains a serious problem of public health and also have the autonomic neuropathy as one of the most frequent complications. In this sense, it is important early identify and prevent changes induced by diabetes mellitus. Physical exercise is known by their positive influences on autonomic modulation so, in order to provide an update of published findings on the topic over the past thirteen years related to this issue the objective of this study was gather information about the influence of physical exercise on autonomic nervous system in individuals with diabetes mellitus, using heart rate variability as a tool of measurement. The search for studies was conducted in the following electronic databases: MedLine/Pubmed, PEDro, SciELO, Lilacs and Cochrane using diabetes mellitus, physical exercise, exercise therapy, autonomic nervous system, sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system and heart rate as standard descriptors. Additionally, heart rate variability and diabetic autonomic neuropathy were included due to the wide use as keyword. The results included 10 articles which, in general, showed the physical training promotes positive influence on autonomic nervous system of patients with diabetes mellitus; exercise has different responses on autonomic nervous system in diabetes mellitus when associated with other variables as cardiac autonomic neuropathy, hypertension, obesity and ventricular dysfunction; the positive influence of exercise could be observed through hear rate variability and depends on the characteristics of the exercise as frequency, intensity and type of training.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T20:03:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-04-01 Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel - Brazil Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development Foundation for Research Support of the State of Sao Paulo Objective: To analyze the acute hemodynamic effects of adding virtual realityebased therapy (VRBT) using exergames for patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation (CR). Design: Crossover trial. Setting: Outpatient rehabilitation center. Participants: Patients (N=27) with a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular risk factors. Mean age (years) +/- SD was 63.4 +/- 12.7 and mean body mass index (kg/m(2)) +/- SD was 29.0 +/- 4.0. Interventions: Patients performed 1 VRBT session and 1 CR session on 2 nonconsecutive days. Each session comprised an initial rest, warm-up, conditioning, and recovery. During warm-up, in the VRBT session, games were performed with sensors to reproduce the movements of avatars and, in the CR session, patients were required to reproduce the movements of the physiotherapists. In the conditioning phase for VRBT, games were also played with motion sensors, dumbbells, and shin guards. The CR session consisted of exercises performed on a treadmill. The intensity of training was prescribed by heart rate reserve (HRR; 40%-70%). Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcomes were heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate (RR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and peripheral oxygen saturation, evaluated before, during, and after the VRBT or CR session on 2 nonconsecutive days. The secondary outcome was to evaluate whether the patients achieved the prescribed HRR and the percentage of time they maintained this level during the VRBT session. Results: VRBT produces a physiological similar pattern of acute hemodynamic effects in CR. However, there was greater magnitude of heart rate, RR, and RPE (P

Background Ethanol vehicles release exhaust gases that contribute to the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Objective To determine in vivo toxicity resulting from exposure to SOA derived from vehicles using different ethanol-gasoline blends (E0, E10, E22, E85W, E85S, E100). Methods Exhaust emissions from vehicles using ethanol blends were delivered to a photochemical chamber and reacted to produce SOA. The aerosol samples were collected on filters, extracted, and dispersed in an aqueous solutions and intratracheally instilled into Sprague Dawley rats in doses of 700 μg/0.2 ml. After 45 min and 4 h pulmonary and cardiac chemiluminescence (CL) was measured to estimate the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in the lungs and heart. Inflammation was measured by differential cell count in bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL). Results Statistically and biologically significant differences in response to secondary particles from the different fuel formulations were detected. Compared to the control group, animals exposed to SOA from gasoline (E0) showed a significantly higher average CL in the lungs at 45 min. The highest CL averages in the heart were observed in the groups exposed to SOA from E10 and pure ethanol (E100) at 45 min. BAL of animals exposed to SOA from E0 and E85S had a significant increased number of macrophages at 45 min. BAL neutrophil count was increased in the groups exposed to E85S (45 min) and E0 (4 h). Animals exposed to E0 and E85W had increased BAL lymphocyte count compared to the control and the other exposed groups. Discussion Our results suggest that SOA generated by gasoline (E0), followed by ethanol blends E85S and E85W, substantially induce oxidative stress measured by ROS generation and pulmonary inflammation measured by the recruitment of white blood cells in BAL.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T17:52:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-01-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2019-10-09T18:27:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-879X2018000800610.pdf: 497888 bytes, checksum: 92d8013e72d3cf6ff77f1e6625bc48db (MD5) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Despite the various standard non-linear measurements used in autonomic modulation (AM) assessments usually being applied to long time-series, such analyses can sometimes be applied to shorter term series. To overcome this disadvantage, chaotic global methods were formulated by putting together heart rate variability (HRV) linear methods. Chaos provides information about vegetative function control related to cardiovascular risks. Applying this method can be useful to investigate the complexity of the health condition after resistance training protocols, as a therapeutic intervention in AM in metabolic syndrome individuals (MetS). This study aimed to compare the effects of two resistance training programs (conventional vs functional) in MetS using nonlinear analysis of AM. MetS subjects (n=50) of both sexes aged 40 to 60 years were randomly divided into two programs; a group of 12 people served as a control group. Both groups performed 30 sessions of training. AM was assessed in the chaos domain by chaotic global techniques. The main results showed that both resistance training, functional and conventional, increased chaos when compared to the control group, respectively, observed by chaotic forward parameter (CFP) 1 (13.9 +/- 17.9 vs 12.8 +/- 14.4 vs -2.23 +/- 7.96; P

This study addresses evidence concerning elastic tubing resistance training (ET) on autonomic modulation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Autonomic dysfunction is common in COPD and contributes to the development of arrhythmias and sudden death. Along with autonomic dysfunction, muscle dysfunction is related to functional limitations and prognosis of the disease. This study investigated the effects of ET on autonomic modulation, muscle strength, and walking distance in COPD. Subjects were divided into two groups, ET (n=20; 66,5±8,9 y; 25,5±3,5 kg/m2; FEV1/FVC: 50,3±11,0) and conventional training (n=19; 66,0±6,9; 27,1±4,3; FEV1/FVC: 55,05±9,56). Both groups undertook 24 sessions for 60 minutes, 3 times in a week. The significance level was p ≤ 0,05. Autonomic modulation was evaluated using heart rate variability in the time (rMSSD, ms) and frequency domain (HF, ms). Strength for upper and lower limbs was measured using dynamometry and walking distance was measured using a 6-minute walking test. There were no significant differences in the outcomes between groups. There was an increment to rMSSD [(16,7±11,0 versus 20,8±14,9) versus (14,2±10,0 versus 17,4±12,1)], HF [(141,9±191,3 versus 234,9±335,7) versus (94,1±123,5 versus 177,6±275,5)], shoulder abduction [(50,1±19,6 versus 56,9±20,4) versus (50,5±19,0 versus 56,9±19,3)], knee flexion [(101,9±34,0 versus 116,8±43,3) versus (98,6±21,5 versus 115,1±30,8)], and walking test [(433,0±84,8 versus 468,9±90,8) versus (397,4±99,8 versus 426,3±101,6)] after training for ET and conventional training, respectively. In conclusion, ET improves autonomic modulation in COPD with additional benefits for strength and cardiorespiratory capacity similar to conventional training.

Background Epidemiological studies have linked exposures to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and traffic with autonomic nervous system imbalance (ANS) and cardiac pathophysiology, especially in individuals with preexisting disease. It is unclear whether metabolic syndrome (MetS) increases susceptibility to the effects of PM2.5. We hypothesized that exposure to traffic-derived primary and secondary organic aerosols (P + SOA) at ambient levels would cause autonomic and cardiovascular dysfunction in rats exhibiting features of MetS. Male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were fed a high-fructose diet (HFrD) to induce MetS, and exposed to P + SOA (20.4 ± 0.9 μg/m3) for 12 days with time-matched comparison to filtered-air (FA) exposed MetS rats; normal diet (ND) SD rats were separately exposed to FA or P + SOA (56.3 ± 1.2 μg/m3). Results In MetS rats, P + SOA exposure decreased HRV, QTc, PR, and expiratory time overall (mean effect across the entirety of exposure), increased breathing rate overall, decreased baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) on three exposure days, and increased spontaneous atrioventricular (AV) block Mobitz Type II arrhythmia on exposure day 4 relative to FA-exposed animals receiving the same diet. Among ND rats, P + SOA decreased HRV only on day 1 and did not significantly alter BRS despite overall hypertensive responses relative to FA. Correlations between HRV, ECG, BRS, and breathing parameters suggested a role for autonomic imbalance in the pathophysiologic effects of P + SOA among MetS rats. Autonomic cardiovascular responses to P + SOA at ambient PM2.5 levels were pronounced among MetS rats and indicated blunted vagal influence over cardiovascular physiology. Conclusions Results support epidemiologic findings that MetS increases susceptibility to the adverse cardiac effects of ambient-level PM2.5, potentially through ANS imbalance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-017-0196-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Arterial hypertension is considered one of the most important public health problems and had their development, progression and complications associated with the autonomic nervous system (ANS). In this context, the present systematic review aim at gathering recent studies (2003-2013) that addressed the relation between ANS and hypertension, in order to update the knowledge in the last 10 years. Searches were made onMedLine / PubMed, PEDro, SciELO, IBECS, COCHRAINE and LILACS databases using the intersection between the keywords "hypertension", "autonomic nervous system", "sympathetic nervous system ", "parasympathetic nervous system " and "heart rate variability". A total of 17 articles were included and main findings of this review indicating the acute influence of the ANS in different types of hypertension characterized by a reduction of the overall heart rate variability (HRV) and a reduction in the parasympathetic component of ANS evaluated by linear indexes. In addition, the behavior of the sympathetic component could present an increase or a reduction according to the study design. Thus further studies to assess the influence of chronic influence of ANS on hypertension as well as investigations by nonlinear HRV indexes are needed.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-07-14T10:34:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-14T11:33:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1980-65742016000100018.pdf: 454204 bytes, checksum: b464171686482c0924312d61bcd612dc (MD5) This study examined the relationship between resting heart rate (RHRr) and anthropometric, metabolic and hemodynamic parameters in subjects aged 80 years and over. One hundred thirteen individuals were divided into two groups (RHR

Este estudo objetivou atualizar os conhecimentos em relação à utilização da ventilação mecânica não-invasiva (VMNI) no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca e identificar se há indícios da superioridade de uma forma de modalidade de VMNI em relação à outra. Foi realizada revisão da literatura entre 2006 a 2011, a partir das bases de dados PubMed, SciELO e Lilacs, utilizando os descritores respiração artificial, pressão positiva contínua nas vias aéreas, ventilação com pressão positiva intermitente e cirurgia cardíaca, e seus correspondentes na língua inglesa, os quais foram pesquisados em cruzamentos. A partir dos critérios adotados, foram selecionados nove artigos, dos quais seis demonstraram aplicações de VMNI, por meio de modalidades como pressão positiva contínua nas vias aéreas, pressão positiva com dois níveis pressóricos e respiração com pressão positiva intermitente, no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca, e, três realizaram comparações entre as diferentes modalidades. As modalidades de VMNI descritas na literatura foram utilizadas com resultados satisfatórios. Estudos que comparam diferentes modalidades são escassos, contudo alguns demonstraram superioridade de uma modalidade de VMNI, como é o caso da respiração com pressão positiva intermitente na reversão da hipoxemia e da pressão positiva com dois níveis pressóricos na melhora da oxigenação, da frequência respiratória e frequência cardíaca desses pacientes, em comparação a outras modalidades.This study aimed to update knowledge regarding to noninvasive ventilation (NVI) on postoperative of cardiac surgery in addition at investigating if exists superiority of any modalities NVI in relation to the others. The literature review was performed on the period between 2006 and 2011, on PubMed, SciELO and Lilacs databases crossing the keywords: artificial respiration, continuous positive airway pressure, intermittent positive-pressure ventilation, cardiac surgery and their corresponding in English. Based on the criteria adopted, nine articles were selected being six of them use NVI, through the modalities such as continuous positive airway pressure, positive pressure with bilevel pressure and intermittent positive-pressure ventilation in postoperative of cardiac surgery; only three of them performed comparisons between different modalities. The NVI modalities that were described on the literature had showed satisfactory results. A few studies compare different NVI modalities; however some of them showed superiority in relation to the others, such as the intermittent positive-pressure ventilation to threat hypoxemia and to positive pressure with bilevel pressure to increase oxygenation, respiratory rate and heart rate in these patients, when compared with other modalities.

This study aimed to update knowledge regarding to noninvasive ventilation (NVI) on postoperative of cardiac surgery in addition at investigating if exists superiority of any modalities NVI in relation to the others. The literature review was performed on the period between 2006 and 2011, on PubMed, SciELO and Lilacs databases crossing the keywords: artificial respiration, continuous positive airway pressure, intermittent positive-pressure ventilation, cardiac surgery and their corresponding in English. Based on the criteria adopted, nine articles were selected being six of them use NVI, through the modalities such as continuous positive airway pressure, positive pressure with bilevel pressure and intermittent positive-pressure ventilation in postoperative of cardiac surgery; only three of them performed comparisons between different modalities. The NVI modalities that were described on the literature had showed satisfactory results. A few studies compare different NVI modalities; however some of them showed superiority in relation to the others, such as the intermittent positive-pressure ventilation to threat hypoxemia and to positive pressure with bilevel pressure to increase oxygenation, respiratory rate and heart rate in these patients, when compared with other modalities.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with autonomic dysfunctions that can be evaluated through heart rate variability (HRV). Resistance training promotes improvement in autonomic modulation; however, studies that evaluate this scenario using geometric indices, which include nonlinear evaluation, thus providing more accurate information for physiological interpretation of HRV, are unknown. This study aimed to investigate the influence of resistance training on autonomic modulation, using geometric indices of HRV, and peripheral muscle strength in individuals with COPD. Fourteen volunteers with COPD were submitted to resistance training consisting of 24 sessions lasting 60 min each, with a frequency of three times a week. The intensity was determined as 60% of one maximum repetition and was progressively increased until 80% for the upper and lower limbs. The HRV and dynamometry were performed at two moments, the beginning and the end of the experimental protocol. Significant increases were observed in the RRtri (4·81 ± 1·60 versus 6·55 ± 2·69, P = 0·033), TINN (65·36 ± 35·49 versus 101·07 ± 63·34, P = 0·028), SD1 (7·48 ± 3·17 versus 11·04 ± 6·45, P = 0·038) and SD2 (22·30 ± 8·56 versus 32·92 ± 18·78, P = 0·022) indices after the resistance training. Visual analysis of the Poincare plot demonstrated greater dispersion beat-to-beat and in the long-term interval between consecutive heart beats. Regarding muscle strength, there was a significant increase in the shoulder abduction and knee flexion. In conclusion, geometric indices of HRV can predict improvement in autonomic modulation after resistance training in individuals with COPD; improvement in peripheral muscle strength in patients with COPD was also observed.

Devido a hábitos de vida cada vez menos saudáveis, como a má alimentação por produtos ricos em gorduras em associação com a inatividade física, o organismo humano fica exposto ao desenvolvimento de fatores de riscos (FR) cardiovasculares. O estudo objetivou relacionar medidas antropométricas e sanguíneas e avaliar o risco cardiovascular de trabalhadores hipertensos participantes de um projeto de extensão universitária. Participaram 22 indivíduos (47,09±7,12 anos) com diagnóstico de hipertensão arterial. Pressão arterial, peso, altura, circunferências de abdômen (CA), cintura (CC) e relação cintura-quadril (RCQ) além das amostras de sangue para análise de colesterol, triglicérides e glicemia foram coletados. Não houve correlação entre dados sanguíneos e antropométricos, porém a análise descritiva indicou médias aumentadas de índice de massa corporal (29,25±3,25 Kg/m²), CA (99,68±11,73 cm), CC (94,65±13,49 cm) e RCQ (0,91±0,09) e valores de glicemia (120,13±36,75 mg/dL) e triglicérides (150,68±101,47 mg/dL) acima da normalidade. Tais resultados mostraram risco cardiovascular aumentado na população avaliada.

Modelo de Estudo: Ensaio clínico controlado. Objetivo: Verificar a resposta de 16 semanas do treinamento aeróbio e resistido combinado sobre a modulação autonômica em mulheres na menopausa.Métodos: 17 mulheres foram divididas em dois grupos: grupo treino (GT: n=11) e grupo controle (GC:n=6). As variáveis de composição corporal foram estimadas pela absorptiometria radiológica de dupla energia. A modulação autonômica foi avaliada pela variabilidade da frequência cardíaca usando índices lineares. O protocolo de treinamento consistiu em 16 semanas, por 50 minutos de treinamento resistido e 30 minutos de treinamento aeróbio. Resultados: Para o GT houve incremento do índice rMSSD(ms)(pre:17,4±3,7 e pos:24,8±13,1, p

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-19T16:20:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-03-01Bitstream added on 2015-03-19T16:29:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0103-51502013000100003.pdf: 651476 bytes, checksum: bfe87058472b9c2aaaf15b1d5e73a78e (MD5) INTRODUÇÃO: O sistema nervoso autônomo (SNA) pode ser investigado de forma não invasiva a partir da análise da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) e sua utilização para avaliação do SNA tem contribuído com várias áreas da saúde, dentre elas, a fisioterapia. OBJETIVOS: Reunir estudos publicados em periódicos de circulação nacional da área que abordassem a utilização da VFC em fisioterapia, a fim de fornecer uma atualização dos achados para a área. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados, na lista de periódicos do WebQualis da área 21, todos os periódicos de circulação nacional que utilizam a palavra fisioterapia em seu título, com disponibilidade livre e textos completos em algum sítio da internet e que possuíssem classificação maior ou igual a B2. Com esses critérios, foram selecionados artigos das seguintes revistas: Revista Brasileira de Fisioterapia, Fisioterapia e Pesquisa e Fisioterapia em Movimento. Para essa busca, foram utilizados os descritores: sistema nervoso autônomo, sistema nervoso simpático, fisioterapia e variabilidade da frequência cardíaca. RESULTADOS: A busca resultou em 19 artigos, sendo 17 ensaios clínicos e dois relatos de caso. CONCLUSÃO: A VFC tem sido utilizada no âmbito da fisioterapia como recurso para avaliação de intervenções fisioterapêuticas, como forma de investigação de condições patológicas comuns à prática clínica e para interpretação de condições fisiológicas. A sua utilização é feita principalmente pela especialidade de fisioterapia cardiorrespiratória. INTRODUCTION: The autonomic nervous system (ANS) could be investigated in a noninvasive way by the heart rate variability analysis (HRV) which has contributed to several health areas such as physiotherapy. OBJECTIVE: To gather information regarding the use of HRV on physiotherapy aims at providing an update of the findings for the area on journals of national circulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The journals of national circulation classified as greater than B2 or B2 and with free access and complete texts in some internet sites were searched on 21 area WebQualis resulting on selection of Revista Brasileira de Fisioterapia, Fisioterapia e Pesquisa and Fisioterapia em Movimento using the keywords: autonomic nervous system, sympathetic nervous system, physiotherapy and heart rate variability. RESULTS: The search resulted in 19 articles being 17 clinical trials and two case reports. CONCLUSION: The HRV has been used as a resource of interventions evaluation, as pathological conditions common to clinical practice investigation and to physiological conditions interpretation in physiotherapy. The HRV is principally used to the cardiorespiratory specialty of physiotherapy.

Purpose: this study evaluated the effects of a multidisciplinary program on autonomic modulation in overweight or obese children and adolescents. Methods: fi fteen individuals with 10,93±2,28 years were submitted to autonomic evaluation using heart rate variability before and after a program based on physical exercises for three months, three times a week, 60 minutes per session and psychological and nutritional counseling. Data was analyzed using the paired t-test or Wilcoxon test and the level of signifi cance was set at P < 0.05. Results: multidisciplinary program was able to promote benefi ts in autonomic modulation observed thought temporal (SDNN: 39,96 ± 10,33 x 49,44 ± 12,31; p = 0,019; rMSSD: 28,97 ± 11,50 x 37,26 ± 11,17; p = 0,018), spectral (LFnu: 64,49 ± 12,21 x 56,74 ± 11,18; p = 0,014; HFnu: 35,50 ± 12,21 x 43,25 ± 11,18; p = 0,014) and geometrical (SD1: 20,51 ± 8,13 x 26,36 ± 7,90; p = 0,018 SD2: 52,31 ± 13,04 x 64,58 ± 16,33; p = 0,031) indices in overweigh and obese children and adolescents. Also, after the intervention there was a reduction on resting heart rate (88,53 ± 9,24 x 83,09 ± 7,93; p = 0,023) and there were changes in the classifi cation of overweigh 26,67% x 46,66% and obesity 73,33% x 53,33%, although not significant changes in body mass index. Conclusions: exercise program together with nutritional and psychological counseling is able to promote benefi ts in autonomic modulation in children and adolescents who are overweight or obese.

Nas últimas décadas, obesidade e sobrepeso, importantes fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares, tiveram um aumento importante, sendo o sedentarismo uma de suas principais causas. Partindo disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a prevalência da obesidade e HA de frequentadores do CEAFiR, além de correlacionar valores de IMC com valores de PAS e PAD. Para isso foram coletados peso e altura, para obtenção do IMC, e PA de 163 indivíduos (114 mulheres e 49 homens) com média de idade de 53,0 ± 16,1 anos. Os resultados mostraram que 30,1% possuem obesidade e 43,6% sobrepeso. Em relação à HA, 22,7% encontram-se nos estágios de hipertensão 1, 2 ou 3 e 7,4% hipertensão sistólica isolada. Portanto, 73,7% estão acima do peso e 30,1% são hipertensos. Este resultado reforça a importância de programas de prevenção que visam orientar a população, promovendo modificações positivas no estilo de vida.

Introdução: nos últimos anos, diversos estudos analisaram o comportamento do sistema nervosoautônomo (SNA) frente à obesidade e utilizaram, para esta análise, a variabilidade da frequênciacardíaca (VFC). Embora descrito na literatura que adultos obesos apresentam disfunções do SNA, faltam informações referentes a crianças obesas e os achados existentes ainda são inconclusivos. Objetivo: reunir estudos que abordem a análise do SNA, por meio da VFC, em crianças obesas para melhor compreender a influência da obesidade sobre esse sistema nessa população e fornecer uma atualização dos achados publicados nos últimos onze anos referentes ao tema. Método: a busca dos artigos foi realizada nas bases de dados Pubmed, Ibecs, Medline, Scielo, Cochrane e Lilacs por meio dos seguintes descritores da área da saúde (DeCS): frequência cardíaca, sistema nervoso autônomo, obesidade, criança e sistema nervoso simpático e suas respectivas versões na língua inglesa (MeSH). Resultados: a busca resultou em 11 artigos, os quais demonstraram que, em geral, crianças obesas apresentam menor atividade do SNA parassimpático e os resultados são inconclusivos para a atividade simpática. Além disso, intervenções como dieta e atividade física podem melhorar a condição de atuação do SNA nessas crianças. Conclusão: crianças obesas apresentam modificações na atuação do SNA, o que demonstra a necessidade de atenção precoce a esta população para evitar complicações futuras.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T07:14:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-01-01 Background. The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with the strength and resistance decreasing in addition to the dysfunction on autonomic nervous system (ANS). The aerobic training isolated or in association with the resistance training showed evidence of beneficial effects on an autonomic modulation of COPD; however, there are no studies addressing the effect of isolated resistance training. Aims. This study aims at investigating the influence of resistance training on an autonomic modulation through heart rate variability (HRV), functional capacity and muscle strength in individuals with COPD. Design. Clinical series study. Setting. Outpatients. Population. The study involved 13 individuals with COPD. Methods. The experimental protocol was composed by an initial and final evaluation that consisted in autonomic evaluations (HRV), cardiopulmonary functional capacity evaluation (6-minute walk test) and strength evaluation (dynamometry) in addition by the resistance training performed by 24 sessions lasted 60 minutes each one and on a frequency of three times a week. The intensity was determined initially with 60% of one maximum repetition and was progressively increased in each five sessions until 80%. Results. The HRV temporal and spectral indexes analysis demonstrates improvement of autonomic modulation, with significant statistical increases to sympathetic and parasympathetic components of ANS representing by SDNN, LF and HF. In addition, it was observed significant statistical increases to shoulder abduction and knee flexion strength and functional capacity. Conclusion. The exclusive resistance training performed was able to positively influence the autonomic modulation; in addition it promoted benefits on cardiorespiratory functional capacity and strength benefits in individuals with COPD.Clinical Rehabilitation Impact. This study could contribute to clinical and professionals researchers that act with COPD, even though the resistance component of pulmonary rehabilitation presents consensual benefits on several healthy indicators parameters. There is no evidence about the effects on HRV before. Moreover, this study showed, on clinical practice, the HRV uses as an ANS activity on sinus node evaluation and highlights further importance on scientific context. Departamento de Fisioterapia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo Departamento de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Sào José do Rio Preto, Sào Paulo Departamento de Fisioterapia, Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnología, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rua Roberto Simonsen 305, Centro Educacional, 19060-900 Presidente Prudente Departamento de Fisioterapia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo Departamento de Fisioterapia, Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnología, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rua Roberto Simonsen 305, Centro Educacional, 19060-900 Presidente Prudente

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T07:20:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-01-01 This study compared autonomic modulation in swimmers and non-Athletes in relation to body composition. A total of 28 athletes with a mean age of 19.7 ± 2.9 years were evaluated who had at least 2 years of swimming training, trained approximately 7,000 m per day, with a frequency of 5 days per week, and who competed at national level. The control group was made up of 21 volunteers (23.0 ± 2.5 years), who did not practice regular physical activity (