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The training of teachers in the Master of Teacher Education is of utmost importance to ensure the quality of teachers in Secondary Education. This study aims to analyze the students' perception concerning the latent dimensions that are part of this training obtained in procedural, intellectual, teaching, and relational aspects included in the generic competency of organization and planning in this master's degree. The Student Engagement Questionnaire (SEQ) was applied to a non-probabilistic purposive sample of students of the master's Degree in Compulsory Secondary Education and Baccalaureate, Vocational Training and Language Teaching of two Spanish universities. The study adopts an associative, comparative and cross-sectional design. The instrument has presented robust evidence of validity and reliability. The items have been subjected to confirmatory factor analysis and inferential analysis has been performed to identify possible differences according to the area of knowledge of the specialty studied and the students’ age. The findings reveal that the sample, in general terms, has good capacities and levels of satisfaction, so that the highest values correspond to the relationship established between the faculty and the students of the master's degree, while the lowest values belong to the organization of the curriculum and evaluation. Some specific differences of intermediate significance appear in self-managed learning and adaptability. La formación de profesores en el Máster de Formación del Profesorado es de suma importancia para garantizar la calidad del profesorado en la Educación Secundaria. Este estudio analiza la percepción del alumnado sobre las dimensiones latentes que forman parte de esa formación obtenida en aspectos procesuales, intelectuales, docentes y de relación englobados en la competencia genérica de organización y planificación en dicho Máster. Se ha aplicado el cuestionario Student Engagement Questionaire (SEQ) a una muestra obtenida con muestreo no probabilístico intencional, de los alumnos de este Máster de dos universidades españolas. El estudio adopta un diseño asociativo, comparativo y transversal.El instrumento ha presentado evidencias robustas de validez y fiabilidad. Los ítems han sido sometidos a análisis factorial confirmatorio y se ha realizado análisis inferencial para identificar posibles diferencias según el área de conocimiento de la especialidad cursada y edad de los estudiantes. Los hallazgos revelan que la muestra, en términos generales, posee buenas capacidades y niveles de satisfacción, con valores más altos correspondientes a la relación establecida entre el profesorado y los estudiantes, mientras que los más bajos pertenecen a la organización del currículum y la evaluación. Aparecen diferencias específicas de significatividad intermedia en aprendizaje autogestionado y adaptabilidad.

Purpose This study proposes an extension of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) model to understand international travellers' intentions to visit Spain. This study aims to compare whether the predictive variables of the intention to travel differ depending on nationality. The extension includes: perceived risk, loyalty to the destination, past travel experience, public opinion climate and electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM). Design/methodology/approach A multiple-indicator, multiple-cause (MIMIC) model was developed as a structural equational model to predict the 1,978 participants' intention to travel. The structural model was used to determine the theoretical model for the total sample and by nationality (Germans, Britons and those from other European countries). Findings The extended models fitted the data well, explaining 64%–68% of the total variance, while differences depending on tourist nationality were also found. The MIMIC model indicated that German people's intention to travel to a holiday destination was influenced by their perception of risk, eWOM and loyalty to the country. In the British group, only the TPB variables were relevant. For those of other European nationalities, loyalty and eWOM were also significant. Travel experience, used as a variable in previous studies, was shown not to be significant. Overall, these results offer insights into how people from diverse countries and cultures embrace the aforementioned constructs when making travel decisions. Practical implications This study also has practical implications for policymakers in holiday tourism destinations, such as Spain. In particular, this study provides a better understanding of Britons' and Germans' travel intentions and could be beneficial for guiding policies for the recovery of the tourism industry in major tourism destinations. Originality/value Previous studies have applied various extended TPBs to one specific country or made comparisons between Asian countries. This study’s proposal makes a comparison of the variables used to predict the intention to visit a holiday destination among the European countries.

PurposeThis exploratory study aims to identify the main risk reduction strategies when individuals suffer from coeliac disease (CD) or non-coeliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) travel. Based on Yeung and Yee's (2013; 2019) model, the paper offers a new framework for analysing the main travel risk reduction strategies for people with specific food needs. The empirical work focuses on the perspectives of different stakeholders (CD and NCGS community, restaurant managers/service providers and nutritionists).Design/methodology/approachA qualitative approach based on thematic analysis is adopted. The results of 32 semi-structured in-depth interviews reveal different stakeholders' perspectives in order to understand the various strategies.FindingsThe findings confirm the high level of consensus that the main food risk reducers are: travel information, staff training in safety assurance, legislation and risk prevention protocols. The findings also show significant limitations in the information offered by restaurants, organisations and tourist destinations and the negative repercussions on the tourist experience and the reputation on a particular destination.Practical implicationsThe results will help hospitality business managers and destination management organisations develop food risk reduction strategies to solve some of the most important food-related problems when people in this market segment travel.Originality/valueThis work contributes to the literature by providing a new framework on travel risk reduction strategies for people with specific food needs. The novelty of this research is mainly found in the study of risk reduction strategies related to the travel decision-making process for those with CD and NCGS from different perspectives.

Resumen Introducción. Listeria monocytogenes es un patógeno transmitido por alimentos que causa infecciones en humanos, entre ellas, meningitis, meningoencefalitis y septicemias, así como abortos. Con la tipificación serológica se han identificado 13 serotipos, siendo el 4b el causante de la mayoría de los brotes en el mundo. Objetivo. Determinar la frecuencia y la distribución de los serotipos y subtipos moleculares de L. monocytogenes aislados de alimentos en Colombia entre el 2010 y el 2018. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo a partir del análisis de 2.420 aislamientos que fueron identificados como L. monocytogenes y otras especies, por medio de pruebas bioquímicas, serológicas y de subtipificación molecular mediante electroforesis en gel de campo pulsado (PFGE). Resultados. De los 2.420 aislamientos recibidos, 2.326 fueron confirmados como L. monocytogenes. Los serotipos encontrados fueron: 4b (52%), 4d-4e (14,5%), 1/2a (11%), 1/2c (9,4%), 1/2b (9 %), y 3a, 3b, 3c, 4c, 4d, 4e y 7 (menos de 2%). Procedían de Bogotá (43%), Antioquia (25%), Valle (10%), Nariño (9%) y otros departamentos (7%). La caracterización genotípica agrupó los aislamientos evaluados en 167 patrones de PFGE; los perfiles más frecuentes se presentaron en productos lácteos, cárnicos y alimentos preparados. Conclusión. El 96,1 % de los aislamientos correspondieron a L. monocytogenes, con una buena concordancia entre el aislamiento y la identificación; el serotipo 4b, extremadamente virulento, fue el más frecuente. El análisis molecular evidenció la posible diseminación y permanencia en el tiempo de varios serotipos, lo que resalta la importancia de incluir este patógeno en los programas de vigilancia epidemiológica en alimentos. Abstract Introduction: Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen that may cause infections in humans such as meningitis, meningoencephalitis, and septicemia, as well as abortions. By serological typing 13 serotypes have been identified of which 4b is responsible for most of the outbreaks in the world. Objective: To determine the frequency and distribution of serotypes and molecular subtypes of L. monocytogenes isolated in Colombia from food from 2010 to 2018. Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective and descriptive study based on the analysis of 2,420 isolates confirmed as L. monocytogenes and other species using biochemical and serological tests, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for molecular subtyping. Results: Of the 2,420 isolates received, 2,326 were confirmed as L. monocytogenes. The serotypes found were 4b (52%), 4d-4e (14.5%), 1/2a (11%), 1/2c (9.4%), 1/2b (9%), and 3a, 3b, 3c, 4c, 4d, 4e and 7 (less than 2%). The isolates came from Bogotá (43%), Antioquia (25%), Valle (10%), Nariño (9%), and other departments (7%). The genotypic characterization grouped the isolates in 167 PFGE patterns. The most frequent patterns were identified in various dairy and meat products, and in prepared foods. Conclusion: A 96.1% of the isolates corresponded to L. monocytogenes showing good agreement between isolates and identification. Serotype 4b, highly virulent, was the most frequent. The molecular analysis showed the possible dissemination and permanence over time of several serotypes, which highlights the importance of including this pathogen in epidemiological food surveillance programs.

The establishment of links between the University and the community in which it is embedded is a permanent challenge. Exploring new ways to open university doors to vulnerable populations is a means of developing young adults’ civic responsibility and global citizenship. This relationship of enrichment and mutual benefit does not only crystallize through the transfer of knowledge but also through service. When, within the community, this service is aimed at students with specific needs of educational support (SNES), we enter fully into the field of inclusive education, developing competencies and reaching sustainable development goals, which go far beyond those of mere knowledge-sharing. This paper presents service-learning (SL) projects carried out in English class by undergraduate Engineering and Education students at a Special Education Center for adults. The main goal was to develop a basic linguistic competence in English so that SNES students could understand science texts and technological instructions to handle ICTs with some autonomy. Face-to-face versus online modality use, forced by the pandemic, are contrasted and results are compared over a three-year period. University students’ perceptions on how this pedagogical approach of service learning contributes to their personal growth and consolidation of global citizenship are presented.

We prove existence and uniqueness of a global in time self-similar solution growing up as $t\to\infty$ for the following reaction-diffusion equation with a singular potential $$ u_t=\Delta u^m+|x|^{\sigma}u^p, $$ posed in dimension $N\geq2$, with $m>1$, $\sigma\in(-2,0)$ and $11$ and $p>1$, showing an interesting effect induced by the singular potential $|x|^{\sigma}$. This result is also applied to reaction-diffusion equations with general potentials $V(x)$ to prevent finite time blow-up via comparison.

Introduction: Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen that may cause infections in humans such as meningitis, meningoencephalitis, and septicemia, as well as abortions. By serological typing 13 serotypes have been identified of which 4b is responsible for most of the outbreaks in the world. Objective: To determine the frequency and distribution of serotypes and molecular subtypes of L. monocytogenes isolated in Colombia from food from 2010 to 2018. Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective and descriptive study based on the analysis of 2,420 isolates confirmed as L. monocytogenes and other species using biochemical and serological tests, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for molecular subtyping. Results: Of the 2,420 isolates received, 2,326 were confirmed as L. monocytogenes. The serotypes found were 4b (52%), 4d-4e (14.5%), 1/2a (11%), 1/2c (9.4%), 1/2b (9%), and 3a, 3b, 3c, 4c, 4d, 4e and 7 (less than 2%). The isolates came from Bogotá (43%), Antioquia (25%), Valle (10%), Nariño (9%), and other departments (7%). The genotypic characterization grouped the isolates in 167 PFGE patterns. The most frequent patterns were identified in various dairy and meat products, and in prepared foods. Conclusion: A 96.1% of the isolates corresponded to L. monocytogenes showing good agreement between isolates and identification. Serotype 4b, highly virulent, was the most frequent. The molecular analysis showed the possible dissemination and permanence over time of several serotypes, which highlights the importance of including this pathogen in epidemiological food surveillance programs.Introducción. Listeria monocytogenes es un patógeno transmitido por alimentos que causa infecciones en humanos, entre ellas, meningitis, meningoencefalitis y septicemias, así como abortos. Con la tipificación serológica se han identificado 13 serotipos, siendo el 4b el causante de la mayoría de los brotes en el mundo. Objetivo. Determinar la frecuencia y la distribución de los serotipos y subtipos moleculares de L. monocytogenes aislados de alimentos en Colombia entre el 2010 y el 2018. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo a partir del análisis de 2.420 aislamientos que fueron identificados como L. monocytogenes y otras especies, por medio de pruebas bioquímicas, serológicas y de subtipificación molecular mediante electroforesis en gel de campo pulsado (PFGE). Resultados. De los 2.420 aislamientos recibidos, 2.326 fueron confirmados como L. monocytogenes. Los serotipos encontrados fueron: 4b (52 %), 4d-4e (14,5 %), 1/2a (11 %), 1/2c (9,4 %), 1/2b (9 %), y 3a, 3b, 3c, 4c, 4d, 4e y 7 (menos de 2 %). Procedían de Bogotá (43 %), Antioquia (25 %), Valle (10 %), Nariño (9 %) y otros departamentos (7 %). La caracterización genotípica agrupó los aislamientos evaluados en 167 patrones de PFGE; los perfiles más frecuentes se presentaron en productos lácteos, cárnicos y alimentos preparados. Conclusión. El 96,1 % de los aislamientos correspondieron a L. monocytogenes, con una buena concordancia entre el aislamiento y la identificación; el serotipo 4b, extremadamente virulento, fue el más frecuente. El análisis molecular evidenció la posible diseminación y permanencia en el tiempo de varios serotipos, lo que resalta la importancia de incluir este patógeno en los programas de vigilancia epidemiológica en alimentos.

El objetivo es proponer un método de evaluación del bienestar en los destinos turísticos desde la perspectiva del desarrollo humano, concretado en un Índice de Desarrollo Humano Turístico (IDHT) individual. La visión expresada en un índice de valoración de vida se considera válida y oportuna para estudiar la realidad turística. En la metodología que se aplica y propone la calidad de vida se mide mediante el Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD). El IDHT se construye con indicadores de ingreso por turismo, educación universal y salud de los prestadores de servicios; tres dimensiones consideradas como principales en el desarrollo humano sin las cuales otras metas de bienestar suelen ser inalcanzables. Permite medir el nivel de vida ideal y muestra los efectos de políticas económicas y sociales del turismo (Rincón y Labarca, 2013: 109, 110). Los resultados para Tapijulapa, Pueblo Mágico, revelan que el turismo genera bienestar humano con nivel medio y alto en el IDHT (0,550 y más de 0,800). Los componentes del IDHT reflejan acceso a ingresos turísticos con nivel medio y alto (0,550 y más de 0,800); la salud es valorada en el nivel alto (0,700 y más de 0,800) y la educación en nivel bajo y medio (Menos de 0,550, hasta 0,799). Indudablemente se deben llevar a cabo acciones para mejorar los índices de bienestar, con atención prioritaria a la educación de los prestadores de servicios. The objective of this study is to propose a method of assessing well-being in tourist destinations from the perspective of human development, specified in an individual Human Tourism Development Index (HTDI). The vision expressed in a life assessment index is considered valid and timely to study the tourist reality. The methodology that is applied and proposed measures the quality of life using the Human Development Index (HDI) of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). The HTDI is built with income indicators for tourism, universal education and health of service providers; three dimensions considered as being fundamental in human development without which other welfare goals are usually unattainable. It enables the ideal standard of living to be measured and shows the effects of the economic and social policies of tourism (Rincón and Labarca, 2013: 109, 110). The results for Tapijulapa, Magic Town, reveal that tourism generates human well-being with a medium and high level in the HDI (0.550 and more than 0.800). The components of the HTDI reflect access to tourist income with a medium and high level (0.550 and more than 0.800); health is valued at a high level (0.700 and more than 0.800) and education at a low and medium level (less than 0.550, up to 0.799). Undoubtedly, actions must be carried out to improve welfare rates, with priority attention to the education of service providers.

We classify the finite time blow-up profiles for the following reaction-diffusion equation with unbounded weight: \begin{document}$ \partial_tu = \Delta u^m+|x|^{\sigma}u^p, $\end{document} posed in any space dimension \begin{document}$ x\in \mathbb{R}^N $\end{document}, \begin{document}$ t\geq0 $\end{document} and with exponents \begin{document}$ m>1 $\end{document}, \begin{document}$ p\in(0, 1) $\end{document} and \begin{document}$ \sigma>2(1-p)/(m-1) $\end{document}. We prove that blow-up profiles in backward self-similar form exist for the indicated range of parameters, showing thus that the unbounded weight has a strong influence on the dynamics of the equation, merging with the nonlinear reaction in order to produce finite time blow-up. We also prove that all the blow-up profiles are compactly supported and might present two different types of interface behavior and three different possible good behaviors near the origin, with direct influence on the blow-up behavior of the solutions. We classify all these profiles with respect to these different local behaviors depending on the magnitude of \begin{document}$ \sigma $\end{document}. This paper generalizes in dimension \begin{document}$ N>1 $\end{document} previous results by the authors in dimension \begin{document}$ N = 1 $\end{document} and also includes some finer classification of the profiles for \begin{document}$ \sigma $\end{document} large that is new even in dimension \begin{document}$ N = 1 $\end{document}.

Learning a foreign language involves the practice and development of linguistic competencies through a series of communicative activities. Assessing each of these competencies face to face can provide an accurate profile of the student’s level of language proficiency. But assessing them online, particularly oral skill, poses a challenge for both students and professors. The change of scenario and use of digital tools may intimidate students and deprive the interview from naturality and warmth. In this paper, the suitability of Blackboard Collaborate as Learning Management System to assess English speaking skill is studied together with other factors influencing students’ online performance. 81 students from 5 different undergraduate programs in Engineering and Applied Sciences were assessed, following the threefold pattern of IELTS speaking test questions. Their results and responses to a final survey are contrasted so as to check the positive of negative effect of online testing on the students’ state of mind and eventual achievement. Blackboard platform proves to be as a suitable online framework for optimal performance, and the examiner’s attitude is equally a conditioning factor in students’success.

El Modelo de Turismo Humano para el Bienestar de Tapijulapa Pueblo Mágico se construye con base en dos criterios centrales. Primero, la aplicación del desarrollo humano como teoría y metodología para interpretar la realidad turística concretándose una visión de turismo humano que tiene como finalidad principal generar calidad de vida, al mismo tiempo que da respuesta al poco éxito del Programa Pueblos Mágicos de México para generar mejores condiciones de vida local. Segundo, los resultados obtenidos a partir de la investigación empírica realizada en Tapijulapa Pueblo Mágico aplicando la metodología denominada expansión de las capacidades turísticas de las agencias revelan la existencia de habilitaciones turísticas generalmente adecuadas y funcionamientos turísticos no apropiados, lo que obstruye el logro de las metas, consecuentemente limita el bienestar local. Se plantea de esta manera una nueva metodología para estudiar la gestión del turismo y su integración efectiva con otras actividades productivas tradicionales locales. The operating model of Humane Tourism for the Welfare of the Pueblo Mágico Tapijulapa is based on two cornerstones. First, the theoretical and methodological analysis of responsible humane tourism toward a better quality of life for the host population given the scarce success of the Network of Pueblos Mágicos and the supporting programme in Mexico in this respect. Secondly, the results of the empirical research carried out in Tapijulapa Pueblo Mágico applying the methodology of Improved tourism capacity‑building for stakeholders revealed that although training was in general adequate, nevertheless the tourism management was not, giving rise to frustration of goals and limiting any positive results for the local population in terms of improved quality of living standards. The present article therefore proposes an alternative methodology centred on tourism management that integrates effectively with other traditional local productive activities.

One of the challenges faced by university today is how to develop in students the necessary attitudes and competences to become those leaders who will transform their social environment in the short future. An efficient professional qualification is required as well as providing them with scenarios suitable for the acquisition of social and service competences. This paper analyses the results of a project carried out by a group of engineering undergraduate students from the Catholic University of Avila in the University of Experience in Arevalo, a town in the north of Avila (Spain). The interest of this experience lies in its piloting character in our University, together with the multiple learning strategies practiced. The fact that it is the university students that teach the senior citizens offers a valuable pedagogical potential. Besides, it turned out to be a powerful bridge-building experience, strengthening intergenerational relations. Both groups benefited from this service learning project, as it is shown by the results from the surveys, open questions and students’ final personal reports.

The growing implementation of robotics in hospitality and tourism requires broader research into customers' experience with service robots. This study explores human-robot interaction (HRI) in the context of tourists interacting with hotel service robots. The data, 7994 online TripAdvisor reviews of 74 hotels, were subjected to a content analysis based on the Service Robot Acceptance Model (sRAM) and its dimensions (functional, social-emotional and relational). A sentiment analysis was also carried out. The results identify the principal dimensions and variables involved in HRI and the feelings robots inspire in different types of travellers. Guests most often comment on the functional dimension. Robots' functions determine this experience and influence the interaction between robots and hotel guests.

El objetivo central es proponer la técnica metodológica denominada “expansión de las capacidades turísticas de funcionamiento” o “de mercado turístico de las agencias turísticas” y posibilitar la construcción de un nuevo paradigma al que se denomina turismo humano; lo cual es posible mediante la oportunidad que brinda el método científico a través de la lógica empírica analítica de estudiar la teoría y la metodología del desarrollo humano; concluyéndose que su perspectiva expresada en el estudio de las capacidades de funcionamiento o mercado es válida y oportuna para estudiar la realidad turística. Así se da respuesta al recurrente fracaso de las pequeñas y medianas empresas turísticas (PYMES) sustentadas en el modelo tradicional de economía positiva, racional-funcionalista. En teoría y praxis, la expansión de las capacidades turísticas de funcionamiento debe convertirse en la técnica principal para que las agencias turísticas (PYMES) puedan incursionar con éxito en el mercado turístico, generar rentabilidad, bienestar individual y colectivo.

El establecimiento de vínculos entre la Universidad y la comunidad en que se halla inserta es un reto permanente. Esta relación de enriquecimiento y beneficio mutuo no sólo se cristaliza a través de la transferencia de conocimiento sino también mediante el servicio. Y cuando, dentro de la comunidad, este servicio va dirigido a alumnado con necesidades educativas especiales (NEE), entramos de lleno en el ámbito de la educación inclusiva, alcanzándose objetivos que van más allá de los de mero conocimiento. En el presente artículo se presenta un proyecto de aprendizaje-servicio llevado a cabo por alumnos de Ingeniería de la Universidad Católica de Ávila a lo largo de dos cursos dentro de la asignatura de inglés en un Centro de Educación Especial de adultos. Se describen las distintas fases y formas de evaluación empleadas en el proyecto y se comparan los resultados obtenidos al realizar una evaluación formativa y compartida.

One of the most significant aspects of the Spanish new educational reform is the Baccalaureate General Test which is intended to replace the former University Entrance Examination. The new test will include an oral part, which needs to be created, based on current research on the field (Bueno-Alastuey & Luque, 2010), and tested with students from different regions in Spain to confirm its validity. This paper describes the preparation and first results of a pilot study using some proposed tasks. The speaking tasks were based on the ones currently used in the Cambridge Preliminary English Test but conveniently adapted to the Spanish context as suggested by some studies (Amengual-Pizarro & Mendez Garci a, 2010). This paper shows the perceived strengths and weaknesses of those tasks and the test based on current testing literature on construct definition (Bachman & Palmer, 1996) and validation (Weir, 2005; Fulcher, 2010; Ekbatani, 2011). Results showed that the test corresponds better to classroom practice and favors both washback and language development at a lower cost. Index Terms—Spain Baccalaurate General Test, speaking competence testing, pilot speaking test, oral test validation I. INTRODUCTION One of the most significant aspects of the Spanish new educational reform has been the introduction of the Baccaulerate General Test, which will replace the former University Entrance Examination. Apart from the fact that this test is to be carried out in a different setting (the high school where each students is enrolled instead of at the university), another major change is that the test will include an oral component to test receptive and productive oral communicative competence. The different setting may help to reduce the anxiety this kind of high-stakes tests produce because the setting will be more familiar and, thus less threatening, and it will imply a reduced number of students taking the test at the same time in the same place. Both facts will probably provide a more supportive environment for the students. However, the inclusion of an oral competence part will greatly increase anxiety as oral skills are the ones that cause more anxiety in Spanish students. Previous research has put forward proposals for the tasks to be included in the oral part of the test (Bueno-Alastuey & Luque, 2012; Amengual & Mendez, 2012), but literature on pilot studies about the implementation of such proposed test remains limited (Martin-Monje, 2012) and more research should be done on the implementation of such tasks in real environments. In this paper, we report on an experience using the proposed tasks in four different provinces in Spain with the aim of illustrating the validity of such proposal both in terms of students' results and in terms of the strengths and the constraints found in those settings. The creation and evaluation of the test is part of a wider project, the OPENPAU project (Spanish Ministry of Education, 2011-2014, FFI2011-22442), whose aim is to put forward a solid proposal to facilitate the implementation of the oral part of the exam. The analysis done in this paper is based on a wide range of factors such as testing procedures, teachers' attitudes, and test organization and delivery (i.e. pen & paper or computer based).

Destination management is in urgent need of analytical and policy tools, and even more so in the context of tourism for development programs. Understanding both structural elements and dynamic processes are essential. This chapter describes a model of destinations which considers three types of structural components: factors/resources, attractors (of tourism demand), and support systems. It analyzes as well the optimizing behavior of destination stakeholders, both endogenous and exogenous, as a way to understand destination dynamics. The model can be applied in the strategic positioning of destinations as well as in achieving competitiveness and sustainability—ultimately contributing to development—through tourism policy plans and governance processes. The model was born in the context of a European Eureka–ComTur research project, and has been tested in a variety of destinations.

Previously disregarded factors are now included in development theory and practice. A narrow understanding of capital has had profound effects on development as well as on tourism policy and governance. In this framework, purpose-designed tourism for development has been the exception. Contemporary ideas of other forms of capital playing a key role in a broader concept of development are examined, specifically the central function of human and social-institutional capital. Human capital is seen in the light of capabilities, attributes, and knowledge possessed by individuals. Social-institutional capital may empower individuals as it refers to the value of trust and cooperation deriving from formal and informal sets of behavioral rules. This chapter clarifies the foundations of tourism as an instrument for development if tourism policy and governance are designed and implemented within an adequate framework.

There is no clear understanding on the terms and concepts of development, both in the academic literature of tourism and in general. What constitutes “growth”, and what is “development”? The emphasis on mathematical modeling has favored the use of simplifying hypothesis, with dubious practical results for the real problems of development. This chapter discusses the most relevant aspects of theories of development, enunciated at different times in the course of the last two centuries, with the purpose of illuminating different theoretical approaches to analysis and policy formulation that may support actual strategy and practice in tourism.

Studies on the characteristics of women as entrepreneurs confirm that women’s managerial style is different from men’s. In the tourism industry, and more specifically in the boutique hotel sector, these differences are important, due to the intrinsic characteristics of boutique establishments. This paper identifies the distinctive attributes of boutique hotels and examines how those attributes are managed by entrepreneurs of different genders. Qualitative work sets the groundwork by ascertaining what attributes the boutique hotel clientele demands; this is followed by quantitative work to ascertain how the attributes in question are distributed among the leading management factors of the members of a charming lodging club in Spain. The results confirm that the composition of the factors managed in boutique hotels differs depending on whether women or men are in charge, and this difference gives women a closer rapport with the philosophy implicit in boutique hotels. Keywords: Entrepreneurs, gender, attributes, boutique hotels, management.

El presente trabajo aborda tres temas fundamentales para la gestión de los destinos turísticos; (i) la importancia de los intangibles como fuente de ventaja competitiva; (ii) la relevancia de las relaciones entre los agentes de un destino y de las acciones de cooperación entre ellos para generar sinergias en materia de promoción y (iii) las metodologías de identificación y análisis de las relaciones entre estos actores turísticos. Así, este artículo profundiza en la importancia del capital relacional en el ámbito de la promoción, introduciendo la metodología del análisis de redes sociales como método de medición y generación de indicadores óptimos para el estudio de las relaciones entre actores turísticos en un destino. ABSTRACT: This paper addresses three central issues for the tourist destinations management (i) the importance of intangibles as source of competitive advantage, (ii) the relevance of the relationship between agents and destination actions for cooperation, to generate synergies in the promotion field and (iii) methodologies for the identification and analysis of the relationships between tourism stakeholders. This article explores the importance of relational capital in the field of promotion, introducing the methodology of social network analysis for measuring and generating indicators to study the relationships between stakeholders in a tourism destination.

Se da un tácito consenso asumiendo que la actividad turística es un instrumento eficaz y eficiente de desarrollo económico y social. Sin embargo, a pesar de las frecuentes declaraciones de índole política a tal respecto, es notoria la falta de un marco teórico-práctico de turismo para el desarrollo. Muchas cuestiones clave necesitan un análisis más profundo: (i) qué entendemos como desarrollo a estos efectos; (ii) cuál es la contribución del turismo a ese desarrollo; y (iii) qué formulación y alcance deben tener las políticas turísticas y su gobernanza para que el turismo sea realmente un instrumento de desarrollo. En este artículo se expone un breve análisis-respuesta a estas cuestiones. A la vista de los paradigmas de desarrollo de las últimas décadas (modernización, neoliberalismo, dependencia, y sostenibilidad), se consideran propuestas apoyadas en la Nueva Economía Institucional y la Teoría del Capital Social, y posibles contenidos de la política y gobernanza del turismo vis-à-vis el desarrollo. Se presentan también a este respecto los resultados de la consulta, realizada en 2011, a 60 expertos de 15 países, en los ámbitos académico, profesional y político. A broad agreement exists among academics, professionals and politicians that tourism is an effective instrument for social and economic development. However, there is no specifi c theoretical or practical framework of tourism for development to be found. Even the key questions have remained unformulated: (i) what does the concept of development entail? (ii) which are tourism’s contributions to such development?, and (iii) what types of tourism policy and governance are congruent with the intended tourism for development? This article preliminarily analyzes and answers these key questions. It fi rst summarizes the development paradigms held in the last decades (modernization, neo-liberalism, dependency and sustainability) and goes on to consider the new proposals emanating from the New Institutional Economics and the Theory of Social Capital. In this context, the key elements of a “tourism for development policy and governance” are examined. Finally, the results of a 2011 enquiry, involving some 60 experts from 15 countries, on development vis-à-vis tourism are presented.

A broad agreement exists that tourism is an effective instrument for social and economic development. However, there is no specific theoretical or practical framework of tourism for development to be found. Even the key issues have remained unformulated: concept of development, tourism's contributions to development, and tourism policy and governance for development. This chapter first summarizes the development paradigms held in the last decades (modernization, neoliberalism, dependency, and sustainability) vis-a-vis tourism, and then goes on to consider proposals emanating from New Institutional Economics and the Theory of Social Capital. It concludes with the results of a 2011 enquiry, involving some 60 international experts.

El proceso de comprensión y análisis del turismo se explica a través de un sistema complejo compuesto por múltiples grupos de interés. Por ello, el funcionamiento de un sistema turístico depende de la gestión de las relaciones que se producen entre los distintos componentes del mismo. Esta comunicación presenta los resultados de una investigación de tipo cualitativo donde se recogen las principales conclusiones de una consulta a expertos así como se integran algunos de los principales estudios relativos a redes de colaboración y gestión de la cooperación entre agentes turísticos. La gestión de redes, junto a su entramado de relaciones, son determinantes en los procesos de planificación turística por su capacidad de producir resultados más equitativos y eficientes. Este estudio define las áreas relacionales prioritarias para cada par de actores; entre las que se encuentran las relacionadas con el conocimiento, la promoción, la financiación, la gestión de infraestructuras y servicios, el control de impactos, la seguridad y salubridad, entre otras. Los procesos de planificación turística han de incorporar esta estructura relacional, tratando de fomentar la participación de todos los interesados, trabajando para la integración de mecanismos que maximicen la competitividad y sostenibilidad del sistema turístico. The processes of tourism understanding and analysis can be explained through a complex system composed of multiple stakeholders. This is why the functioning of a tourism destination depends on the management of the relations that occur between the various components. This article presents the results of a qualitative study in which fundamental conclusions of expert consultations are combined with some of the most significant studies on collaboration and management of tourism networks. Network management is crucial in tourism planning processes due to its ability to generate more equitable and efficient results. This study defines the priority areas of these relations for each pair of actors, including those related to knowledge, promotion, finance, infrastructure management and services, control of impacts, safety and health, among others. Tourism planning processes should incorporate this structure of relations, encourage stakeholder participation and integrate the mechanism that maximizes the competitiveness and sustainability of the tourism system.

Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular, opportunistic pathogen which can cause severe infections such as meningitis, encephalitis and bacteremia. It can also cause abortions in human beings. Foods are the vehicle for infection of the host. Serotypification has discriminated 13 serotypes: 1/2a,1/2b, 1/2c, 3a, 3b, 3c, 4a, 4ab, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, 7. 4b is the cause of the majority of cases of listeriosis in the world.The frequency of serotypes of L. monocytogenes was determined in bacteria isolated from foods in Colombia.The study is descriptive and retrospective. Over a 10-year period, 2000-2009, 1,599 isolates were examined. All were confirmed as Listeria monocytogenes and other strains of Listeria, using biochemical tests recommended by the Food and Drug Administration (USA) and API Listeria and serotyped using the Seeliger and Höhne method.Of the 1,599 isolates, 1,424 were confirmed as L. monocytogenes. Serotypes identified were: 1/2a, 135 (9.5%); 1/2b, 154 (10.8%); 1/2c, 68 (4.8%); 3a, 4 (0.3%); 3b, 29 (2.0%); 3c, 2 (0.1%); 4a, 44 (3.1%); 4b, 820 (57.6%); 4c, 6 (0.4%); 4d- 4e, 140 (9.8%); 4e, 17 (1.2%); 7, 2 (0.1%); not susceptible of serotypification, three cases, (0.2%). Isolates came mainly from the Capital District of Bogotá, 1,035 (73%); from Antioquia 199 (14%), from Nariño, 109 (8%); from Valle del Cauca 50 (3,5%) and from other provinces 33 (2.3%).Of the analyzed isolates, 1,424 (89%) belonged to L. monocytogenes, showing a good quality in isolation and identification. Most of these isolates belonged to serotype 4b, 820 (57.6%), a highly virulent serotype. Obligatory surveillance of this microorganism is recommended.

The increase in diseases transmitted by foods has become a public health problem. Listeria monocytogenes, the etiological agent of listeriosis or typical food poisoning,is considered to be among the most important food borne illnesses. High risk foods for L.monocytogenes have been recognized as foods already prepared for consumption and made available in retail outlets.The presence of L. monocytogenes was identified in prepared foods found in open markets and delicatessens in the city of Bogotá.A transverse descriptive study over a 7-year period, with an analytic component, in which 600 foods were analyzed--300 from delicatessens and 300 from open market places. Reference methods were used to determine the presence or absence of L. monocytogenes in 25 grams or milliliters a food sample.Of the 600 samples, 68 were positive for L. monocytogenes (11.3%). Twenty-six (38.2%) were taken from delicatessens and 42 (61.8%) from open market places. The serotype most frequently isolated was 4b, with 53 (78.0%) isolations. Fresh cheeses and matured cheeses showed greater contamination with L. monocytogenes than the other foods (p0.001 in both cases).The results indicate that prepared foods are vehicles for the transmission of the Listeria bacterium. These potentially high risk foods are candidates for control and monitoring by public health authorities. Programs must be instituted to implement surveillance norms that lead to the reduction and control of this microorganism and geared toward the prevention of food borne diseases.

Introducción. El aumento de las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos se ha constituido en un problema de salud pública. La listeriosis, cuyo agente etiológico es Listeria monocytogenes, es considerada de gran relevancia entre las ellas y los alimentos listos para el consumo de ventas al por menor son de gran riesgo. Objetivo. Identificar la presencia de L. monocytogenes en alimentos listos para el consumo, procedentes de plazas de mercado y delicatessen de Bogotá. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo transversal con componente analítico, en el cual se analizaron 600 alimentos, 300 de delicatessen y 300 de plazas de mercado. Se utilizaron metodologías de referencia de presencia o ausencia de L. monocytogenes en 25 g o mililitros de alimento. Resultados. De las 600 muestras analizadas, 68 fueron positivas para L. monocytogenes (11,3 %), 26 (38,25 %) procedieron de delicatessen, 42 (61,76 %) de plazas de mercado. El serotipo aislado con mayor frecuencia fue 4b en 53 (78 %) aislamientos. Los quesos frescos y los quesos madurados mostraron mayor contaminación de L. monocytogenes que el resto de alimentos del estudio (p=0,0009/0,0003). Conclusión. Los resultados indican que estos alimentos son vehículos de transmisión del microorganismo, convirtiéndolos en potenciales alimentos de alto riesgo; deben ser vigilados y controlados por la autoridad competente. Se requieren programas para implementar la normativa sobre vigilancia, reducción y control de este microorganismo con miras hacia la prevención de las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos.