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La infografía es un elemento clave a la hora de sistematizar datos sobre temas de interés social que son representados visualmente, cuyas estructuras narrativas sufren cambios profundos para adaptarse al nuevo escenario digital. La investigación determinó los factores claves de las narrativas, donde se aplicó la técnica de la observación y se analizaron las infografías usadas y los elementos constitutivos. Se evidencia como resultado la presencia de la interactividad, la multimedialidad y la hipertextualidad entre los elementos básicos para la composición armónica de la información. Se concluye que existe una necesidad de un dominio de las herramientas tecnológicas y la utilización de múltiples aplicaciones digitales para mejorar la narrativa de los diseños y cumplir con el objetivo comunicacional de las infografías.

Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 2 meses de edad, admitido a la emergencia de pediatría, con historia de vómitos de contenido biliar, distensión abdominal y fiebre de 3 días de evolución. Al examen físico, presentó abdomen con irritación peritoneal. Fue llevado a sala de operaciones documentando divertículo de Meckel perforado a 2.6 mt de ángulo de Treitz con brida mesodiverticular que provoca obstrucción a este nivel, por lo que se realizó laparotomía exploradora más resección de divertículo y anastomosis de intestino delgado. Paciente egresa en condiciones satisfactorias.

Methods sections are often missing critical details needed to reproduce an experiment. Methodological shortcut citations, in which authors cite previous papers instead of describing the method in detail, may contribute to this problem. This meta-research study used three approaches to systematically examine the use of shortcut citations in neuroscience, biology and psychiatry. First, we examined papers to determine why authors use citations in the methods section and to assess how often shortcut citations were used. Common reasons for using citations in the methods section included explaining how something was done by citing a previous resource that used the method (methodological shortcut citation), giving credit or specifying what was used (who or what citation), and providing context or a justification (why citation). Next, we reviewed 15 papers to determine what can happen when readers follow shortcut citations to find methodological details. While shortcut citations can be used effectively, problems encountered included difficulty identifying or accessing the cited materials, missing or insufficient descriptions of the cited method, and chains of shortcut citations. Third, we examined journal policies. Fewer than one quarter of journals had policies describing how authors should report methods that have been described previously or asking authors to explain modifications of previously described methods. We propose that methodological shortcut citations should meet three criteria; cited resources should describe a method very similar to the authors’ method, provide enough detail to allow others to implement the method, and be open access. We outline actions that authors and journals can take to use shortcut citations responsibly, while fostering a culture of open and reproducible methods reporting.

Introduction: In Rwanda, only 20% of sexually active unmarried youth use contraception as compared to 64% of married women. Adolescence is an important time of growth and development that often includes the initiation of sexual activity. Sexually active adolescents need support in accessing contraceptive services to prevent negative health outcomes. In sub-Saharan Africa, the adolescent population represents a large share of the total population and that proportion is predicted to expand over time. Adolescent contraceptive needs have largely been unmet, and with growing numbers, there is increased potential for more negative health sequelae. Due to the low use of contraception by adolescents in Rwanda, and the growing population of adolescents, this study aims to explore the perspectives of family planning providers and adult contraceptive users on adolescent contraceptive use. Inclusion of adult community members in the study is a unique contribution, as research on adolescent contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa relies primarily on perspectives from adolescent and family planning providers.Methods: This qualitative study in 2018 utilized 32 in-depth interviews with experienced users of modern contraceptive methods and eight focus group discussions with family planning providers. Respondents were from Musanze and Nyamasheke Districts, the districts with the highest and lowest modern contraceptive use, respectively. Thematic content analysis was conducted in Atlas.ti. Results: Stigma regarding premarital sex results in barriers to adolescent access to contraceptive services. Family planning providers do provide services to adolescents; however, they often recommend secondary abstinence, offer a limited method selection, and accentuate risks associated with sexual activity and contraceptive use. Providers do support adolescent clients by emphasizing the need for privacy, confidentiality, and expedient services, particularly through youth corners, which are spaces within health facilities designed to meet youth needs specifically. Contraceptive using adult female community members advocate for youth access to contraception, however mothers are mixed in their comfort with discussing sexual health with their own youth. Conclusion: To destigmatize premarital sexual activity, government efforts to initiate communication about this topic must occur at national and community levels with the goal of continued conversation within the family. The government should also train family planning providers and all health personnel interacting with youth on adolescent-friendly health services. Dialogue between community members and family planning providers about adolescent access to contraceptive services could also reduce barriers for adolescents due to community members' generally supportive views on adolescent contraceptive use. Efforts to engage adolescent caregivers in how to talk with youth about sex could also contribute to expanded use.

In order to assess the response of cocoa trees to drought, changes in water status, gas exchange, leaf carbon isotopic ratio (δ13C), photochemical activity, and leaf N and chlorophyll content during the rainy and dry season were measured in 31 Venezuelan cocoa clones (17 Trinitarios, 6 Criollos, and 8 Modern Criollos) grown in a common garden. Drought caused a 40% decrease in water potential (ψ) in all but the Modern Criollos, and a reduction in net photosynthetic rate (A) and stomatal conductance (gs) without an increase in instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE) in 93% of clones, and an increase inδ13C (long-term WUE) in 74% of clones; these responses suggest differences in tolerance to drought among clones. A positive correlation betweenAand bothgsand leaf N content was found for all genotypes. Leaf N content, chlorophyll content, and photochemical activity were reduced during drought, suggesting that metabolism was also inhibited. The best performance during drought was shown by Modern Criollos with the highest WUE, while five Trinitario clones seemed to be less sensitive to drought, since neither chlorophyll, N, total soluble protein concentration, norgschanged with drought, indicating that those Trinitario clones, with lowerA, have a conservative water use. Modern Criollos showed no reductions in eitherψorgs;Aremained unchanged, as did WUE, which was the highest, suggesting that these clones would be more successful in environments with low water availability. Our results indicate large variation in physiological response to drought over a range of parameters, suggesting possible differences in tolerance among clones.

Background and Aims It is commonly accepted that the leaf of a crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plant is thick, with large mesophyll cells and vacuoles that can accommodate the malic acid produced during the night. The link between mesophyll characteristics and CAM mode, whether obligate or C3/CAM, was evaluated. Methods Published values of the carbon isotopic ratio (δ 13C) as an indicator of CAM, leaf thickness, leaf micrographs and other evidence of CAM operation were used to correlate cell density, cell area, the proportion of intercellular space in the mesophyll (IAS) and the length of cell wall facing the intercellular air spaces (Lmes/A) with CAM mode. Key Results Based on 81 species and relatively unrelated families (15) belonging to nine orders, neither leaf thickness nor mesophyll traits helped explain the degree of CAM expression. A strong correlation was found between leaf thickness and δ 13C in some species of Crassulaceae and between leaf thickness and nocturnal acid accumulation in a few obligate CAM species of Bromeliaceae but, when all 81 species were pooled together, no significant changes with δ 13C were observed in cell density, cell area, IAS or Lmes/A. Conclusions An influence of phylogeny on leaf anatomy was evidenced in a few cases but this precluded generalization for widely separate taxa containing CAM species. The possible relationships between leaf anatomy and CAM mode should be interpreted cautiously.

Background Growing evidence underscores the utility of ketamine as an effective and rapid-acting treatment option for major depressive disorder (MDD). However, clinical outcomes vary between patients. Predicting successful response may enable personalized treatment decisions and increase clinical efficacy. Methods We here explored the potential of pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC) activity to predict antidepressant effects of ketamine in relation to ketamine-induced changes in glutamatergic metabolism. Prior to a single i.v. infusion of ketamine, 24 patients with MDD underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during an emotional picture-viewing task and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Changes in depressive symptoms were evaluated using the Beck Depression Inventory measured 24 hours pre- and post-intervention. A subsample of 17 patients underwent a follow-up magnetic resonance spectroscopy scan. Results Antidepressant efficacy of ketamine was predicted by pgACC activity during emotional stimulation. In addition, pgACC activity was associated with glutamate increase 24 hours after the ketamine infusion, which was in turn related to better clinical outcome. Conclusions Our results add to the growing literature implicating a key role of the pgACC in mediating antidepressant effects and highlighting its potential as a multimodal neuroimaging biomarker of early treatment response to ketamine.

Background In Rwanda, nearly a third of contraceptive users discontinue within the first year of use. Family planning programs often focus more on recruitment of new users as opposed to maintaining use among current users. A focus on sustaining users and minimizing discontinuation is imperative for long-term family planning program success. This study explores the efforts providers and contraceptive users in Rwanda employ to prevent one of the greatest challenges to family planning programs: contraceptive discontinuation. Methods This was a qualitative study conducted in Rwanda between February and July 2018. It included eight focus group discussions with 88 family planning providers and 32 in-depth interviews with experienced modern contraceptive users. Data were collected in two districts with the highest (Musanze) and lowest (Nyamasheke) rates of contraceptive use. Data were analyzed using thematic content approach. Results Family planning providers in this study used the following strategies to prevent discontinuation: counseling new users on the potential for side effects and switching, reminding clients about appointments for resupply, as well as supporting dissatisfied users by providing counseling, medicine for side effects, and discussing options for switching methods. Users, on the other hand, employed the following strategies to prevent discontinuation: having an understanding that experiences of side effects vary by individuals, supporting peers to sustain use, persisting with use despite experiences of side effects, and switching methods. Conclusions The strategies used by family planning providers and users in Rwanda to prevent discontinuation suggest the possibility of long-term sustained use of contraception in the country. Harnessing and supporting such strategies could contribute to sustaining or improving further contraceptive use in the country.

This work focuses on the search and development of drugs that may become new alternatives to the commercial drugs currently available for treatment of leishmaniasis. We have designed and synthesized 12 derivatives of bis(spiropyrazolone)cyclopropanes. We then characterized their potential application in therapeutic use. For this, the in vitro biological activities against three eukaryotic models—S. cerevisiae, five cancer cell lines, and the parasite L. mexicana—were evaluated. In addition, cytotoxicity against non-cancerous mammalian cells has been evaluated and other properties of interest have been characterized, such as genotoxicity, antioxidant properties and, in silico predictive adsorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). The results that we present here represent a first screening, indicating two derivatives of bis(spiropyrazolone)cyclopropanes as good candidates for the treatment of leishmaniasis. They have good specificity against parasites with respect to mammalian cells.

Between 2005 and 2020, total contraceptive use among married women in Rwanda increased from 17% to 64%. The aim of this study is to better understand how the Rwandan government’s mobilization and demand generation efforts have impacted community norms and interpersonal discourse surrounding family planning. Eight focus group discussions with family planning providers and 32 in-depth interviews with experienced modern contraceptive users were conducted in 2018 in the two Rwandan districts with the highest and the lowest contraceptive prevalence rates. Results suggest that outspoken government support, mass media, and community meetings were valuable sources of information about family planning. Information received through these channels generated interpersonal dialogue about contraceptives through both conversation and observation; however, rumors and misinformation remained a significant barrier to use. A once taboo subject is now normative among married couples. Continuing to address common fears and misinformation through communication channels such as mass media and community meetings may help to further increase contraceptive uptake in Rwanda.

Supporting Information. Synthesis and evaluation of biological activities of bis(spiropyrazolone)cyclopropanes: a potential application against leishmaniasis

Thanks to evolving cellular telecommunication networks, providers can deploy a wide range of services. Soon, 5G mobile networks will be available to handle all types of services and applications for vast numbers of users through their mobile equipment. To effectively manage new 5G systems, end-to-end (E2E) performance analysis and optimization will be key features. However, estimating the end-user experience is not an easy task for network operators. The amount of end-user performance information operators can measure from the network is limited, complicating this approach. Here we explore the calculation of service metrics [known as key quality indicators (KQIs)] from classic low-layer measurements and parameters. We propose a complete machine-learning (ML) modeling framework. This system’s low-layer metrics can be applied to measure service-layer performance. To assess the approach, we implemented and evaluated the proposed system on a real cellular network testbed.

Background Supportive male involvement is strongly correlated with contraceptive use. In Rwanda, where the contraceptive prevalence rate among married women increased from 17 to 52% from 2005 to 2010, and stagnated at 53% in 2015, understanding the role of male partners in collaborative couple contraceptive use can help inform programs designed to further increase the use of contraception in Rwanda. Methods This study utilized qualitative methods in 2018, specifically 32 in-depth interviewers with mostly current users of modern contraceptive methods and eight focus group discussions with family planning providers—both family planning nurses and community health workers (CHWs). Respondents were from Musanze and Nyamasheke Districts, the districts with the highest and lowest modern contraceptive use, respectively, to explore the role of couple collaboration in family planning use in Rwanda. Data were analyzed using the thematic content approach in Atlas.ti (8). Results Findings demonstrate that some men are opposed to use of male methods of contraception, and some are opposed to any contraceptive use, which can lead to covert use. Women and providers prefer collaborative couple contraceptive use—as a result, providers advocate for and encourage male partner participation in contraceptive use. Women are most often burdened with seeking out information, initiating discussions, and sharing information discovered about contraceptive use with partners. Decision-making about contraceptive use, once discussed, can be collaborative and motivated by financial considerations. When couple contraceptive use is collaborative, benefits range from marital harmony to husband’s support of sustained use through reminders about appointments, joint counseling, and support in managing side effects. Conclusion Family planning providers at the community and clinic levels encourage collaborative contraceptive use among couples and some Rwandan couples communicate well about family planning use. Despite the positives, women are expected to source family planning information, share that information with their male partners, seek out family planning services, and use family planning. If more Rwandan male partners accepted use, used male methods of contraception, and participated even more in the work it takes to use family planning, the potential for sustained, and even enhanced, contraceptive use in Rwanda could be realized.

Additional file 1. Clinical characteristics between survivors and non-survivors SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia patients.

Use of modern contraception in Rwanda has risen dramatically over a short time period. To better understand contraceptive users’ motivations for family planning services in Rwanda, 32 in-depth interviews with contraceptive users and eight focus groups with 88 family planning providers were conducted in Rwanda’s Musanze and Nyamasheke districts. Study participants noted how family planning is critical for providing a better life for children. Family planning gives mothers independence from childcare to work in order to provide for their children’s wellbeing. Family planning presented an opportunity for generational upward mobility and was perceived as a way to contribute positively to society.

Background Rwanda has markedly increased the nation’s contraceptive use in a short period of time, tripling contraceptive prevalence in just 5 years between 2005 and 2010. An integral aspect of family planning programs is the interactions between family planning providers and clients. This study aims to understand the client-provider relationship in the Rwandan family planning program and to also examine barriers to those relationships. Methods This qualitative study in Rwanda utilized convenience sampling to include eight focus group discussions with family planning providers, both family planning nurses and community health workers, as well as in-depth interviews with 32 experienced modern contraceptive users. Study participants were drawn from the two districts in Rwanda with the highest and lowest modern contraceptive rates, Musanze and Nyamasheke, respectively Data analysis was guided by the thematic content approach, Atlas.ti 8 was utilized for coding the transcripts and collating the coding results, and Microsoft Excel for analyzing the data within code. Results Data analysis revealed that, despite workplace related challenges – including inadequate staffing, training, and resources, relationships between providers and clients are strong. Family planning providers work hard to understand, learn from, and support clients in their initiation and sustained use of contraceptives. Conclusion Given the existing context of purposeful efforts on the part of family planning providers to build relationships with their clients, if the current level of government support for family planning service provision is enhanced, Rwanda will likely sustain many current users of contraception and engage even more Rwandans in contraceptive services in the future.

Introducción: La sepsis es una entidad clínica frecuente que causan una alta morbimortalidad en la población adulta que acude a los servicios de urgencia, la respuesta inflamatoria desregulada que la caracteriza puede ser modulada por lo niveles de lipoproteína de alta densidad, por lo cual el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la asociación entre los niveles de lipoproteína de alta densidad y las complicaciones en pacientes con diagnóstico de sepsis. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, prospectivo con un diseño no experimental, cuya población estuvo conformada por 60 sujetos de ambos géneros con diagnóstico de sepsis. Los datos se recogieron mediante un formulario que incluyo: datos de identificación, datos clínicos como: presión arterial, frecuencia cardíaca, frecuencia respiratoria, puntaje en escala de Glasgow y datos de laboratorio, leucocitos, nivel de HDL-C, creatinina, bilirrubina total, plaquetas, diuresis, PaO2/FiO2, y tiempos de coagulación. Resultados: Del total de la muestra, el 58,3% (n=35) presentó complicaciones como shock séptico o fallo multiorgánico, con un mayor porcentaje en aquellos con HDL-C más bajas (HDL-C

Background Contraceptive use in Rwanda tripled since 2005. This study aims to understand the role of coordinated and integrated family planning service delivery in achieving this increase in contraceptive use in Rwanda. Methods This qualitative study in 2018 included eight focus group discussions with family planning providers and 32 in-depth interviews with experienced family planning users. Results Results indicate a well-coordinated family planning service delivery system with community health workers and nurses filling different and complementary roles in meeting family planning client needs at the local level. In addition, integration of family planning into other maternal and child health services is the norm. Conclusions The coordination and integration of family planning across both providers and services may help explain the rapid increase in Rwanda’s contraceptive use and has potential applications for enhancing family planning service delivery in other settings.

We evaluated the effects of an elevated [CO2] on photosynthesis and growth of cassava plants grown in open-top chambers with an adequate supply of water and N and a sufficient rooting volume. Cassava plants (Manihot esculenta Crantz. cv. Motilona) showed higher photosynthetic rates (Pn) when grown and measured at elevated [CO2] (680 µmol mol-1) than when grown and measured at ambient [CO2] (480 µmol mol-1). No downregulation of photosynthesis due to elevated [CO2] was found, since carboxylation efficiency increased after 220 d in spite of a decrease in leaf soluble protein, Rubisco, and leaf N content. Soluble sugar and starch contents decreased with time under elevated [CO2], the decrease in starch content coinciding with the beginning of the increase in root mass. Canopy Pn by leaf area decreased with time under elevated [CO2] but, when canopy Pn was expressed by ground area, higher and constant rates were observed, suggesting a higher productivity in plants grown at elevated [CO2]. The absence of differences between growth [CO2] in root : shoot ratio observed suggests that elevated [CO2], while causing increases in the shoot as well as the root, did not affect the pattern of biomass allocation. Acclimation responses of gas exchange parameters changed during the experiment. The absence of downregulation of photosynthesis was associated with a decrease in leaf sugar and starch contents of plants grown at elevated [CO2], which suggests a favourable source/sink relationship.

BackgroundHigh fertility rates pose health risks to both mothers and children and impede economic growth; therefore, family planning use is vital to achieving sustainable population growth and to help build thriving communities. Contraceptive use in Rwanda has tripled since 2005. This study aims to understand the role of coordinated and integrated family planning service delivery in achieving this unparalleled success in Rwanda. MethodsThis qualitative study in 2018 included eight focus group discussions with family planning providers and 32 in-depth interviews with experienced family planning users.ResultsResults indicate a well-coordinated family planning service delivery system with community health workers and nurses filling different and complementary roles in meeting family planning client needs at the local level. In addition, integration of family planning into other maternal and child health services is the norm. ConclusionsThe coordination and integration of family planning across both providers and services may help explain the extraordinary increase in Rwanda’s contraceptive usage, and has potential applications for enhancing family planning service delivery in other settings as well.

Es grato para la Fundación Guardaguas de Cartagena y/o Cartagena Baykeeper, miembro de la organización Waterkeeper Alliance de Estados Unidos, presentar a la comunidad científica este documento de trabajo en conjunto con la Universidad del Sinú Seccional Cartagena, en el cual se reseña el avance de los Derechos Humanos, en las poblaciones que han vivido una alta conflictividad, durante la violencia política que, por más de cincuenta años, ha estado presente en el territorio colombiano.

Ecosystem monitoring is central to effective management, where rapid reporting is essential to provide timely advice. While digital imagery has greatly improved the speed of underwater data collection for monitoring benthic communities, image analysis remains a bottleneck in reporting observations. In recent years, a rapid evolution of artificial intelligence in image recognition has been evident in its broad applications in modern society, offering new opportunities for increasing the capabilities of coral reef monitoring. Here, we evaluated the performance of Deep Learning Convolutional Neural Networks for automated image analysis, using a global coral reef monitoring dataset. The study demonstrates the advantages of automated image analysis for coral reef monitoring in terms of error and repeatability of benthic abundance estimations, as well as cost and benefit. We found unbiased and high agreement between expert and automated observations (97%). Repeated surveys and comparisons against existing monitoring programs also show that automated estimation of benthic composition is equally robust in detecting change and ensuring the continuity of existing monitoring data. Using this automated approach, data analysis and reporting can be accelerated by at least 200x and at a fraction of the cost (1%). Combining commonly used underwater imagery in monitoring with automated image annotation can dramatically improve how we measure and monitor coral reefs worldwide, particularly in terms of allocating limited resources, rapid reporting and data integration within and across management areas.

Introducción: El trastorno antisocial de la personalidad está vinculado a la clasificación de trastornos de la personalidad en la salud mental. Este diagnóstico se les otorga a personas que presenten rasgos de personalidad específicos e inflexibles que afectan su funcionalidad y en los que no se encuentra otra causa médica aparente. Existen diversos tratamientos posibles para estos pacientes y cuyo manejo debe ser individualizado según su edad y progresión de los rasgos de personalidad. Este trastorno genera un impacto adicional a la comunidad debido a su relación con conductas delictivas e inapropiadas de los pacientes con este diagnóstico, convirtiéndolo en un asunto de interés para la convivencia social. Objetivo: Reflexionar acerca del rol de la sociedad en la prevención, inclusión y manejo de pacientes con trastorno antisocial de la personalidad. Discusión: Conociendo las variables involucradas en el desarrollo de trastornos de personalidad como el antisocial, además del impacto social que genera la expresión de dichos síntomas en la comunidad, se hace necesario una intervención multidisciplinaria desde la sociedad y sectores públicos como salud y justicia a la hora de abordar estos pacientes, pues medidas como mejorar el ambiente que los rodea y el reconocimiento a temprana edad mejora los resultados en el tratamiento y podría disminuir la expresión de la misma, así como las consecuencias sociales producto de casos graves. Conclusiones: El trastorno antisocial de la personalidad es un diagnóstico psiquiátrico que involucra necesariamente al paciente y la comunidad. La concientización de esta patología en la sociedad podría dar herramientas para mejorar la prevención, diagnóstico y atención integral con resultados a nivel individual y social. [Herrera-Gómez AL. Una reflexión sobre la labor social en pacientes con trastorno antisocial de la personalidad. MedUNAB 2017-2018; 20(3): 368-373]. Introduction: The antisocial personality disorder is linked to the classification of personality disorders in mental health. This diagnosis is given to people who have specific and inflexible personality traits that affect their functionality and in which no other apparent medical cause is found. There are several possible treatments for these patients and their management must be individualized according to their age and the progression of their personality traits. This disorder generates an additional impact on the community due to its relationship with criminal and inappropriate behavior of patients with this diagnosis, making it a matter of interest for social coexistence. Objective: To reflect on the role of society in the prevention, inclusion and management of patients with antisocial personality disorder. Discussion: By knowing the variables involved in the development of personality disorders such as antisocial, besides the social impact generated by the expression of these symptoms in the community, it is necessary a multidisciplinary intervention from society and public sectors such as health and justice when dealing with these patients. Furthermore, if some measures are adopted such as improving the environment that surrounds patients and the recognition at an early age of this disorder, these measures could improve the results in the treatment and reduce the expression of itself, as well as the social consequences of serious cases of this disorder. Conclusions: The antisocial personality disorder is a psychiatric diagnosis that involves the patient and community. The awareness of this pathology in society could provide tools to improve prevention, diagnosis and comprehensive care with individual and social results. [Herrera-Gómez AL. A Reflection on Social Work in Patients with Antisocial Personality Disorder. MedUNAB 2017-2018; 20(3): 368-373].