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No esporte a cobrança pela vitória, coloca cada vez mais o atleta profissional face a face com a busca incessante pelo desempenho tanto físico quanto tático e estratégico, visto que esses fatores são fundamentais para que se obtenha uma vitória. Entretanto, o excesso de treinamento pode às desordens danosas à saúde do atleta. Objetivo: revisão sistematizada sobre biomarcadores bioquímicos de overtraining. Utilizou-se o Checklist PRISMA para o desenvolvimento e a estratégia PICO para extração dos dados. Foram utilizados como critérios de inclusão artigos com dados primários publicados nos últimos 10 anos, em idioma português, inglês e espanhol que estivessem diretamente relacionados ao objetivo central do estudo. Resultados: Após serem utilizados todos os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram elegidos 11 artigos para o desenvolvimento do artigo, os quais estavam diretamente relacionados com a temática do estudo. Obteve-se nesses artigos quatro grandes classes de moléculas com potencial biomarcador de overtraining: -relacionadas ao metabolismo intermediário; - relacionadas ao perfil redox do organismo; -com função hormonal, e; -com função imunológica. In sport, the demand for victory increasingly places the professional athlete face to face with the incessant search for both physical, tactical and strategic performance, since these factors are fundamental to obtain a victory. However, overtraining can lead to disorders that are harmful to the athlete's health. Objective: systematized review on biochemical biomarkers of overtraining. The PRISMA Checklist was used for development and the PICO strategy for data extraction. Inclusion criteria were articles with primary data published in the last 10 years, in Portuguese, English and Spanish that were directly related to the central objective of the study. Results: After using all the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 11 articles were chosen for the development of the article, which were directly related to the theme of the study. In these articles, four major classes of molecules with potential biomarker of overtraining were obtained: -related to intermediary metabolism; - related to the organism's redox profile; -with hormonal function, and; -with immune function. En el deporte, la exigencia de la victoria sitúa cada vez más al deportista profesional frente a la búsqueda incesante del rendimiento tanto físico como táctico y estratégico, ya que estos factores son fundamentales para la obtención de la victoria. Sin embargo, el sobreentrenamiento puede derivar en trastornos perjudiciales para la salud del deportista. Objetivo: revisión sistematizada sobre biomarcadores bioquímicos del sobreentrenamiento. Se utilizó el Checklist PRISMA para el desarrollo y la estrategia PICO para la extracción de datos. Los criterios de inclusión fueron artículos con datos primarios publicados en los últimos 10 años, en portugués, inglés y español, que tuvieran relación directa con el objetivo central del estudio. Resultados: Después de utilizar todos los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se eligieron 11 artículos para el desarrollo del artículo, los cuales tenían relación directa con el tema del estudio. En estos artículos se obtuvieron cuatro grandes clases de moléculas con potencial biomarcador del sobreentrenamiento: -relacionadas con el metabolismo intermediario; - relacionado con el perfil redox del organismo; -con función hormonal, y; -con función inmunológica.

O exercí­cio fí­sico aeróbio é um importante aliado para a melhoria da composição corporal de mulheres obesas ou com sobrepeso. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência do exercí­cio fí­sico aeróbio sobre a composição corporal de mulheres obesas ou com sobrepeso. Para isso 15 mulheres com idade média de 30,6 ± 5,5 anos foram divididas em Grupo Obeso (GO, n = 7) e Grupo Sobrepeso (GS, n = 8). Todas as participantes realizaram exercí­cio fí­sico aeróbio com duração de 60 minutos, três vezes por semana e duração total de quatro meses. A intensidade do exercí­cio foi moderada. Os principais resultados foram a redução da massa corporal e Índice de Massa Corporal em ambos os grupos (p < 0,05) e redução das circunferências da cintura no grupo sobrepeso (p < 0,05) e do abdômen no grupo obeso (p < 0,05). Conclui-se que o exercí­cio fí­sico aeróbio foi efetivo em reduzir medidas antropométricas de mulheres obesas ou com sobrepeso.

Introdução: A prática de exercícios físicos tem se tornado recorrente ao longo da vida na busca pela promoção da saúde. Dentre inúmeros métodos oferecidos pelo mercado fitness, o Treinamento Corretivo Postural (TCP) tem por objetivo, por meio de um modelo ginástico, aumentar a aderência à prática, com reduzido risco de lesões musculoarticulares. Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos de uma sessão inicial do TCP sobre a lactacidemia, glicemia, frequência cardíaca, interleucina-6, fator de necrose tumoral- alfa e creatina quinase em indivíduos saudáveis sem experiência prévia ao método. Métodos: 16 homens ativos, sem doenças preexistentes (28,5 ± 5,0 anos ;72,16 ± 8,1 kg, 1,75 ± 0,06 m e índice de massa corporal 23,31 ± 2,1) três visitas ao laboratório. Duas para coleta de dados e uma para realização da sessão do TCP. Resultados: A sessão apresentou níveis estáveis para as variáveis de glicemia, creatina quinase, fator de necrose tumoral-alfa e interleucina-6 sanguíneas. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas para lactacidademia nos minutos 20’ (4,9 ± 1,5 mmol/L) e 30’ (4,1 ± 1,6 mmol/L) da sessão. Conclusão: A sessão avaliada não apresenta níveis metabólicos e inflamatórios extenuantes.

O objetivo do estudo foi investigar os efeitos da dieta hiperlipídica e do treinamento de natação e força sobre o tecido adiposo, perfil lipídico e sistema endocanabinóide de ratos obesos exógenos. Para isso, utilizamos sessenta ratos adultos machos divididos em seis grupos: Sedentário Padrão (SP); Sedentário Hiperlipídico (SH); Natação Padrão (NP); Natação Hiperlipídica (NH); Força Padrão (FP); Força Hiperlipídica (FH). Após três semanas recebendo dieta padrão ou hiperlipídica, os animais iniciaram os protocolos de exercício. Os grupos NP e NH nadaram 60 minutos/dia, 5 dias/semana com carga de 5% do peso corporal atada ao corpo, em tanques de 50x30 cm, durante 8 semanas. Os grupos FP e FH realizaram exercício de subida em escada com pesos atados às suas caudas, uma vez a cada três dias, durante 8 semanas. Os animais dos grupos SP e SH continuaram sedentários e alimentados com suas respectivas dietas. A dieta hiperlipídica aumentou o ganho de massa corporal, peso relativo dos tecidos adiposos (epididimal, retroperitoneal, visceral e subcutâneo) e área de adipócitos (epididimal, retroperitoneal e visceral). Também aumentou o percentual de gordura de todos os tecidos adiposos e fígado, além de aumentar a expressão gênica do receptor CB1. Os grupos treinados apresentaram menores valores de área de adipócitos, melhora do perfil lipídico, menores valores no percentual de gordura dos tecidos adiposos e fígado, menores ganhos de massa corporal, além de menores expressão gênica do receptor CB1. Assim nossos resultados indicam os potenciais benefícios do treinamento força e natação, como alternativas não farmacológicas para controlar os efeitos deletérios da dieta hiperlipídica sobre o tecido adiposo, perfil lipídico, conteúdo lipídico e controle do desequilíbrio do sistema endocanabinóide provocado pela dieta hiperlipídica.

Nowadays, the mesentery as a new organ was discovered. Mesenteric events may play an important role in the pathophysiology of several diseases. The aim of our study was investigate the synergic effects of ultrasound (US) and laser therapies on mesentery in obese-hyperglycemic rats. The 25 male Wistar rats were randomized into five groups. Obese nondiabetic (OND) group: obese rats without diabetes and no treatment conditions; SHAM group: obese-hyperglycemic rats treated with placebo; US group: obese-hyperglycemic rats treated with US; LASER group: obese-hyperglycemic rats treated with laser and; US+LASER group: obese-hyperglycemic rats treated with US plus laser. An animal model of type 2 diabetes based on a hyperlipidemic diet combined with a low dose of streptozotocin was used in this study. Body mass and biochemical measurements were performed. GOT and GPT level showed a significant reduction in the treated groups than SHAM. The total cholesterol, triglycerides and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels showed significantly lower values for the US+LASER group. There was also reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases evidenced by Castelli index in the treated groups than SHAM. This study showed that the US and laser treatment on mesentery resulted to an improvement in biochemical measurements of the obese-hyperglycemic rats, especially the total cholesterol, triglycerides and VLDL levels.

Obesity accumulates fat in the body may cause hypertension and change intracranial pressure waveform morphology (ICP). However, not clear how and when it occurs. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the ICP waveform morphology and P2/P1 ratio during the development of obesity. Sixteen 45-day-old male Wistar rats, after 60 days of adaptation were divided into non-obese (NOB, n = 7) and obese (OB, n = 9). The OB group received a high-fat diet and the NOB group received a standard diet for 24 weeks. ICP, body composition, blood pressure (BP), and heart rate(HR) were assessed every 4 weeks. Two-Way ANOVA was used for the area under the curve with Bonferroni's test, or Student's t-test for BP, and HR. Body mass(BM) and body fat(BF) and fat-free mass(FFM) were higher in OB rats. There was no difference in BP, but there was a difference in HR, greater in OB. The ICP decreased by NOB. These results suggest that the increase in BM and BF caused obesity, and BM can explain the increase in FFM. Although we did not find pathological states of ICP, NOB demonstrated better brain compliance, and the upward trend in the P2 waveform in OB may indicate impairment to the ICP of OB rats.

This study aimed to determine the expression of omentin and vaspin, inflammatory markers, body composition, and lipid profile in diet-induced obese rats and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Forty Wistar rats were divided into four groups: untrained normal diet, trained normal diet (T-ND), untrained high-fat diet (Unt-HFD), and trained high-fat diet (T-HFD). For the animals of the Unt-HFD and T-HFD groups, a high-fat diet was offered for 4 weeks. After that, all the animals in the T-ND and T-HFD groups were submitted to HITT, three times per week, for 10 weeks (2 weeks of adaptation and 8 weeks of HIIT). Muscle (gastrocnemius), liver, epididymal adipose tissue, retroperitoneal adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and serum were collected to analyze TNF-α, IL-6, PCR, IL-8, IL-10, IL-4, vaspin, and omentin. A body composition analysis was performed before adaptation to HIIT protocol and after the last exercise session using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Omentin and vaspin in the VAT were quantified using Western blotting. The results showed that, when fed a high-fat diet, the animals obtained significant gains in body fat and elevated serum concentrations of vaspin and blood triglycerides. The HIIT was able to minimize body fat gain but did not reduce visceral fat despite the increase in maximum exercise capacity. Moreover, there was a reduction in the serum levels of adiponectin, IL-6, and IL-10. Finally, we concluded that, although the training protocol was able to slow down the weight gain of the animals, there was no reduction in visceral fat or an improvement in the inflammatory profile, including no changes in omentin and vaspin.

As disfunções metabólicas oriundas da obesidade são resultantes da expansão exacerbada do tecido adiposo, á medida que existe uma relação direta na secreção de adipocitocinas pró-inflamatórias que exercem efeitos nocivos em órgãos adjacentes. Essas alterações podem ser atenuadas com o auxílio da atividade física pois ela reduz a adiposidade corporal, fator que contribui para a diminuição de adipocitocinas pró-inflamatórias e seus efeitos nocivos ao organismo. Foi realizada uma revisão integrativa da literatura em plataformas que fornecem dados acadêmicos encontrados nos principais periódicos de ciências da saúde: PUBMED, SCIELO e LILACS. Foram realizadas buscas em um período de pesquisa de 5 anos com as palavras-chave: obesity, inflammation, physical exercise e experimental models. Os resultados mostram que o exercício físico, é eficaz em reduzir a secreção de citocinas inflamatórias, reduzir a resistência periférica à insulina, aumentar o índice HOMA-IR, diminuir a captação da glicose, aumentar a fração LDL do colesterol, reduzir os níveis de triglicerídeos. Ademais, o exercício físico ainda foi eficaz em promover adaptações favoráveis para um quadro homeostático estável por meio da predominante polarização de macrófagos 2, melhorando a resposta do sistema imune de forma sistêmica. Os protocolos aeróbicos aparecem de forma predominante para causar respostas benéficas nesses indicadores quando comparados com os demais tipos de protocolos resistidos e combinados, principalmente quando são realizados em intensidade alta e moderada.

Obesity is an epidemic disease and the expansion of adipose tissue, especially visceral fat, promotes the secretion of factors that lead to comorbidities such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Thus, diet and exercise have been proposed as an intervention to reverse these complications. An adipocytokine, known as irisin, mediates the beneficial effects of exercise. It has been proposed as a therapeutic potential in controlling obesity. In view of the above, this paper attempts to determine the modulation of irisin, visceral adiposity and biochemical markers in response to dietary intervention and aerobic exercise. To do this, 52 diet-induced obese male Wistar rats were divided into the following four groups: high-fat diet and exercise (HFD-Ex); HFD-Sedentary (HFD-Sed); chow-diet and exercise (CD-Exercise); and CD-Sed. The exercise-trained group performed a treadmill protocol for 60 min/day, 3 days/week for 8 weeks. Body mass (BM), body fat (BF), fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM) were analyzed. Mesenteric (MES), epididymal (EPI), and retroperitoneal (RET) adipose tissue was collected and histological analysis was performed. Biochemical irisin, triglycerides, glucose, insulin and inflammatory markers were determined and, FNDC5 protein expression was analyzed. In this study, the diet was the most important factor in reducing visceral adiposity in the short and long term. Exercise was an important factor in preserving muscle mass and reducing visceral depots after a long term. Moreover, the combination of diet and exercise can enhance these effects. Diet and exercise exclusively were the factors capable of increasing the values of irisin/FNDC5, however it did not bring cumulative effects of both interventions. Prescriptions to enhance the obesity treatments should involve reducing visceral adiposity by reducing the fat content in the diet associated with aerobic exercise.

A Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) visa mudar o padrão vigente de uma assistência marcada por ações curativas para outro com maior ênfase na promoção e prevenção. Entretanto, a atividade física, parte integrante dessas ações, nem sempre é de conhecimento dos profissionais da equipe mínima da ESF. Neste sentido, com a criação do Núcleo de Apoio a Saúde da Família, o profissional de Educação Física (PEF) passou a ter maior destaque nas práticas de saúde em geral, compondo a equipe de apoio da Unidade de Saúde da Família (USF), garantindo suporte para realização de práticas corporais / atividades físicas (PCAF) inclusive dos demais trabalhadores, uma vez que o ambiente laboral poderá afetar negativamente seus desempenhos profissionais. Até o presente momento, a literatura não traz referências a respeito das repercussões de uma capacitação com esse tema em profissionais de diferentes áreas de uma USF. Assim, este estudo de campo exploratório de caráter qualitativo objetivou analisar as repercussões de uma capacitação realizada por um PEF sobre assuntos referentes às PCAF na saúde e afetividade de profissionais em uma USF. Participaram nove profissionais atuantes em uma USF, selecionados por amostragem deliberada por variedades de tipo. Para a coleta de dados, foi realizada entrevista semidirigida. Para a análise e interpretação dos dados, foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo apoiada no referencial teórico do cuidando do cuidador mediante trajetória ideográfica-nomotética. A capacitação realizada por um PEF sobre assuntos referentes às PCAF em uma USF implicou em repercussões positivas na saúde e afetividade dos profissionais participantes.Palavras-chave: Educação Física e Treinamento. Estratégia Saúde da Família. Promoção da Saúde. Saúde do Trabalhador. ABSTRACT: The Family Health Strategy (ESF) aims to change the assistance standard, which was marked by curative actions, to a new way to offer care with emphasis in health promotion and prevention. However, physical activity is an essential component of these actions, and it is not always a common knowledge among the minimum ESF team. Therefore, with the implementation of the Support Nucleus to the Family Health Strategy, the Physical Education professional (PEF) started playing a relevant role in general health practices, who is indicated to be present in the support team to the Family Health Unit (USF), ensuring support to physical activity practices (PCAF), including for the other team members, since workplace may affect negatively their performance. Nevertheless, until the present moment, literature regarding the long-term repercussions of an educational training to USF professionals were not found. The aim of this exploratory qualitative study was to analyse the health and affectivity repercussions of a PCAF educational training provided by a PEF and offered to professionals in an USF. Nine USF professionals participated, who were selected through multiple-types deliberated sampling. Semi-structured interviews were conducted. Content analysis was used to interpret the data, supported by caring the carer theoretical referential, using an ideographic-nomothetic trajectory. An educational training conducted by a PEF regarding PCAF in a USF led to positive health and affectivity repercussions on participants.Keywords: Physical Education and Training. Family Health Strategy. Health Promotion. Occupational Health.

Recent studies have investigated the control of adipose tissue expansion and inflammatory process by microRNAs (miRNAs). These two processes are of great interest because both are associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. However, despite the great relevance of the role of miRNAs in obesity and adipose tissue, no qualitative and quantitative analysis on the subject has been performed. Thus, we aimed to examine global research activity and current trends with respect to the interaction between obesity, adipose tissue and miRNAs through a bibliometric analysis. This research was performed on the Scopus database for publications containing miRNA, obesity, and adipose tissue keyword combinations. In total, 898 articles were analyzed and the most frequently occurring keywords were selected and clustered into three well-defined groups. As a result, first group of keywords pointed to the research area on miRNAs expressed in obesity-associated diseases. The second group demonstrated the regulation of the adipogenesis process by miRNAs, while the third group highlighted brown adipose tissue and thermogenesis as one of the latest global research trends related to the theme. The studies selected in this paper describe the expression and performance of different miRNAs in obesity and comorbidities. Most studies have focused on identifying miRNAs and signaling pathways associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. Thus, the miRNA profile for these diseases may be used as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the prevention and treatment of obesity-associated diseases.

This study aims to analyze the effects of resisted, aerobic, and combined exercises on omentin levels in visceral adipose tissue and muscle of rats with experimental diabetes to verify whether these adipokines are related to the glucose pathway and inflammation process in this model. Male Wistar rats received a high-fat diet for 4 weeks and a low dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) to induce experimental diabetes. After inducing diabetes, the animals were divided into 4 experimental groups (n = 10): diabetic control (C); resistance training (RT); aerobic training (AT); and combined training (CT). The groups were exercised for 12 weeks, 3 times/week, where: RT means the stair climbing protocol until exhaustion; AT is the 30 min/day reaching 20 m/min protocol, and CT is the combination of RT and AT. The AT group showed reduced retroperitoneal and mesenteric adipose tissue and abdominal fat deposits. Our study also showed a possible control of blood glucose, as well as decreased Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein, increased circulating adiponectin and increased omentin in visceral adipose tissue. In addition, the AT group affected the glucose pathway by stimulating phosphorylation of Akt in muscle tissue. Omentin also showed a strong positive correlation with adiponectin and a moderate negative correlation with IL-6. Thus, our findings indicated that omentin in type 2 diabetes is changed by AT. Furthermore, increased omentin levels had a close association with the glucose pathway by stimulating phosphorylation of Akt in muscle tissue and with IL-6 in serum, suggesting that omentin is likely to have anti-inflammatory and protective action in experimental diabetes.

This study aims to analyze the effects of resisted, aerobic, and combined exercises on omentin levels in visceral adipose tissue and muscle of rats with experimental diabetes to verify whether these adipokines are related to the glucose pathway and inflammation process in this model. Male Wistar rats received a high-fat diet for 4 weeks and a low dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) to induce experimental diabetes. After inducing diabetes, the animals were divided into 4 experimental groups (n = 10): diabetic control (C); resistance training (RT); aerobic training (AT); and combined training (CT). The groups were exercised for 12 weeks, 3 times/week, where: RT means the stair climbing protocol until exhaustion; AT is the 30 min/day reaching 20 m/min protocol, and CT is the combination of RT and AT. The AT group showed reduced retroperitoneal and mesenteric adipose tissue and abdominal fat deposits. Our study also showed a possible control of blood glucose, as well as decreased Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein, increased circulating adiponectin and increased omentin in visceral adipose tissue. In addition, the AT group affected the glucose pathway by stimulating phosphorylation of Akt in muscle tissue. Omentin also showed a strong positive correlation with adiponectin and a moderate negative correlation with IL-6. Thus, our findings indicated that omentin in type 2 diabetes is changed by AT. Furthermore, increased omentin levels had a close association with the glucose pathway by stimulating phosphorylation of Akt in muscle tissue and with IL-6 in serum, suggesting that omentin is likely to have anti-inflammatory and protective action in experimental diabetes.

O diabetes Melito é uma doença metabólica caracterizada por quadro de hiperglicemia permanente associada a lesões vasculares e neurológicas e portanto, a retardo em processos de reparação. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados experimentais da aplicação do ultra-som de baixa intensidade na consolidação de osteotomias experimentais em fíbulas de ratos diabéticos aloxânicos. Os resultados radiológicos e histopatológicos são compatíveis com uma redução no tempo necessário para a regeneração óssea. Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disease associated with cronic hyperglycemia, vascular and neurologic lesions and delayed union in healing processes. This study addresses the effect of low intensity ultrasound in the bone healing of experimental fibulae osteotomies in Alloxan diabetic rats. The effect evaluated by radiology and histopatology shows an acceleration of bone repair in the ultrasound-treated osteotomies.

Background/objectivesRegular exercise training is effective to altering many markers of metabolic syndrome and its effects are strongly influenced by the type of consumed diet. Nowadays, resistance training (RT) has been frequently associated with low-carbohydrate high-fat diet (LCD). After long term these diets causes body weight (BW) regain with deleterious effects on body composition and metabolic risk factors. The effects of RT associated with long-term LCD on these parameters remain unexplored. We aimed to investigate the effects of RT when associated with long-term LCD on BW, feed efficiency, body composition, glucose homeostasis, liver parameters and serum biochemical parameters during BW regain period in rats.Subjects/methodsMale Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with LCD (LC groups) or standard diet (STD) (ST groups). After 10 weeks-diet animals were separated into sedentary (Sed-LC and Sed-ST) and resistance-trained (RT-LC and RT-ST) groups (N = 8/group). RT groups performed an 11-week climbing program on a ladder with progressive load. Dual x-ray absorptiometry, glucose tolerance tests and insulin tolerance tests were performed at weeks 10 and 20. Liver and serum were collected at week 21.ResultsRT reduced feed efficiency, BW gain, liver fat and total and LDL cholesterol, and improved body composition and glucose clearance in animals fed on STD. In those fed with LCD, RT reduced caloric intake, BW regain, liver fat and serum triglycerides levels. However, improvement in body composition was inhibited and bone mineral density and glucose clearance was further impaired in this association.ConclusionsThe LCD nullifies the beneficial effects of RT on body composition, glucose homeostasis and impairs some health parameters. Our results do not support the association of RT with LCD in a long term period.

The Health System is seeking to redirect the attention model, with the focus on programs and services centered on curative and hospital care for care focused on health needs, with emphasis on health promotion and diseases prevention. In this context, the Primary Health Care appears as the gateway to the needs and health problems of the population, making it important to know the demographic and epidemiological profile for the development of their actions. The aim of this study was to characterize the living conditions and health of the population assigned to the Family Health Units in Sao Carlos / SP. The study was conducted with 2407 families from 16 Family Health Units. We used a standardized form. Interviews were conducted with the person responsible for the household present at the time of the survey. Data were entered into Epi Info and descriptively analyzed. Regarding schooling 41.1% has incomplete primary education. The houses are mostly of their own (76.2%), have water supply (98.4%), sewage (97.5%) and garbage collection (92.1%). The most common health problems were hypertension (10.5%), altera-tions in musculoskeletal system (6.8%) and respiratory system (5.7%). The most cited health needs were dental care (12.8%), clinical investigation (12.7%) and physical activity (9.9%). From this survey it was possible to determine the demographic and epidemiological profiles of the population. The most common health problems are non-communicable chronic diseases.

— Aim: To evaluate the acute effects of a resistance exercise session performed on ladder on energy metabolism, stress, and muscle damage in rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats were randomly distributed in Exercise (E) (n=30) and Control (C) (n = 20) groups. The E group performed a resistance exercise session on a vertical ladder with weights on their tails. Blood samples were collected at rest and after each climb to analyze lactate levels and ten minutes after the last climb to analyze lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), and corticosterone levels. Results: Blood lactate levels remained stable during exercise. Serum corticosterone, blood glucose, LDH and CK levels increased and glycogen content decreased in the E group, when compared to the C group. Conclusion: These results suggest that resistance exercise performed on ladder is a model of high-intensity exercise. However, the stabilization of lactate during the session suggests that the aerobic metabolism is an important factor during the intervals between climbs.Keywords: resistance exercise; metabolism; stress; muscle damage

Ovarian hormone loss is associated with a shift in fat distribution to intra-abdomin al adipose tissue (intra-AAT) depots and with lipid metabolism disorders, which predisposes individuals to developing insulin resistance. Resistance training (RT) prevents increases in intra-AAT after ovarian hormone loss. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes remain unclear. We investigated the effects of ovariectomy and RT on gene expression related to lipogenesis and fat oxidation in the intra-AAT of ovariectomized rats. Sprague-Dawley rats (n=6/group) were divided into the groups: sham-sedentary, ovariectomized-sedentary, sham-RT and ovariectomized-RT. RT groups performed a 10-week climbing program on a ladder with progressive overload. Intra-AAT was subjected to morphometric and mRNA analysis. Ovariectomized-sedentary group had larger adipocytes and higher expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and lower expression of the oxidative carnitinepalmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-1). RT counteracted OVX-induced increases in PPAR-γ and SCD-1 and decreased SREBP-1c. ACC and HSL were downregulated in ovariectomized-RT compared with the ovariectomized-sedentary group. Ovariectomized-RT group had the highest CPT-1 gene expression. Adipocyte size decreased in ovariectomized-RT group. Results suggest that RT reduces intra-AAT adipocyte size in ovariectomized rats by suppressing intra-AAT fatty acid synthesis and enhancing fatty acid β-oxidation.

Summary Vaspin and omentin are adipose tissue adipokines that have often been related to obesity and its comorbidities. The aim of this study was to investigate the behaviour of serum omentin and vaspin in models of type 2 diabetes. To do this, Wistar rats (~200 g) were randomly divided into two groups: a non-diabetic group (n = 6) and a diabetic group fed on a high-fat diet (n = 6) and a low dose of streptozotocin (Sigma®). All procedures were approved by the Brazilian Ethics Committee. Body weight (BW) and food intake were recorded daily. Tail blood glucose levels were assessed at the end of the diabetes induction period. The insulin tolerance test (ITT) was performed after the diabetes induction period (7 weeks). The serum and tissues (liver, pancreas, and retroperitoneal (RET), epididymal (EPI) and visceral (VIS) white adipose tissues) were immediately removed and weighed. Analyses of levels of insulin, omentin, vaspin, adiponectin and inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8 (CXCL8), TNF-α and C-reactive protein (CRP) in serum were performed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Our results showed that IL-8 and CRP serum levels in the diabetic group were significantly higher than in the non-diabetic group. Vaspin and adiponectin values were lower for the diabetic group than for the non-diabetic group. Omentin, IL-6 and TNF-α values did not differ between the groups. Our results showed that both the metabolism of the adipose tissue and the secretion of adipokines may be affected in diabetic rats. Omentin showed no difference between the groups, although the vaspin values decreased in the diabetic group.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T16:41:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-01-01 This study aimed to investigate the effects of interval and continuous training on the body mass gain and adiposity levels of rats fed a high-fat diet. Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups, standard diet and high-fat diet, and received their respective diets for a period of four weeks without exercise stimuli. After this period, the animals were randomly divided into six groups (n=8): control standard diet (CS), control high-fat diet (CH), continuous training standard diet (CTS), continuous training high-fat diet (CTH), interval training standard diet (ITS), and interval training high-fat diet (ITH). The interval and continuous training consisted of a swimming exercise performed over eight weeks. CH rats had greater body mass gain, sum of adipose tissues mass, and lower serum high density lipoprotein values than CS. The trained groups showed lower values of feed intake, caloric intake, body mass gain, and adiposity levels compared with the CH group. No significant differences were observed between the trained groups (CTS versus ITS and CTH versus ITH) on body mass gains and adiposity levels. In conclusion, both training methodologies were shown to be effective in controlling body mass gain and adiposity levels in high-fat diet fed rats. Post-Graduate Program in Human Movement Sciences Methodist University of Piracicaba (UNIMEP) Campus Taquaral, Rodovia do Açucar, km 156 Post-Graduate Program in Food and Nutrition Sao Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Physical Education and Human Motricity Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFscar) Institute of Physics of Sao Carlos University of Sao Paulo (USP) Post-Graduate Program in Food and Nutrition Sao Paulo State University (UNESP)

Several experimental models of dietary manipulation have been created for the purpose of investigating chronic-degenerative diseases. In general, such models allow for the assessment of the qualitative and quantitative alterations of nutrients and substances contained in a food regimen. Recent studies have made use of alternative forms of dietary manipulation that have resulted in the experimental development of diseases such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity (Duarte et al. 2003; Estadella et al. 2004; Manzoni et al. 2005; Cheik 2005; Guerra 2005).

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of successive cycles of a moderately restrictive diet and refeeding with a high-fat diet on the metabolism of the adipose and hepatic tissues of obese rats. Rats were assigned to the following groups: a chow diet; a high-fat diet; a moderate caloric restriction; or a moderate caloric restriction plus refeeding. Some animals in each group were given [1-(14)C]triolein intragastrically, while others received an intraperitoneal injection of 3 mCi (3)H(2)O. All animals were killed by decapitation. The retroperitoneal, visceral epididymal and omental white adipose tissues, brown adipose tissue, liver and blood were immediately removed. The lipid uptake from the diet, in vivo rate of lipogenesis, percentage of fat, lipid profile and leptin concentration were analysed. The high-fat diet promoted an increase in fatty liver (P ≤ 0.05), adiposity mass (P ≤ 0.05) and the plasma concentration of leptin (P ≤ 0.05) and a decreased lipid uptake in white adipose tissue depots (P ≤ 0.05) in relation to the chow diet. The moderate caloric restriction did not reverse the changes promoted by the high-fat diet but induced a small decrease in adiposity, which was reversed after refeeding, and the animals maintained a dyslipidaemic profile and high fat deposition in the liver. We can conclude that the high-fat diet and subsequent moderate caloric restriction plus refeeding increased the risks of developing visceral obesity, dyslipidaemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, which suggests that this type of experimental protocol can be used to study mechanisms related to the metabolic syndrome.

Este é um estudo comparativo do efeito da obesidade no equilíbrio estático e dinâmico de mulheres a partir da meia-idade. A amostra foi composta por mulheres acima de 50 anos (n=80), distribuídas segundo o índice de massa corporal em grupo não-obeso (n=45) e obeso (n=35), com médias de idade equivalentes. Foram avaliadas quanto à gordura corporal por bioimpedância e quanto ao equilíbrio pelos testes de apoio unipodal (TAU) e de velocidade máxima de andar (VMA). Os dados foram tratados estatisticamente. No TAU em ambos os membros inferiores o grupo não-obeso permaneceu por mais tempo na posição - 25,6 segundos (s) no membro direito e 24,9 s no esquerdo - do que o grupo obeso (19,0 s no direito e 17,5 s no esquerdo, pThis is a comparative study on the effect of obesity on static and dynamic balance in middle-aged and elderly women. The sample was composed by 80 women over 50 years old, distributed according to the body mass index into a non-obese group (n=45) and an obese group (n=35), with similar mean age. Participants were assessed as to body fat by bioimpedance and submitted to the one leg stance (OLS) and maximum walking speed (MWS) tests. Data were statistically analysed. At the OLS on both feet the non-obese group remained longer in position - 25.6 seconds (s) on the right limb and 24,9 s on the left one - than the obese group (19.0 s on the right, 17.5 s on the left limb, p

Este é um estudo comparativo do efeito da obesidade no equilíbrio estático e dinâmico de mulheres a partir da meia-idade. A amostra foi composta por mulheres acima de 50 anos (n=80), distribuídas segundo o índice de massa corporal em grupo não-obeso (n=45) e obeso (n=35), com médias de idade equivalentes. Foram avaliadas quanto à gordura corporal por bioimpedância e quanto ao equilíbrio pelos testes de apoio unipodal (TAU) e de velocidade máxima de andar (VMA). Os dados foram tratados estatisticamente. No TAU em ambos os membros inferiores o grupo não-obeso permaneceu por mais tempo na posição - 25,6 segundos (s) no membro direito e 24,9 s no esquerdo - do que o grupo obeso (19,0 s no direito e 17,5 s no esquerdo, p

OBJETIVO: Investigar os efeitos do exercício de natação intermitente em relação ao exercício contínuo e ao sedentarismo, em ratos Wistar, após o desenvolvimento de obesidade exógena pela administração de uma dieta hiperlipídica palatável sobre: evolução do peso corporal, ingestão alimentar, adiposidade, percentual de gordura dos tecidos e perfil lipídico. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados ratos adultos, mantidos em gaiolas individuais, com livre acesso a água e comida. O protocolo experimental incluiu: 1) desenvolvimento da obesidade exógena (3 semanas), os animais foram divididos em: P: sedentários alimentados com dieta padrão Primor® (n=8) e H: sedentários alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica (n=32); 2) tratamentos (8 semanas subseqüentes), os animais (n=24) passaram a receber dieta padrão e foram divididos em: sedentário; treinado contínuo e treinado intermitente. Treinamentos (5x semana): Contínuo (90 minutos/dia) e Intermitente (3x30min/dia). Os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia (3 e 8 semanas), sendo coletados os tecidos adiposos, o fígado e o sangue. Foram determinados a adiposidade e o percentual de gordura dos tecidos adiposos e do fígado, o ganho de peso corporal, o consumo alimentar e o perfil lipídico. RESULTADOS: A dieta hiperlipídica aumentou a adiposidade, o percentual de gordura acumulada no fígado e desenvolveu dislipidemias. A troca de dieta e os dois tipos de treinamento foram capazes de reverter o quadro de obesidade exógena. Contudo, o exercício intermitente foi mais eficiente na redução da adiposidade e de ganho de peso. CONCLUSÃO: Associados à dieta balanceada, os treinamentos aplicados neste estudo poderiam ser utilizados como estratégia no controle de peso e de dislipidemias, tanto em modelos experimentais quanto em seres humanos.

OBJETIVO: Investigar os efeitos do exercício de natação intermitente em relação ao exercício contínuo e ao sedentarismo, em ratos Wistar, após o desenvolvimento de obesidade exógena pela administração de uma dieta hiperlipídica palatável sobre: evolução do peso corporal, ingestão alimentar, adiposidade, percentual de gordura dos tecidos e perfil lipídico. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados ratos adultos, mantidos em gaiolas individuais, com livre acesso a água e comida. O protocolo experimental incluiu: 1) desenvolvimento da obesidade exógena (3 semanas), os animais foram divididos em: P: sedentários alimentados com dieta padrão Primor® (n=8) e H: sedentários alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica (n=32); 2) tratamentos (8 semanas subseqüentes), os animais (n=24) passaram a receber dieta padrão e foram divididos em: sedentário; treinado contínuo e treinado intermitente. Treinamentos (5x semana): Contínuo (90 minutos/dia) e Intermitente (3x30min/dia). Os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia (3 e 8 semanas), sendo coletados os tecidos adiposos, o fígado e o sangue. Foram determinados a adiposidade e o percentual de gordura dos tecidos adiposos e do fígado, o ganho de peso corporal, o consumo alimentar e o perfil lipídico. RESULTADOS: A dieta hiperlipídica aumentou a adiposidade, o percentual de gordura acumulada no fígado e desenvolveu dislipidemias. A troca de dieta e os dois tipos de treinamento foram capazes de reverter o quadro de obesidade exógena. Contudo, o exercício intermitente foi mais eficiente na redução da adiposidade e de ganho de peso. CONCLUSÃO: Associados à dieta balanceada, os treinamentos aplicados neste estudo poderiam ser utilizados como estratégia no controle de peso e de dislipidemias, tanto em modelos experimentais quanto em seres humanos.OBJECTIVE: The objective was to look into the effects of intermittent swimming against continuous exercise and inactivity in Wistar rats after they developed exogenous obesity though the consumption of a palatable fat-rich diet. The following was investigated: evolution of body weight, food intake, adiposity, fat percentage in tissues and lipid profile. METHODS: Adult rats were kept in individual cages with free access to food and water. The experimental protocol included: 1) development of exogenous obesity (3 weeks). The animals were divided into S - inactive animals fed the standard Primor® diet (n=8) and HF - inactive animals fed a high-fat diet (n=32); 2) Treatment (the 8 following weeks) - the animals (n=24) were given the standard diet and divided into an inactive group, a continuous training group and an intermittent training group. Training occurred 5 times per week and was either continuous (90 minutes per day) or intermittent (3 times 30 minutes per day). The animals were killed at 3 and 8 weeks and the fat tissues, the liver and the blood were collected. Adiposity, fat percentage of the fat tissues and liver, gain of body weight, food consumption and lipid profile were determined. RESULTS: The high-fat diet increased adiposity, percentage of fat in the liver, and induced dyslipidemias. Diet change and the two types of training were capable of reducing exogenous obesity. However, intermittent exercise was more efficient in reducing adiposity and preventing weight gain. CONCLUSION: When associated with a balanced diet, the trainings used in this study can be used as a strategy to control weight and dyslipidemias, both in experimental models and in human beings.

O novo pensar e agir em saúde origina novos modelos de atenção em saúde, o que implica readequação do modo de intervir dos profissionais da área. As novas tendências exigem um olhar que extrapole os aspectos biológicos e tenha o sujeito - indivíduo ou seu coletivo - como foco das ações, e o reconhecimento do limite da ação uniprofissional no ato de cuidar. Desse modo, as instituições formadoras reconhecem a necessidade de readequar seu projeto político-pedagógico e, consequentemente, seus currículos. O profissional de Educação Física, recém-incorporado pelos serviços públicos de saúde, deve ter sua formação repensada, uma vez que suas atribuições são diferentes de sua formação tradicional. Assim, o propósito deste trabalho foi pesquisar currículos de Graduação em Educação Física visando a analisar: i) o objeto dos cursos; ii) quais as disciplinas relacionadas à saúde; iii) a existência das disciplinas de Saúde Coletiva e Saúde Pública; e iv) a existência de disciplinas de estágio em saúde. Os resultados indicam que i) não há direcionamento dos cursos para o campo da saúde e os bachareis têm mais respaldo em saúde do que os licenciados; ii) predominam as disciplinas de abordagem curativa, prescritiva; iii) nenhuma das instituições possui o conjunto de disciplinas Saúde Coletiva, Saúde Pública e algumas não nem as contemplam; iv) o estágio no serviço público de saúde, na Atenção Básica, não é previsto em nenhuma instituição.The new thinking and act on health gives rise to new models of health care, which requires readjustment of mode of action of professionals. New trends require a look that go beyond the biological aspects and have the subject - individual or their collective - and focus of action, and recognition of the limits of uni-professional action in care. Thus, the training institutions recognize the need to readjust their political and pedagogical project and, consequently, their curricula. The physical education professional, newly built by public health, should have rethought his training, since his duties are different from his traditional training. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the undergraduate curriculum in Physical Education in order to examine: i) the object of the courses, ii) what are the disciplines related to health; iii) the existence of the disciplines of Public Health and Public Health, and iv) the existence of courses of training in health. The results indicate that: i) there is no targeting of the courses for the field of health and graduates have more support in health than the licensees; ii) disciplines with curative approach, prescriptive ones prevail; iii) none of the institutions have a set of disciplines og Public Health, Public Health and some do not even address them; iv) the stage in public health, primary care is not provided in any institution.

It has been proposed that isoflavones and probiotics possess specific biological activities that enable them to affect lipid metabolism. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a soy product fermented with Enterococcus faecium and Lactobacillus jugurti and supplemented with isoflavones on the plasma lipid and glucose profiles, and on the retroperitoneal (RET) and epididymal (EPI) adipose tissue adipocyte areas in juvenile rats. Male Wistar rats were subjected to 6-week experimental diets: (1) cholesterol-enriched diet (rat chow) plus fermented soy product supplemented with isoflavones, (2) cholesterol-enriched diet plus unfermented placebo, (3) cholesterol-enriched diet plus placebo supplemented with isoflavones, (4) standard diet (rat chow), or (5) cholesterol-enriched diet. Soy products affected adipose tissue in a regional-specific manner and may be responsible for the observed increase in RET adipocyte area (μ2): (1) 12757.00 ± 286.25; (2) 13269.00 ± 326.87 or (3) 13050.00 ± 226.85 versus (4) 8714.92 ± 262.41 or (5) 8892.70 ± 131.79 or decrease in EPI adipocyte area (μ2): (1) 7759.00 ± 108.89 and (2) 7481.90 ± 111.21 compared with the control group (4) 8346.60 ± 158.89. The effect on epididymal adipose tissue was probably due to isoflavones. Probiotics significantly raised the plasma level of HDL cholesterol. Fermented soy product supplemented with isoflavones did not promote changes in the glucose and triglyceride plasma levels. This product may offer a new approach for improving or preventing lipid metabolism abnormalities by decreasing visceral adipocyte area, adjusting cholesterol-mediated loss of RET adipose tissue (lipoatrophy), and increasing the HDL cholesterol plasma level.

Objective We investigated the effects of severe caloric restriction and refeeding with a high-fat diet on lipid uptake by visceral adipose fat and lipid profile in rats. Methods Rats were assigned to six groups: a chow diet (C), a high-fat diet (H), severe caloric restriction (SC and SH), and severe caloric restriction plus refeeding (SC-r and SH-r) during 8 wk. All animals were killed by decapitation 4 h after intragastric administration of [1-14C] triolein (∼0.5 g, 0.3 μCi/rat). Liver; visceral retroperitoneal (RET), epididymal (EPI), and omental (VIS) white adipose tissues; brown adipose tissue; and intestine were immediately removed and weighed. The whole intestine was withdrawn and homogenized to determine lipid uptake. Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triacylglycerol in plasma were determined enzymatically. Results The SC and SH groups showed reduced visceral adiposity, although this effect was more evident in the SC group. The SC group had greater lipid absorption in the VIS than the C group. The SH treatment increased RET and VIS lipid uptake in relation to the H group. The SH-r treatment increased RET and VIS adiposity. HDL cholesterol decreased with caloric restriction in the SC and SH groups. The SH-r treatment did not increase HDL cholesterol. Conclusion Severe caloric restriction decreased visceral adiposity even in rats in the H group but did not reduce the risk of development of dyslipidemia. Therefore, food restriction plus refeeding with a high-fat diet increase the risk of development of visceral adiposity and dyslipidemia.

Introduction Obesity is one of the most important link factors to coronary artery disease development mainly due to the pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic states favoring atherosclerosis progression. The LLLT acts in the cellular metabolism and it is highly effective to improve inflammation. The same occur in response to different kinds of exercise. However, we have not known the associate effects using LLLT therapies with aerobic plus resistance training as strategy specifically with target at human obesity control and its comorbidities. Objective Investigate the effects of the LLLT associated with aerobic plus resistance training on cardiometabolic risk factors in obese women. Methodology Women aged 20–40 years (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), were divided into 2 groups: Phototherapy (PHOTO) and Placebo. They were trained aerobic plus resistance exercises (in a concurrent mode), 1 h, 3 times/week during 16 weeks. Phototherapy was applied after each exercise session for 16 min, with infrared laser, wavelength 808 nm, continuous output, power 100 mW, and energy delivery 50 J. The body composition was measured with bioimpedance. Inflammatory mark concentrations were measured using a commercially available multiplex. Results LLLT associated with aerobic plus resistance training was effective in decrease neck (P = 0.0003) and waist circumferences (P = 0.02); percentual of fat (P = 0.04); visceral fat area (P = 0.02); HOMA-IR (P = 0.0009); Leptin (P = 0.03) and ICAM (P = 0.03). Also, the reduction in leptin (P = 0.008) and ICAM-1 (0, 05) was much more expressive in the phototherapy group in comparison to placebo group when analyzed by delta values. Conclusion LLLT associated with concurrent exercise (aerobic plus resistance training) potentiates the exercise effects of decreasing the cardiometabolic risk factors in obese woman. These results suggest the LLLT associated with exercises as a new therapeutic tool in the control of obesity and its comorbidities for obese people, targeting to optimize the strategies to control the cardiometabolic risk factors in these populations.

OBJETIVOS: Este estudo investigou, em ratos, os efeitos da administração crônica de uma dieta hiperlipídica palatável sobre: ganho de peso, adiposidade, conteúdos de glicogênio hepático e muscular, glicemia e insulinemia, morfologia do pâncreas e secreção de insulina por ilhotas isoladas, incubadas in vitro. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar machos (21 dias de idade) foram alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica palatável ou com dieta padrão, durante 15 semanas. Peso corporal e consumo de ração foram avaliados diariamente, glicose e insulina plasmática foram avaliadas semanalmente. Após o sacrifício, pâncreas, fígado, gastrocnêmio e tecidos adiposos foram coletados e pesados. Cortes do pâncreas foram analisados por microscopia ótica comum. Insulina plasmática e a secretada por ilhotas isoladas, após incubação na presença de diferentes concentrações de glicose, foram avaliadas por radioimunoensaio. RESULTADOS: A dieta hiperlipídica palatável aumentou a adiposidade, a percentagem do ganho de peso corporal e o conteúdo do glicogênio hepático, quando comparada à dos animais alimentados com dieta padrão. Glicemias e insulinemias de jejum não diferiram entre os grupos. A secreção de insulina das ilhotas isoladas dos ratos aumentou, nos tratados com dieta hiperlipídica, apenas em presença de concentrações fisiológicas de glicose (G= 8,3mM). A dieta hiperlipídica reduziu o tamanho do pâncreas, mas aumentou o número de células beta. Além disso, o lúmen dos vasos sangüíneos pancreáticos apresentou-se reduzido, quando comparado aos controles. CONCLUSÃO: A obesidade provocada pela dieta hiperlipídica não alterou os níveis de glicose e insulina de jejum desses animais. Apesar das alterações morfológicas do pâncreas, a manutenção da normoglicemia dos ratos tratados com dieta hiperlipídica, provavelmente, deveu-se à capacidade preservada de suas ilhotas em secretar insulina.OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the effects of continuous feeding of rats with a palatable high-fat diet on: body weight gain, adiposity, liver and muscle glycogen content, blood glucose and insulin levels, and pancreatic morphology and insulin secretion by in vitro isolated pancreatic beta cells. METHODS: Male Wistar rats (21 days old) were fed with a palatable high-fat diet or a chow diet during 15wk. Body weight and food intake were recorded daily whereas blood glucose and insulin were analyzed weekly. After they were killed, pancreas, liver, gastrocnemius muscle and adipose tissues were removed and weighted. Morphology analysis of pancreatic tissue sections was performed using light microscopy. Serum insulin and the insulin secreted by isolated pancreatic islets, incubated for 90min under different concentrations of glucose, were analyzed by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: The palatable high-fat diet increased adiposity, body weight gain and liver glycogen content when compared with the animals fed with a chow diet. Blood glucose and insulin levels did not differ between groups. The insulin secretion from isolated islets increased in the high-fat diet group only at physiological concentrations of glucose (G= 8.3mM). The size of the pancreas of rats receiving the high-fat diet decreased, although the number of beta cells increased. In addition, the lumen of pancreatic vessels was narrower compared with control islets. CONCLUSION: The obesity resulting from a high-fat diet did not alter the blood glucose and insulin levels of fasted rats. Despite the morphological alterations of the pancreas, normal blood glucose concentration in rats receiving a high-fat diet remained at physiological range due to a preserved secretory capacity of the pancreatic islets.

Obesity affects approximately 20% of the world population, and exercise is the primary non-pharmacological therapy. The combined use of exercise and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) may potentiate the effects promoted by exercise. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of exercise in combination with phototherapy on adipocyte area, activity of the enzyme citrate synthase and muscle morphological analysis. We used 64 Wistar rats, which were divided into eight groups with 8 rats each: sedentary chow-diet (SC); sedentary chow-diet plus laser therapy (SCL), exercised chow-diet (EC); exercised chow-diet plus laser therapy (ECL); sedentary high-fat diet (SH); sedentary high-fat diet plus laser therapy (SHL); exercised high-fat diet (EH); exercised high-fat diet, laser therapy (EHL). The animals were submitted to a program of swimming training for 90 min/5 times per week for 8 weeks and LLLT (GA-Al-AS, 830 nm) at a dose of 4.7 J/point and a total energy of 9.4 J/animal, with duration of 47 s, which was applied to both gastrocnemius muscles after exercise. We conclude that the combined use of exercise and phototherapy increases the activity of the enzyme citrate synthase and decreases the white adipocyte area epididymal, retroperitoneal and visceral in obese rats, enhancing the effects of exercise.

The increasing prevalence of obesity is directly related to increased caloric intake associated with decreased energy expenditure, due to changes in lifestyle of humans. To aggravate this situation, chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, atherosclerosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, which together characterize the metabolic syndrome, are affecting more people every day, regardless of social class, age and gender. Although there is no consensus on the etiology of the metabolic syndrome, it seems in the literature that low-grade chronic inflammation caused by excess fatty tissue is a factor that is present in most of the diseases that make up this syndrome. Several studies have shown that adipocyte hypertrophy, especially of visceral adipose tissue, causes an imbalance in metabolic homeostasis of adipose tissue, increasing the production of proinflammatory adipokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alfa) and reducing the production of anti-inflammatory adipokines, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10), culminating in the chronic low-grade inflammatory process. Thus, different modalities of exercise have been shown as strategies that may promote many benefits in the prevention and treatment of obesity, including reduction in low-grade chronic inflammation, or in other words, decreasing the production of TNF-alfa and other proinflammatory adipokines and increasing the production of IL-10 and other anti-inflammatory adipokines.

Obesity and associated dyslipidemia is the fastest growing health problem throughout the world. The combination of exercise and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) could be a new approach to the treatment of obesity and associated disease. In this work, the effects of LLLT associated with exercises on the lipid metabolism in regular and high-fat diet rats were verified. We used 64 rats divided in eight groups with eight rats each, designed: SC, sedentary chow diet; SCL, sedentary chow diet laser, TC, trained chow diet; TCL, trained chow diet laser; SH, sedentary high-fat diet; SHL, sedentary high-fat diet laser; TH, trained high-fat diet; and THL, trained high-fat diet laser. The exercise used was swimming during 8 weeks/90 min daily and LLLT (GA-Al-As, 830 nm) dose of 4.7 J/point and total energy 9.4 J per animal, applied to both gastrocnemius muscles after exercise. We analyzed biochemical parameters, percentage of fat, hepatic and muscular glycogen and relative mass of tissue, and weight percentage gain. The statistical test used was ANOVA, with post hoc Tukey–Kramer for multiple analysis between groups, and the significant level was p

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of both swimming and resistance training on tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-10 expression, adipocyte area and lipid profiles in rats fed a high-fat diet. METHODS: The study was conducted over an eight-week period on Wistar adult rats, who were divided into six groups as follows (n = 10 per group): sedentary chow diet, sedentary high-fat diet, swimming plus chow diet, swimming plus high-fat diet, resistance training plus chow diet, and resistance training plus high-fat diet. Rats in the resistance training groups climbed a vertical ladder with weights on their tails once every three days. The swimming groups swam for 60 minutes/day, five days/week. RESULTS: The high-fat diet groups had higher body weights, a greater amount of adipose tissue, and higher tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in the visceral adipose tissue. Furthermore, the high-fat diet promoted a negative change in the lipid profile. In the resistance training high-fat group, the tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression was lower than that in the swimming high-fat and sedentary high-fat groups. Moreover, smaller visceral and retroperitoneal adipocyte areas were found in the resistance training high-fat group than in the sedentary high-fat group. In the swimming high-fat group, the tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression was lower and the epididymal and retroperitoneal adipocyte areas were smaller compared with the sedentary high-fat group. CONCLUSION: The results showed that both exercise modalities improved the lipid profile, adiposity and obesity-associated inflammation in rats, suggesting their use as an alternative to control the deleterious effects of a high-fat diet in humans.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:05:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1415-52732009000400005.pdf: 329905 bytes, checksum: 688a2469d0d97216256d31eafc34f740 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:05:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1415-52732009000400005.pdf: 329905 bytes, checksum: 688a2469d0d97216256d31eafc34f740 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:08:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1415-52732009000400005.pdf: 329905 bytes, checksum: 688a2469d0d97216256d31eafc34f740 (MD5) S1415-52732009000400005.pdf.txt: 33716 bytes, checksum: 3e0c3a6fb62f2f258afe1f532351f619 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:17:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1415-52732009000400005.pdf: 329905 bytes, checksum: 688a2469d0d97216256d31eafc34f740 (MD5) S1415-52732009000400005.pdf.txt: 33716 bytes, checksum: 3e0c3a6fb62f2f258afe1f532351f619 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:17:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1415-52732009000400005.pdf: 329905 bytes, checksum: 688a2469d0d97216256d31eafc34f740 (MD5) S1415-52732009000400005.pdf.txt: 33716 bytes, checksum: 3e0c3a6fb62f2f258afe1f532351f619 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-01 OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com ácido linoléico conjugado, associada ao treinamento moderado em natação, sobre a composição corporal, o consumo e a eficiência alimentar, a glicemia, o perfil lipídico e o glicogênio muscular e hepático de ratos Wistar. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar (30 dias) foram divididos em: sedentário, sedentário suplementado, treinado e treinado suplementado. Permaneceram em gaiolas individuais com comida e água ad libitum, temperatura de 23ºC (com variação de1ºC) e ciclo claro-escuro de 12 horas, durante 8 semanas. A sessão de natação durou 1 hora e foi realizada três vezes/semana, bem como a suplementação com ácido linoléico conjugado a 2%. Após sacrifício, o plasma, os tecidos adiposos brancos e o marrom, o músculo gastrocnêmio e o fígado foram coletados e pesados. RESULTADOS: A suplementação per se não promoveu modificação na ingestão alimentar e na massa corporal dos animais. Houve aumento na glicemia de jejum (p

O novo pensar e agir em saúde origina novos modelos de atenção em saúde, o que implica readequação do modo de intervir dos profissionais da área. As novas tendências exigem um olhar que extrapole os aspectos biológicos e tenha o sujeito - indivíduo ou seu coletivo - como foco das ações, e o reconhecimento do limite da ação uniprofissional no ato de cuidar. Desse modo, as instituições formadoras reconhecem a necessidade de readequar seu projeto político-pedagógico e, consequentemente, seus currículos. O profissional de Educação Física, recém-incorporado pelos serviços públicos de saúde, deve ter sua formação repensada, uma vez que suas atribuições são diferentes de sua formação tradicional. Assim, o propósito deste trabalho foi pesquisar currículos de Graduação em Educação Física visando a analisar: i) o objeto dos cursos; ii) quais as disciplinas relacionadas à saúde; iii) a existência das disciplinas de Saúde Coletiva e Saúde Pública; e iv) a existência de disciplinas de estágio em saúde. Os resultados indicam que i) não há direcionamento dos cursos para o campo da saúde e os bachareis têm mais respaldo em saúde do que os licenciados; ii) predominam as disciplinas de abordagem curativa, prescritiva; iii) nenhuma das instituições possui o conjunto de disciplinas Saúde Coletiva, Saúde Pública e algumas não nem as contemplam; iv) o estágio no serviço público de saúde, na Atenção Básica, não é previsto em nenhuma instituição. The new thinking and act on health gives rise to new models of health care, which requires readjustment of mode of action of professionals. New trends require a look that go beyond the biological aspects and have the subject - individual or their collective - and focus of action, and recognition of the limits of uni-professional action in care. Thus, the training institutions recognize the need to readjust their political and pedagogical project and, consequently, their curricula. The physical education professional, newly built by public health, should have rethought his training, since his duties are different from his traditional training. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the undergraduate curriculum in Physical Education in order to examine: i) the object of the courses, ii) what are the disciplines related to health; iii) the existence of the disciplines of Public Health and Public Health, and iv) the existence of courses of training in health. The results indicate that: i) there is no targeting of the courses for the field of health and graduates have more support in health than the licensees; ii) disciplines with curative approach, prescriptive ones prevail; iii) none of the institutions have a set of disciplines og Public Health, Public Health and some do not even address them; iv) the stage in public health, primary care is not provided in any institution.

OBJETIVOS: Este estudo investigou, em ratos, os efeitos da administração crônica de uma dieta hiperlipídica palatável sobre: ganho de peso, adiposidade, conteúdos de glicogênio hepático e muscular, glicemia e insulinemia, morfologia do pâncreas e secreção de insulina por ilhotas isoladas, incubadas in vitro. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar machos (21 dias de idade) foram alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica palatável ou com dieta padrão, durante 15 semanas. Peso corporal e consumo de ração foram avaliados diariamente, glicose e insulina plasmática foram avaliadas semanalmente. Após o sacrifício, pâncreas, fígado, gastrocnêmio e tecidos adiposos foram coletados e pesados. Cortes do pâncreas foram analisados por microscopia ótica comum. Insulina plasmática e a secretada por ilhotas isoladas, após incubação na presença de diferentes concentrações de glicose, foram avaliadas por radioimunoensaio. RESULTADOS: A dieta hiperlipídica palatável aumentou a adiposidade, a percentagem do ganho de peso corporal e o conteúdo do glicogênio hepático, quando comparada à dos animais alimentados com dieta padrão. Glicemias e insulinemias de jejum não diferiram entre os grupos. A secreção de insulina das ilhotas isoladas dos ratos aumentou, nos tratados com dieta hiperlipídica, apenas em presença de concentrações fisiológicas de glicose (G= 8,3mM). A dieta hiperlipídica reduziu o tamanho do pâncreas, mas aumentou o número de células beta. Além disso, o lúmen dos vasos sangüíneos pancreáticos apresentou-se reduzido, quando comparado aos controles. CONCLUSÃO: A obesidade provocada pela dieta hiperlipídica não alterou os níveis de glicose e insulina de jejum desses animais. Apesar das alterações morfológicas do pâncreas, a manutenção da normoglicemia dos ratos tratados com dieta hiperlipídica, provavelmente, deveu-se à capacidade preservada de suas ilhotas em secretar insulina. OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the effects of continuous feeding of rats with a palatable high-fat diet on: body weight gain, adiposity, liver and muscle glycogen content, blood glucose and insulin levels, and pancreatic morphology and insulin secretion by in vitro isolated pancreatic beta cells. METHODS: Male Wistar rats (21 days old) were fed with a palatable high-fat diet or a chow diet during 15wk. Body weight and food intake were recorded daily whereas blood glucose and insulin were analyzed weekly. After they were killed, pancreas, liver, gastrocnemius muscle and adipose tissues were removed and weighted. Morphology analysis of pancreatic tissue sections was performed using light microscopy. Serum insulin and the insulin secreted by isolated pancreatic islets, incubated for 90min under different concentrations of glucose, were analyzed by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: The palatable high-fat diet increased adiposity, body weight gain and liver glycogen content when compared with the animals fed with a chow diet. Blood glucose and insulin levels did not differ between groups. The insulin secretion from isolated islets increased in the high-fat diet group only at physiological concentrations of glucose (G= 8.3mM). The size of the pancreas of rats receiving the high-fat diet decreased, although the number of beta cells increased. In addition, the lumen of pancreatic vessels was narrower compared with control islets. CONCLUSION: The obesity resulting from a high-fat diet did not alter the blood glucose and insulin levels of fasted rats. Despite the morphological alterations of the pancreas, normal blood glucose concentration in rats receiving a high-fat diet remained at physiological range due to a preserved secretory capacity of the pancreatic islets.

This study investigated the effects of soy product fermented by Enterococcus faecium and Lactobacillus jugurti supplemented with isoflavones on adipose tissue, blood lipid, and glucose levels on juvenile rats.Rats were fed a cholesterol-enriched diet for 3 wk as a preliminary treatment to create hypercholesterolemia. They were then fed a chow diet (HC), a chow diet plus fermented soy product supplemented with isoflavones (HCFI), a chow diet plus placebo (HCP), or a chow diet plus placebo supplemented with isoflavones (HCPI), respectively, for an additional 3 wk.The beneficial effects of fermented soy product supplemented with isoflavones on epididymal (EPI) and retroperitoneal (RET) fat pads was likely due to isoflavones because adipocyte circumference (micrometers) in the HC group was significantly larger (EPI: 105.66 +/- 13.36; RET: 134.95 +/- 25.40) than that in the HCFI group (EPI: 93.17 +/- 12.80; RET: 108.62 +/- 15.50) and HCPI group (EPI: 93.06 +/- 15.10; RET: 112.34 +/- 18.21). The probiotic micro-organism accentuated the antilipogenic effect of isoflavones on RET (HCFI: 108.62 +/- 15.50 micrometers versus HCPI: 112.34 +/- 18.21 micrometers). Moreover, the fermented product increased glucose concentration similar to that in the chow group but did not change blood lipids.This product may offer new approaches to obesity prevention.

Background: Obesity leads to a chronic inflammatory state, endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. Objective: To establish the time-course of events regarding inflammatory markers, endothelial dysfunction, systolic blood pressure (SBP) in obesity in only one experimental model. Methods: We fed male Wistar rats (eight-week age) with a standard diet (Control - CT, n = 35), or palatable high-fat diet (HFD, n = 35) for 24 weeks. Every six weeks, 7 animals from each group were randomly selected for euthanasia. SBP and serum levels of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, C-reactive protein, adiponectin and nitric oxide were determined. Endothelial and vascular smooth muscle functions were determined in dissected aorta and lipid peroxidation was measured. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines began to increase after six weeks of a high-fat diet, while those of the anti-inflammatory cytokine adiponectin decreased. Interestingly, the endothelial function and serum nitric oxide began to decrease after six weeks in HFD group. The SBP and lipid peroxidation began to increase at 12 weeks in HFD group. In addition, we showed that total visceral fat mass was negatively correlated with endothelial function and positively correlated with SBP. Conclusion: Our results show the time-course of deleterious effects and their correlation with obesity.