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Este artigo analisa, qualitativamente, o emprego de um aplicativo de leitura e escrita em dispositivo móvel, especialmente em smartphones, no contexto da sala de aula. Utilizando o aplicativo Wattpad para a elaboração de uma fanfiction baseada na obra As Crônicas de Nárnia, de C. S. Lewis, nossa análise privilegiou a tecnologia em suas interações pedagógicas, especialmente no que se refere às contribuições para a formação do leitor literário, bem como outros aspectos importantes desse recurso na educação. Notamos que essa estratégia de leitura e escrita criativa oferece alternativas para que os envolvidos ampliem suas capacidades imaginativas, propiciando-lhes maior contato com o universo literário e, mais intensamente, com o mundo da criatividade - a exemplo da própria produção de fanfic -, além de ampliar as chances de formar leitores literários, posto que aproxima os participantes do hábito da leitura e da escrita. Esse debate, portanto, é resultado de diversos fatores e tendências sociais, educacionais e tecnológicas, que vão desde a necessidade do engajamento e da motivação até a aprendizagem, com ênfase para as mudanças de comportamentos em face da necessidade de atuação em um mundo cada vez mais tecnológico e digital.

Functional foods are those that, in addition to offering nutrients, promote one or more benefits to the human body. Among them, those that carry probiotic microorganisms stand out. The artisanal Minas cheese, traditionally made with raw milk in rural properties from Minas Gerais State, Brazil, presents a great microbial diversity, including some with probiotic potential. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) found in that cheese are of great relevance and are characterized by fermenting lactose to produce lactic acid; therefore, they are widely used in food processing. The development of research with the purpose of increasing knowledge about the microbiota present in artisanal Minas cheese and its potential probiotic effects provides new perspectives to improve food quality and safety, also helping to preserve the desirable microorganisms. Due to the great economic and cultural importance of artisanal Minas cheese and the beneficial health effects associated with probiotics, the present work aimed to carry out a literature review on the probiotic potential of LAB isolated from that cheese variety. The analysis of scientific papers, according to results of in vitro and in vivo tests, revealed that microorganisms isolated from that cheese showed desirable results regarding the potential probiotic effects; however, some of them presented resistance to antimicrobials. The artisanal Minas cheese represents an important source of desirable microorganisms, and further studies should be conducted in order to identify candidates for use as probiotics.

Child sexual abuse (CSA), the most common type of maltreatment, is any action of a sexual nature by one or more adults towards a minor without the minor’s consent. This abuse represents one of the most damaging forms of trauma, has a severe impact on mental health and psychopathology, and can lead to several disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is characterized as a disorder that encompasses physical symptoms resulting from traumatic experiences that are experienced or witnessed by the victim. This systematic review aims to understand the impact of sexual abuse on post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Studies focusing on the relationship between these two variables were obtained through multiple databases. Of the 940 documents collected, 24 were retained for further analysis and the objectives, methodologies, results, and main conclusions were registered. One of the main conclusions was that the earlier the abuse starts and the more severe and long-lasting it is, the symptomatology of PTSD will be aggravated and remain in the long term.

Abstract The devastating effect of health system overload was observed after cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) peaked in April 2020 in Belém, a capital metropolis in the Brazilian Amazon. Our results showed a high seroprevalence (39.24%) of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies among the population of the capital of the state of Pará after the first wave of the pandemic. Old age, mixed race, a high school education level, low income and contact with infected individuals are risk factors and may be driving seropositivity and exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in this population. This study is one of the first to provide important information to understand the socioeconomic inequalities, behavioral characteristics and viral transmission dynamics associated with the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the capital of the state of Pará, northern Brazil.

Abstract In the current COVID-19 pandemic, the next generation of innovative materials with enhanced anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity is urgently needed to prevent the spread of this virus within the community. Herein, we report the synthesis of chitosan/α-Ag2WO4 composites synthetized by femtosecond laser irradiation. The antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Methicilin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), and Candida albicans was determined by estimating the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC). To assess the biocompatibility of chitosan/α-Ag2WO4 composites in a range involving MIC and MBC/MFC on keratinocytes cells (NOK-si), an alamarBlue™ assay and an MTT assay were carried out. The SARS-CoV-2 virucidal effects was analyzed in Vero E6 cells through viral titer quantified in cell culture supernatant by PFU/mL assay. Our results showed a very similar antimicrobial activity of chitosan/α-Ag2WO4 3.3 and 6.6, with the last one demonstrating a slightly better action against MSSA. The chitosan/α-Ag2WO4 9.9 showed a wide range of antimicrobial activity (0.49–31.25 µg/mL). The cytotoxicity outcomes by alamarBlue™ revealed that the concentrations of interest (MIC and MBC/MFC) were considered non-cytotoxic to all composites after 72 h of exposure. The Chitosan/α-Ag2WO4 (CS6.6/α-Ag2WO4) composite reduced the SARS-CoV-2 viral titer quantification up to 80% of the controls. Then, our results suggest that these composites are highly efficient materials to kill bacteria (Escherichia coli, Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, and the yeast strain Candida albicans), in addition to inactivating SARS-CoV-2 by contact, through ROS production.

Para que ocorra a extensão universitária é necessário elencar uma população-alvo para dirigirem-se as ações extensionistas. No entanto, estas ações tendem a se estender para além da comunidade, por ação de formação de multiplicadores de conhecimento na própria população atendida. O objetivo deste estudo é fazer um relato de experiência da contribuição de ações de extensão para além do público-alvo quando se trabalha temas relacionados à saúde como o uso de plantas e chás medicinais e a Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica junto a cuidadores de Pessoas com Deficiência (PcD). Este projeto de extensão atuou junto a quinze cuidadoras de pessoas com deficiência a partir de temas sugeridos por elas. Na atividade sobre plantas e chás medicinais as metodologias utilizadas foram caixa de mitos e verdades, roda de conversa, jogo de bingo e distribuição de fôlderes. Para a atividade sobre hipertensão utilizou-se “tempestade de ideias”, aferição da pressão arterial e distribuição de fôlderes. Essas ações foram realizadas em 3 encontros entre março e maio de 2019. Como resultado, tivemos a participação de 11 a 16 cuidadoras (sendo uma participante ocasional) e 2 a 3 funcionárias da Instituição parceira nos encontros. Observou-se que as metodologias ativas empregadas foram importantes para o aprendizado e fixação dos conteúdos abordados segundo as falas das próprias cuidadoras. As ações possibilitaram que os saberes construídos fossem compartilhados com amigos e familiares das participantes, caracterizando a contribuição do projeto para formação de multiplicadores do conhecimento. Palavras-chave: Ensino; Disseminação de informação; Educação em saúde Knowledge multipliers: Role of extension actions with caregivers of people with disabilities Abstract: For the university extension to occur, it is necessary to establish a target population to which extension actions will be directed. However, these actions tend to spread beyond the community by forming knowledge multipliers in the served population. This study aimed to report the experience of the contribution of extension actions beyond the target audience when working on health-related topics such as the use of medicinal plants and teas and Systemic Arterial Hypertension with caregivers of People with Disabilities (PwD). This extension project worked with fifteen caregivers of PwD based on themes suggested by them. In the medicinal plants and teas activity, the methodologies used were the box of myths and truths, conversation wheel, bingo game, and distribution of folders. For the activity on hypertension, we used "brainstorm," blood pressure measurement, and distribution of folders. These actions were carried out in 3 meetings between March and May 2019. As a result, 11 to 16 caregivers (one casual) and 2 to 3 employees from the partner institution participate in the meetings. It was observed that the active methodologies used were important for learning and fixing the contents addressed, according to the words of the caregivers themselves. The actions allowed the caregivers to share what they learned, taking this knowledge to friends and family, as well as the employees of the partner institution who participated, characterizing the contribution of the project beyond the target audience. Keywords: Teaching; Information Dissemination; Health education

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of applying different concentrations of niacin, at different times in relation to nitrogen fertilization, on the characteristics of Urochloa brizantha. The treatments consisted of applying three concentrations of niacin (0, 100, and 200 mg L-1) and three different moments (two days before, together, and two days after nitrogen fertilization). It was found that there was variation in response, mainly concerning the moment of application of the vitamins, in which the joint and subsequent application of fertilization generally exceeded the application performed previously, and of both concentrations used (100 and 200 mg L-1), in relation to the control without vitamin application. In this way, the application of niacin at a concentration of 100 mg L-1, carried out jointly or after nitrogen fertilization, provides better conditions for developing and producing dry matter of Urochloa brizantha due to the presence of nitrogen.

In Brazil, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic spread rapidly in a heterogeneous way, mainly due to the different socioeconomic and behavioral characteristics of different regional populations and different evaluation periods. We performed a cross-sectional study including 1,337 individuals (first wave = 736/second wave = 601) after the first two waves of COVID-19 in the city of Belém, the capital of the state of Pará. The detection of IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was performed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test followed by statistical analysis using the RStudio program. Our results showed an increase in the seroprevalence (first wave= 39.1%/second wave= 50.1%) of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) IgG antibodies in the population of Belém from the first to the second pandemic wave. Advanced age, primary or secondary education level, lack of social isolation, and a low frequency of protective mask use were considered risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection during the first wave compared to the second wave. This study is one of the firsts to provide important information about the dynamics of virus circulation and the groups vulnerable to exposure in the two major periods. Our data emphasize the socioeconomic characteristics of the affected population and that nonpharmacological prevention measures are crucial for combating the pandemic.

RESUMO Objetivo descrever as necessidades de aprendizagem de familiares de crianças e adolescentes com câncer quanto ao tratamento com quimioterápicos antineoplásicos orais. Método pesquisa qualitativa descritiva desenvolvida em um hospital federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados nos meses de julho a setembro de 2020 a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas com vinte e três familiares de crianças e adolescentes com câncer em quimioterapia antineoplásica oral. Os dados foram processados no software Interface de R pour Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires pela Classificação Hierárquica Descendente. Resultados dentre os temas que demandam aprendizagem pelos familiares estão administração oral, armazenamento e manipulação dos quimioterápicos orais, além dos efeitos adversos e emergências que demandam atendimento hospitalar. Conclusão e implicações para a prática no tratamento com quimioterápicos orais, as necessidades de aprendizagem dos familiares de crianças e adolescentes precisam ser problematizadas em práticas educativas dialógicas para, assim, favorecer a segurança, a adesão e a eficácia do tratamento.

Introdução: Em março de 2020, foi declarado pela Organização Mundial de Saúde, o início da pandemia de SARS- CoV-2, chamando a atenção da saúde pública mundial. O primeiro caso de COVID-19 no Brasil foi confirmado em 26 fevereiro de 2020 e teve sua primeira confirmação na região paraense em 18 de março de 2020. Ainda não há uma descrição precisa sobre a prevalência dessa infecção em populações ribeirinhas no estado do Pará. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência do SARS-CoV-2 em uma população ribeirinha residente no município de Maracanã no estado do Pará. Métodos: Em maio de 2021, foram entrevistados 117 indivíduos ribeirinhos residentes do município de Maracanã, por meio de um questionário epidemiológico contendo perguntas socioeconômicas e sobre sintomatologias relacionadas ao novo coronavírus. Após o preenchimento do questionário foram coletadas amostras de sangue total (5 mL) para realização do ensaio imunoenzimático do tipo ELISA para pesquisa de anticorpos IgG anti- SARS-CoV-2. Resultados: Dentre os 117 entrevistados observou-se uma média de idade de 37 anos, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (59,0%), de cor parda (68,3%), com ensino fundamental incompleto (58,1%), solteiros (51,2%), com renda familiar inferior a um salário mínimo (67,5%). Em relação a detecção de anticorpos IgG anti- SARS-CoV-2, 42,3% dos indivíduos foram considerados reagentes. Dentre estes 46% relataram ter sentido febre em algum momento durante a pandemia, 50% dor de cabeça, 36% dor de garganta, 26% dor abdominal, 18% náusea, 56% perda do olfato, 56% perda do paladar, 16% falta de ar, 36% coriza, 34% tosse, 44% dor no corpo, 24% diarreia e 16% tiveram vômito. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos demonstraram uma alta prevalência de SARS-CoV-2 no município de maracanã, apresentando como sintomas mais frequentes febre, dor de cabeça, perda de olfato e paladar, que podem estar diretamente relacionados a infecção pelo vírus.

Introdução: Com a pandemia de COVID-19 e a disseminação maçante do SARS-CoV-2 no mundo houve a necessidade de avaliar a exposição viral a nível individual e populacional. Objetivo: Descrever a soroprevalência de anticorpos anti- SARS-CoV-2 e os aspectos epidemiológicos de risco para a exposição viral, em moradores residentes na cidade de Belém, 6 meses após a primeira onda de COVID-19. Métodos: Foram coletadas 736 amostras, inquéritos epidemiológicos e Termos de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) devidamente assinado entre outubro de 2020 a fevereiro de 2021 de indivíduos residentes em Belém. Indivíduos vacinados ou que tiverem diagnóstico de COVID-19 foram excluídos. Foram realizadas análises sorológicas para detecção da presença de anticorpos IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 pelo teste de ELISA (Euroimmun, Lübeck, Alemanha), seguindo as recomendações do fabricante. O programa BioEstat 5.0 foi usado na análise de prevalência e o software Minitab 14.0 para as análises de regressão logística. Resultados: Nossos resultados indicam alta soropositividade de 39,24% na cidade de Belém. Observamos que indivíduos ≥ de 70 anos (OR = 2.02; IC 95% = 1.02-3.05; p = 0.044), com ensino médio (OR = 2.41; IC 95% = 1.08-2.16); p = 0.016), autodeclarados pardos (OR = 3.24; IC 95% = 1.23-2.35; p = 0.001) e com renda de ≤ 1 a 2 salários mínimos (OR = 2.39; IC 95% = 1.08-2.12), p = 0.017) foram mais expostos ao vírus, assim como aqueles que relataram contato com indivíduos infectados (OR = 3.45; IC 95% = 1.30-2.59; p = 0.001). Conclusão: Nossos achamos forneceram informações importantes sobre a dinâmica de transmissão viral e os possíveis fatores de risco associados às características sociodemográficas e comportamentais da população de Belém. Financiamento: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, # 301869/2017-0 e #401235/2020-3).

Introdução/Objetivo: O HTLV-1/2 é um retrovírus que causa uma infecção silenciosa e persistente, estando também associados a desordens neurológicas (Paraparesia Espástica Tropical/Mielopatia Associada ao HTLV-1) e linfoproliferativas (leucemia/linfoma de células T do adulto). Estima-se que entre 800 mil a 2,5 milhões de pessoas estejam infectadas pelo HTLV no Brasil, enquanto no Pará, estudos demonstram elevada prevalência do vírus em diferentes grupos populacionais, como de doadores de sangue e profissionais do sexo; porém, a real situação epidemiologica no vírus na região metropolitana de Belém segue negligenciada. Diante disso, o presente estudo investigou a prevalência da infecção pelos HTLV-1/2 na região metropolitana de Belém, Pará, Brasil. Métodos: O rastreio da infecção foi realizado em um total de 289 indivíduos, coletados em diferentes localidades das cidades de Ananindeua (n = 223), Marituba (n = 64) e Benevides (n = 2). Foi utilizado o ensaio imunoenzimático do tipo ELISA (Murex HTLV-I+II, DiaSorin, Dartford, UK), como estratégia de triagem. Após análise sorológica, as amostras que obtiveram resultado reagente, foram submetidas aos ensaios de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real (qPCR) e o Imunoensaio em Linha (INNO-LIA® HTLV I/II Score, Fujirebio, Japão) para a confirmação da infecção e diferenciação do tipo viral. Resultados: Dos 223 indivíduos analisados, 181 (62,63%) pertenciam ao sexo feminino e 108 (37,37%) do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 39 anos. Foi identificado 1 (0,35%) caso de infecção por HTLV-1 em um indivíduo do sexo feminino, com idade de 54 anos, residente do município de Ananindeua, que no inquérito epidemiológico relatou ter múltiplos parceiros e já ter praticado sexo em troca de dinheiro. Conclusão: A partir dos dados obtidos pode-se inferir que o HTLV circula na área metropolitana da capital Belém, em uma frequência moderada apesar do baixo quantitativo de amostras coletadas, o que reforça a necessidade de ampliação da investigação da real prevalência do vírus nesta área geográfica.

Familiares cuidadores de pessoas com deficiência (PcD) abdicam muitas vezes de seu bem-estar em função dos cuidados necessários de seu ente cuidado. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi trabalhar a Fisiologia do sono e do sistema digestório com as cuidadoras de PcD que fazem acompanhamento em Centro de Reabilitação de Porto Alegre ligadas ao projeto de extensão universitária denominado “Apoiando e educando as famílias de pessoa com deficiência”, estimulando-se o bem-estar dessas mulheres. Como metodologias para o estudo da Fisiologia junto às cuidadoras foram utilizadas rodas de conversa, a Escala de Sonolência de EPWORTH, moldes anatômicos do sistema digestório e questionário sobre constipação intestinal em dois encontros com duração de 90 minutos cada um. Participaram das atividades relativas à Fisiologia do sono 9 cuidadoras e observou-se que 66,6% delas deveriam cuidar mais de seu sono ou apresentavam sono inadequado. Quanto a Fisiologia do sistema digestório, 11 cuidadoras participaram das atividades e 20% foram consideradas constipadas. O estudo sobre a Fisiologia do sono e do sistema digestório fez com que as cuidadoras pudessem refletir sobre o autocuidado em relação a estes aspectos e oportunizou que as extensionistas colocassem em prática o conhecimento da Universidade. Palavras-chave: Extensão; Educação em saúde; Rede de apoio; Sono; Sistema digestório Topics of physiology in promoting the well-being of people with disabilities caregivers Abstract: Family caregivers of people with disabilities (PwD) often abdicate their well-being due to the necessary care of their entity. Thus, this study aimed to work on sleep and digestive system physiology with PwD caregivers whom follow-up on the Rehabilitation Center of Porto Alegre (Brazil) linked to the university extension project called "Supporting and educating families of people with disabilities," stimulating the well-being of these women. As methodologies for studying physiology with caregivers, we used conversation wheels, the EPWORTH Sleepiness Scale, anatomical molds of the digestive system, and intestinal constipation questionnaire in two 90-minute meetings. Nine caregivers participated in sleep physiology activities, and it was observed that 66.6% of respondents should take better care of their sleep or had an inadequate sleep. Regarding the physiology of the digestive system, 11 caregivers participated in the activities, and 20% were considered constipated. The study of sleep and digestive system physiology allowed caregivers to think about self-care, improving their well-being, and helped the extensionists to put the University's knowledge into practice. Keywords: Extension; Health education; Support network; Sleeping; Digestive system

RESUMO: O presente artigo teve como base um Projeto de Ensino e Extensão do Instituto Federal de Alagoas, realizado entre março e junho de 2018. O projeto, intitulado “Um Despertar para a Sustentabilidade”, foi realizado em uma escola municipal, localizada no bairro Salvador Lyra, na parte alta da cidade de Maceió. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar os resultados obtidos a partir da realização do Projeto de Ensino e Extensão que teve como finalidade tornar conhecido o conceito e a importância da Logística Reversa (LR), o projeto acolheu alunos do 6º ao 9º ano do ensino fundamental. Inicialmente, os pesquisadores fizeram uma abordagem introdutória do que viria a ser LR e quais os impactos positivos que advêm de sua prática. Em seguida os pesquisadores e os demais participantes deram início a coleta de materiais no entorno da escola, entre eles: óleo de cozinha, garrafas PET e papel. Estes materiais foram fundamentais para dar abertura às oficinas práticas que resultaram em novos produtos como: sabão em barra, vassouras e blocos de papel. A partir do experimento, as extensionistas perceberam o impacto que a LR tem no âmbito socioeducacional, pois, durante as etapas de realização do projeto os discentes demonstraram mais interesse nas questões ambientais. Também foi possível perceber, informalmente, uma diminuição significativa no descarte dos materiais que serviam de matéria-prima para o projeto no entorno da escola. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Logística reversa, sustentabilidade, extensão.

O presente artigo analisou os desafios do desenvolvimento psicossocial no contexto da educação básica, a partir de discursos acerca de crianças com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA). Como metodologia de pesquisa, elegeu-se o levantamento bibliográfico, bem como a entrevista narrativa com uma mãe de duas crianças diagnosticadas com a Síndrome de Asperger, que entendemos dentro do TEA. Utilizamos a noção de reconhecimento a partir de Butler (2015) para dialogar com os objetivos da pesquisa. Os resultados indicaram como os processos de reconhecimento das pessoas com deficiência no contexto escolar ainda são insuficientes, por isso exigem formas de resistências aos discursos de assujeitamento destas pessoas. As investigações também indicaram a importância de cooperação entre familiares e profissionais da educação para o reconhecimento das pessoas com deficiência. Por fim, as análises destacaram a luta de uma mãe, mobilizada pela razão e pelos afetos, nas relações de poder e resistência no contexto de uma educação inclusiva ainda insuficiente.

This study was aimed at analyzing proto-oncogenic signaling pathway activation in normal oral keratinocytes (NOK-si) and neoplastic cell lines (SCC 25 and Detroit 562) stimulated with metabolites (soluble factors) from single and dual biofilms of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus. Soluble factors (SF) from early (16-h) and mature (36-h) biofilms of C. albicans and S. aureus were collected and incubated with cell cultures, which were subsequently evaluated using gene expression via RT-qPCR, cell viability via AlamarBlueTM, and flow cytometry cell cycle analysis. In general, exposure to the SF of early and mature biofilms from C. albicans and dual species caused a major reduction in NOK-si cell viability and enhanced the sub G0 phase. This led to a decrease in gene expression. However, in this cell line, SF of S. aureus biofilms upregulated the CDKN1A gene followed by the maintenance of cell viability and a significant increase in the G2/M population. For tumor cells, SCC 25 and Detroit 562, the stimuli of SF biofilms upregulated oncogenes such as hRAS and mTOR, as well as Bcl-2 and CDKN1A. SCC 25 and Detroit 562 cells could survive even after 24 h of stimuli from both SF (early and mature). This occurred without significant changes taking place in the cell cycle progression for SCC 25, and with a significant tendency to increase the G2/M phase for Detroit 562. These results point to the fact that metabolites from prevalent clinical fungal and bacterial biofilms, C. albicans and S. aureus, can disrupt the homeostasis of normal and neoplastic oral epithelial cells. This changes proto-oncogenes’ expression, specifically PI3KCA, hRAS, mTOR, BRAF, and cell cycle genes CDKN1A and Bcl-2, thus causing a disturbance in cell viability, survival, and the cell cycle profile.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate Newborn Hearing Screening Program of Hospital Regional de Sobradinho, from January 2016 to December 2017, according to Multiprofessional Committee on Auditory Health parameters and Joint Committee on Infant Hearing (JCIH) recommendations, as well as to describe the prevalence of risk factors for hearing loss within the study population and their impact on the respective program. METHOD This is a quantitative, cross-sectional and retrospective study that carefully analyzed registration books of screened newborns. It was established the prevalence of “pass” and “fail” in test and retest, retest percentage of attendance and referral for audiological diagnosis. Risk factors for hearing loss were described, as well as their influence on “pass” and “fail” rates. Inferential statistical analysis was performed using chi-square test and Anderson-Darling test, with 5% reliability index. RESULTS A total of 3,981 newborns were screened; 2,963 (74.4%) presented no risk factors whereas 1,018 (25.6%) did, prematurity being the most frequent (51.6%). In the test, 166 (4.2%) failed and 118 (71.1%) attended the retest. The referral rate for diagnosis was 0.3%. CONCLUSION Regarding the percentage of referral for diagnosis, the program reached indexes recommended by the Joint Committee on Infant Hearing and Multiprofessional Committee on Auditory Health. The most prevalent risk factor within the population was prematurity.

A adubação nitrogenada é essencial para o aumento de produção de forrageiras, porém a fonte de nitrogênio (N) e fatores como o manejo podem ocasionar elevadas perdas de amônia (NH3) por volatilização. O presente trabalho foi conduzido com objetivo de quantificar as perdas de N por volatilização de NH3 em fontes nitrogenadas em pastagem. O experimento foi desenvolvido na Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS), Unidade Universitária de Cassilândia-MS, utilizando o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com quatro tratamentos (ureia; ureia revestida com polímero; ureia com inibidor de urease; e nitrato de amônia) e cinco repetições. Em todos os tratamentos foi aplicada a dose equivalente a 100 kg ha-1 de N. Para a quantificação da volatilização de N-NH3 foram utilizados absorvedores de espumas, colocados à 1,0 cm da superfície do solo. As perdas de N-NH3 por volatilização foram menores quando utilizou-se ureia com inibidor de urease [N-(n-butil) tiofosfórico triamida] e ureia com polímero, quando comparadas ao uso da ureia convencional. A ureia com NBPT retardou o pico de volatilização em dois dias em relação à ureia convencional.

Proteus spp. are opportunistic multidrug resistant enterobacteria associated with diverse clinical diseases in domestic animals. However, Proteus infections in domestic animals are often misdiagnosed or considered contaminants in microbiological cultures rather than a primary agent of disease. Descriptions of Proteus infections in domestic animals are typically restricted to case reports, retrospective studies, or surveillance of other microorganisms. The present study investigated multiple antibiotic resistance indices, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), and ESBL production in 73 strains of Proteus mirabilis (n = 69) and Proteus vulgaris (n = 4) isolated from domestic animals with various clinical manifestations. In dogs, the pathogen was most commonly associated with cystitis (48.21), enteritis (21.42%), otitis (14.29%), and conjunctivitis (3.57%). In bovines, the microorganism was predominant in cases of enteritis (22.22%), abscess (11.11%), otitis (11.11%), omphalitis (11.11%), and peritonitis (11.11%), and in organ fragments (11.11%). In equines (50.0%) and cats (100.0%), diarrhea was the main clinical sign. In vitro standard disk diffusion assay showed that the most effective antimicrobials against the isolates were imipenem (98.63), norfloxacin (95.89), amikacin (95.89), levofloxacin (90.41), ceftriaxone (87.64), and florfenicol (87.67). In contrast, the isolates commonly showed resistance to novobiocin (95.89), azithromycin (57.53), and trimethropim/sulfamethoxazole (39.73). Among the 73 isolates, the efficacy of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, gentamicin, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin according to MICs was 87.67%, 86.30%, 84.93%, and 82.19%, respectively. The MIC50 values of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin were, respectively, 1.0, 0.004, 0.03, and 1.0 µg/mL. Thirty-three strains (45.21%) showed a antimicrobial multiple resistance index of ? 0.3. Multidrug resistance profiles of isolates were observed most frequently in dogs (n = 25; 75.76%), particularly in those with cystitis (n = 13; 52.0%), followed by bovines (n = 4; 12.12%), equines (n = 2; 6.06%), and cats (n = 2; 6.06%). Two (2.7%) strains, obtained from canine skin and feces, were diagnosed phenotypically as ESBL-producers. Here, we observed the diversity of Proteus infections in domestic animals. The presence of multidrug-resistant isolates and ESBL-producers reinforces the need for appropriate antimicrobial use and in vitro antimicrobial tests to support therapy.

A rede de apoio social/educacional (conjunto de sistemas e pessoas que compõem elos de relacionamento para os indivíduos) oferece base emocional e educativa ao cuidador, influenciando os mecanismos de enfrentamento individual no processo de cuidado. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever e analisar as ações de extensão no desenvolvimento de metodologias e seus desfechos, ao se trabalhar temas de educação em saúde, autoestima e autocuidado junto às famílias cuidadoras de pessoa com deficiência, em um centro de reabilitação em Porto Alegre/RS. Este projeto de extensão trabalhou com 15 cuidadoras de pessoas com deficiência a partir de temas sugeridos por elas. Foi realizado levantamento do perfil das cuidadoras, a fim de planejar as atividades a serem realizadas. Os temas elencados pelo grupo foram infecções sexualmente transmissíveis e sexualidade, uso de medicamentos e drogas lícitas e ilícitas. As metodologias utilizadas foram palestra, rodas de conversa e oficinas. Os encontros ocorreram a cada 15 dias, entre agosto e dezembro de 2017, com duração de 90 minutos. Como resultado, observou-se que as metodologias que mais se adequaram ao público-alvo foram a escuta empática, as rodas de conversa e as oficinas. Os temas trazidos oportunizaram descobertas sobre si entre os membros do grupo, provocando anseios que produziram reflexões e conversas produtivas, auxiliando-as na mudança de atitude em relação ao autocuidado. Logo, verificou-se o impacto da extensão pelo despertamento e modificação do comportamento das envolvidas, que puderam pensar mais no seu eu, mesmo sendo difícil para o cuidador olhar para a própria saúde. Palavras-chave: Autocuidado; Extensão; Rede de apoio Extensionist experience in the development of methodologies in health education with caregivers of people with disabilities Abstract: The social/educational support network (set of systems and people that make up relationships for individuals) provides the caregiver with an emotional and educational basis, influencing the individual coping mechanisms in the care process. The objective of this study was to describe and analyze extension actions in the development of methodologies and their outcomes when working on health education, self-esteem, and self-care issues in caregiving families of people with disabilities in a rehabilitation center in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. This extension project worked with 15 caregivers of people with disabilities on topics suggested by them. Caregivers' profile was surveyed in order to plan the activities to be performed. The topics listed by the group were sexually transmitted infections and sexuality, use of medicines and licit and illicit drugs. The methodologies used were lectures, conversation circles, and workshops. The meetings took place every 15 days, between August and December 2017, lasting 90 minutes. As a result, it was observed that the methodologies that best suited the target audience were empathic listening, conversation circles, and workshops. The themes brought opportunities for discoveries about themselves by the group, provoking anxieties that produced reflections and productive conversations, helping them to change their attitude towards self-care. Thus, it was verified the impact of extension by the awakening and modification of the behavior of those involved, who could think more about their self, even though it is difficult for the caregiver to look at their health. Keywords: Self-care; Extension; Support network Experiencia extensionista en el desarrollo de metodologías en educación en salud junto a cuidadores de personas con discapacidad Resumen: La red de apoyo social/educativo (conjunto de sistemas y personas que forman relaciones para individuos) proporciona al cuidador una base emocional y educativa, que influye en los mecanismos de enfrentamiento individual en el proceso de cuidado. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir y analizar las acciones de extensión en el desarrollo de metodologías y desenlaces al trabajar los temas de educación en salud, autoestima y autocuidado junto a las familias cuidadoras de persona con discapacidad en un centro de rehabilitación en Porto Alegre/RS. . Este proyecto de extensión trabajó con 15 cuidadores de personas con discapacidad en los temas sugeridos por ellos. Fue realizado el levantamiento del perfil del grupo de cuidadores para que fuera posible planificar las actividades a realizar. Los temas enumerados por el grupo fueron infecciones de transmisión sexual y sexualidad, uso de medicinas y drogas lícitas e ilícitas. Las metodologías utilizadas fueron conferencias, círculos de conversación y workshops. Las reuniones tuvieron lugar cada 15 días, entre agosto y diciembre de 2017, con duración de 90 minutos. Como resultado, se observó que las metodologías que mejor se adaptaban al público eran la escucha empática, las ruedas de conversación y los workshops. Los temas traídos proporcionaron descubrimientos sobre sí por el grupo, provocando anhelos que produjeron reflexiones y conversaciones productivas, ayudándoles a cambiar su actitud hacia el autocuidado. Por lo tanto, se verificó el impacto de la extensión por el despertar y la modificación del comportamiento de las cuidadoras, que pudieron pensar más en su yo, visto en los relatos citados, aun siendo difícil para el cuidador mirar hacia la propia salud. Palabras-clave: Autocuidado; Extensión; Red de apoyo

The reproduction rate is considered a crucial factor that affects the ability of producers to meet the growing demand for ovines meat, and optimizing this factor will maximize the production rate and increase the efficiency of livestock. A reduction in the length of the postpartum anestrus period results in a shorter interval between lambing and conception and enables more lambs to be produced throughout the life of a ewe. This review discusses the current knowledge of several factors associated with the resumption of cyclic ovarian function in postpartum ewes and how the suckling management of ewes may affect this process. Factors that influence the resumption of cyclic ovarian activity include uterine involution, follicular development, occurrence of silent ovulation and short estrous cycles, breed, reproductive seasonality, nutrition and lactation. Controlled suckling and early weaning are management practices that may be used to obtain three lambings in a 24-month period. In the majority of the studies the interval between lambing and first estrus was reduced when a controlled suckling management strategy was used, therefore the controlled suckling appears to be the best alternative because it has produced good results and is easy to implement. Currently, however, this practice is still not widely used.

Background: Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a chronic disease that causes sequelae and requires prolonged treatment; therefore, new therapeutic approaches are necessary. In view of this, three peptides from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 14-3-3 protein were selected based on its immunogenicity and therapeutic potential. Methods: The in vitro antifungal activity and cytotoxicity of the 14-3-3 peptides were evaluated. The influence of the peptides in immunological and survival aspects was evaluated in vivo, using Galleria mellonella and the expression of antimicrobial peptide genes in Caenorhabditis elegans. Results: None of the peptides were toxic to HaCaT (skin keratinocyte), MRC-5 (lung fibroblast), and A549 (pneumocyte) cell lines, and only P1 exhibited antifungal activity against Paracoccidioides spp. The peptides could induce an immune response in G. mellonella. Moreover, the peptides caused a delay in the death of Paracoccidioides spp. infected larvae. Regarding C. elegans, the three peptides were able to increase the expression of the antimicrobial peptides. These peptides had essential effects on different aspects of Paracoccidioides spp. infection showing potential for a therapeutic vaccine. Future studies using mammalian methods are necessary to validate our findings.

Dengue virus (DENV) transmission by blood transfusion is an important route of viral acquisition during outbreaks. The prevalence of DENV markers (viral RNA, NS1, anti-DENV IgM, and IgG) among blood donors in Central-West Brazil has never been evaluated. Our aim was to evaluate the full set of serological and molecular markers for DENV among blood donors of the Federal District of Brazil during an extensive outbreak in 2016. We found an anti-DENV IgM prevalence of 6.74% (n = 32/475). Of 475, 20 samples (4.21%) were also anti-DENV IgG positive. All samples were non-reactive for NS1 and DENV RNA. Our results imply that a significant proportion of the tested donors had experienced asymptomatic infection. More studies are necessary to evaluate the real prevalence of DENV viremia in blood donors from the Federal District of Brazil and if specific measures are needed to routinely test the blood donors for DENV RNA during outbreaks.

Eukaryotic protein kinases (ePKs) are good medical targets for drug development in different biological systems. ePKs participate in many cellular processes, including the p38 MAPK regulation of homeostasis upon oxidative stress. We propose to assess the role of Smp38 MAPK signaling pathway in Schistosoma mansoni development and protection against oxidative stress, parasite survival, and also to elucidate which target genes have their expression regulated by Smp38 MAPK. After a significant reduction of up to 84% in the transcription level by Smp38 MAPK gene knockdown, no visible phenotypic changes were reported in schistosomula in culture. The development of adult worms was tested in vivo in mice infected with the Smp38 knocked-down schistosomula. It was observed that Smp38 MAPK has an essential role in the transformation and survival of the parasites as a low number of adult worms was recovered. Smp38 knockdown also resulted in decreased egg production, damaged adult worm tegument, and underdeveloped ovaries in females. Furthermore, only ~13% of the eggs produced developed into mature eggs. Our results suggest that inhibition of the Smp38 MAPK activity interfere in parasites protection against reactive oxygen species. Smp38 knockdown in adult worms resulted in 80% reduction in transcription levels on the 10th day, with consequent reduction of 94.4% in oviposition in vitro. In order to search for Smp38 MAPK pathway regulated genes, we used an RNASeq approach and identified 1,154 DEGs in Smp38 knockdown schistosomula. A substantial proportion of DEGs encode proteins with unknown function. The results indicate that Smp38 regulates essential signaling pathways for the establishment of parasite homeostasis, including genes related to antioxidant defense, structural composition of ribosomes, spliceosomes, cytoskeleton, as well as, purine and pyrimidine metabolism pathways. Our data show that the Smp38 MAPK signaling pathway is a critical route for parasite development and may present attractive therapeutic targets for the treatment and control of schistosomiasis.

ABSTRACT: Bovine dermatophilosis is a dermatitis characterized by typical focal or localized lesions with “paintbrush” aspect and occasionally as disseminated cutaneous disease. We report the case of a one-year-old Nelore female with history of chronic cutaneous disseminated lesions that appeared immediately after a rainfall period. Serous to purulent exudates, hair with tufted appearance, hyperkeratotic, non-pruritic, hardened, yellowish to brown, and coalescent crusty lesions were observed distributed all over its body. Removal of the crusts revealed ulcerated or hemorrhagic areas, with irregular elevated crusts like “paintbrush”. Microbiological diagnosis enabled the identification of a microorganism, the Dermatophilus congolensis. Despite disseminated and chronic lesions, we obtained a successful therapy with parenteral therapy using long-acting tetracycline based on modified in vitro disk diffusion test. The present report highlights success therapy in uncommon generalized bovine dermatophilosis with selection of first-choice drugs based on modified in vitro susceptibility test, and need of responsible use of antimicrobials in livestock.

ABSTRACT Although the tuberculin test represents the main in vivo diagnostic method used in the control and eradication of bovine tuberculosis, few studies have focused on the identification of mycobacteria in the milk from cows positive to the tuberculin test. The aim of this study was to identify Mycobacterium species in milk samples from cows positive to the comparative intradermal test. Milk samples from 142 cows positive to the comparative intradermal test carried out in 4,766 animals were aseptically collected, cultivated on Lowenstein-Jensen and Stonebrink media and incubated for up to 90 days. Colonies compatible with mycobacteria were stained by Ziehl-Neelsen to detect acid-fast bacilli, while to confirm the Mycobacterium genus, conventional PCR was performed. Fourteen mycobacterial strains were isolated from 12 cows (8.4%). The hsp65 gene sequencing identified M. engbaekii (n=5), M. arupense (n=4), M. nonchromogenicum (n=3), and M. heraklionense (n=2) species belong to the Mycobacterium terrae complex. Despite the absence of M. tuberculosis complex species in the milk samples, identification of these mycobacteria highlights the risk of pathogen transmission from bovines to humans throughout milk or dairy products, since many of mycobacterial species described here have been reported in pulmonary and extrapulmonary diseases both in immunocompetent and immunocompromised people.

A produção de mudas é uma importante fase do processo produtivo, onde plântulas de elevada qualidade podem incrementar a produção. Neste trabalho objetivou-se o estudo de formação de mudas de cultivares de pepineiro em diferentes combinações de substratos. Quatro cultivares, “Verde comprido”, “Aodai”, “Caipira” e “Marketer” foram produzidas em quatro combinações de substratos: “1/3 vermiculita + 1/3 esterco bovino + 1/3 esterco de aviário”; “1/3 ramas de mandioca + 1/3 esterco bovino + 1/3 esterco de aviário”; “1/3 vermiculita + 1/3 ramas de mandioca + 1/3 esterco bovino” e “1/3 vermiculita + 1/3 ramas de mandioca + 1/3 esterco de aviário”. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4x4 com 5 repetições de 5 plantas cada. O substrato com “1/3 vermiculita + 1/3 ramas de mandioca + 1/3 esterco de aviário” foi o menos eficiente na produção de mudas de pepineiro que os demais, e o com “1/3 vermiculita + 1/3 esterco bovino + 1/3 esterco de aviário” foi o que melhor proporcionou o desenvolvimento das plântulas. A cultivar Aodai se destacou em relação às variáveis avaliadas e a cultivar Marketer foi a que apresentou a menor altura e massa seca aérea.

A utilização de subprodutos da agropecuária na formação de mudas frutíferas do Cerrado auxilia a gestão ambiental e pode reduzir custos de produção. Desta forma, o presente trabalho avaliou a formação de mudas de baruzeiro, Dipteryx alata, em diferentes substratos orgânicos, constituídos de: 80% esterco bovino + 20% fibra de coco; 60% esterco bovino + 40% fibra de coco; 40% esterco bovino + 60% fibra de coco e 20% esterco bovino + 80% fibra de coco. Foram avaliados dados de emergência, altura, diâmetro do colo, biomassas e relações envolvendo estas variáveis. O esterco utilizado foi apenas curtido e seco e não compostado. Foi adotado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com sete repetições de três plantas cada. Utilizando esterco não compostado, que apenas ficou sujeito a intempéries climáticas por um ano, recomenda-se no máximo de 60% de esterco bovino na mistura com fibra de coco para formação de mudas de baruzeiro. Mistura de 20%, 40 e 60% de esterco bovino com fibra de coco propiciaram maior porcentagem de sobrevivência e mudas com qualidade superior. Não se recomenda a utilização de 80% de esterco bovino não compostado à mistura com fibra de coco na formação de mudas de baruzeiro.

Este artigo visa discorrer sobre a importância de acervos documentais que tem como objetivo a preservação, digitalização e disponibilização de arquivos históricos. Neste artigo busca-se demonstrar as possibilidades do Núcleo de Pesquisa Pró-Memória São José dos Campos, o resultado da parceria entre a Câmara Municipal da cidade, a Fundação Cultural Cassiano Ricardo e a Universidade do Vale do Paraíba (UNIVAP). Em funcionamento desde 2004, o Núcleo possui vasto acervo documental disponível em diversas plataformas, além de propiciar material para pesquisa historiográfica a respeito da história da cidade.

O presente artigo apresenta um debate historiográfico acerca do antissemitismo, termo que designa manifestações de hostilidade contra judeus, tendo como enfoque dois momentos ímpares na historia europeia: a Inquisição Espanhola, instaurada em 1478 pelo papa Xisto IV a pedido da rainha Isabel de Castela; e o Holocausto, genocídio em massa que custou a vida de milhões de judeus no século XX. Busca-se apontar os fatores que podem ter causado ou corroborado na construção dessa ideologia em cada um desses episódios, para então averiguar se há compatibilidade nos motivos que fundamentaram uma política de perseguição, terror e extermínio dos judeus.

Due to the characteristic chain rigidity and weak intermolecular interactions of perfluorinated substances, the phase diagram of Langmuir monolayer formed by perfluorinated molecules has been interpreted so far as displaying only two phases, a 2D gas (G) and a liquid condensed (LC). However, in this work, we presented Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction measurements, which exhibit two diffraction peaks on the transition plateau: One is the signature of the hexagonal structure of the LC phase, the second one is associated to the low-density fluid phase and is thus more ordered than expected for a 2D gas or a typical fluid phase. Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, performed on the transition plateau, revealed the existence of clusters in which domains of vertical molecules organized in a hexagonal lattice coexist with domains of parallel lines formed by tilted molecules, a new structure that could be described as a “2D smectic C” phase. Moreover, the diffraction spectrum calculated from the simulation trajectories compared favorably with the experimental spectra, fully validating the simulations and the proposed interpretation. The results were also in agreement with the thermodynamic analysis of the fluid phase and X-ray Reflectivity experiments performed before and after the transition between these two phases.

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that, according to the World Health Organization, constitutes a major public health problem associated with severe morbidity, mostly children in preschool age. The administration of drugs in children always constitutes a difficult task, especially when formulations are not developed specifically for pediatric use, when high doses of drug are required and the drug has a bitter taste, as in the case of praziquantel. Polymer nanoparticles are promising systems for development of encapsulated drugs with low water solubility and bitter taste, due to the good physical and chemical stability, adequate biocompatibility and simple manufacturing processes. Moreover, they can enhance the bioavailabili-ty and reduce variability of treatment among patients. Poly (methyl methacrylate) doped with praziquantel was produced through a miniemulsion polymerization pro-cess to compose a pediatric pharmaceutical suspension. Nanoparticles were cha-racterized in terms of physico-chemical properties, toxicological properties and biological activity in mice, being concluded that obtained results were satisfactory. The results were encapsulation rate around 90%, absence of chemical interaction drug - polymer and the presence of biological activity. A collaborative approach was used for this development, involving national partnerships and independent funding mechanisms, a powerful pathway for development of drugs for neglected diseases.

A esquistossomose é uma doença parasitária que, segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde, é um dos principais problemas de saúde pública associados à morbidade severa, sendo boa parte crianças. A administração de medicamentos em crianças constitui uma tarefa difícil, principalmente quando não há formulações pediátricas, quando altas doses de fármaco são requeridas e o fármaco apresenta um sabor amargo, como é o caso do praziquantel. Nanopartículas poliméricas são sistemas promissores para o desenvolvimento de fármacos com baixa hidrossolubilidade e gosto ruim, apresentam estabilidade físico-química, biocompatibilidade e fáceis processos de produção. Podem ainda proporcionar o aumento da biodisponibilidade e redução da variabilidade do tratamento entre pacientes. O polímero poli (metacrilato de metila) com o praziquantel encapsulado foi sintetizado pelo processo de polimerização em miniemulsão para compor uma suspensão farmacêutica pediátrica. As nanopartículas foram caracterizadas em termos das propriedades físico-químicas, toxicológicas e da atividade biológica em camundongos. Os resultados encontrados foram satisfatórios, taxa de encapsulamento de 90%, ausência de interação química fármaco-polímero e presença de atividade biológica. Uma abordagem colaborativa foi utilizada para esse desenvolvimento, envolvendo parcerias nacionais e mecanismos de financiamento independentes, uma maneira nova e poderosa de desenvolver medicamentos para doenças negligenciadas.

Avalia-se o uso das unidades básicas e de urgências do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) de Belo Horizonte (BH). Objetivos: identificar o principal problema de saúde que o cidadão leva à Unidade de Pronto-atendimento (UPA) e à Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS), considerando as especificidades dos níveis de atenção; caracterizar os principais procedimentos de atenção básica e de média complexidade utilizados nesses serviços, comparativamente. Pesquisa do tipo survey, com aplicação direta de questionário fechado a 997 entrevistados, distribuídos em 10 UBSs e 7 UPAs. A demanda que chega aos serviços investigados é por consultas médicas e por procedimentos de enfermagem, motivada por afecções leves, passíveis de atendimento na atenção básica. Os usuários vão à UBS por ser um serviço próximo da residência, de rápido atendimento e de fácil deslocamento, caracterizando boa oferta e capilaridade da Saúde da Família. Verificou-se duplicidade na utilização dos serviços, o que contribui para outras investigações.The use of the Primary Care and Emergency Units of Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS - Brazilian National Health System) was evaluated in the city of Belo Horizonte (Southeastern Brazil). Objectives: to identify the main health problem that the citizen takes to the Emergency Unit and to the Primary Care Unit, considering the specificities of the health care levels; to characterize the main primary level and second level procedures that are used in these services, comparatively. This is a survey in which a closed questionnaire was administered to 997 interviewees from 10 Primary Care Units and 7 Emergency Units. The demand that arrives at the investigated services is for medical consultations and nursing procedures, motivated by minor affections which can be assisted in the Primary Care Unit. Users go to the Primary Care Unit because it is a service that is close to their homes and provides quick assistance, characterizing good offer and capillarity of the Family Health Program. Duplicity in services utilization was verified, which contributes to further investigations.

Uma das estratégias de precificação que tem sido muito utilizada pelas empresas consiste na fixação de preços terminados em 99. Como os consumidores tendem a ancorar a percepção dos preços nos dígitos à esquerda, essa estratégia de fixar preços terminados em 99 pode levar a uma subestimação dos preços, o que é conhecido como Ancoragem do Dígito Esquerdo. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar qual a percepção dos estudantes de Administração, enquanto futuros gestores, sobre a exploração da Ancoragem do Dígito Esquerdo na precificação de produtos. Para a realização do estudo, foi adotada uma abordagem qualitativa. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas que foram analisadas por meio da técnica de Análise de Conteúdo. Os resultados encontrados apontam que os estudantes entrevistados apresentam uma visão, em maior parte, positiva sobre esse tipo de precificação, demonstrando crenças de que ela pode incrementar as vendas por causa da imagem que transmite. Eles também acreditam que essa estratégia de precificação muitas vezes é realizada de forma intuitiva pelos gestores. Por fim, todos os entrevistados apontaram que explorariam a ancoragem do dígito esquerdo na precificação dos produtos, caso tivessem uma empresa de varejo.

Once inside a vertebrate host after infection, individual schistosomula of the parasite Schistosoma mansoni find a new and complex environment, which requires quick adjustments for survival, such as those that allow it to avoid the innate immune response of the host. Thus, it is very important for the parasite to remain within the skin after entering the host for a period of about 3 days, at which time it can then reach the venous system, migrate to the lungs and, by the end of eighth day post-infection, it reach the portal venous system, while undergoing minimal changes in morphology. However, after just a few days in the portal blood system, the parasite experiences an extraordinary increase in biomass and significant morphological alterations. Therefore, determining the constituents of the portal venous system that may trigger these changes that causes the parasite to consolidate its development inside the vertebrate host, thus causing the disease schistosomiasis, is essential. The present work simulated the conditions found in the portal venous system of the vertebrate host by exposing schistosomula of S. mansoni to in vitro culture in the presence of portal serum of the hamster, Mesocricetus auratus. Two different incubation periods were evaluated, one of 3 hours and one of 12 hours. These time periods were used to mimic the early contact of the parasite with portal serum during the course of natural infection. As a control, parasites were incubated in presence of hamster peripheral serum, in order to compare gene expression signatures between the two conditions. The mRNA obtained from parasites cultured under both conditions were submitted to a whole transcriptome library preparation and sequenced with a next generation platform. On average, nearly 15 million reads were produced per sample and, for the purpose of gene expression quantification, only reads mapped to one location of the transcriptome were considered. After statistical analysis, we found 103 genes differentially expressed by schistosomula cultured for 3 hours and 12 hours in the presence of hamster portal serum. After the subtraction of a second list of genes, also differentially expressed between schistosomula cultured for 3 hours and 12 hours in presence of peripheral serum, a set of 58 genes was finally established. This pattern was further validated for a subset of 17 genes, by measuring gene expression through quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Processes that were activated by the portal serum stimulus include response to stress, membrane transport, protein synthesis and folding/degradation, signaling, cytoskeleton arrangement, cell adhesion and nucleotide synthesis. Additionally, a smaller number of genes down-regulated under the same condition act on cholinergic signaling, inorganic cation and organic anion membrane transport, cell adhesion and cytoskeleton arrangement. Considering the role of these genes in triggering processes that allow the parasite to quickly adapt, escape the immune response of the host and start maturation into an adult worm after contact with the portal serum, this work may point to unexplored molecular targets for drug discovery and vaccine development against schistosomiasis.

Resumo - Realizamos nesse artigo, reflexões necessárias para as compreensões e os significados relativos ao Programa de Bolsa de Iniciação à Docência (PIBID), cujo objetivo é o de contribuir de maneira significativa para a formação inicial de professores de História. Constatamos que esse programa é compreendido como um espaço que possibilita a integração entre universidade-escola, oportunizando aos futuros professores, o entendimento e a análise sobre a profissão docente e a realidade escolar. Isso ocorre por meio do desenvolvimento de temáticas que priorizam a inserção de diferentes materiais e abordagens didáticas no ensino de história, visando a renovação nesse campo do conhecimento.

Pathogenic fungi have developed many strategies to evade the host immune system. Multiple escape mechanisms appear to function together to inhibit attack by the various stages of both the adaptive and the innate immune response. Thus, after entering the host, such pathogens fight to overcome the immune system to allow their survival, colonization and spread to different sites of infection. Consequently, the establishment of a successful infectious process is closely related to the ability of the pathogen to modulate attack by the immune system. Most strategies employed to subvert or exploit the immune system are shared among different species of fungi. In this review, we summarize the main strategies employed for immune evasion by some of the major pathogenic fungi.

Introdução: O envelhecimento está associado a maior prevalência de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, fato que pode ser minimizado em decorrência de estilo de vida saudável e ativo. Objetivo: Analisar a ocorrência de doenças crônicas em pacientes atendidos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde, de acordo com o nível de atividade física. Metodologia: 542 pacientes, 29,7% (n=161) do sexo masculino e 70,3% (n=381) feminino, foram avaliados em duas Unidades Básicas de Saúde. O nível de atividade física, presença de doenças e condição econômica foram verificados através de questionários. Obesidade foi verificada utilizando o índice da Massa Corporal (em Kg/m²). Resultados: As doenças Arritmia cardíaca (p=0,033), artrite/artrose (p=0,010) e hérnia de disco (p=0,006) foram associadas com o nível de atividade física. Conclusão: O nível de atividade física está associado ao acometimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis em pacientes com idade acima de 50 anos atendidos pelo Sistema único de Saúde de Presidente Prudente/SP.

PURPOSE: To assess comparatively the inflammatory response that follows CO2 or Ringer's lactate joint capsular distension of horses submitted to experimental arthroscopy METHODS: Each animal was submitted to a bilateral tarsocrural arthroscopy employing gas distention in one joint and fluid distention in the contralateral joint. Synovial fluid was evaluated at 0, six, 12, 24 and 48 hours post-operative. RESULTS: The use of CO2 for arthroscopy causes an acute and mild synovitis alike to the liquid capsular distension, showing similar synovial fluid increase of leukocytes, TP, and TNF-α. Although synovial fluid PGE2 content was higher in joints submitted to CO2 distension, lower levels of hemoglobin and leukocytes oxidative burst after surgery indicates that CO2 arthroscopy decreased intra-articular bleeding and activation of infiltrating leukocytes. CONCLUSIONS: The use of CO2 for arthroscopic examination causes acute and mild synovitis that is similar to the effects caused by the liquid capsular distension. CO2 also seems to decrease intra-articular bleeding and activation of leukocytes.OBJETIVO: Avaliar comparativamente a resposta inflamatória decorrente da distensão líquida ou gasosa em cavalos submetidos ao exame artroscópico. MÉTODOS: Cada animal foi submetido a uma artroscopia bilateral tarsocrural empregando uma distensão com gás em uma articulação e líquido na articulação contralateral. O líquido sinovial foi avaliado as zero, seis, 12, 24 e 48 horas do pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: A utilização de CO2 para a artroscopia provoca uma sinovite aguda e leve tal como a distensão capsular por líquido, mostrando um aumento similar de leucócitos, TP (proteína total) e TNF-a. Embora no líquido sinovial a quantidade de PGE2 tenha sido maior nas articulações submetidas à distensão por CO2, níveis mais baixos de hemoglobina e explosão oxidativa de leucócitos após a cirurgia indica que a artroscopia com CO2 diminuiu o sangramento intra-articular e ativação de leucócitos. CONCLUSÕES: A utilização de CO2 para exame artroscópico provoca uma sinovite aguda e leve que são semelhantes aos efeitos causados pela distensão capsular por líquido. O CO2 também parece diminuir o sangramento intra-articular e a ativação de leucócitos.

The outcome of the interaction between Biomphalaria and Schistosoma mansoni depends on the response of the host internal defence system (IDS) and the escape mechanisms of the parasite. The aim of this study was to evaluate the responsiveness of the IDS (haemocytes and soluble haemolymph factors) of resistant and susceptible Biomphalaria tenagophila lineages and Biomphalaria glabrata lineages in the presence of in vitro-transformed primary sporocysts and secondary sporocysts obtained from infected B. glabrata. To do this, we assayed the cellular adhesion index (CAI), analysed viability/mortality, used fluorescent markers to evaluate the tegumental damage and transplanted secondary sporocysts. B. tenagophila Taim was more effective against primary and secondary sporocystes than the susceptible lineage and B. glabrata. Compared with secondary sporocysts exposed to B. tenagophila, primary sporocysts showed a higher CAI, a greater percentage of dead sporocysts and were labelled by lectin from Glycine max and Alexa-Fluor 488 fluorescent probes at a higher rate than the secondary sporocysts. However, the two B. tenagophila lineages showed no cercarial shedding after inoculation with secondary sporocysts. Our hypothesis that secondary sporocysts can escape the B. tenagophila IDS cannot be confirmed by the transplantation experiments. These data suggest that there are additional mechanisms involved in the lower susceptibilty of B. tenagophila to S. mansoni infection.

Gaseous N losses from soil are considerable, resulting mostly from ammonia volatilization linked to agricultural activities such as pasture fertilization. The use of simple and accessible measurement methods of such losses is fundamental in the evaluation of the N cycle in agricultural systems. The purpose of this study was to evaluate quantification methods of NH3 volatilization from fertilized surface soil with urea, with minimal influence on the volatilization processes. The greenhouse experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with 13 treatments and five replications, with the following treatments: (1) Polyurethane foam (density 20 kg m-3) with phosphoric acid solution absorber (foam absorber), installed 1, 5, 10 and 20 cm above the soil surface; (2) Paper filter with sulfuric acid solution absorber (paper absorber, 1, 5, 10 and 20 cm above the soil surface); (3) Sulfuric acid solution absorber (1, 5 and 10 cm above the soil surface); (4) Semi-open static collector; (5) 15N balance (control). The foam absorber placed 1 cm above the soil surface estimated the real daily rate of loss and accumulated loss of NH3N and proved efficient in capturing NH3 volatized from urea-treated soil. The estimates based on acid absorbers 1, 5 and 10 cm above the soil surface and paper absorbers 1 and 5 cm above the soil surface were only realistic for accumulated N-NH3 losses. Foam absorbers can be indicated to quantify accumulated and daily rates of NH3 volatilization losses similarly to an open static chamber, making calibration equations or correction factors unnecessary.

Here, we observed the uptake of membrane-impermeant molecules by cercariae as they penetrate the skin and are transformed into schistosomula. We propose that membrane-impermeant molecules, Lucifer Yellow, Propidium iodide and Hoechst 33258 enter the parasite through both thenephridiopore and the surface membrane and then diffuse throughout the body of the parasite. We present a hypothesis that the internal cells of the body of the schistosomulum represent a new host-parasite interface, at which skin-derived growth factors may stimulate receptors on internal membranes during transformation of the cercariae into the schistosomulum.

Avaliaram-se os efeitos de dietas com níveis crescentes de milho em grão moído (0, 22, 37 e 49% na MS) em substituição ao feno de coast-cross mantendo-se diferentes relações proteína:carboidratos não-fibrosos (PB:CNF = 1,01; 0,39; 0,33 e 0,27) sobre o metabolismo ruminal de búfalos. Utilizaram-se quatro búfalos fistulados no rúmen, mantidos em delineamento quadrado latino 4 × 4, para a coleta de amostras do líquido ruminal, colhidas em cada período experimental (de 28 dias) nos tempos 0, 2, 4 e 8 horas após a alimentação. Em geral, os bubalinos apresentaram boa capacidade tamponante no rúmen, com pH médio alto (6,70) e aumento da ingestão de milho em grão moído. O acréscimo nos níveis de milho na dieta promoveu aumento da produção de ácido butírico. Somente a dieta com 49% de milho promoveu melhor fermentação ruminal, com menor propoção de ácidos acético:propiônico. A relação PB:CNF de 1,01 indica deficiência de energia da dieta disponível para microrganismos no rúmen ao longo do dia, enquanto dietas com PB:CNF entre 0,39 e 0,27 promovem fermentações ruminais semelhantes, o que indica sincronismo na utilização de nitrogênio e energia pelos microrganismos no rúmen nessas condições.The effects of diets with increasing ground corn grain levels (0, 22, 37 and 49% in the dry matter) substituting coast-cross hay, with different protein:non-fibrous carbohydrate ratios (CP:NFC = 1.01; 0.39; 0.33 and 0.27) were assessed on buffalo ruminal metabolism. Four rumen fistulated buffaloes were used kept in a 4 × 4 latin square design, to collect liquid ruminal samples, collected in each experimental period (28 days) at 0, 2, 4 and 8 hours after feeding. In general, the buffalo presented good buffering capacity in the rumen, with high mean pH (6.70) and increase in ground corn intake. The increase in the corn levels in the diet resulted in increased butyric acid production. Only the diet with 49% corn showed better ruminal fermentation, with a small proportion of acetic:propionic acids. The CP:NFC ratio of 1.01 indicated energy deficiency in the diet available for microorganisms in the rumen throughout the day, although the diets with CP:NFC between 0.39 and 0.27 resulted in similar ruminal fermentations, that indicated synchronization in nitrogen and energy use by the rumen microorganisms under these conditions.

The antischistosomal activity of clonazepam, when administered alone or in association with oxamniquine and praziquantel, was experimentally evaluated in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. The animals were treated 45 days post-infection with a single dose, by oral route, according to three treatment schedules: clonazepam 25 mg/kg and sacrificed 15 min, 1h or 4 h after treatment; clonazepam 1.0, 2.5 or 10.0 mg/kg and sacrificed 15 days post-treatment or with the dose of 10 mg/kg in association with oxamniquine 50 mg/kg or praziquantel 200 mg/kg, single dose, orally, every schedule with a control group. The efficacy of the drugs in vivo was assessed by means of worm counts and their distribution in mesentery and liver, mortality and oogram changes. In the chemotherapeutic schedules used, clonazepam did not present antischistosomal activity and the result of the association of this drug with oxamniquine or praziquantel was not significantly different from the one obtained when these two last drugs were administered alone. In the in vitro experiments, the worms exposed to 0.6 mg/mL clonazepam remained motionless throughout the 8-day-period of observation, without egg-laying, whereas the worms of the control group showed normal movements, egg-laying and hatching of miracidia on the last day of observation. The results obtained in the present study confirm the action of clonazepam on S. mansoni adult worm, in vitro, causing total paralysis of males and females. However, no additive or synergistic effects were observed when clonazepam were used in association with oxamniquine or praziquantel.

The activity of lovastatin associated with oxamniquine or praziquantel against schistosomiasis mansoni was evaluated in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Forty days after infection, mice were treated with lovastatin, 400 mg/kg for five consecutive days by oral route, and on the last day of this sequence with 50 mg/kg oxamniquine or with 200 mg/kg praziquantel, both by oral route, single dose. Fifteen days later, the animals were perfused in parallel with an untreated control group. Studies were carried out in vitro, using lovastatin in culture medium containing S. mansoni worms proceeding from experimentally infected mice. In the in vivo trials, the association of lovastatin with oxamniquine or praziquantel did not show any additive action, but there were oogram changes when lovastatin was associated with oxamniquine. In vitro lovastatin was able to interrupt the maturation of S. mansoni eggs, which remained at the 1st or 2nd stages, depending on the dose used. The total number of morphologically dead eggs found in culture of worms exposed to 2 µg/ml or 4 µg/ml concentrations of lovastatin was significantly higher than the number of viable eggs. Using the probe Hoescht 33258 it was observed that 70% of the eggs considered morphologically viable in the treated groups (against 16% in the control group) were labeled, indicating that the majority of the viable eggs had membrane permeability increased due to lovastatin action.

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and P. lutzii are etiologic agents of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), an important endemic mycosis in Latin America. During its evolution, these fungi have developed characteristics and mechanisms that allow their growth in adverse conditions within their host through which they efficiently cause disease. This process is multi-factorial and involves host-pathogen interactions, as well as fungal virulence and host immune response. In this review, we demonstrated the glycoproteins and polysaccharides network, which composes the cell wall of Paracoccidioides, important for the change of conidia or mycelial (26oC) to parasitic yeast (37oC). The morphological switch, a mechanism for the pathogen to adapt and thrive inside the host, is obligatory for the establishment of the infection and seems to be related to pathogenicity. One of the most important steps during the interaction with the host is the adhesion. Cell surface proteins called adhesins, responsible for the first contact with host cells, contribute to host colonization and invasion by mediating this process. These fungi also present the capacity to form biofilm and through which they may evade the host’s immune system. Paracoccidioides spp. interact with different host cell types and has the ability to modulate the host’s adaptive and/or innate immune response. In addition, it participates and interferes in the coagulation system and phenomena like cytoskeletal rearrangement and apoptosis. In recent years, Paracoccidioides spp. have had their endemic areas expanding in correlation with the expansion of agriculture. In response, several studies were developed to understand the infection using in vitro and in vivo systems, including alternative non-mammal models. Moreover, new advances were made in treating these infections using both well-established and new antifungal agents. These included natural and/or derivate synthetic substances as well as vaccines, peptides, and anti-adhesins sera. Because of all the advances in the PCM study, this review has the objective to summarize all of the recent discoveries on Paracoccidioides¬-host interaction, with particular emphasis on fungi surface proteins (molecules that play a fundamental role in the adhesion and/or dissemination of the fungi to host-cells), as well as advances in the treatment of PCM with new and well-established antifungal agents and approaches.

Members of the Paracoccidioides genus are dimorphic fungi that are the etiologic agents of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). This genus is composed of two species: Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides lutzii. The correct molecular taxonomic classification of these fungi has created new opportunities for studying and understanding their relationships with their hosts. Paracoccidioides spp. have features that permit their growth under adverse conditions, enable them to adhere to and invade host tissues and may contribute to disease development. Cell wall proteins called adhesins facilitate adhesion and are capable of mediating fungi-host interactions during infection. This study aimed to evaluate the adhesion profile of two species of the genus Paracoccidioides, to analyze the expression of adhesin-encoding genes by real-time PCR and to relate these results to the virulence of the species, as assessed using a survival curve in mice and in Galleria mellonella after blocking the adhesins. A high level of heterogeneity was observed in adhesion and adhesin expression, showing that the 14-3-3 and enolase molecules are the most highly expressed adhesins during interactions between the pathogen and the host. Additionally, a survival curve revealed a correlation between the adhesion rate and survival, with P. brasiliensis showing higher adhesion and adhesin expression levels and greater virulence when compared with P. lutzii. After blocking 14-3-3 and enolase adhesins, we observed modifications in the virulence of these two species, revealing the importance of these molecules during the pathogenesis of members of the Paracoccidioides genus. These results revealed new insights into the host-pathogen interactions of this genus and may enhance our understanding of different isolates that could be useful for the treatment of this mycosis.

O avanço tecnológico apresentado pela pecuária brasileira nos últimos anos trouxe muitos benefícios sociais e econômicos. Porém, junto a esse desenvolvimento são originados sérios problemas ambientais em virtude das grandes quantidades de dejetos que, muitas vezes, são direcionados de forma equivocada em lavouras como adubos e fertilizantes orgânicos, ocasionando diversos tipos de poluição na água, no solo e na atmosfera. Assim, este trabalho buscou, por meio da pesquisa bibliográfica, analisar quais são os incentivos e as políticas públicas existentes no Brasil e no Estado de Minas Gerais para o tratamento da problemática em torno dos dejetos de bovinos de leite, por este estado ter o maior plantel leiteiro do país. Concluiu-se que há ações e esforços realizados pelo Governo Federal e pelo Governo Estadual de Minas Gerais, principalmente, as iniciativas estaduais para a melhoria da competitividade da cadeia produtiva de leite. Contudo, identificou-se uma lacuna entre essas iniciativas estaduais para a produção de leite e os programas governamentais para o tratamento dos dejetos gerados na pecuária leiteira.