Search

Objetivo: avaliar o efeito da adição de erva-mate micronizada (EMM) sobre a composição físico-química e parâmetros oxidativos de fishburgueres armazenados sob congelamento por 12 meses. Método: Foram elaboradas cinco formulações de fishburgueres: 0%EMM (controle), 0,5%EMM (adição de 0,5% EMM), 1%EMM (adição de 1,0% EMM), 1,5%EMM (adição de 1,5% EMM) e 2,0%EMM (adição de 2,0% EMM). As amostras foram avaliadas quanto aos teores de matéria seca, matéria mineral, proteína bruta e gordura; além de pH, bases nitrogenadas voláteis totais, concentração de peróxidos e substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS). Resultados: Em relação à composição físico-química, matéria seca, cinzas e proteína bruta não diferiram estatisticamente (p>0,05) entre as formulações elaboradas. O teor lipídico foi significativamente maior (p0,05) entre as formulações. O valor mais elevado de BNVT foi observado na formulação 0,5%EMM, seguido da formulação controle, que não diferiu em relação às formulações contendo 1,0%, 1,5% e 2,0%EMM. A menor concentração de peróxidos foi encontrada na formulação 1,0%EMM, enquanto a maior concentração foi constatada na amostra com inclusão de 2,0% de EMM. Os menores valores de TBARS foram encontrados nos fishburgueres com 1,0% e 2,0% de EMM. Conclusão: A adição de EMM tem potencial para a estabilização de parâmetros oxidativos em fishburgueres, ao reduzir a formação de produtos secundários da oxidação lipídica durante o armazenamento sob congelamento por 12 meses.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of maize (Zea mays L.) carbohydrate contents and the estimates of milk production on different storage periods. The experimental design was co...

Grape pomace, the main winemaking by-product of the wine chain generated after the pressing of grapes in the production of white wine and/or after the fermentation stage in red winemaking. Grape pomace is rich in phenolic compounds, which possess several physiological effects, directly linked to their pharmacological, technological, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Here we address the most relevant techniques to extract and conserve phenolic compounds and reuse grape pomace. Specifically, in this review we discuss the importance of the extractive technologies applied to grape pomace that make up the principles of green chemistry such as supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity (MHG), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), pulsed electric field (PEF), and ohmic heating (OH) for food industry as they are environmental-friendly processes more ecologic, economic and innovative. These techniques show benefits like reduction at the extraction time, number of unit operations, energy consumption, environmental impacts, economical costs, quantity of solvent and waste production, aiming to guarantee safe and quality extracts and/or products. Summed to the green extraction methods the microencapsulation technologies spray drying, spray cooling, lyophilization, extrusion, and coacervation can be applied to the obtained extracts to improve their shelf life, giving a wider and more sustainable use of them. Therefore, here we address the importance of reusing and valuing grape pomace, as well as describing extractive technologies that make up the principles of green chemistry and show a wide range of alternatives for preserving these compounds, sensitive to heat, light and oxygen through microencapsulation techniques.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the partial replacement of the protein of fish meal by the protein from the intermediate residue of rice ethanol distilleries in the proportions of 0%, 25...

Dietary fibers are formed by non-starch polysaccharides as cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, gums, mucilages, β-glucans, among others. These constituents have prebiotic properties and are therefore not digested in the gut, reaching intact in the colon and altering the microflora of the colon. In developing, beneficial microflora produces physiological effects capable of improving the life of the host. Thus, the knowledge of the biological and functional properties of dietary fibers has led to the development of methods of obtaining these compounds for possible use in animal nutrition. Then, this study aimed to obtain dietary fiber concentrates (DFC) from different agro-industrial sources and evaluate their respective chemical composition and physicochemical properties. The DFC - mucilage, pectin, and βglucan + mannan (βG+M) were obtained from linseed, citrus pulp, and brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), respectively, through different physicochemical processes. The chemical composition revealed that the predominant component in all DFC were dietary fiber and the insoluble fraction. The DFC that obtained most extraction yield was βG+M (19.81% ± 8.54), followed by pectin (14.54% ± 2.72), and mucilage (7.18% ± 1.54). The mucilage and pectin composition have greater monosaccharide diversity since the βG+M consisted primarily of mannose (74.5%) and glucose (24.3%). The pectin showed numerically lower hydration capacity than the other DFC. For the oil binding ability, all DFC had similar values. In this study, the DFC presented nutritional and technological characteristics that indicate potential application of the agro-industrial sources as a prebiotic for fish supplementation. As fibras alimentares são formadas por polissacarídeos não amiláceos como celulose, hemicelulose, pectinas, gomas, mucilagens, β-glicanos, entre outros. Estes constituintes têm propriedades prebióticas e, portanto, não são digeridos no intestino, atingindo intactos e alterando a microflora do cólon. Quando desenvolvida, a microflora benéfica produz efeitos fisiológicos capazes de melhorar a vida do hospedeiro. Desta forma, o conhecimento das propriedades biológicas e funcionais das fibras alimentares levou ao desenvolvimento de métodos de obtenção desses compostos para possível uso em nutrição animal. Logo, o presente estudo teve como objetivo a obtenção de Concentrados de Fibras Alimentares (CFAs) a partir de diferentes fontes agroindustrial e avaliar suas respectivas composição química e propriedades físico-químicas. O CFAs (mucilagem, pectina e βglicana + manana (βG+M)) foram obtidos a partir da linhaça, polpa cítrica e levedura de cervejaria (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), respectivamente, através de diferentes processos físico-químicos. A composição química revelou que o componente predominante em todos os CFAs foram fibra alimentar e a fração insolúvel. O CFA que obteve maior rendimento de extração foi βG+M (19.81% ± 8.54), seguido pela pectina (14.54% ± 2.72), e mucilagem (7.18% ± 1.54). A composição da mucilagem e pectina tiveram maior diversidade de monossacarídeos, uma vez que a βG+M consistiu principalmente de manose (74.5%) e glicose (24.3%). A pectina apresentou numericamente menor capacidade de hidratação que os demais CFAs. Para acapacidade de ligação ao óleo, todos os CFAs apresentaram valores similares. Neste estudo, os CFAs apresentaram características nutricional e tecnológica que indicaram potencial de aplicação das fontes agroindustrial como um prebiótico para a suplementação de peixes.

Macrófitas aquáticas como a Azolla caroliniana podem ser incluídas na dieta de peixes pois constituem fonte de nutrientes (proteínas, aminoácidos, minerais, lipídios, frações da parede celular e polifenóis) que podem atuar como suplemento alimentar. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar dois níveis de inclusão de A. caroliniana em dietas para carpa comum avaliando parâmetros de desempenho zootécnico e índices somáticos nos peixes. Foram utilizados 72 juvenis de carpa comum distribuídos aleatoriamente em 9 tanques-rede de 0,227 m3. Os juvenis foram alimentados durante cinco semanas com as dietas controle (sem inclusão de A. caroliniana) e dietas com inclusão de 5 ou 10% de A. caroliniana. Ao final deste período, o peso final, comprimento total final, fator de condição e conversão alimentar aparente dos juvenis não diferiram entre os tratamentos. Porém, o ganho médio diário (P=0,048), ganho em peso relativo (P=0,012) e taxa de crescimento específico (P=0,011) foram superiores nos tratamentos controle (26,2; 31,3 e 24,5%, respectivamente) e com inclusão de 5% de A. caroliniana (44,8; 49,5 e 37,7%, respectivamente) em relação àqueles alimentados com 10% de A. caroliniana na dieta. Em relação aos índices somáticos não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos, para nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados. Assim, devido ao alto teor de fibra insolúvel presente nesta macrófita, recomenda-se que seja incluída em no máximo 5% da dieta de carpa comum para não prejudicar o desempenho animal.

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of micronization of granulometrically fractioned olive pomace (OP) on the content of extractable polyphenols (EPP), non-extractable polyphenols (NEPP) and its antioxidant capacity. Crude OP was separated in 2-mm sieve, resulting in two fractions: F1 (> 2 mm) and F2 (

Background The linseed fractionation was performed in laboratory scale to obtain concentrated protein and fiber fractions. Three methods were tested to obtain the linseed protein concentrate (LPC). The isoelectric pH method was more efficient in increase the protein content and also provided higher yield. In the fractions obtained, the chemical composition (dry matter, ash, lipids, crude protein, total dietary fiber, calcium and phosphorus), total phenolic compounds and the physical-chemical properties were evaluated. The profile of amino acids was determined for linseed meal and LPC, and the profile of monosaccharides was evaluated for linseed grain, soluble and insoluble fractions of the fiber. Results The results indicated that the protein concentration method by isoelectric pH improved the amino acidic profile and in vitro digestibility of LPC. The fractioning of the linseed fiber was efficient, since the soluble fiber of the soluble fraction corresponded to 675 g/kg. The separation of the fiber from the linseed concentrated the phenolic compounds in the insoluble fraction. Linseed grain there was a higher concentration of glucose, followed by xylose, galacturonic acid and arabinose. The same monosaccharides were identified in the insoluble fraction, with the exception of arabinose. In the soluble fraction, higher levels of xylose were found, followed by glucose, galacturonic acid and arabinose. Conclusion The present study allows us to conclude that it is possible to separate the linseed into different fractions, obtaining a protection concentrate and fibers. The inclusion of these products in animal feed needs to be evaluated to determine levels of acceptance. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The effect of micronization of granulometrically fractionated olive pomace (OP) on the bioaccessibility of polyphenols and the antioxidant capacity was investigated during sequential in vitro static digestion. Crude OP was fractionated in a 2-mm sieve (F1:2 mm; F2:2 mm) and then micronized (300 r min

The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical, microbiological, sensory and meat quality characteristics of grumatã fillets after different depuration (0, 48, 72 and 96 h) periods and frozen storage (0, 2, 4 and 6 months). The fish collected in a dam were distributed in tanks at a density of 3.8 kg m3 -1. After depuration periods, all fish were filleted and the fillet samples stored (−18 °C) until analyses. Lower fat content was found in fish submitted to depuration for 48 and 96 h compared to the non-depurated and those depurated for 72 h. Muscle protein was preserved in 48 and 96 h treatments. Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, coliforms at 45 °C and Salmonella spp. were not observed in the fillets, but aerobic mesophilic microorganisms and coliforms at 35 ºC were detected. Sensory analysis showed no significant differences in appearance, colour, texture, flavour attributes and overall acceptance. During frozen storage, pH, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), peroxide and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values were evaluated in fillet samples every two months. The pH values increased up to four months of storage. The TVB-N values ranged in fillets from fish depurated for 48 and 96 h. Peroxide values increased from the fourth month of storage, with the highest values observed in the sixth month. For TBARS values, increased values were found in fillets from non-depurated fish and lower values in other depuration periods. Thus, depuration is more efficient in maintaining the quality of grumatã fillets in frozen storage. Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as características físico-químicas, microbiológicas, sensoriais e de qualidade de carne de filés de grumatã após diferentes períodos de depuração (0, 48, 72 e 96 h) e congelamento (0, 2, 4 e 6 meses). Os peixes coletados em barragem foram distribuídos em tanques em uma densidade de 3,8 Kg m3 -1. Após os períodos de depuração todos os peixes foram filetados e as amostras de filé foram estocadas (-18°C) até serem analisadas. Menor conteúdo de gordura foi encontrado nos peixes submetidos a depuração por 48 e 96 h comparado aqueles não depurados e depurados por 72 h. Proteína muscular foi preservada nos tratamentos 48 e 96 h. Staphylococcus coagulase-positiva, coliformes a 45ºC e Salmonella spp. não foram observados nos filés, mas microorganismos mesófilos aeróbios e coliformes a 35ºC foram encontrados. A análise sensorial não demonstrou diferenças significativas nos atributos aparência, cor, textura, sabor e aceitação global. Durante o congelamento, os valores de pH, Bases Nitrogenadas Voláteis Totais (BVNT), peróxidos e Substâncias Reativas ao Ácido Tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) foram avaliados em amostras de filé a cada dois meses. Os valores de pH aumentaram após quatro meses de estocagem. Os valores de BVNT variaram nos filés dos peixes depurados por 48 e 96 h. Os valores de peróxidos aumentaram a partir do quarto mês de congelamento e no sexto mês os valores mais altos foram observados. Para TBARS, valores altos foram encontrados em filés de peixes não depurados e menores valores nos tratamentos depurados. Assim, a depuração mostrou ser mais eficiente para manter a qualidade de filés de grumatã armazenados congelados.

Response surface methodology was used to determine optimum conditions for extraction of protein from pumpkin seed meal. A central composite rotational design (CCRD) including independent variables such, pH and sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) content was used. Maximum yield was obtained at a central point of CCRD, with STMP content and pH of 4% and 4.5, respectively. These conditions resulted in protein yield of 50.04 g of soluble protein from extract/100 g pumpkin seed. The optimization of pH and STMP content allowed obtaining a product with a high protein concentration (62.56 g 100 g-1), digestibility (62.03 g 100 g-1) and concentration of essential amino acids (27.26 g 100 g-1). Regarding the polyphenols concentration, phosphorylated protein concentrate from pumpkin seed and the pumpkin seed meal presented 13.11 g 100 g-1 and 23.19 g 100 g-1, respectively. The adequacy of the model was confirmed by extracting the protein under optimum values. These results help in designing the process of optimal protein extraction from pumpkin seeds.

Food processing has been gradually adopting the use of clean technologies that aim to minimize the generation of by-products. The use of winemaking by-products for the extraction of phenolic compounds is still incipient due to the lack of fast and efficient techniques. Thus, the aim of this study was to use the Microwave Hydrodiffusion and Gravity (MHG) technique to extract phenolic compounds from a winemaking by-product, the grape pomace (GP). The phenolic content of the extracts was analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Physicochemical and antioxidant properties were evaluated in the MHG extracts and in the GP before and after (co-product - CP) extraction. The GP had significant antioxidant properties and good yields in operating conditions of 2 W/g. Hydroxybenzoic acid, procyanidins, flavan-3-ols, and one flavanol were the phenolic compounds identified. The CP maintained the physicochemical and antioxidant properties similar to the GP.

The objective of this study was to evaluate growth and metabolic parameters of silver catfish fed with protein concentrates of sunflower meal (SMPC) and crambe meal (CrMPC). The study evaluated two levels of substitution, where 25 or 50% of animal protein was replaced with plant-based protein. A total of 300 silver catfish (14 ± 0.26 g) were used in five treatments and three replications, in fifteen 280-liter experimental units. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and the means of the control diet was compared to the remaining treatments by Dunnett’s test at 5% significance level. At the end of the trial, no differences were observed for the variables final weight and daily weight gain. However, minor feed conversion was observed in the groups Control and SMPC-25%. Metabolic parameters were analyzed in the plasma and liver, where no significant differences were found for any of the blood parameters analyzed. In the analyzed liver parameters (ammonia, protein, amino acids and ALAT), the liver protein content was lower in fish consuming SMPC-50%, CrMPC-50% and 25% CrMPC diets. The amino acids content was higher in fish receiving the SMPC-25% diet. It can be concluded that sunflower meal protein concentrate is better utilized by fish and more efficient metabolically than crambe meal. This study demonstrated that a newly developed protein concentrate SMPC and CrMPC can effectively replace 25% and 50% the animal protein in a diet free of FM.

The present study evaluated the incorporation of 5, 7.5, and 10% of Riesling skin flour (RSF) and Tannat skin flour (TSF) as wheat flour replacement in muffins. The flour was evaluated for gluten content and Alveograph parameters. The finished products were evaluated for chemical composition and technological properties, and a sensory analysis was performed. All samples presented higher dietary fiber content than wheat flour, and this was mainly in the form of soluble dietary fiber. The inclusion of grape skin flour decreased the lightness of the flour and increased the lightness values (L*) of the muffin crumbs and crusts. The hardness of the muffins that incorporated RSF and TSF muffins increased as the percentage of the skin flour increased. There was a decrease in the cohesiveness value as the skin flour percentage increased. Consumers did not perceive the levels of substitution. The results of the sensory analysis indicated that grape skin can be added to the ingredients of muffins without ch...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of micronization of granulometrically separated olive pomace fractions on dietary fiber composition, technological and functional properties. OP was separated in a 2-mm sieve, resulting in: F1 (>2 mm) and F2 (

In this study, the effects of micronization of grape pomace (GP) and fiber concentrate from GP (FC-GP) on dietary fiber fractions, physicochemical properties, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity were evaluated. A factorial design with two independent variables (22) – rotational speed and milling time – was used to determine the best milling conditions to enhance the soluble dietary fiber (SDF) content. Constituents of insoluble dietary fiber, such as cellulose and lignin, were broken down and the content decreased after milling, resulting in increased SDF content, which indicates fiber compound redistribution. Ball milling had a significant effect on reducing the particle size, as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, FT-IR spectra revealed changes in typical absorption bands of polysaccharides. After milling, powder solubility increased and water holding, oil and cation binding capacities decreased. Furthermore, micronization enhanced phenolic compound extraction, mainly catechin and epicatechin, and the antioxidant capacity evaluated by ABTS and ORAC assays. The results obtained indicate that micronization modifies the dietary fiber composition of GP, increasing possibilities for use as a functional ingredient in the food industry.

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing fish meal with pumpkin seed meal (PSM) or phosphorylated protein concentrate of pumpkin seed meal (PPCPS) on growth and metabolic responses of silver catfish. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated. Control diet contained fish meal as the main protein source. The treatment groups contained 25 and 50% of either PSM or PPCPS protein replaced the fishmeal protein. A total of 400 silver catfish, with initial mean weight of 24 ± 0.46 g, were distributed into 20 tanks. For data four orthogonal contrasts were applied: control diet versus PSM diets; control diets versus PPCPS diets; control versus other diets; PSM diets versus PPCPS diets. The results indicated that the fish fed PSM diets had lower weight gain when compared to either control diet or PPCPS. The PPCPS do not affect growth and protein efficiency ratio. Lower albumin contents were found for the control diet fish for the contrasts control diet versus PPCPS diet and control diet versus other diets. The hepatic ALAT enzyme activity was higher in the fish fed the control diet (P < 0.05). The hepatic ALP was most active in fish that received the PPCPS diets, when comparing control diet versus PPCPS diets and control diet versus other diets. The hepatosomatic index was higher for fish fed the PPCPS. Our results indicated that PPCPS presents relevant nutritional quality for fish and can replace the fish meal protein up to 50% without affecting growth, PER and intermediate metabolites in silver catfish.

Este estudo avaliou o crescimento e efeitos metabolicos da substituicao parcial da fonte proteica de origem animal pelos farelos de linhaca in natura (FL) e demucilada (FLD) na dieta de juvenis de jundia (Rhamdia quelen). Apos a demucilagem, os niveis de proteina bruta aumentaram e houve reducao da fibra soluvel do farelo de linhaca. Durante sete semanas, 240 juvenis de jundia foram criados em sistema de recirculacao de agua e alimentados ate a saciedade aparente com as seguintes dietas: dieta controle (farinha de carne e ossos e concentrado proteico de soja como as principais fontes proteicas); 17%FL (17% da proteina bruta do farelo de linhaca em substituicao da farinha de carne e ossos); 17% FLD (17% da proteina bruta do farelo de linhaca demucilada em substituicao da farinha de carne e ossos); 35%FLD (35% da proteina bruta do farelo de linhaca demucilada em substituicao da farinha de carne e ossos). Ao final do experimento, peso e comprimento total e padrao nao diferiram entre os tratamentos, porem menores valores de conversao alimentar foram encontrados no grupo controle. Em relacao as repostas metabolicas, os animais alimentados com 35%FLD apresentaram maiores niveis de glicose e colesterol no plasma, porem triglicerideos, albumina, proteinas totais e os parâmetros bioquimicos do figado (glicogenio, glicose, lactato, proteina, aminoacidos, amonia) nao foram alterados entre os tratamentos. Os resultados demonstraram que tanto o farelo de linhaca in natura como o demucilado podem ser utilizados na dieta de jundias sem comprometer os parâmetros metabolicos e de peso final.

The purpose of this study was to develop and improve protein concentration techniques for two industrial by-products with the potential for use in fish feed. In particular, we chemically characterized crambe meal and sunflower meal and their protein concentrates. Three different protein concentration methods were tested: isoelectric pH (pHi), acid pH and alkaline pH. For crambe and sunflower meals extraction using the pHi method was most efficient in terms of protein yield and crude protein content in the concentrates; this method also increased lysine and methionine content in the concentrates. The water holding capacity of the sunflower protein concentrate was greater than that of the crambe protein concentrate. The crambe protein concentrate had a foam-formation capacity of 15%, which stabilized at 6% after 90 minutes. The protein concentration method also reduced total phenolic content by approximately 50% in the concentrates compared with the meals. Therefore, we conclude that protein concentration using the pHi method is the most efficient technique for crambe and sunflower meals, and the use of this technique can decrease total phenolic compounds while improving meal quality for fish feeding.

The effect storage time at different temperatures (0.5, 20 and 35 °C) was periodically evaluated in regard to the chemical composition, elongation capacity and viscoamylographic properties of three irrigated rice varieties (BR-IRGA 410, IRGA 416 and IRGA 417) during 180 days. The alterations in the components of the polished grains were significant (P < 0.05) for the content of ash, phenolic compounds, amylose and resistant starch, with increments in the found values, mainly after longer periods and at higher storage temperatures. The experiment variables (irrigated rice variety, temperature and storage time) in the elongation parameters of the grains influenced significantly (P < 0.01), with expressive increases during the storage at 35 °C and the viscoamylographic properties, in other words, observed greater viscosity, resistance to breakdown and setback for the samples with higher content of amylose stored during storage at 35 °C. The alterations in the components of the grains, when significant (P < 0.05), were quite discreet and do not direct related to the significant alterations (P O efeito do tempo de armazenamento em diferentes temperaturas (0,5; 20 e 35°C) foi avaliado sobre a composição química, capacidade de elongação e propriedades viscoamilográficas de três variedades de arroz irrigado (BR-IRGA 410, IRGA 416 e IRGA 417), durante 180 dias. As alterações nos componentes dos grãos polidos foram significativas (P

Resumo Este estudo propôs caracterizar a farinha de casca de uva (FCU) e o efeito de sua inclusão em snack extrusado no que diz respeito aos parâmetros nutricionais, tecnológicos e sensoriais. Para a obtenção da farinha de casca de uva, foi utilizado bagaço de uva da cultivar Marselan (Vitis vinifera) proveniente do processo de vinificação. O bagaço in natura foi seco em estufa de circulação de ar a 55 °C por 24 horas. A separação das cascas e sementes foi realizada com auxílio de peneiras de 3 mm e 2 mm, sendo o resíduo posteriormente moído em micromoinho a 27.000 rpm (partículas < 1 mm) e armazenado a –18 °C. A farinha de casca de uva obtida foi submetida às análises de composição química (umidade, cinzas, proteína, lipídeos, fibra alimentar total e carboidratos, pH, compostos fenólicos e cor). A FCU foi incluída na formulação de snacks extrusados nas concentrações de 9% e 18%, em substituição à farinha de milho, representando 5% e 10% de fibra, respectivamente, os quais foram avaliados quanto à cor, textura e aceitação sensorial. Realizaram-se as determinações microbiológicas de coliformes a 45 °C e Salmonella nas formulações de snack extrusado. Fibra (58,01%), carboidratos (17,62%) e cinzas (12,46%) foram os principais constituintes da farinha de casca de uva, a qual teve pH de 3,51. Resveratrol (6,14 mg.g–1), luteolina (5,16 mg.g–1) e kaempferol (3,01 mg.g–1) foram os compostos fenólicos detectados em maior quantidade na FCU, indicando presença de antioxidantes na farinha. A formulação de snack contendo 9% (5% fibra) de FCU apresentou melhores resultados de aceitação com relação aos atributos cor, aroma e textura, comparada à formulação de snack padrão. Pelo enriquecimento nutricional (fibras e fitoquímicos) e por agregar valor ao resíduo agroindustrial descartado pelas vinícolas, a adição de FCU em snacks extrusados é viável e bastante interessante. Summary This study aimed to characterize grape skin flour (GSF) and the effect of its inclusion in an extruded snack, with regard to the nutritional, technological and sensory parameters. Grape pomace from the cultivar Marselan (Vitis vinifera), obtained during the winemaking process, was used to obtain the grape skin flour. The in natura pomace was dried in a forced air oven at 55 °C for 24 hours. The skins were separated from the seeds using 2 mm and 3 mm sieves, and the skins subsequently ground in a micro mill at 27.000 rpm (particles < 1 mm) and stored at –18 °C. The grape skin flour obtained was submitted to a chemical analysis (moisture, ash, protein, lipids, total dietary fibre, carbohydrates, pH, phenolic compounds and colour). The GSF was included in the formulation of an extruded snack at levels of 9% and 18%, substituting the corn flour, representing 5% and 10% fibre, respectively. The snacks were evaluated for colour, texture and acceptance. A microbiological analysis for coliforms at 45 °C and Salmonella was carried out on the test formulations. Fibre (58.01%), ash (12.46%) and carbohydrates (17.62%) were the main constituents of the grape skin flour, which had a pH value of 3.51. The phenolic compounds resveratrol (6.14 mg.g–1), luteolin (5.16 mg.g–1) and kaempferol (3.01 mg.g–1) were detected in the largest amounts in the GSF, indicating the presence of antioxidants in the flour. The snack containing 9% (5% fibre) of GSF showed the best results for acceptance with respect to the attributes of colour, aroma and texture as compared to the standard snack. The addition of GSF to extruded snacks is feasible and of interest due to its nutritional enrichment (fibre and phytochemicals) and aggregation of value to a byproduct discarded by wineries.

The effect storage time at different temperatures (0.5, 20 and 35 °C) was periodically evaluated in regard to the chemical composition, elongation capacity and viscoamylographic properties of three irrigated rice varieties (BR-IRGA 410, IRGA 416 and IRGA 417) during 180 days. The alterations in the components of the polished grains were significant ( P < 0.05) for the content of ash, phenolic compounds, amylose and resistant starch, with increments in the found values, mainly after longer periods and at higher storage temperatures. The experiment variables (irrigated rice variety, temperature and storage time) in the elongation parameters of the grains influenced significantly ( P < 0.01), with expressive increases during the storage at 35 °C and the viscoamylographic properties, in other words, observed greater viscosity, resistance to breakdown and setback for the samples with higher content of amylose stored during storage at 35 °C. The alterations in the components of the grains, when significant ( P < 0.05), were quite discreet and do not direct related to the significant alterations ( P

Dietary fiber plays an important physiological role, which is directly linked to its physicochemical properties, water-holding, oil-binding, and cation-exchange capacities. These properties can be altered by employing enzymatic, mechanical, and physical processes. Enzymatic and chemical processes require solvents and special conditions that make it unfeasible to use. Thus, the use of physical methods, such as micronization and extrusion, make promising options to change the physicochemical properties of dietary fiber. In this way, this review aimed to approach relevant information about the use of physical processes, specifically micronization and extrusion, for this purpose. Furthermore, conceptual aspects, such as definition, classification, and properties of dietary fiber and mainly characteristics about the micronization and extrusion processes, are reported. Micronization and extrusion are based on the decrease of the particle size to a micro scale and on the combination of high temperature, mechanical shearing and pressure, respectively. Applying these methods, modifications on the food matrix occurred by increasing the surface area and disruption of the glycosidic bonds. Consequently, there is a change in physicochemical properties of dietary fiber, which predict the physiological effect associated with dietary fiber consumption, such as decrease in blood cholesterol and glucose levels and improvement of intestinal transit. Moreover, these changes increase the bio accessibility of bioactive compounds present in the food matrix and improve the antioxidant capacity of products.