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Con el avance de la pandemia por COVID-19, la aparición de pacientes con un segundo episodio confirmado por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa, con transcripción inversa (rt-PCR) compatible con reinfección, puso de manifiesto la falta de recomendaciones para su abordaje.Presentamos un estudio descriptivo multicéntrico retro-prospectivo de una serie de doce casos atendidos entre el 01/06/2020 y el 20/10/2020. En la misma, diez casos presentaron el segundo episodio en un período de tiempo menor a 90 días. Por su complejidad, la confirmación de una reinfección no está al alcance en la práctica diaria. Esto requiere de estudios que incluyan comparaciones genómicas de cepas virales involucradas en ambos episodios, determinación de la infectividad del ARN por cultivo viral y análisis molecular. Es necesario establecer definiciones operativas y algoritmos clínicos para la atención de los segundos episodios.

Investigations on the application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to the construction sector have shown that the environmental impact of construction products can be significantly reduced. To achieve this, the use of best available techniques and eco-innovation in production plants must be promoted. In this way, the use of finite natural resources can be replaced by waste generated in other production processes, preferably available locally, stimulating the creation of more sustainable products. Conducting a comparative LCA study between the traditional ceramic brick manufacturing process and the ceramic brick manufacturing process incorporating ‘alperujo’ (waste generated in the virgin oil extraction process), is an inevitable step to achieve the integration of circularity and eco-innovation in the production system of traditional ceramic materials, through the CML(Centrum voor Milieukunde Leiden) and IPCC(The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) methodology. The obtained results suggest that the environmental benefits in this practice are very limited, even taking into account the contribution of different amounts of this waste to the production of bricks.

El vóley playa es un deporte que implica una alta exposición solar al ser unapráctica al aire libre. El objetivo es conocer las características clínicas, el conocimientoy prácticas acerca de la exposición solar en los jugadores de vóley playa.Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional y transversal. La muestra fueron70 participantes del Campeonato de España Universitario del 2019. Los resultadosindican que, el 58,6% presentó una quemadura solar en el año previo y, el 19,5%,presentó 3 quemaduras en ese mismo año. Destaca en frecuencia mayor al 50% delas veces, el empleo de gafas de sol, utilización de cremas con FPS>15 y la búsquedade sombra. La escasez de medidas de protección solar produce un alto índice dequemaduras solares. Estudiar los conocimientos y prácticas de protección solar denuestros jóvenes, nos permitiría incidir y prevenir futuras consecuencias del dañoacumulativo de la radiación solar.

This work describes a study on the incorporation of waterborne fluoropolymer dispersions into paint formulations to act as a film forming binder for matting purposes. The waterborne fluoropolymer dispersions were prepared employing miniemulsion polymerization, reaching concentrations of 80–100 wt% of the fluorinated polymer in the backbone. Afterwards, different pigmented paints were prepared using the waterborne fluoropolymers as self-matting co-binders. Different strategies were used to incorporate the waterborne fluoropolymers into the paint formulation, which also included the partial substitution of commercial matting agents. The pigmented paints were applied onto different substrates and the matting efficiency evaluated. The results clearly showed that these waterborne fluoropolymers can be used as an alternative replacement for commercial matting agents, while adding value to the coating by offering enhanced hydrophobicity as compared to regular acrylic binders.

The preparation of superhydrophobic coatings with good mechanical properties from waterborne dispersions is reported. This goal is achieved combining a high solids fractal dispersion of a hard and hydrophobic polymer and a film forming polymer dispersion (not necessarily hydrophobic) in a dual-casting strategy. The coatings are superhydrophobic (water contact angle > 150°) and oleophobic (olive oil contact angle = 120°). The mechanical strength was demonstrated by means of scrub resistance tests. The approach meets the requirements of the industrial coatings as it uses environmentally friendly waterborne polymer dispersions that can be produced in high tonnage and can be easily applied to large and irregular surfaces forming cohesive, non-porous and mechanically resistant coatings. In addition, no special preparation of the substrate is needed.

This study analyzes the absorption of pure carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions of mixtures of di-isopropanolamine (DIPA) and triethanolamine (TEA). A stirred tank batch reactor was used with a known flat interface area. The variables considered were temperature within the range 288–313 K and concentration in the interval 5–20% (in weight), being DIPA/TEA relations 75/25, 50/50, and 25/75. The temperature control for the DIPA/TEA 75/25, 50/50, 25/75 systems in the absorption experiments, at all the concentrations and temperatures assayed, showed no differences between that of the liquid phase with respect to the operation, implying that the processes occurred under isothermal conditions. The results show that for the DIPA/TEA 75/25 CO2 was absorbed in a moderately fast reaction regime, following a second-order reaction for the total alkanolamine and a first-order reaction for the CO2, whereas for the DIPA/TEA 50/50 and 25/75 systems the process followed first-order kinetics with respect to CO2 and the mixture of alkanolamines, in a moderately fast reaction regime.

Aqueous secondary and tertiary alkanolamine mixtures are novel absorbents for carbon dioxide removal. This study evaluates the CO 2 absorption by aqueous mixtures of diisopropanolamine (DIPA) and triethanolamine (TEA) in a bubble column reactor considering the influence of the mixture composition, gas flow rate and time on the hydrodynamic parameters, reaction mechanism and mass transfer coefficient. The nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) was performed to evaluate the possible synergic effects produced by the use of this alkanolamine mixture. The gas flow rates were 18, 30 y 40 L h −1 and the total concentration of the mixtures was 10% of total weight, varying the proportions of DIPA and TEA. The composition of the mixtures (corresponding to the 10% of amine)was varied over the entire composition range.

Background Although both hospitalization and mortality due to heart failure (HF) have been widely studied, less is known about the impact of HF on disability and quality of life. Aim To assess the degree of disability and quality of life in HF patients attended at family medicine centres. Design and setting Cross-sectional study of a cohort of HF patients attended at family medicine centres. Methods Disability was assessed with the WHODAS 2 questionnaire, which provides a global and six domain scores that is understanding and communication, getting around, self-care, getting along with people, life activities and participation in society. Quality of life was assessed with the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire, which furnishes a global and two domain scores, physical and emotional. Results A breakdown of the results showed that 28% of patients had moderate disability and 16.7% had severe disability, with the most important areas affected being: life activities, 8.9% extreme disability and 30.3% severe disability; getting around, 34.6% severe disability and 2% extreme disability; and participation in society, 53.3% moderate-severe disability. Quality of life was mildly affected. New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Classification and sex were the major determinants of disability and quality of life. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists were associated with better scores in the “getting around” and “life activity” domains. Conclusion HF patients in primary care show an important degree of disability and an acceptable quality of life.

The carbon dioxide absorption process by aqueous mixtures of 1-amine-2-propanol (MIPA) with triethanolamine (TEA) in a bubble column reactor was analyzed under different points of view. The influence of the gas flow rate, time, and mixture composition on the hydrodynamic parameters, reaction mechanism, and mass transfer of carbon dioxide removal was studied. These studies searched possible synergic effects in these important items, which could modify the behavior of individual amines and improve the overall absorption rate. Several changes in the relative importance of different reactions involved in the chemical absorption were checked using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. An enhancement in the mass-transfer coefficient was also observed for these amine mixtures.

The carbon dioxide absorption process by 1-amino-2-propanol (MIPA) and bis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine (DIPA) aqueous solutions in bubble column reactor have been studied considering the influence of liquid phase physical properties and the amine group substitution on the overall process. The main objective of this work was to establish the carbon dioxide capture reaction mechanism for these systems, and then to obtain the predominant stoichiometry to calculate the mass transfer coefficient. NMR technique was used to determine the species present in the liquid phase during the absorption process and to confirm the reaction mechanism. The degradation of these amines was also evaluated.

The carbon dioxide absorption process by triethanolamine aqueous solutions was analyzed in a bubble-column reactor taking into account the chemical reaction mechanism, gas-liquid interfacial area, and mass transfer rate. A speciation study of this gas-liquid system was developed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy in order to obtain the reaction mechanism and stoichiometry. The gas-liquid interfacial area was evaluated considering the variations of bubble size distribution and gas holdup during the operation time. The liquid-phase mass transfer coefficient was calculated from the carbon dioxide absorption rate data by interfacial area evolution and reaction stoichiometry.

The influence of a gas-liquid chemical reaction on the interfacial area produced in a contactor is analyzed. Two different amines were used to capture carbon dioxide by chemical absorption. The effects of the operation time, the amine used, the concentration interval, and the gas flow rate on typical hydrodynamic parameters used in bubble columns such as the gas holdup and the Sauter mean diameter were investigated. These parameters were used to determine the interfacial area value. Significant influences on the gas-liquid interfacial area were detected, mainly caused by the reaction rate intensity, the physicochemical properties of the liquid phase, and the gas flow rate fed to the contactor.

The present work analyzes and compares the carbon dioxide absorption process in aqueous solutions of different amines (MEA, monoethanolamine; DEA, diethanolamine; TEA, triethanolamine). This study evaluates the influence of the reagents nature upon absorption using a semicontinuous regime in a bubble contactor. 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been used to analyze species (reagents and/or products) in the reaction medium. In this way, the influence of the amino group substitution degree and carbon dioxide loading upon the chemical absorption mechanism were analyzed.

Experimental data of density, viscosity, speed of sound, surface tension and refractive index for binary mixtures of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone with diethanolamine (or triethanolamine) were measured over the entire composition range and for temperatures included between (293.15 and 323.15) K. The effects of mixture composition and temperature, upon these physical properties previously commented, were studied. Different models have been used to fit experimental values of these properties. Derived properties such as excess molar volume, isentropic compressibility and isentropic compressibility excess were calculated. Also, excess molar volumes dependence on composition was fitted using a Redlich–Kister type equation.

Fractal colloids, which find applications in the preparation of advanced materials, are currently synthesized by means of a multistep procedure that yields a low solids content dispersion. This is not well suited for certain applications such as superhydrophobic coatings. In this work, a one-step method for the synthesis of higher solids content waterborne fractal polymer dispersions is presented and it is shown that the surfaces obtained from the fractal dispersions are superhydrophobic (contact angle, θ > 150°) which is beyond the current waterborne coating technology (θ = 130°-137°). This opens the possibility for the large-scale production of waterborne superhydrophobic coatings.

Coatings have a tremendous impact on economy as they reduce corrosion that has an estimated cost of 3% of the world’s GDP. Hydrophobic coatings are particularly efficient for this purpose and the challenge is to produce cost effective and environmentally friendly, highly hydrophobic, cohesive and non-porous coatings applicable to large and irregular surfaces. This work shows that this goal can be achieved by forming wrinkles on the surface of waterborne coatings through fine-tuning of the film forming conditions. The proof of concept was demonstrated by using waterborne dispersions of copolymers of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl acrylate and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, and using the temperature and hardness of the copolymer as control variables during film formation. This allowed the formation of transparent films with a wrinkled surface that had a contact angle of 133°, which represents an increase of 20° with respect to the film cast under standard conditions.

This work reports on the formation of highly hydrophobic coatings from waterborne latexes able to form films at ambient temperature. The contact angle of film forming copolymers of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and perfluorodecyl acrylate (PFDA) was limited to 114° because flat surfaces were obtained. Attempts to increase the roughness of the film using blends of film-forming latexes with the latex of PFDA homopolymer (which is not film forming) were not successful under regular casting conditions because the PFDA particles accumulated at the film–substrate interface. Film formation engineering allowed modifying the morphology of the film obtaining a contact angle of 137°.

The process of pure CO2 absorption by aqueous solutions of 2-methyl-amino-ethanol (MAE) has been studied in relation to the thermal effects of the operation. This study evaluates the consequences of heat effects during absorption and chemical reaction. The experiments were performed in a stirred tank reactor operated in batches with respect to the gas–liquid phases, having a plane interfacial area. The working variables considered were the alkanolamine concentration within the interval 0.1–2.0 kmol/m3 and the temperature in the range 288–313 K. From the results, it is deduced that the CO2 absorption at high pressures in aqueous MAE solutions, occur in the instantaneous reaction regime with high interface temperature. An expression is proposed to relate the experimental results to the initial concentration of alkanolamine and at the same time enable the determination of the interfacial temperature (Ts). In relation to temperature in the bulk liquid phase (TB), increases (Ts – TB) close to 43 K were determi...

The density, speed of sound, refractive index, and viscosity of ternary systems formed by 1-amino-2-propanol (MIPA) {or bis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine (DIPA)} + triethanolamine (TEA) + water were determined at several temperatures from T = (288.15 to 333.15) K. The ternary systems analyzed in present work use different total amine concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 % (in volume), and the ratio between amine concentrations, in the nonaqueous fraction, was varied in the entire composition range. The excess volume was determined using the density experimental data for each mixture taking into account the DIPA melting point.

The density, speed of sound, refractive index, viscosity, and surface tension values of binary mixtures formed by N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) + 1-amino-2-propanol (MIPA) {or bis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine (DIPA)} were determined at several temperatures from (293.15 to 323.15) K. The excess volumes were determined using the density values, and the calculated data have been fitted with a Redlich–Kister equation.

Aim: To evaluate the effect of supplementing a hypocaloric diet with mandarin juice, a food with a high content of antioxidants (vitamin C, flavonoids and carotenoids), on biomarkers of oxidant/antioxidant status of severe obese children. Methods: Forty obese children were randomized into two groups pair-wise in a 4-week controlled intervention study. Both groups followed a hypocaloric diet. One group received additionally a supplementation of 500 mL of 100% mandarin juice daily. Clinical data, anthropometry, dietary intake and fasting blood samples were collected at baseline and after the intervention. Lipid peroxidation was assessed by circulating levels of malondialdehyde, and protein oxidation was determined by the concentration of plasma carbonyl groups. The antioxidant defence was evaluated by red cell-reduced glutathione and plasma levels of α-tocopherol and vitamin C. Results: The supplemented group experienced a decrease in the levels of malondialdehyde (−9.6%, p = 0.014) and carbonyl groups (−36.1%, p = 0.006) and an increase in antioxidants (α-tocopherol +16.1%, p = 0.006, glutathione +36.1%, p

We assessed the influence of alcohol-free beer on factors implicated in atherosclerosis, such as lipid profile, oxidative stress parameters, and proinflammatory cytokines, in postmenopausal women, a population particularly at risk for atherosclerotic disease.The study was carried out in 29 nuns, 58 to 73 y old, who live in a convent with a disciplined, regular, and homogeneous lifestyle. The nuns maintained their habits and diet routine, but their meals were supplemented with 500 mL/d of alcohol-free beer (0.0%) divided into two doses over a 45-d period. Lipid profile, inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, interleukins 1 and 6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and parameters of oxidative metabolism were determined before and after the study period.There were no differences in the levels of C-reactive protein and proinflammatory cytokines after diet supplementation. The antibody titers to oxidized low-density lipoprotein were significant lower (P0.05), and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (-18%, P0.001) and plasma carbonyl group content (-21%, P0.001) were decreased when compared with initial values. Increases in alpha-tocopherol levels (+9%, P0.05) and erythrocytic glutathione levels (+29%, P0.001) were also noted. With respect to lipid profile, only subjects with cholesterol levels higher than 240 mg/dL showed lower levels after supplementation.Consumption of non-alcoholic beer produces a decrease in oxidative stress that can have a beneficial impact on cardiovascular risk; however, the circulating concentrations of inflammatory mediators involved in its pathophysiology remained unchanged.

Background: Oxidative stress has been linked to such degenerative diseases as atherosclerosis, and it has been suggested that increased dietary intake of antioxidants may reduce its progression. Objective: To determine the effect of mandarin juice consumption on biomarkers related to oxidative stress in hypercholesterolemic children. Materials and Methods: The diet of 48 children with plasma cholesterol >200 mg/dL and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol >130 mg/dL was supplemented for 28 days with 500 mL/day of pure (100%) mandarin juice (Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan.). The composition of the mandarin juice was analyzed, and its antioxidant antiradical activity was evaluated in vitro. Malondialdehyde, carbonyl groups, vitamins E and C, erythrocyte-reduced glutathione, and plasma lipids were measured at the onset and at the end of the supplementation period. The paired Student t test was used to compare values before and after supplementation. Results: Mandarin juice exerted a strong antioxidant effect mainly due to its high hydroxyl activity and, to a lesser extent, to its superoxide scavenger activity. At the end of the study, levels of the plasma biomarkers of oxidative stress were significantly decreased (malondialdehyde � 7.4%, carbonyl groups � 29.1%, P < 0.01), whereas the plasma antioxidants vitamin E and C (13.5%, P < 0.001 and 68.2%, P < 0.00001, respectively) and intraerythrocyte glutathione level (36.7%, P < 0.00001) were significantly increased. Plasma lipids and antibodies to oxidized low-density lipoproteins remained unchanged. Conclusions: Regular ingestion of mandarin juice significantly reduces plasma biomarkers of lipid and protein oxidation and enhances the antioxidant status of consumers. JPGN 47:349– 355, 2008. Key Words: Antioxidants—Cholesterol—Citrus juice—Oxidative stress. # 2008 by European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition

[EN] The effect of a product made of dehydrated apples enriched with mandarin juice by vacuum impregnation on markers of oxidative stress (plasma antioxidant capacity, carbonyl groups (CGs), 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8OHdG) and alpha-tocopherol) was tested in rats. Six groups of animals were studied: one group was fed a standard diet; two groups were supplemented with dehydrated apple either impregnated or not with mandarin juice throughout 28 days; and three groups (one unsupplemented and two supplemented) were additionally treated with tamoxifen (TAM) for 21 days used for induction of oxidative stress. The rats treated with TAM showed an increase in aminotransferases, CGs and 8OHdG. All of these effects were significantly decreased in the animals after apple snack consumption; the addition of mandarin juice into the apple mainly accounts for increased levels of alpha-tocopherol in plasma and liver. These findings suggest that the food product have a protective action against oxidative stress induced by TAM in rats., We appreciate the support of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion of Spain for its contribution through project PET2008_0015.

After delivery and birth, mothers and neonates are exposed to oxidative stress. We tested whether supplementing the diet of breastfeeding mothers with non-alcoholic beer, a product rich in antioxidants, could improve their oxidative status and the antioxidant content of their milk. A prospective trial begun on Day 2 postpartum was conducted in mother-infant dyads.Sixty breastfeeding mothers and their infants were allocated to either a control group (n=30) on a free diet or a study group (n=30) on a free diet supplemented with 660 mL of non-alcoholic beer/day. The oxidative status of the mothers' breastmilk, plasma, and urine and the infant's urine was analyzed on Days 2 and 30 postpartum. The before-after difference was compared within and between the groups.The increase in antioxidant capacity and coenzyme Q10 content in the breastmilk of the study group at Day 30 was higher than in that of the control group (p0.001). There was also a change in the oxidative status of the mothers' plasma in the supplemented group regarding the control group; higher values of total antioxidant capacity (p0.05) and lower levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (p0.05), indicative of DNA oxidative damage, were found. These results indicate a positive effect of non-alcoholic beer supplementation on oxidative stress in mothers. However, no difference in oxidant markers was found in the infant's urine.The consumption of non-alcoholic beer appears to enhance the antioxidant capacity of breastmilk and decrease oxidative damage in breastfeeding mothers.

J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Cruz Carreno, Antonio Torres, Javier Gomez, Jose Luis Balibrea and Ana Lopez Calatayud, Mar Cordoba, Florentino Hernando, Piedad Ussetti, Ana Gomez, Maria Jose Ramon Nunez, Andres Varela, Francisco del Rio, Pablo Gamez, Joaquin donors who died out of hospital Bipulmonary transplants with lungs obtained from two non–heart-beating http://jtcs.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/127/1/297 located on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is