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The study looked for the impact caused by a treadmill running test on different biomarkers, changes in the cardiovascular system, and correlation between IL-12 and performance. The heatmap showed a correlation of 1.0 (P = 0.00278) between IL-12 and VO2 in the respiratory compensation time and of 0.943 (P = 0 .0167) between pre-exercise IL-12 and the time to reach maximal effort, with the same correlation coefficient and P-value between pre-exercise IL-12 and the distance covered, and pre-exercise IL-12 and the test time. Post-exercise IL-12 presented a correlation coefficient of 0.9 (P = 0.0167) with the heart rate of the respiratory compensation point. A breakpoint for both the double product and heart rate was observed between minutes 2 and 3 of the test, both measurements being more acute than the anaerobic threshold and the respiratory compensation point, and even that breakpoint for systolic blood pressure. The average percentage change in heart rate and the double product obtained the same value (213%). In treadmill running tests with incremental load, the heart rate breakpoint and the double product are the most sensitive and acute markers of the stress level, and the production of IL-12 depends on the intensity and duration of the exercise, which may correlate with performance.

The present study aimed to investigate the possible correlations between the cytokine and adipokine Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha with parameters of body composition and lipid metabolism in young, high-level athletes after an incremental treadmill test observed in a sample of five individuals, male, high-level running athletes who the difficulty of treating large databases with different individuals, multiple biomarkers, and collection times, in addition to physical parameters and sample characteristics, added to the decrease in new findings induced by the application of statistical tools of univariate analysis, indicate the need to apply exploratory machine learning strategies, generating holistic and integrated analysis of the results. The present study showed a negative correlation between TNF and HDL and a similarity between the same TNF and LDL. These findings do not indicate a cause-and-effect relationship but suggest a possible modulation of the immune system, lipid metabolism, and exercise that requires further investigation.

The Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment analyzes the health and quality of life of the elderly. Basic and instrumental daily activities may be compromised due to neuroimmunoendocrine changes, and studies suggest that possible immunological changes occur during infections in the elderly. Thus, this study aimed to analyze cytokine and melatonin levels in serum and correlate the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment in elderly patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The sample consisted of 73 elderly individuals, 43 of whom were without infection and 30 of whom had positive diagnoses of COVID-19. Blood samples were collected to quantify cytokines by flow cytometry and melatonin by ELISA. In addition, structured and validated questionnaires were applied to assess basic (Katz) and instrumental (Lawton and Brody) activities. There was an increase in IL-6, IL-17, and melatonin in the group of elderly individuals with infection. In addition, a positive correlation was observed between melatonin and IL-6 and IL-17 in elderly patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, there was a reduction in the score of the Lawton and Brody Scale in the infected elderly. These data suggest that the melatonin hormone and inflammatory cytokines are altered in the serum of the elderly with SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, there is a degree of dependence, mainly regarding the performance of daily instrumental activities, in the elderly. The considerable impact on the elderly person’s ability to perform everyday tasks necessary for independent living is an extremely important result, and changes in cytokines and melatonin probably are associated with alterations in these daily activities of the elderly.