Search

Numerous medications are used for the preventive treatment of chronic migraine (CM), including oral treatments, onabotulinumtoxinA (onabotA; BOTOX), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Despite substantial clinical trial evidence, less is published about the real-world experience of these treatments based on data routinely collected from a variety of sources. This systematic review assessed real-world evidence on the effectiveness and safety of preventive treatments for CM in adults.A systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane library with back-referencing and supplementary searches retrieved data published between January 2010 and February 2020. Publications were screened, extracted, and quality assessed. Data were narratively synthesized. Search criteria included preventive medications for CM. Evidence was available for topiramate, onabotulinumtoxinA, CGRP mAbs (erenumab, galcanezumab, and fremanezumab). OnabotulinumtoxinA was most commonly assessed (55 studies), followed by erenumab (six studies), multiple CGRP mAbs (one study), and topiramate (one study). Long-term data ( 1 year) were available for onabotulinumtoxinA only, with erenumab reported up 6 months, topiramate up to 3 months, and multiple CGRP mAbs up to 12 months.Substantial data demonstrated that onabotulinumtoxinA reduces the number/frequency of headaches, concomitant acute medication use, and impact of headaches on well-being and daily activity. More limited evidence showed benefits for the same parameters with erenumab. Single studies suggested topiramate and multiple CGRP mAbs decrease the number/frequency of headaches and impact of headaches. To date, onabotulinumtoxinA is the only preventive treatment for CM that has long-term safety data in real-world settings reporting treatment-related adverse events of up to 3 years.While substantial real-world evidence supports the long-term effectiveness and safety of onabotulinumtoxinA, real-world data on other preventive treatments of CM are currently limited to short term effectiveness due to their more recent approvals.

This study examines the mediating role of two types of employee related behaviour, creativity and collegiality, in the association between the use of Snell’s (1992) three control types (i.e. input, behaviour, and output) with individual employee job performance and organisational performance. An online survey questionnaire was used to collect data, with 203 responses received from Australian lower-level managers. The findings reveal that while output controls influence both individual employee job performance and organisational performance directly, creativity and collegiality play significant roles in mediating the associations between input and behaviour controls with both individual employee job performance and organisational performance. Overall, the findings contribute to the MCS literature by providing an empirical insight into how the use of different types of controls can enhance specific aspects of performance, i.e. individual employee job performance, and organisational financial and non-financial performance, via employee related behaviour (creativity and collegiality). Such findings have important implications for practice.

PurposeThis study focuses on the role of green human resource management (GHRM) practices through providing an empirical insight into the mediating role of the use of environmental performance measures (EPMs) in the association between Simons’ (1995) positive levers of control (beliefs and the interactive use of controls) with environmental and organisational performance.Design/methodology/approachA survey questionnaire was distributed to 577 chief financial officers within Australian manufacturing organisations who were randomly chosen from the OneSource online database.FindingsThe use of operational EPMs is found to mediate the association between the use of the positive levers of control with two of the four dimensions of environmental performance (resource usage and stakeholder interaction), and non-financial performance (through stakeholder interaction). In addition, the use of management EPMs mediates the association between the use of the positive levers of control with the regulatory compliance dimension of environmental performance. The findings highlight the importance of GHRM practices, in particular, the need for managers to focus on the positive levers of control and using operational EPMs and management EPMs to a greater extent.Originality/valueThe study contributes to the limited empirical research examining GHRM practices, highlighting the importance of EPMs and integrating such measures with internal control mechanisms, specifically beliefs and the interactive use of controls.

Purpose This study uses the survey method to examine the associations between the three levels of environmental activity management (EAM) (environmental activity analysis, environmental activity cost analysis and environmental activity based costing) with environmental management systems (EMSs), and assesses the effectiveness of these EAM practices and EMSs by examining their associations with both environmental and financial performance. While this study is unable to assert causality, the findings provide an important insight into the need to integrate EMSs and EMA practices, specifically EAM. In addition, the findings provide an initial insight into the relationship between the extent of use of these practices and organisational performance (environmental and financial). Design/methodology/approach Data was collected using a mail survey of 659 manufacturing organisations identified from the Onesource on-line database. A total of 140 completed questionnaires were returned (21.2%), 72 (10.9%) following the initial mail-out, and a further 68 (10.3%) from the follow-up mail-out. Findings In respect to the association between EAM and EMSs, this study provides empirical evidence to support the integration of EAM practices with the use of EMSs, suggesting the relationships between the two is bi-directional. In respect to the association between EMSs with environmental and financial performance, while the extent of use of EMSs is not associated with financial performance, there is strong evidence supporting the positive association between EMSs with environmental performance. Further, while there are minimal results regarding the direct association between the three EAM practices and environmental performance, a cyclical relationship between EAM and financial performance is identified. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature by providing an empirical insight into the relationship between the extent of adoption of EMSs and the use of EMA. The focus on the relationship between EMSs and EMA is pertinent owing to the sparse research on EMA practices and the “importance of using such [EAM] practices and integrating them within the organisation rather than using them on an ad hoc basis” (Phan et al., 2018, p. 657). This study also contributes to the literature by examining the effectiveness of both practices in respect to their association with environmental and financial performance.

BACKGROUND: Nonadherence and nonpersistence to antidepressants in major depressive disorder (MDD) are common and associated with poor clinical and functional outcomes and increased health care reso...

Major depressive disorder, a highly prevalent mental health condition, can be challenging to treat.We aimed to characterize treatment patterns within and across multiple major depressive episodes in patients receiving treatment for major depressive disorder.Adults with newly diagnosed major depressive disorder and one or more major depressive episodes were identified using the IBMA total of 455,082 patients were included in the analysis. The majority of treatment regimens were monotherapy, which decreased with subsequent lines of therapy, while adjunctive treatments increased with subsequent lines of therapy. There were 1860 unique adjunctive regimens identified. Of the 40,315 patients (9%) who received adjunctive therapy, 8024 (20%; 2% of all patients) received atypical antipsychotic-adjunctive regimens. Only 19% of patients treated with atypical antipsychotic-adjunctive therapy discontinued treatment versus 42% of monotherapy-treated patients. On average, patients who received an adjunctive atypical antipsychotic received it as their third line of therapy and approximately 400 days after the initial antidepressant treatment.In this study, many patients continued monotherapy major depressive disorder regimens and experienced multiple treatment changes. Few patients were treated with adjunctive therapy. These results suggest underutilization of potentially effective treatments, which represents an opportunity to optimize the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder.

This study provides an empirical insight into the mediating role of the quality of performance appraisal systems, assessed using four quality dimensions (trust, clarity, communication and fairness), on the association between the level of employee empowerment of lower level managers and their performance, assessed in respect to their business unit’s performance. Data were collected from 203 Australian lower level managers using an online survey. The findings reveal that while employee empowerment is positively associated with all four dimensions of the quality of the performance appraisal system, one specific dimension, trust, mediates the association between employee empowerment and business unit performance. Specifically, trust is found to mediate the effect of employee empowerment on both financial and non-financial business unit performance. These findings highlight the importance of enhancing employee empowerment and improving the quality of performance appraisal systems, in particular the level of trust. This study provides an initial empirical insight into whether ‘real autonomy’ is provided by focusing on the extent to which empowerment extends to other aspects of employees’ organisational experience, specifically their performance appraisal system, and the subsequent impact on performance.

Background Hospitalizations for major depressive disorder (MDD) are a significant burden on patients, their families, and to healthcare systems. This study characterized the prevalence of MDD hospitalizations in the US and described clinical characteristics, treatment patterns, length of stay, costs, and MDD-related hospitalization readmissions. Methods A retrospective analysis of the Premier Perspective® Hospital Database was conducted using records of hospital admissions for MDD from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2015. To supplement this analysis, healthcare claims data from Truven MarketScan® Research Database were also evaluated between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2014. Results Among adult hospital stays in the Premier network, 1.3% included a primary diagnosis of MDD. The mean length of MDD-related stays was 6 days, with a mean total hospital charge per stay of $6713. Of those with hospital stays, 5.2% of patients had at least 1 readmission for MDD within 30 days of discharge. In the MarketScan database, 4% of adults with MDD had a MDD-related hospital stay, with a mean length of stay of 6 days and total reimbursed amount per stay of $8441. Of those with hospital stays, 5.4% had at least 1 readmission for MDD within 30 days. Limitations Results may not be generalizable to hospitals outside of those represented by these databases. Conclusions Adult MDD hospitalizations are costly and associated with high rates of readmission. There is a need for new treatments that may help reduce hospitalizations and costs related to hospitalizations in patients with MDD.

Aim: To assess the cost–effectiveness of onabotulinumtoxinA (onabotA), implantable sacral nerve stimulation devices, percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation, anticholinergic medications and mirabegron compared with best supportive care (BSC) for management of refractory overactive bladder (OAB). Methods: A Markov model was developed to compare the cost–effectiveness of treatment options with BSC over a 10-year time horizon. Resource utilization, discontinuation rates and costs were derived from unpublished and published sources. Quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and incremental cost–effectiveness ratios were reported. Results: Treatment with onabotA 100U produced the largest gain in QALYs (7.179) and lowest estimated incremental cost–effectiveness ratio ($32,680/QALY) of all assessed treatments compared with BSC. Conclusion: Compared with BSC, onabotA 100U was the most cost-effective treatment option for patients with refractory OAB.

This study examines the association between two aspects of HRM, the use of controls (beliefs, interactive, boundary, diagnostic) and the effectiveness of performance management systems (PMSs), whic...

This article examines the association between the extent of use of environmental performance measures (EPMs) (operational and management EPMs) and the purpose of using EPMs (for legitimacy,...

This study uses the mail survey approach to examine the association between four of the Organizational Culture Profile dimensions of O'Reilly et al. (1991) (teamwork, innovation, outcome orientation and attention to detail) and the adoption of environmental activity management (EAM). The findings indicate that three dimensions of organizational culture (teamwork, innovation and attention to detail) exhibit an association with specific dimensions of EAM. Specifically, teamwork is positively associated with the extent of use of environmental activity analysis, innovation is positively associated with the extent of use of both environmental activity cost analysis and environmental activity‐based costing (EABC) and attention to detail is positively associated with extent of use of EABC. The findings contribute to the contingency literature examining the factors influencing the adoption of environmental cost initiatives by providing managers with an insight into the organizational culture that is conducive to the implementation of EAM. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment

The objective of the study was to examine the influence of environmental commitment (general commitment and cost–benefit-based commitment) on the take-up of environmental management initiatives including Environmental Management Systems (EMSs) and Environmental Activity Management (EAM). A survey was distributed to 659 financial controllers and similarly titled employees in Australian manufacturing organisations. While general commitment was not found to be significantly associated with the take-up of both EMSs and EAM, cost–benefit-based commitment was identified as a significant factor affecting the take-up of EMSs and all three levels of EAM (environmental activity analysis, environmental activity cost analysis, and environmental activity-based costing). The findings provide practitioners with insights in respect to how they can endeavour to promote the take-up of environmental management initiatives via enhancing environmental commitment

Nocturia is considered to be a very bothersome lower urinary tract disorder. Yet, to date, the economic burden attributable to this poor health condition remains less well known.To compare differences in health care resource utilization (HCRU), health care costs, and work productivity in adult patients with differing frequencies of nocturia episodes (i.e.,2 vs. ≥ 2 nocturia episodes per night).Adult patients with nocturia enrolled in an integrated proprietary database were recruited to complete a survey on their demographics, nocturia characteristics, and work productivity. Using patients' survey data and health care claims from the previous 6 months, those with2 (n = 197; 21.9%) versus ≥ 2 (n = 702; 78.1%) nocturia episodes per night were compared for differences in HCRU, health care costs, and work productivity after adjusting for potential confounders. HCRU was reported as the mean number per patient per month (PPPM) for outpatient visits (all types), physician office visits, and prescriptions filled and the proportion of patients with ≥1 hospitalization or emergency department visit in the previous 6 months. Health care costs were reported as mean PPPM. Work productivity was assessed via patient survey and reported as a mean percentage for absenteeism, presenteeism, overall work impairment, and activity impairment during the past week.899 adult patients (mean age = 71.4 years; 57.2% men) were enrolled and analyzed. Compared with patients with2 nocturia episodes per night, patients with ≥ 2 nocturia episodes had more outpatient health care visits (unadjusted mean visits PPPM: 2.1 vs. 1.6;Study findings demonstrate that nocturia was associated with higher outpatient encounters and related costs in the presence of a greater occurrence of nocturic episodes.This study was funded by Allergan plc, Dublin, Ireland. Neither honoraria nor payments were provided for authorship. Dmochowski is a consultant and speaker for Allergan plc and a consultant for Serenity Pharmaceuticals. Brucker is a consultant and speaker for Allergan plc, a consultant for Watkins-Conti and Avadel, and an investigator for Medtronic and Ipsen. Cole is a consultant for Allergan plc and an employee of Sharp Rees-Stealy Medical Group. Kawahara and Pulicharam are full-time employees of DaVita Medical Group. Burk is a consultant for Allergan plc and a health outcomes consultant. Tung is an employee of Allergan plc. Hale has served as a consultant/advisor to and has received research funding from Allergan plc. The data from this manuscript were previously presented in poster format by Steve Kawahara at the Academy of Managed CareSpecialty Pharmacy Annual Meeting; April 19-22, 2016; San Francisco, CA.

BACKGROUND There is widespread evidence of the purported benefits of employee organizational commitment (EOC) and its impact on both individual and organizational performance. This study contributes to this literature by providing a unique insight into this relationship, focusing on the interrelationship between EOC with hospital performance and the role of the provision of adequate facilities in eliciting EOC. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to introduce and empirically examine a new theoretical model in which it is argued that the performance of hospitals with regard to the provision of adequate facilities (medical facilities, support facilities, and staff resources) influences the level of EOC, which in turn influences hospital performance with regard to patient care and operational effectiveness. METHODOLOGY/APPROACH To examine the interrelationships between the provision of adequate facilities, EOC, and hospital performance, the study utilizes a survey of hospital managers. RESULTS The findings support the theoretical model, with the provision of support facilities and staff resources positively indirectly associated with both patient care and operational effectiveness through their impact on EOC. CONCLUSION The findings highlight the importance of providing adequate facilities and EOC within hospitals and suggest that CEOs and general managers should try to enhance the provision of such resources in an attempt to elicit EOC within their hospitals. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The findings suggest that managers should try to enhance their provision of adequate facilities in order to elicit EOC and enhance hospital performance. With regard to medical facilities, they should consider and incorporate the latest technology and up-to-date equipment. They should also provide adequate staff resources, including appropriate numbers of beds, nurses, and doctors, to prevent "fatigue" (West, 2001, p. 41) and provide adequate support facilities.

Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a debilitating condition that affects up to 5% of the U.S.This condition is characterized by bladder pain, urinary urgency and frequency, nocturia, and, in some patients, bladder lesions called Hunner's lesions (HL). IC patients who have HL experience a clinical course that is distinct from those without HL and, as a result, respond differently to existing treatments. Without effective and lasting therapeutic options, IC patients are expected to experience a reduced quality of life and be a significant economic burden. Previous research describing the burden of IC is not only outdated but lacks stratification by HL.To (a) characterize health care utilization, direct costs, and comorbidities associated with IC and (b) elucidate differences between patients with and without HL.A retrospective analysis was conducted using health care claims from the Truven Health MarketScan Research Databases. Adults with an incident IC diagnosis between 2009 and 2014 were identified and matched 1:4 to non-IC patients on age, gender, and geographic region. Health care utilization, direct costs, and comorbidities during the first 12 months after diagnosis were compared between the 2 groups, as well as between IC subgroups with and without HL. Associations were evaluated after adjustment for potential confounders using regression models.A total of 24,836 IC patients were identified and matched to 99,344 non-IC patients. Patients were predominantly female (92%), with a mean age of 49.0 (SD = 15.3) years. IC patients used significantly more health care resources across all categories compared with non-IC patients. On average, having IC was associated with $7,223 higher total health care costs than not having IC (95% CI = $6,650-$7,796), with outpatient costs contributing to 71% of the difference, after adjusting for baseline age, gender, region, insurance type, plan type, and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score. The odds of developing select comorbidities were 2.61 times greater in IC patients compared with non-IC patients (95% CI = 2.52-2.70), adjusting for baseline age, sex, region, and CCI score. Among IC patients, the HL subgroup (n = 292) used more health care resources, and having HL was associated with $6,895 higher total health care costs compared with not having HL (95% CI = $3,770-$10,020) after adjusting for baseline age, gender, region, insurance type, and plan type.Findings suggest that patients with IC have significantly higher health care utilization, costs, and comorbidities compared with non-IC patients. This economic burden is further amplified in those with HL.Funding for this study was contributed by Allergan. Tung was supported by a training grant from Allergan at the time of this study. Hepp was an Allergan employee at the time this study was conducted. The other authors have nothing to disclose. This research was previously presented, in part, as a poster presentation at the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research 21st Annual International Meeting; Washington, DC; May 23, 2016. Study concept and design were primarily contributed by Hepp, along with Tung and Devine. Tung took the lead in data collection, with assistance from Hepp, and data interpretation was performed by Tung, along with Bansal and Devine. The manuscript was prepared primarily by Tung, along with Devine, Bansal, and Hepp.

This paper examines the adoption and effectiveness of environmental management initiatives. Specifically, it examines the association between the adoption of an environmental management system (EMS), both ISO14001-certified and non-certified, and the use of nine specific environmental management initiatives with environmental performance. Data were collected by mail survey questionnaire from a stratified random sample of 899 senior financial officers in Australian manufacturing organisations. The findings indicate that while organisations with an EMS achieved higher environmental performance, ISO14001 certification did not affect environmental performance. In addition, four environmental management initiatives were positively associated with environmental performance: having a documented plan of action for complying with relevant regulations; communicating documented procedures to employees; training employees to implement environmental procedures; and conducting internal and external audits to monitor th...

Objective To assess the effects of a maintenance program (monthly newsletters versus monthly group classes and telephone behavioral sessions) on obesity and metabolic disease risk at one year in overweight minority adolescents.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the association between the use of multidimensional performance measures and four organizational factors with the effectiveness of performance measurement systems (PMSs).Design/methodology/approachData were collected by mail survey questionnaire from a random sample of 455 senior financial officers in Australian manufacturing organizations.FindingsThe results reveal that the use of multidimensional performance measures is associated with two dimensions of the effectiveness of PMSs (performance and staff related outcomes). The results also reveal that organizational factors were associated with the effectiveness of PMSs. Specifically, top management support was found to be associated with the effectiveness of PMSs in respect to the performance related outcomes, and training was associated with the staff related outcomes.Practical implicationsThe findings provide managers with an insight into the desirable PMS characteristics and the specific organizational factors that they can focus on in order to enhance the effectiveness of their performance measurement system.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the limited empirical research examining the effectiveness of PMSs regarding the extent to which organizational processes are achieved. In addition, the study provides an empirical analysis of the association between the five perspective (financial, customer, internal business process, learning and growth, and sustainability) BSC model and four organizational factors with the effectiveness of PMSs.

This paper examines the relationship between specific organisational factors (top management support, training, employee participation, teamwork and the link of performance to rewards) with the effectiveness of environmental management. The effectiveness of environmental management is measured in respect of the effectiveness of environmental management processes and environmental performance. Data were collected by mail survey questionnaire from a random sample of 899 senior financial officers in Australian manufacturing organisations. The findings highlight the significance of the effectiveness of environmental management processes as an antecedent of environmental performance and a mediator of the relationship between organisational factors and environmental performance. The findings provide managers with an insight into the specific organisational factors that they need to focus on to enhance the effectiveness of environmental management.

Purpose: This study aimed to test the effects of a circuit training (CT; aerobic + strength training) program, with and without motivational interviewing (MI) behavioral therapy, on reducing adiposity and type 2 diabetes risk factors in Latina teenagers. Methods: Thirty-eight Latina adolescents (15.8 ± 1.1 yr) who are overweight/obese were randomly assigned to control (C; n = 12), CT (n = 14), or CT + MI (n = 12). The CT classes were held twice a week (60-90 min) for 16 wk. The CT + MI group also received individual or group MI sessions every other week. The following were measured before and after intervention: strength by one-repetition maximum; cardiorespiratory fitness (V?O2max) by submaximal treadmill test; physical activity by accelerometry; dietary intake by records; height, weight, waist circumference; total body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; visceral adipose tissue, subcutaneous adipose tissue, and hepatic fat fraction by magnetic resonance imaging; and glucose/insulin indices by fasting blood draw. Across-intervention group effects were tested using repeated-measures ANOVA with post hoc pairwise comparisons. Results: CT and CT + MI participants, compared with controls, significantly increased fitness (+16% and +15% vs -6%, P = 0.03) and leg press (+40% vs +20%, P = 0.007). Compared with controls, CT participants also decreased waist circumference (-3% vs +3%; P < 0.001), subcutaneous adipose tissue (-10% vs 8%, P = 0.04), visceral adipose tissue (-10% vs +6%, P = 0.05), fasting insulin (-24% vs +6%, P = 0.03), and insulin resistance (-21% vs -4%, P = 0.05). Conclusions: CT may be an effective starter program to reduce fat depots and improve insulin resistance in Latino youth who are overweight/obese, whereas the additional MI therapy showed no additive effect on these health outcomes

DAVIS, J. N., A. TUNG, S. S. CHAK, E. E. VENTURA, C. E. BYRD-WILLIAMS, K. E. ALEXANDER, C. J. LANE, M. J. WEIGENSBERG, D. SPRUIJT-METZ, and M. I. GORAN. Aerobic and Strength Training Reduces Adiposity in Overweight Latina Adolescents. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 41, No. 7, pp. 1494–1503, 2009. Purpose: To date, no study has examined the synergistic effects of a nutrition and combination of aerobic and strength training (CAST) on both adiposity and metabolic parameters in overweight Latina adolescent females. The goal was to assess if a 16-wk nutrition plus CAST pilot study had stronger effects on reducing adiposity and on improving glucose/insulin indices compared with control (C), nutrition only (N), and a nutrition plus strength training (N + ST) groups. Methods: In a 16-wk randomized trial, 41 overweight Latina girls (15.2 T 1.1 yr) were randomly assigned to C( n = 7), N (n = 10), N + ST (n = 9), or N + CAST (n = 15). All intervention groups received modified carbohydrate nutrition classes (once a week), whereas the N + ST also received strength training (twice a week) and the N + CAST received a combination of strength and aerobic training (twice a week). The following were measured before and after intervention: strength by one repetition maximum, physical activity by the 7-d accelerometry and the 3-d physical activity recall, dietary intake by 3-d records, body composition by dualenergy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), glucose/insulin indices by oral glucose tolerance test, and intravenous glucose tolerance test with minimal modeling. Across intervention group, effects were tested using ANCOVA with post hoc pairwise comparisons. Results: There were significant overall intervention effects for all adiposity measures (weight, body mass index [BMI], BMI z-scores, and DEXA total body fat), with a decrease of 3% in the N + CAST group compared with a 3% increase in the N + ST group (P e 0.05). There was also an intervention effect for fasting glucose with the N group increasing by 3% and the N + CAST group decreasing by 4% (P e 0.05). Conclusion: The CAST was more effective than nutrition alone or nutrition plus strength training for reducing multiple adiposity outcomes and fasting glucose in overweight Latina girls. However, further research investigating and identifying intervention approaches