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Background: Temporary foreign workers (TFWs) in Canada became the focus of public and media scrutiny in 2013 for allegedly replacing Canadian workers. One group of workers escaped the same scrutiny despite working in similar occupational categories—International Experience Canada (IEC) participants, primarily white, young workers from a variety of European countries, Australia, and New Zealand. Analysis: This article explores the significance of the spectre of whiteness to contemporary Canadian migration governance and employs critical discourse analysis, paying attention to the tone of select front-page coverage of the IEC program in two Canadian and two Irish news outlets. Conclusions and implications: The limited coverage of ethnically white IEC participants shielded them from the negative scrutiny experienced by racialized TFWs. “Irish” became a stand-in for the infinite variability of whiteness in Canadian nationhood.

The wellbeing of employees is a priority for modern businesses, who are attempting to provide work-life balance so that employees can balance their lives between work and home. There is a negative impact on employee welfare if there is an imbalance between personal and professional life. Unlike other industries, hotels are known for their in- depth service delivery which can lead to long working hours and over straining of employees. Hotel industry is packed with uncompromising professionalism, ambiguous daily roasters along with sudden work pressure which can lead to physical as well as mental stress. This can lead to acclimatization of your daily life and adjustments psychologically. The study included quantitative research techniques, and a simple random sampling technique was used whereby the participants were 81 working professionals who were single and, in a relationship, male and female, with and without children. According to our findings, women in the hotel industry are the most affected among the population. KEYWORDS; - work-life balance, hotel industry, employee satisfaction, women in hotel industry, hospitality sector

PurposeThe authors answer calls for research on the experiences of international professionals' career transitions by investigating how highly skilled immigrants make sense of their career changes in the host country's labor market.Design/methodology/approachThe authors report on a qualitative, inductive and elaborative study, drawing on sensemaking theories and career transitions literature and nine semi-structured reflective interviews with highly skilled Canadian immigrants.FindingsThe authors identified four career change narratives: mourning the past, accepting the present, recreating the past and starting fresh. These narratives are made sense of in a transnational context: participants contended with tensions between past, present and future careers and between relevant home and host country factors affecting their career decisions. Participants who were mourning the past or recreating the past identified more strongly with their home country professions and struggled to find resources in Canada. In accepting the present and starting fresh, participants leveraged host country networks to find career opportunities and establish themselves and their families in the new environment.Originality/valueA transnational ontology emphasizes that immigrants' lives are multifaceted and span multiple national contexts. The authors highlight how the tensions between the home and host country career contexts shape immigrants' sensemaking narratives of their international career change. The authors encourage scholars and practitioners to take a transnational contextual approach (spatial and temporal) to guide immigrants' career transitions and integration into the new social environment.

Options for nonsurgical facial rejuvenation treatment have increased significantly in both availability and popularity over the past two decades. However, there remains a paucity of clinical practice guidelines and evidence-based recommendations for these procedures. The purpose of this article is to assess the presence of current high-level research for various methods of nonsurgical facial rejuvenation using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Botulinum toxin injections remain the best-studied method, with several randomized controlled trials guiding recommendations for safety and efficacy. Several studies on injectable fillers document complications and recommendations to avoid these, but sample sizes are small and many are noncomparative. Deoxycholic acid has been well examined and Food and Drug Administration approved to address submental fat but has not been studied in other areas of the face. Although chemical peels, laser skin resurfacing, energy-based facial rejuvenation, microneedling, and platelet-rich plasma have a variety of facial rejuvenation applications with minimal side effect profiles, there is significant variability with treatment protocols, outcomes measures, and randomized controlled trials with extended follow-up to develop clinical practice guidelines.

PurposeDespite immigrant-receiving countries' need for skilled professionals to meet labour demands, research suggests that many skilled migrants undergo deskilling, downward career mobility, underemployment, unemployment and talent waste, finding themselves in low-skilled occupations that are not commensurate to their education and experience. Skilled immigrant women face additional gendered disadvantages, including a disproportionate domestic burden, interrupted careers and gender segmentation in occupations and organizations. This study explores how the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic impacted skilled newcomer women's labour market outcomes and work experiences.Design/methodology/approachThe authors draw on 50 in-depth questionnaires with skilled women to elaborate on their work experiences during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.FindingsThe pandemic pushed skilled immigrant women towards unemployment, lower-skilled or less stable employment. Most study participants had their career trajectory delayed, interrupted or reversed due to layoffs, decreased job opportunities and increased domestic burden. The pandemic's gendered nature and the reliance on work-from-home arrangements and online job search heightened immigrant women's challenges due to limited social support and increased family responsibilities.Originality/valueThis paper adds to the conversation of increased integration challenges under pandemic conditions by contextualizing the pre-pandemic literature on immigrant work integration to the pandemic environment. Also, this paper contributes a better understanding of the gender dynamics informing the COVID-19 socio-economic climate.

Objective CSF shunt placement is the primary therapy for hydrocephalus; however, shunt malfunctions remain common and lead to neurological deficits if missed. There is a lack of literature characterizing the epidemiology of children with possible shunt malfunctions presenting to United States emergency departments (EDs). Methods A retrospective study was conducted of the 2006-2017 National Emergency Department Sample. The data were queried using an exhaustive list of Current Procedural Terminology and International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision and International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes representing children with hydrocephalus diagnoses, diagnostic imaging for shunt malfunctions, and shunt-related surgical revision procedures. Results In 2017, there were an estimated 16,376 ED visits for suspected shunt malfunction. Children were more commonly male (57.9%), ages 0-4 years (42.2%), and publicly insured (55.8%). Many did not undergo diagnostic imaging (37.2%), and of those who did, most underwent head CT scans (43.7%). Between 2006 and 2017, pediatric ED visits for suspected shunt malfunction increased 18% (95% CI 12.1-23.8). The use of MRI increased substantially (178.0%, 95% CI 176.9-179.2). Visits resulting in discharge home from the ED increased by 76.3% (95% CI 73.1-79.4), and those involving no surgical intervention increased by 32.9% (95% CI 29.2-36.6). Conclusions Between 2006 and 2017, ED visits for children to rule out shunt malfunction increased, yet there was a decline in surgical intervention and an increase in discharges home from the ED. Possible contributing factors include improved clinical criteria for shunt evaluation, alternative CSF diversion techniques, changing indications for shunt placement, and increased use of advanced imaging in the ED. Abbreviations CPT = Current Procedural Terminology; ED = emergency department; ETV = endoscopic third ventriculostomy; ICD-9 = International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision; ICD-10 = International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision; NEDS = National Emergency Department Sample.

Communication is central to the process of sensemaking. In this chapter, we explore the interactional level of sensemaking. We argue that ongoing communications with local agents can significantly influence QIs’ decisions and actions as they navigate a new country and professional environment. We explore how QIs construct their reality through communication and discuss the important role of intercultural communication and intercultural competence in sensemaking and integration. We discuss some key players in QIs’ work integration—immigrant support organizations, mentors, coaches, and professional networks—and their key role in immigrant work integration.

This chapter explores the role of the broader social context in QIs’ work integration and sensemaking of their career options and actions. Sensemaking is ongoing and occurs within a dynamic social environment. The institutional level of sensemaking exposes the relationship between the broader society and individual actions. We discuss narratives of multiculturalism and professional attainment as prevailing master narratives that inform QIs’ and local citizens’ sensemaking of immigration and the influence on immigrants’ work integration. We conclude with a reflection on the relationship between immigration and settler colonialism.

This chapter explores the role of organizational level sensemaking in qualified immigrants’ (QIs’) work integration. A sensemaking perspective on organizations uncovers the social processes through which discriminatory practices in workplaces and work-related institutions become acceptable and are maintained over time. We also explore the effect of these practices on QIs’ sensemaking of their work options, experiences, and trajectories. To do this, we identify and examine different organizations involved in QIs’ work integration, the influence of organizational goals, structures, and scripts, and the ways in which organizations can rethink how they facilitate QIs’ successful work integration.

Sensemaking starts with the sensemaker; the process of identity work is thus central to immigrant integration. In this chapter, we discuss individual level sensemaking to understand how qualified immigrants (QIs) facing similar work integration challenges, with comparable education and work experiences, can have widely different career trajectories and outcomes. We integrate narratives from QIs to explore identity processes involved in sensemaking and argue that identity work is a social process that is continuously in flux; it is dependent on context and imbued with power discrepancies.

Sensemaking—the process through which individuals and organizations give meaning to events or situations—is critical in qualified immigrants’ (QIs’) work integration. In this chapter, we introduce the sensemaking perspective and elaborate on the properties (grounded in identity construction, retrospective, enactive, social, ongoing, focused on and by extracted cues, and driven by plausibility) and levels of sensemaking (individual, interactional, organizational, and institutional) as it relates to the work integration of QIs. This chapter sets the foundation for the deeper exploration of sensemaking processes described in later chapters by providing a brief introduction to the processes and challenges present in each of the levels of sensemaking and their implications for QI work integration.

This introductory chapter discusses qualified immigrants’ (QIs) work integration as a wicked problem, highlighting their underemployment or unemployment despite receiving countries’ reported labor shortages and need for talent. We outline the goals of this book and establish sensemaking as an emerging yet underdeveloped theoretical approach to studying this wicked problem. We begin with some key definitions, provide specific examples from Canada (the primary site of our ongoing fieldwork), and sketch the structure of this book.

This concluding chapter reiterates the importance of the multiple levels of sensemaking and different actors to understand QIs’ work integration. We discuss some of the challenges to studying the process of sensemaking and propose some implications for research and practice. We end on a futuristic note with emerging avenues for research.

We analyse the experiences of international students living in Canada during the COVID‐19 pandemic through the lens of transnationalism that understands mobility as broadly uninterrupted, continuing and taken‐for‐granted, and international student migration (ISM) literature. With the onset of the COVID‐19 pandemic, people had to contend with sudden border closures and stringent restrictions on all forms of travel. International students are regarded as the archetypal trans‐migrants with frequent mobility and often multiple attachments to place. We interrogate these assumptions of mobility by drawing on interview data from 13 international students in Ontario from April to June of 2020. We found that international students experienced the pandemic transnationally and faced increased challenges, which heightened their reliance on support from transnational families, and generated anxieties about their future career and mobilities. We bring transnational theories into conversation with ISM literature to better understand international students’ lived experiences in Canada during a pandemic.

“Doing gender,” the concept proposed by Candace West and Don H. Zimmerman in 1987, has been criticized on two fronts: first, it leaves little room for gender to be undone; second, it fails ...

This article is based on an exploratory study of the implicit gender norms in work–life balance (WLB) rhetoric in ten Canadian information and communication technologies (ICT) organizations. Interviews with human resources (HR) managers and preliminary company website analysis revealed a masculinist and heterosexist bias in the implementation of WLB practices, legitimized by the gender composition of the workforce and the demanding yet inherently rewarding nature of the ICT sector. Participants deliberately separated care (read: childcare) from WLB (read: flexible hours and working from home), reproducing the assumption that an ‘ordinary’ worker is a man with a female partner who assumes primary responsibility for the reproductive realm. The study concludes with: (i) recommendations to increase HR's role in providing functional support for WLB practices and (ii) three future directions for research. This article contributes to a general call in feminist scholarship to apply a gendered lens to WLB practices.

This article brings a new, theoretically minded approach to weighing the relative utilities and harms of Canada's Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP) without dismissing the agency of SAWP enrollees or arriving at an abolitionist argument to end Temporary Migrant Worker (TMW) programmes in Canada. Building on the anti-trafficking debate within feminist migration studies, we evaluate the availability and exercise of consent, choice, and coercion among SAWP workers. We draw on extensive documentation by scholars across disciplines to contextualize the SAWP within a socio-economic history that engendered and continues to legitimize the "success" of the programme in both Mexico (the largest sending state) and Ontario (the largest provincial recipient of workers). Our analysis suggests that, while grievous, the SAWP's structural injustice ought not to preclude individuals from migrating and earning wages. The article concludes with recommendations to create a fairer avenue for Mexican workers into, through, and out of the SAWP.

Summary Background Models of Alzheimer's disease propose a sequence of amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation, hypometabolism, and structural decline that precedes the onset of clinical dementia. These pathological features evolve both temporally and spatially in the brain. In this study, we aimed to characterise where in the brain and when in the course of the disease neuroimaging biomarkers become abnormal. Methods Between Jan 1, 2009, and Dec 31, 2015, we analysed data from mutation non-carriers, asymptomatic carriers, and symptomatic carriers from families carrying gene mutations in presenilin 1 (PSEN1), presenilin 2 (PSEN2), or amyloid precursor protein (APP) enrolled in the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer's Network. We analysed 11C-Pittsburgh Compound B (11C-PiB) PET, 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET, and structural MRI data using regions of interest to assess change throughout the brain. We estimated rates of biomarker change as a function of estimated years to symptom onset at baseline using linear mixed-effects models and determined the earliest point at which biomarker trajectories differed between mutation carriers and non-carriers. This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (number NCT00869817) Findings 11C-PiB PET was available for 346 individuals (162 with longitudinal imaging), 18F-FDG PET was available for 352 individuals (175 with longitudinal imaging), and MRI data were available for 377 individuals (201 with longitudinal imaging). We found a sequence to pathological changes, with rates of Aβ deposition in mutation carriers being significantly different from those in non-carriers first (across regions that showed a significant difference, at a mean of 18·9 years [SD 3·3] before expected onset), followed by hypometabolism (14·1 years [5·1] before expected onset), and lastly structural decline (4·7 years [4·2] before expected onset). This biomarker ordering was preserved in most, but not all, regions. The temporal emergence within a biomarker varied across the brain, with the precuneus being the first cortical region for each method to show divergence between groups (22·2 years before expected onset for Aβ accumulation, 18·8 years before expected onset for hypometabolism, and 13·0 years before expected onset for cortical thinning). Interpretation Mutation carriers had elevations in Aβ deposition, reduced glucose metabolism, and cortical thinning compared with non-carriers which preceded the expected onset of dementia. Accrual of these pathologies varied throughout the brain, suggesting differential regional and temporal vulnerabilities to Aβ, metabolic decline, and structural atrophy, which should be taken into account when using biomarkers in a clinical setting as well as designing and evaluating clinical trials. Funding US National Institutes of Health, the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, and the Medical Research Council Dementias Platform UK.

French Abstract: En raison de la portee, de la frequence et de l’intensite des dernieres reformes des politiques canadiennes relatives a l’immigration, aux refugies et a la citoyennete, le processus d’acces au statut de resident permanent au Canada est devenu plus long, plus complexe et plus couteux, ce qui offre peu d’occasions d’interjeter appel ou de demander une revision des demandes rejetees. Le gouvernement federal actuel a dresse une feuille de route ambitieuse pour le portefeuille de l’immigration, des refugies et de la citoyennete. Lors de l’atelier d’une journee intitule « Le statut precaire prolonge au Canada: Proposer des orientations strategiques pour le nouveau gouvernement federal », des experts ont cherche a formuler des recommandations strategiques concretes a l’intention du nouveau ministre, pendant que celui ci s’acquitte de son mandat. Douze experts selectionnes en fonction de leur bourse d’etudes et de leur collaboration avec des decideurs, des organisations de la societe civile et la collectivite elargie ont constate que le probleme lie au statut precaire prolonge au Canada se posait pour deux grandes categories de personnes : celles qui ont obtenu la residence temporaire (principalement des travailleurs migrants temporaires, des refugies et des demandeurs d’asile) et celles qui n’ont pas de statut (attribue par l’Etat qui etablit leur admissibilite a des droits et leur acces a des services). Leurs recommandations sont divisees en trois grandes categories: les revisions, les abrogations et les ajouts proposes aux politiques actuelles. Tous les experts ont fait savoir que les mesures strategiques doivent comprendre de veritables consultations aupres des activistes, des syndicats et des organisations de la societe civile, ainsi que de divers organismes municipaux, provinciaux et federaux. Tous s’entendent sur le fait que la gestion actuelle de la migration repose de plus en plus sur le statut temporaire, ce qui est une source d’inquietude puisque cette tendance mene a de mauvais traitements, a de l’exploitation et a la separation des familles et contribue a la desinformation axee sur la race et la criminalite au sujet des migrants. Le present document d’orientation preconise une approche systemique, non seulement dans le but de revoir le statut temporaire et precaire au Canada, mais il recommande egalement que le statut permanent soit utilise a plus grande echelle. English Abstract: The scope, frequency, and intensity of the recent reforms to Canadian immigration, refugee, and citizenship policies have made the process of gaining access to permanent status in Canada lengthier, more complicated, and more onerous with little opportunity to appeal or review denied applications. The current federal government has an ambitious roadmap outlined for the immigration, refugees and citizenship portfolio. The one-day workshop titled “Prolonged Precarious Status in Canada: Generating policy directions for the new federal government” sought to provide concrete policy recommendations to the new Minister as he responds to his mandate. Twelve experts selected on the basis of their scholarship and engagement with policy makers, civil society organizations, and the broader community found that the problem of prolonged precarious status in Canada touches upon two broad categories of persons: persons with temporary residence (mainly temporary migrant workers, refugees and refugee claimants) and persons with no status (ascribed by the state designating their entitlement to rights and access to services). Their recommendations are divided into three broad categories: revisions, repeals, and proposed additions to current policies. All experts noted that policy action must involve meaningful consultations with activists, labour unions, and civil society organizations, alongside a variety of governmental bodies across municipal, provincial, and federal jurisdictions. There is consensus that current migration management involves a greater but concerning reliance on temporary status and that such reliance leads to abuse, exploitation, family separation, and contributes to racialized and criminalized misinformation about migrants. This policy brief calls for a systemic approach to not only reviewing temporary and precarious status in Canada, but also recommends that permanent status should be used more.

Pertuzumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds to HER2 and is used in combination with another HER2-specific monoclonal antibody, trastuzumab, for the treatment of HER2+ metastatic breast cancer. Pertuzumab binds to an HER2 binding site distinct from that of trastuzumab, and its affinity is enhanced when trastuzumab is present. We aim to exploit this enhanced affinity of pertuzumab for its HER2 binding epitope and adapt this antibody as a PET imaging agent by radiolabeling with (89)Zr to increase the sensitivity of HER2 detection in vivo. Here, we investigate the biodistribution of (89)Zr-pertuzumab in HER2-expressing BT-474 and HER2-nonexpressing MDA-MB-231 xenografts to quantitatively assess HER2 expression in vivo. In vitro cell binding studies were performed resulting in retained immunoreactivity and specificity for HER2-expressing cells. In vivo evaluation of (89)Zr-pertuzumab was conducted in severely combined immunodeficient mice, subcutaneously inoculated with BT-474 and MDA-MB-231 cells. (89)Zr-pertuzumab was systemically administered and imaged at 7 days postinjection (p.i.) followed by terminal biodistribution studies. Higher tumor uptake was observed in BT-474 compared to MDA-MB-231 xenografts with 47.5 ± 32.9 and 9.5 ± 1.7% ID/g, respectively at 7 days p.i (P = 0.0009) and blocking studies with excess unlabeled pertuzumab showed a 5-fold decrease in BT-474 tumor uptake (P = 0.0006), confirming the in vivo specificity of this radiotracer. Importantly, we observed that the tumor accumulation of (89)Zr-pertuzumab was increased in the presence of unlabeled trastuzumab, at 173 ± 74.5% ID/g (P = 0.01). Biodistribution studies correlate with PET imaging quantification using max SUV (r = 0.98, P = 0.01). Collectively, these results illustrate that (89)Zr-pertuzumab as a PET imaging agent may be beneficial for the quantitative and noninvasive assessment of HER2 expression in vivo especially for patients undergoing trastuzumab therapy.