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Nitrogen (N) deficiency limits the net carbon assimilation rate (AN), but the relative N sensitivities of photosynthetic component processes and carbon loss mechanisms remain relatively unexplored for field-grown cotton. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to define the relative sensitivity of individual physiological processes driving N deficiency-induced declines in AN for field-grown cotton. Among the potential diffusional limitations evaluated, mesophyll conductance was the only parameter substantially reduced by N deficiency, but this did not affect CO2 availability in the chloroplast. A number of metabolic processes were negatively impacted by N deficiency, and these effects were more pronounced at lower leaf positions in the cotton canopy. Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration and carboxylation, AN, and gross photosynthesis were the most sensitive metabolic processes to N deficiency, whereas photosynthetic electron transport processes, electron flux to photorespiration, and dark respiration exhibited intermediate sensitivity to N deficiency. Among thylakoid-specific processes, the quantum yield of PSI end electron acceptor reduction was the most sensitive process to N deficiency. It was concluded that AN is primarily limited by Rubisco carboxylation and RuBP regeneration under N deficiency in field-grown cotton, and the differential N sensitivities of the photosynthetic process and carbon loss mechanisms contributed significantly to photosynthetic declines.

Fibrous dysplasia is a rare bone condition in which normal bone is replaced by aberrant fibrous tissue. The patient may come to evaluate with other diseases and while doing investigations, it is observed. Here we present a case of 24 years male with fibrous dysplasia who came to our OPD with swelling around the left cheek region for 5 days. The patient underwent a Computerised tomography scan which revealed an expansile, sclerotic, cystic ground-glass appearance that extended to the maxillo-alveolar ridge, right sphenoid sinus wall, right pterygoid plate, and zygomaticofacial suture. The right maxillary sinus was almost obliterated. These radiographical features of the lesion were indicative of fibrous dysplasia in the maxilla.

Computerized Tomography(CT) scan plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of sinus and skull base lesions. The CT image distinctly provides detail of bony anatomy, anatomical variation, and the extent of diseases, and differentiates between inflammatory, benign, and malignant sinus and skull base pathology.1 It is an important aspect of imaging that helps not only the diagnostic role but also rules out other sinus pathology and helps in designing the surgical plan by 3D-MPR and 3D VRT CT scan. Osteomas of the paranasal sinuses are slow-growing, benign tumours most frequently found in the frontal sinus with an incidence that varies from 47% to 80% of the cases. It can be associated with sinusitis. The patient may present either with a unilateral headache that is difficult to differentiate from a migraine or often no symptoms which are diagnosed by chance during a radiological examination. Here we present a case of a 42-year female present with left frontal headache and facial fullness treated with endoscopic and open approaches which were designed by CT paranasal sinus 3-D multiplanar reconstruction(3D-MPR) and from 3-D MPR and volume rendering technique(3D VRT).

Cyclopropane, a versatile synthetic intermediate, is forged as a key structural feature in many preclinical, clinical and commercial drugs, and occur as a skeletal motif in numerous natural products. The most prolific technique for its synthesis is the metal-catalyzed reaction of an alkene with a diazoalkane, a highly energetic, reactive and explosive reagent requiring stringent safety precautions. The expedient construction of cyclopropyl ring on alkenes with convenient and innocuous reagents under nonhazardous conditions remains an ongoing challenge. Herein, we report a simple photoredox-catalyzed intermolecular cyclopropanation of unactivated alkenes with a diverse set of active methylene compounds that demonstrates striking conceptual and practical synthetic advances over the known methods. The reaction proceeds with a photoredox catalyst (PC*) excited under a blue LED light in air/O2 and neutral reaction conditions in the presence of catalytic amounts of iodine, either in the form of added molecular I2 or generated in situ from alkyl iodides. . The reaction demonstrates a remarkably broad scope on the applicability of 19 different active methylene compounds in 5 different clusters from the standpoint of synthetic tolerability, and tolerates a wide range of functional groups. Moreover, the reaction is also amenable for the cyclopropanation of alkenes in complex molecular architectures, pharmaceuticals and natural products. Mechanistic investigation through the isolation of a series of intermediate products, probes, control experiments, UV-Vis and fluorescence studies indicate that photosensitized dioxygen plays a vital role in the generation of carbon-centered radicals for both the addition of active methylene compounds to alkenes and ring closure, and catalytically generated iodine recycles the PC.

Introduction: Computed Tomography (CT) is one of the most essential diagnostic tools for early identification and treatment of COVID -19 pneumonia. The objective of this study was to identify the relationship between CT severity score and mortality in COVID-19 patients. Method: A total of 62 patients with confirmed COVID-19 were included in this study. All these patients underwent High resolution computed tomography (HRCT) chest using a standard protocol. The CT severity score in all of these patients was calculated and the results were analyzed by SPSS version 21. Results: A higher CT severity score was associated with higher chances of mortality in the patients of COVID-19. There was no significant association of mortality with the age, sex, and number of lobes involvement Conclusion: HRCT chest can help in the early identification of the patients who need to be admitted to the Intensive care unit. Early admission and intervention to patients with high CT severity scores can help to reduce mortality.

Background: Foreign body ingestion frequently occurs in the extreme of ages. Meat bolus, fishbone buried in the food, and sharp bone are the common ingested foreign bodies among adults. The normal ligament and bony structure start to ossify after the third decade of life and mimic foreign bodies. Ossified thyrohyoid ligament, cricothyroid ligament, cornu of hyoid bone may be misdiagnosed as a foreign body in the aerodigestive tract. Case presentation: We describe a 54 years female who presented with painful swallowing for two days after eating chicken bone at Emergency Department. X-ray soft tissue neck lateral view showed a radiopaque shadow in front of the C3-C4 region. The patient underwent rigid esophagoscopy, however, a foreign body could not be found at the pharynx. Computerized Tomography (CT) shows the same hyperdense shadow at the same location as seen in the x-ray. Furthermore, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan was done to localize the exact site of the foreign body, but the patient was a case of thyrohyoid calcification rather than foreign body in the esophagus. Conclusion: Difficulty arises for the surgeons when a foreign body is not found during rigid esophagoscopy. It is important to reassess and locate the foreign body by imaging. The calcified ligament can mimic a foreign body in the neck. MRI confirms the diagnosis which may be misguided by X-ray and CT-scan.

Nepal is a country of Himalayas including Mt Everest, the tallest mountain in the world, where a lot of people travel to high altitudes. Significant number of people develop high-altitude illness which includes acute mountain sickness (AMS), high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) and high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) leading even to death. Addressing this issue demands more efforts on both the preventive and treatment aspects to decrease the sufferings of people in this modern time of advanced healthcare and technology.

A combination of pulsed EPR, CW EPR, and XAS spectroscopies have been employed to probe the geometric and electronic structure of the E. coli periplasmic molybdenum-dependent methionine sulfoxide reductase (MsrP). (17)O and (1)H pulsed EPR spectra show that the as-isolated Mo(V) enzyme form does not possess an exchangeable H(2)O/OH(−) ligand bound to Mo as found in the sulfite oxidizing enzymes of the same family. The nature of the unusual CW EPR spectrum has been re-evaluated in light of new data on the MsrP-N45R variant and related small molecule analogs of the active site. These data point to a novel “thiol-blocked” [(PDT)Mo(V)O(S(Cys))(thiolate)](1−) structure, which is supported by new EXAFS data. We discuss these new results in the context of ligand-based and metal-based redox chemistry in the enzymatic oxygen atom transfer reaction.

Here we present the case of giant multinodular goiter with retrosternal extension in a old lady with dyspnea for 3 months. Patient was s treated with microscopic assisted thyroidectomy without complication.

Parathyroid carcinoma is an extremely rare endocrine neoplasm. Most of the patients present with severe hyperparathyroidism with altered serum calcium levels.We describe a patient who presented with a neck mass and secondary hyperparathyroidism Ultrasound (USG) suggested a tumor located near the lower pole of the thyroid gland. USG guided FNAC suggested parathyroid neoplasm. CT scan showed tumor infiltration of the parathyroid gland. The patient underwent total resection of the tumor along with total thyroidectomy and right central compartment clearance. The biopsy of the mass confirmed the parathyroid carcinoma infiltrating the thyroid gland.Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare endocrine carcinoma. Due to its location, it is often misdiagnosed as thyroid carcinoma. It can present with problems related to bones, kidney stones, psychiatric problems and many others. Serum calcium, Parathormone level, Ultrasound neck, CT scan and MIBI scan are the imaging study for early diagnosis of Parathyroid carcinoma. Complete removal of tumor followed by regular follow up with serum calcium and Parathormone level will help to improve the survival of Patient.Diagnosis of parathyroid carcinoma is very challenging due to the limited contribution of imaging. It mimics thyroid carcinoma due to the origin of the tumor from the lower pole of the thyroid area. It is extremely important for suspicion of parathyroid tumor in case of neck mass who have an abnormality in serum calcium and parathormone level. Total resection of the tumor with a negative margin is important to control hyperparathyroidism and increase the survival.

Background: Preterm birth is a worldwide epidemic and a leading cause of neonatal mortality. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the incidence, risk factors and consequences of preterm birth in Nepal.Methods: This was an observational study conducted in 12 public hospitals of Nepal. All the babies born during the study period were included in the study. Babies born Results: The incidence of preterm was found to be 93 per 1000 live births. Mothers aged less than 20 years (aOR 1.26 ;1.15-1.39) had a high risk for preterm birth. Similarly, education of the mother was a significant predictor for preterm birth: illiterate mothers (aOR 1.41; 1.22-1.64), literate mothers (aOR 1.21; 1.08-1.35) and mothers having basic level of education (aOR 1.17; 1.07-1.27). Socio-demographic factors such as smoking (aOR 1.13; 1.01-1.26), use of polluted fuel (aOR 1.26; 1.17-1.35) and sex of baby (aOR 1.18; 1.11-1.26); obstetric factors such as nulliparity (aOR 1.33; 1.20-1.48), multiple delivery (aOR 6.63; 5.16-8.52), severe anemia during pregnancy (aOR 3.27; 2.21-4.84), antenatal visit during second trimester (aOR 1.13; 1.05-1.22) and third trimester (aOR 1.24; 1.12-1.38), Conclusion: In this study, we found high incidence of preterm birth. Various socio-demographic, obstetric and neonatal risk factors were associated with preterm birth. Risk factor modifications and timely interventions will help in the reduction of preterm births and associated mortalities. Trial registration: ISRCTN30829654

Background: Preterm birth is a worldwide epidemic and a leading cause of neonatal mortality. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the incidence, risk factors and consequences of preterm birth in Nepal. Methods: This was an observational study conducted in 12 public hospitals of Nepal. All the babies born during the study period were included in the study. Babies born

The magnitude and nature of genetic divergence play a vital role in the selection of the desirable landraces for its utilization in the breeding program. A study was carried out with 30 rice landraces at the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Lamjung Campus, during June–November 2018 to determine relation among individuals, estimate the relative contribution of various traits of rice using principal component analysis, and identify the potential parents for hybridization using Mahalanobis distance (D2). The principal component analysis revealed that five among the thirteen principal components were significant (eigenvalue >1) and contributed to 29.96%, 20.26%, 13.56%, 11.68%, and 9.22% of the total variance, respectively. PC1 included the traits that were related mostly to the yield, yield attributing, and grain characteristics. Landraces from Anadi group, Jetho Budo, Jarneli, and Rato Masino performed well in PC1 while landraces such as Mansara, Pakhe Sali, and Aanga performed well in PC2. The landraces were grouped into six clusters where 12 landraces were grouped into cluster I. Cluster analysis showed maximum and minimum intracluster distance in cluster VI (D2 = 35.77) and cluster I (D2 = 18.59), respectively. The maximum intercluster distance was obtained between clusters V and VI (D2 = 40.18) followed by clusters III and VI (D2 = 36.17) and clusters IV and VI (D2 = 35.74). Cluster III showed the highest mean value for grain width, flag leaf breadth, yield, and minimum mean value for plant height while mean values of total grain per panicle, filled grain percentage, and thousand-grain weight were maximum in cluster IV. Mean values of effective tiller and kernel width were found maximum in clusters V and VI, respectively. Landraces from clusters V and VI or clusters III and VI or clusters IV and VI can be used in the hybridization program to develop the superior hybrids by exploiting heterosis in segregating generation.

After the Green Revolution, the increase in the choice of modern varieties at the expense of landraces has become a major cause of varietal loss. The preference, choice, and the economy of rice (Oryza sativa L.) largely depend on its physicochemical and cooking properties, which are found to be superior for landraces than modern varieties. In this study, we assessed and evaluated milled rice of 30 rice landraces on their physicochemical and cooking characteristics which aim to promote the revival of old landraces. Six parameters of physical properties, four parameters of chemical properties, and five parameters of cooking properties were evaluated based on the standard protocols. Significant variations (p<0.05) were found in all the properties that were evaluated. The result showed that the highest milling recovery was found in Indrabeli (75.55%) whereas the lowest was found in Kalo Masino (66.98%) and bulk density ranged from 0.81 g/cm3 to 0.88 g/cm3 showing not much variability. Although most of them were of medium grain type, their 1000 kernel weight varied between 12.62 g and 25.65 g. From the observed chemical properties, Pahelo Anadi (9.73±0.55 mm) showed the highest gel consistency and lowest apparent amylose content (7.23±0.36%). Also, 13% of landraces possessed strong aroma while noble cooking properties were showed by Thakali Lahare Marsi with the highest elongation ratio (2.41±0.05) and by Chiniya with the lowest gruel solid loss (0.033±0.03%) and minimum optimum cooking time (23.45±0.03 min). In the principal component analysis, the first four principal components retained 73.8% of the variance. The first and second principal components were mostly related with the physical and chemical characteristics while the third and fourth principal components were concerned with cooking characters. Superior characters possessed by rice landraces can be further assessed for the breeding programs so that the cultivation of these cherished rice landraces can be enhanced.

Torsion of a non gravid uterus is a rare but potentially fatal event. It may lead to rapid clinical deterioration causing irreversible ischemic damage to the uterus. The rarity of the condition and its non specific clinical presentation make the clinical diagnosis difficult. In this report we discuss a case of uterine torsion in a 55 year old postmenopausal lady who presented in emergency with acute abdomen. On examination a huge abdominal mass arising from pelvis was noted. The operative finding was huge fundal myoma with uterine torsion.Birat Journal of Health SciencesVol.2/No.3/Issue 4/Sep- Dec 2017, Page: 309-311

New bis(ene-1,2-dithiolato)-oxido-alcoholato molybdenum(VI) and -oxido-thiolato molybdenum(VI) anionic complexes, denoted as [Mo(VI)O(ER)L2](-) (E = O, S; L = dimethoxycarboxylate-1,2-ethylenedithiolate), were obtained from the reaction of the corresponding dioxido-molybdenum(VI) precursor complex with either an alcohol or a thiol in the presence of an organic acid (e.g., 10-camphorsulfonic acid) at low temperature. The [Mo(VI)O(ER)L2](-) complexes were isolated and characterized, and the structure of [Mo(VI)O(OEt)L2](-) was determined by X-ray crystallography. The Mo(VI) center in [Mo(VI)O(OEt)L2](-) exhibits a distorted octahedral geometry with the two ene-1,2-dithiolate ligands being symmetry inequivalent. The computed structure of [Mo(VI)O(SR)L2](-) is essentially identical to that of [Mo(VI)O(OR)L2](-). The electronic structures of the resulting molybdenum(VI) complexes were evaluated using electronic absorption spectroscopy and bonding calculations. The nature of the distorted O(h) geometry in these [Mo(VI)O(EEt)L2](-) complexes results in a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital wave function that possesses strong π* interactions between the Mo(d(xy)) orbital and the cis S(p(z)) orbital localized on one sulfur donor from a single ene-1,2-dithiolate ligand. The presence of a covalent Mo-S(dithiolene) bonding interaction in these monooxido Mo(VI) compounds contributes to their low-energy ligand-to-metal charge transfer transitions. A second important d-p π bonding interaction derives from the ∼180° O(oxo)-Mo-E-C dihedral angle involving the alcoholate and thiolate donors, and this contributes to ancillary ligand contributions to the electronic structure of these species. The formation of [Mo(VI)O(OEt)L2](-) and [Mo(VI)O(SEt)L2](-) from the dioxidomolybdenum(VI) precursor may be regarded as a model for the active-site formation process that occurs in the dimethyl sulfoxide reductase family of pyranopterin molybdenum enzymes.

The variability in the rice landraces is the source of variation and offers substantial opportunity for the development of new varieties through the selection. Exploring diversity and variability of landraces is utmost for rice improvement. The objective of the study was to assess diversity indices, magnitude of genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance for the yield, and yield contributing traits. An experiment was carried out in alpha-lattice with 30 landraces, two replications in the Agronomy farm of IAAS, Lamjung Campus, during June-November, 2018. Shannon and Simpson's indices were calculated for 18 qualitative traits. The value of the Shannon and Simpson index ranged 0.15-1.41 and 0.07- 0.75, respectively. Landraces showed significant variations (p

A retrospective study of 52 children and adolescent subjects suffering from mental retardation who attended in the Child Guidance Clinic in the Department of Psychiatry OPD, Teaching Hospital, Katmandu, Nepal. They were brought to the OPD with various symptoms. It was found that the number of male patients were 35 compared to 17 female with male female ratio of 2:1. The mean age of male patients was 9.19 + 3.55 years where as the mean age of female patients was 9.91 + 9.99 years. General Practitioner and Pediatrician referred majority of them. The commonest symptom with which the patients presented to the hospital was aggressive behavior (28%) while 14 patients (26.9%) presented with speech related problems. Of the 52 patients who presented in Child Guidance Clinic, 11 patients had comorbid psychiatric problems. It was found that 4 patients had hyperkinetic disorders, 3 patients had disorders of psychological development, 1 patient each had post encephalitic sequel, depressive disorder, somatization disorder and eating disorder. 1. Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Medicine. 2. Mental Hospital, Lagankhel. 3. Clinical Psychologist, Kathmandu Medical College. Address for correspondence : Dr. Saroj Prasad Ojha, MD (Psychiatry), Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Medicine Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal. Key words: Mental retardation, Psychiatric disorder, Child Guidance Clinic