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Abstract: Diamond is a metastable carbon allotrope. Microdiamonds are monocrystalline diamonds with particle sizes of less than 100 nm that have been explored over the last few decades. Nanodiamonds are particularly appealing to provide a variety of possible applications due to their superior mechanical and optical qualities, wide surface area, ease of bioconjugation, and high biocompatibility. In recent years, NDs have gotten a lot of attention in nanomedicine, and some significant progress has been made. The methods for creating various kinds of nanodiamonds are generalized, including detonation, CVD, hydrothermal and High-Pressure, High-Temperature Microdiamond Milling procedures. The characteristics, properties, synthesis, structure and surface functionalization, and applications of nanodiamonds for antimicrobial activity are discussed in this review paper.

Nurses in India have been making significant contributions in the planning and making informed regulations submissions with the help of medical documents relevant to authoritative principles, partnering with diverse teams and impositions related to quality development attributes. The introduction of this research gives an outline associated with this concern and approaches the importance of identifying these practices. This secondary research has followed an “explanatory research design”, incorporating peerreviewed journals. The authentic secondary sources of books, articles, and case reports have been incorporated based on the requirement. Thematic analysis has been considered which has provided an in-depth analysis of the problem statement. The devising and planning of authoritative submission have critically considered the “quality of life.” Regulatory body in Indian pharmaceutical industry “Central Drugs Standard and Control Organisation (CDSCO)” has been appointed for the regulation of drugs circulation in India. This paper highlights the findings related to cancellation of license of different companies related to unable to follow the proper norms of drug manufacturing. Additionally, recently, 48 drugs in India have been identified as out of necessary standard quality. The key purpose of the regulations is to maintain the quality for controlling the subject system, the process, or the products involved in the organisation. The main needs of the regulations are the improvisation of the regulatory body, jointly with the higher education authority, the Ministry of Health of the country, the higher education authority, and others. These are discussed in the study. Regulatory Submission is major essential aspect for recent times in case of pharma practice and thereby gaining the major rate of stability in drug delivery. Improvisation of the regulatory body, the Ministry of Health, jointly with higher education authority, higher education authority and other relevant aspects are involved as the needs in regulatory submission in pharma practice.

Lung cancer is the second most frequent cancer and among the top cause of death worldwide. Chemotherapy is the main therapeutic option for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for the majority of all lung malignancies. The aim of the current work was to develop a tablet formulation having increased drug release profile to improve the bioavailability in order to reduce the dose of the drug. In this present study, Erlotinib tablet was prepared using micronization technique which showed increase drug release profile. Film-coated tablets containing Erlotinib hydrochloride (150 mg) were prepared by dry granulation technique and coated using Opadry ready-mix. Tablets were characterized for Hardness, Friability, Potency and Drug release profile. Drug release was checked in 0.1 N HCL containing 0.5 % SLS and biorelevant dissolution media up to 60 minutes. Tablets of the selected batch were subjected to dissolution in biorelevant media and compare with reference product. The improvement in the drug release was observed in the biorelevant media in comparison with reference product. The in-vitrodissolution data demonstrated the potential of micronization technology to prepare tablets with improved bioavailability of the drug.

In the recent past decade, layered bismuth metal oxides (Bi2MO6, M = W, Mo and Cr) have established substantial consideration comparable to bismuth oxyhalides (BiOX, X = Cl, Br, I and F) for its emerging potential towards its photocatalytic applications in clean energy production and environmental remediation. Their electronic band structure characterises appropriate band-gap for visible light photocatalytic activity. The photocatalytic activities of these materials can be deliberately incremented using various strategies including formation of heterojunction, modification of interface, using sensitizers, metal and non-metal doping, development of composites, and formation of oxygen vacancies. Nevertheless, its visible light applications limit up due to higher recombination of photoinduced charge carriers. This review systematically encapsulates electronic spectra, strategies implemented for higher separation of charge carriers, and establishing its potential in the field of clean-energy production as well as degrading manageable and recalcitrant pollutants. Finally, the current scenario and future aspects of using Bi2MO6 photocatalysts are summarised.

Nanostructured bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) and molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) heterostructures were prepared by varying the concentration of MoSe2 from 0.05 to 0.2 mol%. The synthesized photocatalysts were used to degrade methylene blue (MB) and phenol and the best activity was found for the 0.15 mol% MoSe2/BiVO4 heterostructure. To address the recovery issue of the photocatalyst from the slurry, 0.15 mol% MoSe2/BiVO4 was immobilized on Luffa cylindrica, which not only solved the recovery problem but also increased the photocatalytic efficiency. The immobilized material showed degradation of MB and phenol up to ∼97% within 2 hours of visible light irradiation. The as-prepared samples were characterized for scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) technique, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and Fourier transformation infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to study the improved catalytic efficiency and gain a deeper understanding of interface formation in the heterojunction. Photoelectrochemical studies were also carried out for all the samples and the highest photocurrent density was achieved in 0.15 mol% MoSe2/BiVO4 compared to other samples. Calculations based on first-principles density functional theory (DFT) have also provided an insightful understanding of the interface formation, physical mechanism, and superior photocatalytic performance of the MoSe2@BiVO4 heterostructure over other samples.

Background: A simple and sensitive Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry method was developed and validated to measure the concentrations of Alogliptin (ALO), Linagliptin (LIN), Saxagliptin (SAX), and Sitagliptin (SIT) using Pioglitazone (PIO) as an internal standard. Methods: Chromatographic separation of six gliptins was achieved on a C-18 column (100×2.1 mm, 2.7 μm) using a mobile phase consisting of formic acid in water, 0.1%v/v: acetonitrile in gradient elution. Electrospray ionization (ESI) source was operated in the positive ion mode. Targeted MS/MS mode on a QTOF MS was used to quantify the drug utilizing the transitions of 340.1(m/z), 473.2 (m/z), 316.2 (m/z), 408.1 (m/z), and 357.1 (m/z) for ALO, LIN, SAX, SIT and PIO respectively. Results: As per ICH Q2R1 guidelines, a detailed validation of the method was carried out and the standard curves were found to be linear over the concentration ranges of 1516.0-4548.1 ng mL-1, 519.8- 1559.4 ng mL-1, 1531.4-4594.3 ng mL-1and 1519.6-4558.8 ng mL-1 for ALO, LIN, SAX and SIT respectively. Precision and accuracy results were within the acceptable limits. The mean recovery was found to be 98.8 _ 0.76 % (GEM), 102.2 _ 1.59 % (LIN), 95.3 _ 2.74 % (SAX) and 99.2 _ 1.75 % (SIT) respectively. Conclusions: The optimized validated UPLC QTOF-MS/MS method offered the advantage of shorter analytical times and higher sensitivity and selectivity. The optimized method is suitable for application in quantitative analysis of pharmaceutical dosage forms for QC laboratory.

Nowadays, there are many generic medications available in the market. Their sale is increasing day by day due to their lower cost and affordability by most of the customers. Generic medications are pharmaceuticals that are therapeutically equivalent to an original off patent drug. Both authorized generics and branded generics are the versions of generic medications. They offer lucrative business and increase competition for ordinary generics. They supply medications having quality of branded drugs at lower prices and this establishes their recognition among the masses who earlier has limited options to buy only brand-name drugs. They are cheaper than brand name drugs but costlier than ordinary generics. Authorized generics are sold only by Innovator Companies but the branded generics can be sold by both innovator companies and generic companies. They both are different from one another and have their own impact on the brand drug companies, generic companies and consumers.

According to “Medical Device Rules-2017” (MDR-2017), “Medical Devices (MDs) are the substances which are used for in-vitro diagnosis and surgical dressings, surgical bandages, surgical staples, surgical sutures, ligatures, blood, and blood component collection bag with or without anticoagulant and substances including mechanical contraceptives, disinfectants and insecticides and devices notified from time to time under sub-clause (iv) of clause (b) of section 3 of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940”. According to this definition, MDs are classified into four classes: - class A, class B, class C and class D. The purpose of this review article is to present an overview of the regulatory registration requirement of MD in India according to the new MDR-2017.

The nanostructured, inner-coupled Bismuth oxyhalides (BiOX

In the world of increasing industrialization and global population, environmental pollution has continued to rise over last few decade. Photocatalysis came forward as capable method in removal of various recalcitrant pollutants from atmosphere. The nano-photocatalytic semiconductors are majorly used in the form of slurry, and removal of these nano-photocatalytic materials turns out to be quite challenging and costly. Therefore, to resolve the problem of recollection of material, voluminous strategies have been executed for immobilising nano-photocatalyst on various substrates including carbon-based compounds, glass, zeolites, polymers, clay and ceramics and various natural fibres. The strategies including sol-gel, dip coating, polymer-assisted hydrothermal discharge, photo-etching, electrophoretic deposition, cold plasma discharge (CPD), RF magnetron sputtering and spray pyrolysis are discussed in this chapter. At last, characterization techniques used for studying various properties of immobilized catalyst are discussed in brief.

According to the recent patent filing trends, it has been observed that certain pharmaceutical technologies are more popular than others and are commonly referred to as emerging technologies. The emerging technologies in the pharmaceutical sector include artificial intelligence, big data and certain advanced biological therapies such as personalized medicine and stem cell therapy. These trends have various applications in the medicine and healthcare industry. Since these technologies are relatively new and each of them is very unique in its own way, current patent laws are inadequate to deal with the complex challenges associated with them. A brief analysis of the challenges associated with these emerging technologies and their applications is discussed in this paper.

The use of Azadirachta indica (A.I.) leaf extract to synthesize green photocatalysts for efficient separation of photogenerated charges has been a promising way to enhance the photocatalytic activity. Herein, we report the synthesis of green bismuth oxybromide/oxyiodide composites (G-BiOBrxI1−x) using A.I. leaf extract with effective size control, high specific surface area, and porosity. The A.I. leaf extract also acted as an excellent sensitizer that boosted the optical window of the G-BiOBrxI1−x photocatalysts. The as-prepared G-BiOBrxI1−x photocatalysts possessed three-dimensional (3-D) nanoplates like structure with successive modulation of the band gaps from 2.28 eV to 1.98 eV by varying the bromine/iodine (Br/I) ratio. Furthermore, the photocatalytic activity of the G-BiOBrxI1−x samples was measured and compared with the bismuth oxybromide/oxyiodide composite (C-BiOBr0.5I0.5) synthesized via conventional hydrolysis route (without the leaf extract). The G-BiOBrxI1−x photocatalysts degraded higher percentage of methyl orange (MO) and amoxicillin (AMX) than C-BiOBr0.5I0.5 under visible light irradiation. The superior photocatalytic efficiency was attributed to the multiple heterojunctions developed between BiOBr, BiOI, and electron-accepting π-conjugated system offered by leaf extract constituents, thereby facilitating the charge transfer process and effective separation of photogenerated charges.

Visible-light-driven photocatalysis using BiOX (Cl, Br and I) have gained tremendous interest due to their efficient performance, unique optical properties, and high chemical stability. In the present approach, the BiOX (X = Cl, Br and I) were synthesized by Azadirachta indica (A.I.) leaf extract assisted hydrolysis route followed by their immobilization on Alumina (Al2O3)-based ceramic fiber sheet as supporting material. The main objective of the present work was to eliminate the separation problem of the powder photocatalysts from the aqueous medium and evaluate their efficacy for the photocatalytic disintegration of organic contaminants in the long run. Furthermore, the as-prepared BiOX-ceramic fiber (CerF) samples i.e. BiOCl-CerF, BiOBr-CerF, and BiOI-CerF were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and BET-technique, which suggested that the BiOX were successfully embedded in the host matrix of ceramic fibers with an enhanced specific surface area. The photocatalytic activity of the BiOX-CerF samples was evaluated by varying operational parameters such as pH (2, 7 and 11), initial concentrations (20, 40 and 60 mg L−1) and in certain combinations. The results revealed that the higher pH value was more favorable for bisphenol A (BPA) and Ampicillin (AMP) degradation, while the MO was completely degraded at all pH range. Moreover, the stability test was performed and high stability of the immobilized samples was observed for five cycles without leaching out in the aqueous medium. The present study could offer new outcomes for advancing the large-scale applications of supported materials for environmental remediation.

The objective of this present work is to optimize and prepare silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) in Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT) microemulsion (ME) for oral use and to investigate its antib...

Targeted drug delivery is considered one of the most important biomedical application in the field of nanotechnology for the treatment of cancerous cells. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are widely used for targeted drug delivery due to their supermagnetic properties and biocompatibility. Because the vehicle has a strong magnetic moment, the drug can be released at any targeted location. Various factors such as temperature, pH, and applied magnetic field can be used for managing drug delivery. This chapter covers recent research into the use of MNPs in drug delivery and applications in areas such as stem cell therapy, pancreatic cell therapy, pulmonary drug delivery, gene delivery, and hydrogel delivery. Iron oxide is frequently used in drug delivery in the form of hybrid MNPs, magnetic biohybrid micromotors, and hollow mesoporous silica spheres, due to its special properties, which are also discussed in this chapter.

The inducement of plant leaf extracts for the synthesis of various nanostructures has intrigued researchers across the earth to explore the mechanisms of biologically active compounds present in the plants. Herein, a green modified hydrolysis route has been employed for the synthesis of bismuth oxychloride i.e. BiOCl-N, BiOCl-T and BiOCl-A using plant extracts of Azadirachta indica (Neem), Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), and Saraca indica (Ashoka), and; simultaneously, without plant extract (BiOCl-C), respectively. The as-prepared samples were examined by several microscopic and spectroscopic techniques which revealed that the biosynthesized BiOCl attained certain favorable features such as hierarchical nano-flower morphology, higher porosity, higher specific surface area and narrower band gap compared to BiOCl-C. The degradation of methyl orange (MO) and bisphenol A (BPA) using biosynthesized BiOCl were improved by 21.5% within 90 min and 18.2% within 600 min under visible light irradiation, respectively. The photocurrent response, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and photoluminescence (PL) studies indicated the effective inhibition of the electron-hole pair recombination and enhanced photocatalytic activity of the biosynthesized BiOCl.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to formulate and optimize famotidine loaded micro balloons for enhancing bioavailability, increasing gastric residence time of drug and to achieve sustained release in the stomach. Methods: Microballoons were prepared using emulsion solvent diffusion method using HPMC K4M as the polymer. All the formulated microspheres were subjected to various evaluation parameters such as % drug entrapment, micromeritics properties, % buoyancy and in vitro drug release studies. The formulation was optimized using 3 2 full factorial design. Optimized formulation was subjective to in vivo floating (X-ray) and in vivo antiulcer studies. Results: The microballoons were smooth and spherical in shape and were porous in nature due to hollow cavity. Sustained/controlled release of drug was observed for more than 12 h. based on the results of % drug entrapment, in vitro drug release and % buoyancy studies, formulation F6 was selected as optimized formulation. The release kinetics of optimized formulation followed Higuchi model and mechanism of release was non-Fickian diffusion. Examination of the X-ray radiographic images taken during the study indicated that the optimized formulation remained buoyant and uniformly distributed in the gastric contents for a long period. In ethanol-induced ulcer model, drug-loaded microballoons treated group showed significant ulcer protection index of 83.26% as compared to the marketed brand of famotidine 76. 09% and untreated control group. Conclusion: Famotidine-loaded floating micro balloons were successfully prepared and prove to be useful for the prolonged gastric residence of the drug, better bioavailability, patient compliance and anti-ulcer activity.

Background: In this study, computational Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model is applied for optimisation and evaluation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) size in the bionanocomposite matrix. The primary purpose of this study is used a feed-forward ANN model to create a connection between the output as the size of Ag–NPs, with four inputs variables, including AgNO3 concentration, the weight percentage of starch, Bentonite amount and Gallic acid concentration. Method: Silver nanoparticles were synthesised via biogenic green reduction method. The fast Levenberg– Marquardt (LM) backpropagation algorithm applied for the training of ANN model in this research. The optimised ANN is a multilayer perceptron (MLP) which is a kind of feed forward (4- 10-1) network has an input layer with 4 nodes, hidden layers with 10 neurones, and an output layer with 1 node found a fitness function. Results: The output results of developed computational ANN model were compared to its predictive values of the size of silver nanoparticles regarding two statistical parameters, the coefficient of determination (R2) and mean square error (MSE) of data set. It observed that ANN predicted values are close to the actual values and well fitted to the data. The mean square error(MSE) is 0.03, and a regression is about 1. Conclusion: AgNO3 concentration has the most likely factor affecting the size of silver nanoparticles (Ag–NPs) and this makes possible to develop a green reduction method for the preparation of silver nanoparticles. This study confirms that employing ANN method with LM feed forward (4-10-1) network is a useful tool with cost-effective for predicting the results of analysis and modelling of the chemical reactions.

A green approach to the biosynthesis of amino acid functionalized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Neem gum is reported herein. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt at biosynthesizing AgNPs. The AgNPs show good colloidal stability with surfactants and dyes. The reduction of Methylene blue (MB) by SnCl2 in micellar media, and Congo red/4-nitrophenol by NaBH4 validate the high catalytic efficiency of the AgNPs. This is the first report, as far as we know, on a detailed kinetic study of AgNPs catalyzed MB reduction in cationic, anionic and nonionic micellar media. The highest MB reduction rate was observed in anionic micellar medium with tryptophan functionalized AgNPs. The AgNPs were responsible for the backward oxidation of reduced MB in acidic nonionic micellar medium, which is the first ever demonstration of a one-cycle redox MB clock reaction involving silver nanoparticles. The clock reaction elucidated the potential use of the AgNPs as low-cost sensors for oxygen leakage in vacuum-packed food packages, and for creating an oxygen deficient environment in acidic aqueous and micellar media, where catalyst poisoning by O2 prevails. The deactivation of the catalytic activity of tryptophan functionalized AgNPs observed during the Congo red and 4-nitrophenol reduction may find application in catalytic reduction where improved selectivity is required. With the possibility of the large-scale production of the AgNPs on an economic platform, the AgNPs may thus hold great promise in effective and eco-friendly wastewater treatment, with potential application in oxygen sensing.

In the recent past, there has been a large-scale utilization of plant extracts for the synthesis of various photocatalysts. The biofabrication technology eliminates the usage of harmful chemicals and serves as an eco-friendly approach for environmental remediation. Herein, a comparative analysis between bismuth oxyiodide synthesized via Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf extract (BiOI-G) and without leaf extract (BiOI-C) has been envisaged. The BiOI-G and BiOI-C samples were characterized by spectral and microscopic techniques, which revealed that the Azadirachta indica assisted BiOI-G attained enhanced features over BiOI-C such as narrower band gap, large surface area, porosity, increased absorption range of visible light and effectual splitting of the photogenerated e−–h+ pairs. Benefiting from these enhanced features, BiOI-G degraded methyl orange (MO), rhodamine B (RhB), and benzotriazole (BT) at a significantly higher rate in comparison to BiOI-C. The degradation rate of MO, RhB and BT by BiOI-G was observed to be 1.3, 1.25 and 1.29 times higher in comparison to BiOI-C. Moreover, BiOI-G displayed high stability upto five cycles of the photocatalytic activity, which endow its effectiveness as a highly-efficient green photocatalyst.

The use of Azadirachta indica (A.I.) leaf extract to synthesize green photocatalysts for efficient separation of photogenerated charges has been a promising way to enhance the photocatalytic activity. Herein, we report the synthesis of green bismuth oxybromide/oxyiodide composites (G-BiOBr

Patent landscapes can be used as a dynamic means for research, business, and for making legal decisions within an organisation, irrespective of whether it is an early-stage or established organisation. This article focusses on details about the various facets involved in the competitive intellectual property landscape process, which include practical methods of obtaining maximum output from a landscape. This article also contains a sample landscape report on plant stem cell based patents that consists of an analysis of patent filing trend, geographical filing trend, key assignees/IPCs/inventors (in terms of highest number of patents), and most cited patents.

The nanostructured BiOI-Q-Ag composites were prepared by a quercetin-assisted hydrolysis route under varying concentrations of Ag. The samples were examined under microscopic and spectroscopic investigations, which revealed that the Ag nanoparticles (NPs) were efficiently loaded on the 3D BiOI-Q nanoflowers, and a higher density was observed with increasing amount of Ag. The photocatalytic activities of the as-synthesized BiOI-Q, BiOI-Q-Ag (1), BiOI-Q-Ag (2), and BiOI-Q-Ag (3) samples were examined for the methyl orange degradation (MO) and antibacterial activity against four different bacteria i.e. Bacillus pumilus, Acinetobacter baumanni, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa under visible light irradiation (VLI). The BiOI-Q-Ag composites showed improved photocatalytic performances over BiOI-Q signifying the important role of the Ag amount and the optimized ratio was obtained at BiOI-Q-Ag (2). The enhancement in the visible light photocatalytic performance of the BiOI-Q-Ag composites could be attributed to the effective separation of the photogenerated electron-hole (e--h+) pairs at the multiple interfaces developed among BiOI, Ag and the quercetin, which facilitated the effective charge transfer. The trapping experiment suggested that the h+, .OH, and . O2− were the dominant active species in the photodegradation process. The electrochemical studies showed that the recombination of the photoinduced charges in the BiOI-Q-Ag (2) composite was inhibited strongly as compared to the BiOI-Q sample. The photocatalytic activity of the BiOI-Q-Ag (2) composite was maintained for the cycling experiments.

The purpose of writing this review on microballoons is to accumulate the recent literature with a special focus on the novel technological advancements in floating drug delivery system to achieve gastric retention. Microballoons (Hollow microsphere) promises to be a potential approach for gastric retention. Microballoons drug-delivery systems are based on non-effervescent system containing empty particles of spherical shape without core ideally having a size less than 200 micrometer. Microballoons drug delivery systems have shown to be of better significance in controlling release rate for drugs having site specific absorption. The floating microballoons showed gastroretentive controlled release delivery with efficient means of enhancing the bioavailability and promises to be a potential approach for gastric retention. Optimized hollow microspheres will find the central place in novel drug delivery, particularly in safe, targeted and effective in vivo delivery promises to be a potential approach for gastric retention. They are gastroretentive drug-delivery systems, which provide controlled release properties. The advantages, limitation, methods of preparation of hollow microsphere, applications, polymers used in hollow microspheres, characterizations of microballoons and formulation aspects with various evaluation techniques and marketed products are covered in detail.

A biological marker (biomarker) is a substance used as an indicator of biological state. Advances in genomics, proteomics and molecular pathology have generated many candidate biomarkers with potential clinical value. Research has identified several cellular events and mediators associated with wound healing that can serve as biomarkers. Macrophages, neutrophils, fibroblasts and platelets release cytokines molecules including TNF-α, interleukins (ILs) and growth factors, of which platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) holds the greatest importance. As a result, various white cells and connective tissue cells release both matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Studies have demonstrated that IL-1, IL-6, and MMPs, levels above normal, and an abnormally high MMP/TIMP ratio are often present in non-healing wounds. Clinical examination of wounds for these mediators could predict which wounds will heal and which will not, suggesting use of these chemicals as biomarkers of wound healing. There is also evidence that the application of growth factors like PDGF will alleviate the recuperating process of chronic, non-healing wounds. Finding a specific biomarker for wound healing status would be a breakthrough in this field and helping treat impaired wound healing.

For the existence in an advancing world of antibiotics, bacteria struggle and make necessary changes at genetic level. This study was designed to deliver a combination of cinnamaldehyde (CA) and berberine chloride (BER) for the treatment of Propionibacterium acnes induced acne vulgaris. CA and BER were first loaded in a clove oil-based microemulsion and then the resultant microemulsion was converted into a hydrogel system using Carbopol 940. Selection of an appropriate concentration of Carbopol 940 was done based on the visual assessment and viscosity of developed formulations. Different concentration of CA and BER was ensured in CA-BER-ME-Gel and labelled them as F-1, F-2, and F-3. F-1 contained 0.5 %w/w CA and 0.108 %w/w BER. F-2 contained 0.75 %w/w CA and 0.162 %w/w BER. F-3 was composed of 1 %w/w CA and 0.217 %w/w BER. The % cumulative amount of drug permeated from F-1, F-2, and F-3 were found to be 62.16 ± 3.06%, 64.9 ± 2.85% and 68.34 ± 4% respectively after 8 h. The CA and BER loaded suspension gel showed significantly lesser permeation profile (27.14 ± 2.42%) as compared to F-1, F-2 and F-3. The anti-acne potential of F-1, F-2, F-3 and Standard (1% w/w Clindamycin Phosphate gel) in terms of % change in ear thickness was found to be 115 ± 7.27%, 55.18 ± 12.76%, 41.85 ± 8.83% and 30.18 ± 13.94% respectively. These values were significantly better (p

This research work is driven by the alarming rise in bacterial resistance due to over-prescription and irrational use of antibiotics. In this study, a combination therapy is customized using clove oil, cinnamaldehyde and berberine in a microemulsion system and its antibacterial activity was assessed against Staphylococcus epidermidis. The microemulsion was prepared using an oil mixture (clove oil and cinnamaldehyde), surfactant mixture (Tween 80 and PEG 400) and water. This polyherbal microemulsion was optimized using a central composite design. Oilmix, Smix, and water were selected as independent variables, whereas droplet size, PDI and viscosity were selected as dependent variables. The optimized formulation was found to be with 67.81 ± 4.21 nm average droplet size, 0.347 ± 0.009 PDI and 36.5 ± 1.85 cPs viscosity. At a maximum concentration of 250 μg/ml, the free radical scavenging activity of this optimized microemulsion was found to be 93.76 ± 0.46%, which was comparable to ascorbic acid (94.84 ± 2.16%). The optimized formulation was tested for its efficacy against S. epidermidis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) which concluded its antibacterial effect on planktonic as well as biofilm-forming bacterial cells.

In the present study, a 2D hollow-cylindrical activated carbon block (CB) has been converted into a potential photocatalyst by impregnating green bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI-G) synthesized via Azadirachta indica (A.I.) leaf extract mediated hydrolysis route in the activated carbon (AC) matrix (BiOI-G-CB). The as-obtained products were well-characterized and it was discovered that the BiOI-G nanoflowers were successfully embedded in the 2D CB’s matrix with homogeneous distribution. Furthermore, the density of BiOI-G embedded in the 2D CB structure was varied by adjusting its amount with the precursor in different ratios i.e. 0.1 wt%, 0.5 wt% and 1 wt%, respectively. The rationally designed BiOI-G-CB displayed a significant photocatalytic activity by degrading 94.1% and 91.8% ampicillin (AMP) and amoxicillin (AMX) within 300 min of visible light activity. The superior photocatalytic efficiency was credited to the multiple interfaces developed among activated carbon, BiOI-G and leaf extract, which facilitated the charge transfer process and effective separation of photogenerated charges.

In the recent past, bismuth oxyhalides (BiOX) have been widely used for the photocatalytic degradation of the organic pollutants and other environmental remediation because of their higher stability, economic viability, nontoxicity and effective charge separation. We begin with the review of the different approaches adopted so far for BiOX (X = Cl, Br, and I) synthesis and a study of their photocatalytic performances under UV and visible light towards the various organic as well as inorganic pollutants. Later on, a study on further enhancement of the efficiency of BiOX under UV and visible light irradiation using recent advancements would be presented. The new approaches involve controlled morphology by forming composite and hybrid materials with other semiconductors and also doping with other metals and nonmetals that would undoubtedly be beneficial in the interfacial charge transfer and efficient inhibition of the photo-generated species. Herein, we would also exploit the recent developments in the research strategies for enhancing photocatalytic activity of BiOX.

Novel green bismuth oxybromide (BiOBr-G) nanoflowers were successfully synthesized via facile hydrolysis route using an Azadirachta indica (Neem plant) leaf extract and concurrently, without the leaf extract (BiOBr-C). The Azadirachta indica leaf extract was employed as a sensitizer and stabilizer for BiOBr-G, which significantly expanded the optical window and boosted the formation of photogenerated charge carriers and transfer over the BiOBr-G surface. The photocatalytic performance of both samples was investigated for the degradation of methyl orange (MO) and phenol (Ph) under the irradiation of visible light. The leaf extract mediated BiOBr-G photocatalyst displayed significantly higher photocatalytic activity when compared to BiOBr-C for the degradation of both pollutants. The degradation rate of MO and Ph by BiOBr-G was found to be nearly 23% and 16% more when compared to BiOBr-C under visible light irradiation, respectively. The substantial increase in the photocatalytic performance of BiOBr-G was ascribed to the multiple synergistic effects between the efficient solar energy harvesting, narrower band gap, high specific surface area, porosity, and effective charge separation. Furthermore, BiOBr-G displayed high stability for five cycles of photocatalytic activity, which endows its practical application as a green photocatalyst in the long run.